27:
DNA in that rather than the repeat sequences coming right after one another, they are dispersed throughout the genome and nonadjacent. The sequence that repeats can vary depending on the type of organism, and many other factors. Certain classes of interspersed repeat sequences propagate themselves by
95:
repetitive DNA are specialized for uncoupling interchromosomal gene conversion. In both cases, the interspersed repeats block gene conversion by inserting regions of non-homology within otherwise similar DNA sequences. The homogenizing forces linking DNA sequences are thereby broken and the DNA
105:
138:
115:
DNA sequences are linked together in a gene pool by gene conversion events. Insertion of an interspersed DNA element breaks this linkage, allowing independent evolution of a new gene. The interspersed repeat is an
120:
enabling new genes to evolve without interference from the progenitor gene. Because insertion of an interspersed repeat is a saltatory event the evolution of the new gene will also be saltatory. Because
100:. By breaking the links that would otherwise overwrite novel DNA sequence variations, interspersed repeats catalyse evolution, allowing the new genes and new species to develop.
36:, and they constitute 25–40% of most mammalian genomes. Some types of interspersed repetitive DNA elements allow new genes to evolve by uncoupling similar DNA sequences from
853:
584:
63:
positions on their respective chromosomes or even that the homologies lie on different chromosomes. Gene conversion events can occur between different members of a
641:
666:
616:
676:
798:
716:
846:
706:
621:
104:
230:"Molecular evolution of the human adult alpha-globin-like gene region: insertion and deletion of Alu family repeats and non-Alu DNA sequences"
626:
839:
352:
721:
686:
636:
631:
661:
611:
656:
561:
83:
Repetitive sequences play the role of uncoupling the gene conversion network, thereby allowing new genes to evolve. The shorter
681:
149:
137:
538:
525:
1676:
548:
92:
1671:
345:
1507:
1102:
1643:
579:
425:
412:
320:
330:
287:
Brunner AM, Schimenti JC, Duncan CH (September 1986). "Dual evolutionary modes in the bovine globin locus".
1291:
972:
96:
sequences are free to evolve independently. This leads to the creation of new genes and new species during
977:
1211:
967:
696:
338:
88:
1512:
1359:
1260:
1177:
324:
130:
1386:
1162:
390:
365:
91:
repetitive DNA are specialized for uncoupling intrachromosomal gene conversion while the longer
1614:
930:
820:
748:
126:
117:
1374:
1347:
962:
950:
1318:
1313:
1189:
793:
507:
369:
241:
154:
29:
8:
1554:
1352:
1308:
1046:
571:
245:
1604:
743:
651:
470:
831:
264:
229:
205:
180:
1599:
1303:
304:
269:
210:
56:
1335:
1229:
862:
805:
735:
373:
296:
259:
249:
200:
192:
181:"Ruminant globin gene structures suggest an evolutionary role for Alu-type repeats"
75:
chromosomal gene conversion. The effect of homogenizing DNA sequences is the same.
59:
as its substrate. There is no requirement that the sequence homologies lie at the
1592:
1286:
1265:
1194:
997:
516:
488:
457:
452:
52:
37:
33:
110:
1582:
1469:
1340:
1199:
1182:
987:
917:
788:
646:
603:
431:
421:
1665:
1622:
1587:
1430:
1420:
1391:
1024:
1017:
753:
493:
416:
407:
399:
360:
24:
254:
196:
1609:
1452:
1412:
1379:
1151:
1137:
1035:
765:
84:
308:
273:
214:
1633:
1499:
1447:
1442:
955:
760:
671:
533:
129:. Interspersed repeats are thus responsible for punctuated evolution and
64:
300:
47:
1541:
1536:
1489:
1482:
1477:
1462:
1457:
1298:
1233:
982:
924:
772:
589:
125:
ultimately depends on the creation of new genes, this naturally causes
122:
1546:
1531:
1518:
1270:
1058:
889:
691:
382:
97:
1577:
1523:
1425:
1369:
1364:
1255:
1216:
1172:
1074:
879:
815:
701:
465:
361:
1559:
1437:
1221:
1206:
909:
884:
711:
67:
situated on the same chromosome. When this happens, it is called
41:
20:
1650:
1628:
1325:
1248:
1243:
1008:
899:
894:
810:
159:
60:
1132:
1124:
942:
904:
556:
111:
Interspersed DNA elements catalyze the evolution of new genes
1638:
1330:
871:
861:
286:
78:
48:
Intrachromosomal and interchromosomal gene conversion
228:Hess JF, Fox M, Schmid C, Shen CK (October 1983).
71:chromosomal gene conversion as distinguished from
227:
1663:
178:
847:
346:
854:
840:
353:
339:
323:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
263:
253:
204:
179:Schimenti JC, Duncan CH (February 1984).
1664:
835:
334:
150:Eukaryotic chromosome fine structure
79:Role of interspersed repetitive DNA
13:
422:Short tandem repeat/Microsatellite
14:
1688:
321:Interspersed+Repetitive+Sequences
136:
103:
1508:Last universal common ancestor
1103:Defective interfering particle
426:Trinucleotide repeat disorders
280:
221:
172:
1:
1644:Clonally transmissible cancer
1080:Satellite-like nucleic acids
413:Variable number tandem repeat
165:
234:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
7:
143:
19:is found in all eukaryotic
17:Interspersed repetitive DNA
10:
1693:
1200:Class II or DNA transposon
1195:Class I or retrotransposon
1570:
1513:Earliest known life forms
1498:
1411:
1387:Repeated sequences in DNA
1279:
1161:
1150:
1123:
1095:
1045:
1034:
1007:
996:
941:
870:
781:
734:
602:
570:
547:
524:
515:
506:
481:
441:
398:
389:
380:
1677:Repetitive DNA sequences
1360:Endogenous viral element
1178:Horizontal gene transfer
325:Medical Subject Headings
131:rapid modes of evolution
32:; they have been called
1672:Mobile genetic elements
1057:dsDNA satellite virus (
255:10.1073/pnas.80.19.5970
1615:Helper dependent virus
931:Biological dark matter
821:Protein tandem repeats
749:Tandemly arrayed genes
1375:Endogenous retrovirus
1348:Origin of replication
1064:ssDNA satellite virus
1054:ssRNA satellite virus
197:10.1093/nar/12.3.1641
127:punctuated equilibria
1319:Secondary chromosome
1314:Extrachromosomal DNA
1190:Transposable element
794:Pathogenicity island
155:Genomic organization
1555:Model lipid bilayer
1397:Interspersed repeat
301:10.1021/bi00366a009
246:1983PNAS...80.5970H
118:isolating mechanism
23:. They differ from
865:organic structures
744:Gene amplification
1659:
1658:
1600:Non-cellular life
1407:
1406:
1146:
1145:
1119:
1118:
1073:ssRNA satellite (
829:
828:
730:
729:
598:
597:
502:
501:
391:Repeated sequence
366:repeated sequence
185:Nucleic Acids Res
57:sequence homology
1684:
1336:Gene duplication
1159:
1158:
1155:self-replication
1043:
1042:
1005:
1004:
863:Self-replicating
856:
849:
842:
833:
832:
806:Low copy repeats
799:Symbiosis island
736:Gene duplication
522:
521:
513:
512:
396:
395:
374:gene duplication
355:
348:
341:
332:
331:
313:
312:
284:
278:
277:
267:
257:
225:
219:
218:
208:
176:
140:
107:
34:retrotransposons
1692:
1691:
1687:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1682:
1681:
1662:
1661:
1660:
1655:
1605:Synthetic virus
1593:Artificial cell
1566:
1494:
1403:
1292:RNA replication
1287:DNA replication
1275:
1266:Group II intron
1164:
1154:
1142:
1133:Mammalian prion
1115:
1091:
1070:dsRNA satellite
1067:ssDNA satellite
1037:
1030:
999:
992:
937:
866:
860:
830:
825:
777:
726:
594:
566:
543:
517:Retrotransposon
498:
489:Inverted repeat
477:
462:DNA transposon
458:Retrotransposon
453:Gene conversion
444:
437:
434:
385:
376:
359:
317:
316:
295:(18): 5028–35.
285:
281:
226:
222:
177:
173:
168:
146:
113:
81:
53:Gene conversion
50:
38:gene conversion
12:
11:
5:
1690:
1680:
1679:
1674:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1653:
1648:
1647:
1646:
1641:
1631:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1612:
1602:
1597:
1596:
1595:
1590:
1580:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1564:
1563:
1562:
1557:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1526:
1515:
1510:
1504:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1492:
1487:
1486:
1485:
1480:
1472:
1470:Kappa organism
1467:
1466:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1435:
1434:
1433:
1428:
1417:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1401:
1400:
1399:
1394:
1384:
1383:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1357:
1356:
1355:
1345:
1344:
1343:
1341:Non-coding DNA
1338:
1333:
1323:
1322:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1296:
1295:
1294:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1261:Group I intron
1258:
1253:
1252:
1251:
1241:
1240:
1239:
1236:
1227:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1204:
1203:
1202:
1197:
1187:
1186:
1185:
1183:Genomic island
1180:
1169:
1167:
1163:Mobile genetic
1156:
1148:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1140:
1135:
1129:
1127:
1121:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1114:
1113:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1092:
1090:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1084:
1078:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1055:
1051:
1049:
1040:
1032:
1031:
1029:
1028:
1021:
1013:
1011:
1002:
994:
993:
991:
990:
988:dsDNA-RT virus
985:
983:ssRNA-RT virus
980:
978:(−)ssRNA virus
975:
973:(+)ssRNA virus
970:
965:
960:
959:
958:
947:
945:
939:
938:
936:
935:
934:
933:
928:
918:Incertae sedis
914:
913:
912:
907:
902:
897:
887:
882:
876:
874:
868:
867:
859:
858:
851:
844:
836:
827:
826:
824:
823:
818:
813:
808:
803:
802:
801:
796:
789:Genomic island
785:
783:
779:
778:
776:
775:
770:
769:
768:
758:
757:
756:
746:
740:
738:
732:
731:
728:
727:
725:
724:
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
664:
659:
654:
649:
644:
639:
634:
629:
624:
619:
614:
608:
606:
604:DNA transposon
600:
599:
596:
595:
593:
592:
587:
582:
576:
574:
568:
567:
565:
564:
559:
553:
551:
545:
544:
542:
541:
536:
530:
528:
519:
510:
504:
503:
500:
499:
497:
496:
491:
485:
483:
479:
478:
476:
475:
474:
473:
468:
460:
455:
449:
447:
439:
438:
436:
435:
432:Macrosatellite
429:
419:
410:
404:
402:
400:Tandem repeats
393:
387:
386:
381:
378:
377:
358:
357:
350:
343:
335:
329:
328:
315:
314:
279:
240:(19): 5970–4.
220:
191:(3): 1641–55.
170:
169:
167:
164:
163:
162:
157:
152:
145:
142:
112:
109:
80:
77:
49:
46:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1689:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1667:
1652:
1649:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1624:
1623:Nanobacterium
1620:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1588:Cell division
1586:
1585:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1569:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1520:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1491:
1488:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1439:
1436:
1432:
1431:Hydrogenosome
1429:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1422:
1421:Mitochondrion
1419:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1413:Endosymbiosis
1410:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1392:Tandem repeat
1390:
1389:
1388:
1385:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1361:
1358:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1349:
1346:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1327:
1324:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1300:
1297:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1282:
1280:Other aspects
1278:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1242:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1208:
1205:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1191:
1188:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1160:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1033:
1027:
1026:
1025:Avsunviroidae
1022:
1020:
1019:
1018:Pospiviroidae
1015:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1003:
1001:
995:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
957:
954:
953:
952:
949:
948:
946:
944:
940:
932:
929:
927:
926:
922:
921:
920:
919:
915:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
892:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
877:
875:
873:
872:Cellular life
869:
864:
857:
852:
850:
845:
843:
838:
837:
834:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
800:
797:
795:
792:
791:
790:
787:
786:
784:
780:
774:
771:
767:
764:
763:
762:
759:
755:
754:Ribosomal DNA
752:
751:
750:
747:
745:
742:
741:
739:
737:
733:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
609:
607:
605:
601:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
577:
575:
573:
569:
563:
560:
558:
555:
554:
552:
550:
546:
540:
537:
535:
532:
531:
529:
527:
523:
520:
518:
514:
511:
509:
505:
495:
494:Direct repeat
492:
490:
487:
486:
484:
480:
472:
469:
467:
464:
463:
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
450:
448:
446:
440:
433:
430:
427:
423:
420:
418:
417:Minisatellite
414:
411:
409:
408:Satellite DNA
406:
405:
403:
401:
397:
394:
392:
388:
384:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
356:
351:
349:
344:
342:
337:
336:
333:
326:
322:
319:
318:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
283:
275:
271:
266:
261:
256:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
224:
216:
212:
207:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
175:
171:
161:
158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
147:
141:
139:
134:
132:
128:
124:
119:
108:
106:
101:
99:
94:
90:
86:
76:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
45:
43:
39:
35:
31:
30:transposition
28:RNA mediated
26:
25:tandem repeat
22:
18:
1610:Viral vector
1453:Gerontoplast
1396:
1380:Transpoviron
1152:Nucleic acid
1138:Fungal prion
1036:Helper-virus
1023:
1016:
923:
916:
766:Gene cluster
534:Alu sequence
443:Interspersed
442:
292:
289:Biochemistry
288:
282:
237:
233:
223:
188:
184:
174:
135:
114:
102:
82:
72:
68:
55:acts on DNA
51:
16:
15:
1634:Cancer cell
1500:Abiogenesis
1448:Chromoplast
1443:Chloroplast
1226:Degradative
968:dsRNA virus
963:ssDNA virus
956:Giant virus
951:dsDNA virus
761:Gene family
672:Tc1/mariner
627:EnSpm/CACTA
65:gene family
1666:Categories
1542:Proteinoid
1537:Coacervate
1490:Nitroplast
1483:Trophosome
1478:Bacteriome
1463:Apicoplast
1458:Leucoplast
1299:Chromosome
1217:Resistance
925:Parakaryon
773:Pseudogene
590:retroposon
508:Transposon
370:transposon
166:References
123:speciation
1551:Research
1532:Protocell
1271:Retrozyme
1230:Virulence
1212:Fertility
1059:Virophage
1047:Satellite
1038:dependent
890:Eukaryota
692:P element
642:Harbinger
383:Repeatome
98:evolution
1578:Organism
1571:See also
1547:Sulphobe
1524:Ribozyme
1519:RNA life
1426:Mitosome
1370:Prophage
1365:Provirus
1353:Replicon
1309:Circular
1256:Phagemid
1173:Mobilome
1165:elements
1075:Virusoid
998:Subviral
910:Protista
895:Animalia
880:Bacteria
816:Telomere
782:See also
722:Zisupton
702:Polinton
697:PiggyBac
652:Helitron
471:Helitron
466:Polinton
362:Genetics
144:See also
1560:Jeewanu
1474:Organs
1438:Plastid
1238:Cryptic
1207:Plasmid
905:Plantae
885:Archaea
712:Transib
687:Novosib
667:Kolobok
637:Ginger2
632:Ginger1
617:Crypton
309:3768329
274:6310609
242:Bibcode
215:6322113
61:allelic
42:meiosis
40:during
21:genomes
1651:Virome
1629:Nanobe
1326:Genome
1304:Linear
1249:Fosmid
1244:Cosmid
1009:Viroid
1000:agents
811:CRISPR
677:Merlin
662:ISL2EU
612:Academ
445:repeat
327:(MeSH)
307:
272:
265:390199
262:
213:
206:318605
203:
160:L1Base
1125:Prion
1096:Other
943:Virus
900:Fungi
717:Zator
657:IS3EU
562:LINE2
557:LINE1
549:LINEs
526:SINEs
482:Other
73:inter
69:intra
1639:HeLa
1583:Cell
1331:Gene
707:Sola
682:MuDR
622:Dada
585:MER4
580:HERV
572:LTRs
305:PMID
270:PMID
211:PMID
93:LINE
89:SINE
44:.
1222:Col
1110:DNA
1107:RNA
1086:DNA
1083:RNA
647:hAT
539:MIR
297:doi
260:PMC
250:doi
201:PMC
193:doi
87:or
85:Alu
1668::
1234:Ti
372:,
368:,
364::
303:.
293:25
291:.
268:.
258:.
248:.
238:80
236:.
232:.
209:.
199:.
189:12
187:.
183:.
133:.
1627:?
1621:?
1530:†
1517:?
1232:/
1077:)
1061:)
855:e
848:t
841:v
428:)
424:(
415:/
354:e
347:t
340:v
311:.
299::
276:.
252::
244::
217:.
195::
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