453:
639:
574:
724:
653:
51:
372:
548:
737:
466:
709:
386:
506:
521:
613:
2150:
426:
667:
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492:
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186:
31:
2322:
479:
587:
413:
535:
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1431:
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600:
1567:
within ten years, Sweden and North
America already having done so, and the trend continued. The French maintained Paris time till 1911 and the following year convened a second conference to address the differences between different observatories which had become apparent, leading to the establishment
788:
That the
Conference expresses the hope that the technical studies designed to regulate and extend the application of the decimal system to the division of angular space and of time shall be resumed, so as to permit the extension of this application to all cases in which it presents real advantages.
779:
That this universal day is to be a mean solar day; is to begin for all the world at the moment of mean midnight of the initial meridian, coinciding with the beginning of the civil day and date of that meridian; and is to be counted from zero up to twenty-four hours. (Ayes, 14; noes, 3; abstaining,
268:. In 1878/79, he produced modified proposals using the Greenwich meridian. Fleming's two papers were considered so important that in June 1879 the British Government forwarded copies to eighteen foreign countries and to various scientific bodies in England. At the same time the
846:
That the initial meridian should have a character of absolute neutrality. It should be chosen exclusively so as to secure to science and to international commerce all possible advantages, and especially should cut no great continentâneither Europe nor
America. (Ayes, 3; noes,
1527:
The main issue at the conference, apart from procedural issues such as the provision of an authorized French translation of the proceedings, was France's insistence that the meridian should have a strictly neutral character in the same way that they maintained that the
765:
That the
Conference proposes to the Governments here represented the adoption of the meridian passing through the centre of the transit instrument at the Observatory of Greenwich as the initial meridian for longitude. (Ayes, 22; noes, 1; abstaining,
799:, voted against); France and Brazil abstained. The French did not adopt the Greenwich meridian as the beginning of the universal day until 1911. Even then it refused to use the name "Greenwich", instead using the term "Paris mean time, retarded by 9
333:
On 11 October 1883, a convention of railroad executives met in
Chicago and agreed to the implementation of five time zones in North America, using as a basis Greenwich Mean Time. Before the invitations to the Washington conference were sent out on
774:
That the
Conference proposes the adoption of a universal day for all purposes for which it may be found convenient, and which shall not interfere with the use of local or standard time where desirable. (Ayes, 23; abstaining,
205:
be adopted at all stations as soon as the
General Post Office permitted it". The Post Office was by this time transmitting time signals from Greenwich by telegraph to most parts of the country to set the clocks. By
814:, proposed the adoption of standard time by all nations, other delegates objected, stating that it was outside the purview of the conference, so neither proposal was subjected to a vote. Thus the conference did
760:
That it is the opinion of this
Congress that it is desirable to adopt a single prime meridian for all nations, in place of the multiplicity of initial meridians which now exist. (This resolution was unanimously
1539:
On the question of universal time, Fleming's opinion to one of the lead-up committees was borne out: "In my judgment, the nearest approach to it which may be attempted with any chance of success, is to have
1536:
of
Greenwich was not supported by the British delegation. In the end, the pragmatic argument for continuity with most nautical charts won the day and the French delegation abstained in the vote.
150:. The subject to discuss was the choice of "a meridian to be employed as a common zero of longitude and standard of time reckoning throughout the world". It resulted in the recommendation of the
295:
who had both established wire services supporting local time in various cities. The Naval
Observatory had also foiled the onward transmission of the Greenwich time signal from
770:
That from this meridian longitude shall be counted in two directions up to 180 degrees, east longitude being plus and west longitude minus. (Ayes, 14; noes, 5; abstaining, 6.)
189:
Local times in major towns across the United States, as published in 1857 when, as the document states, 'There is no "Standard Railroad Time" in the United States or Canada'
1762:"The New Railroad Time; Favorable Action of the Convention in Chicago. The New Standard Adopted by 78,000 Miles of Road and the Convention Selecting Nov. 18 for the Change"
825:
Regarding resolution 6: Great Britain had already shifted the beginning of the nautical day from noon, twelve hours before midnight, to midnight in 1805, during the
214:
showed the unified times and met with general approval, although legal disputes meant that it was not until 1880 that GMT was formally established across the UK.
1532:
was a neutral measure. This requirement conflicted with the need to base measurements on an established observatory on land and Fleming's proposal of using the
166:
By the 1870s there was pressure both to establish a prime meridian for worldwide navigation purposes and to unify local times for railway timetables. The first
784:
That the Conference expresses the hope that as soon as may be practicable the astronomical and nautical days will be arranged everywhere to begin at midnight.
326:
1883 then thrashed out most of the technical details, leaving the diplomatic agreements to a later conference. The United States passed an Act of Congress on
2221:
1872:. Report of Committee on standard time and prime meridian, International institute for preserving and perfecting weights and measures. Cleveland, Ohio. 1884.
356:
preceded the Washington conference, although setting local times was not part of the remit of the conference and it was not legally established until 1918.
2347:
1072:
1609:"International Conference Held at Washington for the Purpose of Fixing a Prime Meridian and a Universal Day. October, 1884. Protocols of the proceedings"
1448:
280:
1495:
1883:
1761:
1467:
2171:
330:
authorizing the President to call an international conference to fix on a common prime meridian for time and longitude throughout the world.
2357:
2078:
2046:
1474:
1695:
318:
in 1881, in which the establishment of a universal prime meridian and a uniform standard of time was high on the agenda. The Seventh
2392:
2367:
2119:
1481:
2129:
2067:
2186:
1548:, to have twenty-four secondary standard times to govern local reckoning." There was discussion of setting zones as small as 10
1463:
1926:
1731:
2124:
2081:
260:
with an extra dial having a local time rounded to the nearest hour. He also pointed out that many of the corrections for
2362:
2181:
346:, had brought the US railway companies to an agreement which led to standard railway time being introduced at noon on
2372:
2166:
2114:
2015:
1983:
1949:
1514:
1256:
91:
834:
167:
2158:
2039:
916:
658:
284:
754:
On 22 October 1884, the following resolutions were adopted by the conference (voting took place on 13 October):
2382:
2352:
2070:
1560:
minutes of arc/angular measure), but no motion was tabled, as there was little experience to guide the choice.
1488:
1452:
314:
The International Meridian Conference had its origins in the Third International Geographical Congress held in
211:
144:
1564:
902:
300:
2387:
853:
Twenty-one countries voted against the proposal, while three (France, Brazil, San Domingo) voted in favor.
2237:
1170:
338:
December, the joint efforts of Abbe, Fleming and William Frederick Allen, Secretary of the US railways'
2325:
2271:
2032:
810:
Resolution 4 expressly exempts standard time from the universal day. Although two delegates, including
171:
114:
2377:
2216:
2211:
1569:
973:
1044:
249:
1544:, a primary standard time, based on the prime meridian that is to be used for non-local purposes;
2196:
1441:
1269:
829:. The astronomical day was shifted from noon, twelve hours after midnight, to midnight effective
807:
seconds". France finally replaced this phrase with "Coordinated Universal Time" (UTC) in 1978.
2259:
2134:
1338:
279:
These proposals did not meet universal approval in the scientific community, being opposed by
2201:
2139:
992:
194:
1702:
1965:
1850:
1608:
217:
In the United States, the problems were much more severe, with one table showing over 100
8:
2312:
2277:
1092:
826:
234:
202:
2149:
1854:
1406:
2307:
2176:
2106:
2100:
1938:
1915:
1877:
1660:
1293:
796:
631:
296:
253:
240:
The first proposal for a consistent treatment of time worldwide was a memoir entitled "
151:
36:
795:
Resolution 2, fixing the meridian at Greenwich, was passed 22â1 (San Domingo, now the
2292:
2055:
2003:
1979:
1945:
1922:
147:
276:, chief of the United States Weather Service proposing essentially the same scheme.
2299:
2019:
1019:
1009:
1003:
986:
811:
511:
497:
391:
364:
Twenty-six countries, represented by 41 delegates, participated in the conference:
288:
245:
132:
81:
1816:
1867:
1228:
1135:
1086:
526:
377:
261:
226:
218:
1999:
2191:
1739:
1533:
1307:
948:
685:
605:
579:
273:
257:
175:
140:
108:
2341:
729:
471:
352:
136:
56:
896:
2265:
1058:
2253:
2206:
2008:
1973:
1655:
1573:
701:
672:
618:
566:
292:
185:
237:, modifying this to four zones based on the Greenwich meridian in 1872.
1455: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
431:
265:
170:, held in Antwerp in 1871, passed a motion in favour of the use of the
1841:
Sadler, D. H. (1978), "Mean Solar Time on the Meridian of Greenwich",
1242:
819:
742:
484:
304:
155:
2024:
1430:
30:
592:
418:
143:
for international use. The conference was held at the request of
1817:"Legislative specifications for coordinating with Universal Time"
540:
444:
1968:- notes with links to scanned page images at Steve Allen's site
1732:"Railroads standardize time; country follows â Everywhere West"
714:
553:
458:
315:
308:
840:
On 13 October 1884, the following resolution was not adopted:
1815:
Seago, John H.; Seidelmann, P. Kenneth; Allen, Steve (2012),
1529:
644:
405:
233:
advocating three time zones across the country based on the
2009:
Proceedings of the 1884 International Meridian Conference
1966:
Proceedings of the 1884 International Meridian Conference
178:, suggesting that it should become mandatory within 15
2222:
List of federal judges appointed by Chester A. Arthur
1814:
2016:
Works by or about International Meridian Conference
1843:
Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society
1623:
861:From the Act of the Conference the Delegates were:
1937:
1914:
16:1884 conference in Washington, D.C., United States
1917:Greenwich Time and the discovery of the longitude
2339:
1398:Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary
1247:Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary
1233:Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary
1197:Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary
1186:Envoy extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary
1175:Envoy extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary
1140:Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary
964:Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary
888:Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary
35:The vertical red line left of the middle is the
1869:What shall be the prime meridian for the world?
649:
264:were greater than those involved in abandoning
256:in 1876. This envisaged clocks showing 24-hour
154:as the international standard for zero degrees
1116:Director of the National Observatory of Mexico
197:had standardised time by 1840 and in 1847 the
117:as the international standard for 0° longitude
2040:
953:Director of the Physical Observatory of Paris
231:A System of national time and its application
350:across the nation. Thus, a strong sense of
2348:Diplomatic conferences in the United States
1978:. International Prime Meridian Conference.
940:Minister Plenipotentiary and Consul-General
2047:
2033:
2000:Works by International Meridian Conference
1882:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
344:Travellers' Official Guide to the Railways
29:
1515:Learn how and when to remove this message
1091:Dean of the Scientific Department of the
131:was a conference held in October 1884 in
2120:1880 United States presidential election
382:
272:produced a "Report on Standard Time" by
248:, at the time the chief engineer of the
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2130:Chester Alan Arthur State Historic Site
1971:
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1208:Naval Attaché to the Spanish Legation
1830:, American Astronautical Society: 41
1453:adding citations to reliable sources
1424:
1365:Minister Resident and Consul-General
1035:President of the Boundary Commission
833:by a resolution of the newly formed
2358:19th-century diplomatic conferences
2125:1880 Republican National Convention
2082:Vice President of the United States
1565:aligned their clocks with Greenwich
1464:"International Meridian Conference"
1343:Director of the Hydrographic Office
1024:representing the Dominion of Canada
168:International Geographical Congress
13:
2182:Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act
1586:
1284:Secretary Railway Time Conventions
14:
2404:
2212:Indian Appropriations Act of 1885
2167:Inauguration of Chester A. Arthur
2115:Collector of the Port of New York
1959:
320:International Geodesic Conference
129:International Meridian Conference
24:International Meridian Conference
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1940:Greenwich Time and the Longitude
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2368:1884 in international relations
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1738:. 23 March 2018. Archived from
1570:Bureau International de l'Heure
1440:needs additional citations for
359:
2071:President of the United States
1754:
1724:
1712:
1687:
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1376:Attaché of the German Legation
822:, contrary to popular belief.
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1:
1579:
285:Naval Observatory, Washington
270:American Metrological Society
161:
1362:Carl Steen Andersen de Bille
856:
299:, where it was received via
229:published a pamphlet titled
221:times varying by more than 3
174:for (smaller scale) passage
7:
2238:Statue of Chester A. Arthur
1701:. p. 5. Archived from
1420:
1077:First Secretary of Legation
342:and Managing Editor of the
10:
2409:
1972:Fleming, Sandford (1884).
1694:White, Matthew W. (2004).
1654:Fleming, Sandford (1876).
915:U.S. Navy, Superintendent
789:(Ayes, 21; abstaining, 3.)
2363:1884 in the United States
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2217:Bureau of Animal Industry
2157:
2146:
2092:
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1975:Recommendations suggested
1696:"Economics of Time Zones"
1611:. Project Gutenberg. 1884
1330:
926:Juan Francisco Echeverria
885:Baron Ignatz von SchÀffer
877:
689:, included delegates from
102:
97:
87:
77:
62:
44:
28:
23:
2373:1884 in Washington, D.C.
1563:Most European countries
1552:minutes (2ϡ) (that's 10
1162:Conseiller d'Ătat actuel
1148:Major-General Stebnitzki
961:Baron H. von Alvensleben
912:Commodore S. R. Franklin
283:, Superintendent of the
250:Canadian Pacific Railway
212:Bradshaw's railway guide
66:1 October 1884
2197:Immigration Act of 1882
1556:minutes of time, not 10
1270:Lewis Morris Rutherfurd
340:General Time Convention
2260:Chester Alan Arthur II
2135:Chester A. Arthur Home
1824:Science and Technology
1351:Alavaro Bianchi Tupper
1339:Francisco Vidal Gormaz
1151:Imperial Russian Staff
917:U.S. Naval Observatory
851:
793:
199:Railway Clearing Union
190:
2383:Meridians (geography)
2353:Geography conferences
2313:Thomas A. Hendricks â
2202:Chinese Exclusion Act
2140:Albany Rural Cemetery
1936:Howse, Derek (1997).
1921:. Oxford Univ Press.
1913:Howse, Derek (1980).
1708:on 11 September 2006.
1411:Secretary of Legation
1205:Emilio Ruiz del Arbol
993:Cambridge Observatory
842:
756:
195:Great Western Railway
188:
2308:â William A. Wheeler
1449:improve this article
1124:Captain John Stewart
2388:October 1884 events
2293:â James A. Garfield
2278:Mary Arthur McElroy
1855:1978QJRAS..19..290S
1320:Señor A. M. Soteldo
1219:Officer of the Navy
1093:University of Tokyo
827:Battle of Trafalgar
303:and used to time a
301:transatlantic cable
252:, presented to the
235:Washington meridian
2300:Grover Cleveland â
2177:Star Route scandal
2101:Lemmon v. New York
1944:. Phillip Wilson.
1899:, pp. 164â165
1768:. 12 October 1883.
1766:The New York Times
1661:Canadian Institute
1656:"Terrestrial Time"
1354:Assistant Director
1312:U.S. Signal Office
1073:Alberto De Foresta
974:Sir F. J. O. Evans
797:Dominican Republic
322:in Rome in October
254:Canadian Institute
191:
172:Greenwich Meridian
152:Greenwich Meridian
115:Greenwich meridian
37:Greenwich meridian
2335:
2334:
2056:Chester A. Arthur
2004:Project Gutenberg
1928:978-0-19-215948-9
1644:, pp. 87â115
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1524:
1517:
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1418:
1417:
1384:William Coppinger
1323:Chargé d'Affaires
1159:J. de Kologrivoff
1102:Leandro Fernandez
873:on behalf of ...
148:Chester A. Arthur
139:, to determine a
125:
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113:Agreement of the
107:Establishment of
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2378:1884 conferences
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1257:C. R. P. Rodgers
1063:Privy Counsellor
1049:Surveyor-General
1020:Sandford Fleming
1010:Council of India
1004:Richard Strachey
991:Director of the
901:Director of the
891:Austria-Hungary
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289:Astronomer Royal
246:Sandford Fleming
242:Terrestrial Time
225:hours. In 1870,
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193:In Britain, the
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133:Washington, D.C.
92:C. R. P. Rodgers
82:Washington, D.C.
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1171:M. de J. Galvan
1127:Counsul-General
1087:Kikuchi Dairoku
1045:W. D. Alexander
1002:Lieut.-General
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1438:This section
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2231:Public image
2108:
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1989:. Retrieved
1974:
1939:
1916:
1907:Bibliography
1892:
1868:
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1836:
1827:
1823:
1810:
1798:
1793:, p. 12
1786:
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1756:
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1740:the original
1735:
1726:
1714:
1703:the original
1689:
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1665:. Retrieved
1659:
1649:
1637:
1625:
1613:. Retrieved
1562:
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1538:
1526:
1511:
1505:October 2018
1502:
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1471:
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1447:Please help
1442:verification
1439:
1401:Netherlands
1331:
1250:Switzerland
1178:San Domingo
1136:C. de Struve
1059:Luther Aholo
878:
870:Designation
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363:
360:Participants
351:
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287:and British
281:John Rodgers
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128:
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45:Host country
18:
2254:Nell Arthur
2207:Edmunds Act
2073:(1881â1885)
1849:: 290â309,
1615:30 November
1574:World War I
1373:Hinckeldeyn
1332:Not present
1281:W. F. Allen
1194:Juan Valera
987:J. C. Adams
937:A. Lefaivre
932:Costa Rica
750:Resolutions
673:Switzerland
567:Netherlands
293:George Airy
2342:Categories
2268:(grandson)
2159:Presidency
1991:9 February
1897:Howse 1980
1803:Howse 1997
1791:Howse 1997
1779:Howse 1980
1719:Howse 1980
1682:Howse 1980
1667:18 January
1642:Howse 1980
1630:Howse 1980
1580:References
1475:newspapers
1326:Venezuela
1306:Professor
1292:Commander
1085:Professor
1038:Guatemala
978:Royal Navy
897:LuĂs Cruls
820:time zones
818:adopt any
432:Costa Rica
266:solar time
162:Background
98:Key points
70:1884-10-01
1878:cite book
1298:U.S. Navy
1261:U.S. Navy
1243:Emil Frey
1189:Salvador
1130:Paraguay
921:Colombia
857:Delegates
761:adopted.)
743:Venezuela
485:Guatemala
305:time ball
156:longitude
135:, in the
2326:Category
2280:(sister)
2274:(father)
1746:23 March
1421:Outcomes
1390:Liberia
1379:Germany
1368:Denmark
1241:Colonel
972:Captain
619:Salvador
593:Paraguay
447:(absent)
419:Colombia
2018:at the
1851:Bibcode
1568:of the
1489:scholar
1236:Sweden
1165:Russia
1154:Russia
1143:Russia
1119:Mexico
1108:Mexico
1066:Hawaii
1052:Hawaii
956:France
943:France
907:Brazil
879:Present
541:Liberia
472:Germany
445:Denmark
297:Harvard
206:January
182:years.
68: (
2256:(wife)
2247:Family
2084:(1881)
1982:
1948:
1925:
1572:after
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:second
1491:
1484:
1477:
1470:
1462:
1357:Chile
1346:Chile
1227:Count
1222:Spain
1211:Spain
1200:Spain
1097:Japan
1080:Italy
1071:Count
805:
801:
740:
727:
715:Canada
712:
699:
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606:Russia
603:
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554:Mexico
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498:Hawaii
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459:France
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442:
429:
416:
403:
392:Brazil
389:
375:
336:
324:
316:Venice
309:Boston
223:
210:1848,
208:
180:
176:charts
78:Cities
54:
2262:(son)
1820:(PDF)
1706:(PDF)
1699:(PDF)
1542:first
1530:metre
1496:JSTOR
1482:books
1057:Hon.
1043:Hon.
867:Name
645:Spain
527:Japan
512:Italy
406:Chile
244:" by
219:local
88:Chair
2093:Life
2079:20th
2068:21st
1993:2013
1980:ISBN
1946:ISBN
1923:ISBN
1884:link
1748:2018
1669:2013
1617:2012
1468:news
847:21.)
127:The
63:Date
2107:SS
2002:at
1828:113
1451:by
816:not
780:7.)
775:2.)
766:2.)
307:in
203:GMT
2344::
1880:}}
1876:{{
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1826:,
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1995:.
1954:.
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1750:.
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1619:.
1518:)
1512:(
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1493:·
1486:·
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