Knowledge

Intra-frame coding

Source 📝

281: 81: 565: 40: 183: 292:(PNG) can usually use one of four adjacent pixels (above, above left, above right, left) or some function of them like e.g. their average. Block-based (frequency transform) formats prefill whole blocks with prediction values extrapolated from usually one or two straight lines of pixels that run along their top and left borders. 261:
frame, enabling smaller file sizes and lower bitrates, with little or no loss in quality. Since neighboring pixels within an image are often very similar, rather than storing each pixel independently, the frame image is divided into blocks and the typically minor difference between each pixel can be
265:
Intra-frame prediction exploits spatial redundancy, i.e. correlation among pixels within one frame, by calculating prediction values through extrapolation from already coded pixels for effective
273:. Its counterpart is inter-frame prediction which exploits temporal redundancy. Temporally independently coded so-called intra frames use only intra coding. The temporally coded 274: 201: 471: 436: 288:
Usually only few of the spatially closest known samples are used for the extrapolation. Formats that operate sample by sample like
145: 117: 602: 124: 98: 53: 237: 219: 164: 67: 131: 340: 429: 113: 102: 539: 17: 626: 336: 422: 332: 289: 631: 595: 524: 319:
for brevity). The coding process varies greatly depending on which type of encoder is used (e.g.,
91: 59: 28: 138: 284:
Usually known adjacent samples (or blocks) are above, above left, above right, and left (A–D).
453: 576: 197: 8: 588: 397: 534: 409: 504: 461: 391: 376: 360: 445: 344: 324: 254: 483: 277:(e.g. MPEG's P- and B-frames) may use intra- as well as inter-frame prediction. 572: 303:
for the first time. H.261 was meant for teleconferencing and ISDN telephoning.
621: 615: 529: 514: 478: 466: 381: 258: 508: 270: 266: 386: 364: 488: 356: 328: 519: 80: 544: 414: 280: 327:), but the most common steps usually include: partitioning into 311:
Data is usually read from a video camera or a video card in the
564: 269:. It is one of the two classes of predictive coding methods in 312: 300: 296: 320: 316: 410:
http://www.cs.cf.ac.uk/Dave/Multimedia/node248.html
192:
may be too technical for most readers to understand
105:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 613: 596: 430: 68:Learn how and when to remove these messages 603: 589: 437: 423: 238:Learn how and when to remove this message 220:Learn how and when to remove this message 204:, without removing the technical details. 165:Learn how and when to remove this message 279: 14: 614: 295:Inter frame has been specified by the 418: 315:data format (often informally called 202:make it understandable to non-experts 559: 444: 176: 103:adding citations to reliable sources 74: 33: 24: 25: 643: 403: 306: 49:This article has multiple issues. 563: 331:, transformation (e.g., using a 181: 79: 38: 350: 90:needs additional citations for 57:or discuss these issues on the 13: 1: 575:. You can help Knowledge by 571:This computing article is a 262:encoded using fewer bits. 7: 370: 10: 648: 558: 394:application of frame types 355:It is used in codecs like 26: 497: 452: 290:Portable Network Graphics 525:Super-resolution imaging 257:technique used within a 29:IFrame (disambiguation) 285: 283: 114:"Intra-frame coding" 99:improve this article 27:For other uses, see 398:Motion compensation 498:Special processing 286: 251:Intra-frame coding 627:Video compression 584: 583: 553: 552: 540:Pixel art scaling 505:Film colorization 392:Group of pictures 377:Video compression 361:group of pictures 248: 247: 240: 230: 229: 222: 175: 174: 167: 149: 72: 16:(Redirected from 639: 605: 598: 591: 567: 560: 446:Video processing 439: 432: 425: 416: 415: 345:entropy encoding 299:in 1988–1990 by 275:predicted frames 255:data compression 243: 236: 225: 218: 214: 211: 205: 185: 184: 177: 170: 163: 159: 156: 150: 148: 107: 83: 75: 64: 42: 41: 34: 21: 647: 646: 642: 641: 640: 638: 637: 636: 632:Computing stubs 612: 611: 610: 609: 556: 554: 549: 493: 454:Post-processing 448: 443: 406: 373: 353: 309: 244: 233: 232: 231: 226: 215: 209: 206: 198:help improve it 195: 186: 182: 171: 160: 154: 151: 108: 106: 96: 84: 43: 39: 32: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 645: 635: 634: 629: 624: 608: 607: 600: 593: 585: 582: 581: 568: 551: 550: 548: 547: 542: 537: 532: 527: 522: 517: 512: 501: 499: 495: 494: 492: 491: 486: 481: 476: 475: 474: 464: 458: 456: 450: 449: 442: 441: 434: 427: 419: 413: 412: 405: 404:External links 402: 401: 400: 395: 389: 384: 379: 372: 369: 363:codec without 352: 349: 308: 307:Coding process 305: 246: 245: 228: 227: 189: 187: 180: 173: 172: 87: 85: 78: 73: 47: 46: 44: 37: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 644: 633: 630: 628: 625: 623: 620: 619: 617: 606: 601: 599: 594: 592: 587: 586: 580: 578: 574: 569: 566: 562: 561: 557: 546: 543: 541: 538: 536: 533: 531: 530:Video matting 528: 526: 523: 521: 518: 516: 515:Color grading 513: 510: 506: 503: 502: 500: 496: 490: 487: 485: 482: 480: 479:Deinterlacing 477: 473: 470: 469: 468: 465: 463: 460: 459: 457: 455: 451: 447: 440: 435: 433: 428: 426: 421: 420: 417: 411: 408: 407: 399: 396: 393: 390: 388: 385: 383: 382:I-Frame Delay 380: 378: 375: 374: 368: 366: 362: 358: 348: 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 304: 302: 298: 293: 291: 282: 278: 276: 272: 268: 263: 260: 256: 252: 242: 239: 224: 221: 213: 203: 199: 193: 190:This article 188: 179: 178: 169: 166: 158: 147: 144: 140: 137: 133: 130: 126: 123: 119: 116: –  115: 111: 110:Find sources: 104: 100: 94: 93: 88:This article 86: 82: 77: 76: 71: 69: 62: 61: 56: 55: 50: 45: 36: 35: 30: 19: 577:expanding it 570: 555: 535:Uncompressed 365:inter frames 354: 351:Applications 341:quantization 310: 294: 287: 271:video coding 267:delta coding 264: 250: 249: 234: 216: 207: 191: 161: 152: 142: 135: 128: 121: 109: 97:Please help 92:verification 89: 65: 58: 52: 51:Please help 48: 387:Inter frame 329:macroblocks 18:Intra-frame 616:Categories 489:Deflicking 472:Comparison 462:Deblocking 155:March 2017 125:newspapers 54:improve it 520:Film look 484:Denoising 210:June 2019 60:talk page 545:Telecine 467:Resizing 371:See also 509:tinting 507: ( 337:wavelet 196:Please 139:scholar 357:ProRes 141:  134:  127:  120:  112:  325:H.264 313:YCbCr 301:H.261 297:CCITT 259:video 253:is a 146:JSTOR 132:books 622:MPEG 573:stub 359:: a 343:and 321:JPEG 118:news 339:), 335:or 333:DCT 323:or 317:YUV 200:to 101:by 618:: 367:. 347:. 63:. 604:e 597:t 590:v 579:. 511:) 438:e 431:t 424:v 241:) 235:( 223:) 217:( 212:) 208:( 194:. 168:) 162:( 157:) 153:( 143:· 136:· 129:· 122:· 95:. 70:) 66:( 31:. 20:)

Index

Intra-frame
IFrame (disambiguation)
improve it
talk page
Learn how and when to remove these messages

verification
improve this article
adding citations to reliable sources
"Intra-frame coding"
news
newspapers
books
scholar
JSTOR
Learn how and when to remove this message
help improve it
make it understandable to non-experts
Learn how and when to remove this message
Learn how and when to remove this message
data compression
video
delta coding
video coding
predicted frames

Portable Network Graphics
CCITT
H.261
YCbCr

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.