132:. One delegate remarked that "'Nothing has caused more friction than the practice of imposing differential railway rates and so filching trade from a neighbouring colony ... in fact I know of no other cause of strong feeling between the people of these different communities than that which has arisen from commerce." The later 1897 convention also saw concerns expressed over the effect such predatory rates were having on the river trade, prompting
246:
162:
180:, had been working on a draft Bill as early as January 1901 to establish the Commission, fiscal pressures brought on by the Braddon Clause discouraged efforts to assure its passage before 1911, as its establishment was viewed to be a luxury. Lobbying efforts by the Australian shipping industry, incensed that the Commission's scope would include
73:
financial responsibilities incurred by any State in connexion with the construction and maintenance of its railways. But no preference or discrimination shall, within the meaning of this section, be taken to be undue and unreasonable, or unjust to any State, unless so adjudged by the Inter-State
Commission.
96:
Nothing in this
Constitution shall render unlawful any rate for the carriage of goods upon a railway, the property of a State, if the rate is deemed by the Inter-State Commission to be necessary for the development of the territory of the State, and if the rate applies equally to goods within the
72:
The
Parliament may by any law with respect to trade or commerce forbid, as to railways, any preference or discrimination by any State, or by any authority constituted under a State, if such preference or discrimination is undue and unreasonable, or unjust to any State; due regard being had to the
348:
Having lost its judicial power in 1915, the
Commission "became a body of inquiry without any power of enforcing its decisions." The Commission, without any real purpose, lapsed in 1920 when the terms of the initial Commissioners expired and new appointments were not made. Although there was
65:
There shall be an Inter-State
Commission, with such powers of adjudication and administration as the Parliament deems necessary for the execution and maintenance, within the Commonwealth, of the provisions of this Constitution relating to trade and commerce, and of all laws made thereunder.
502:
This possibility was contemplated, although described as being "of theoretical interest rather than of practical importance", as early as 1901. However, the general views expressed in the
Constitutional Debates as to any provision of the Constitution were held in 1904 to be irrelevant to
290:(a) any preference, advantage, prejudice, disadvantage, or discrimination given or made by any State or by any State authority or by any common carrier in contravention of this Act, or of the provisions of the Constitution relating to trade and commerce or any law made thereunder;
86:(ii) shall hold office for seven years, but may be removed within that time by the Governor-General in Council, on an address from both Houses of the Parliament in the same session praying for such removal on the ground of proved misbehaviour or incapacity;
296:(c) anything done or omitted to be done by any State or by any State Authority or by any common carrier or by any person in contravention of this Act or of the provisions of the Constitution relating to trade or commerce or any law made thereunder.
2268:
2318:
2303:
2263:
2238:
2258:
2228:
2253:
2243:
2233:
2213:
2218:
2160:
2135:
2105:
2100:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2050:
2025:
2010:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1980:
1970:
1965:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
475:
in the late 1890s, it referred to s. 87 of the
Constitution of Australia, which provided for 75% of all receipts arising from customs and excise duties during the first ten years would be remitted to the
349:
discussion in the 1930s about reviving the
Commission (and a bill on that matter actually received Senate passage in 1938), nothing came about, and the Act itself was formally repealed in 1950.
136:
to declare that interstate free trade would require institutional, as well as constitutional, protection. The proposal was strongly endorsed by the
Convention, and it was later described by
381:
in 1975. In this second incarnation, the
Commission did not have any judicial power, but did have powers of arbitration and adjudication, and of investigation and reporting.
361:
in 1975 with the envisaged role of inquiring into transport issues that arose due to the federal structure of the Australian government. Issues on the agenda included
1244:
1449:
396:, the Commission received its appointments and was charged with investigating all matters relating to interstate transport. Its first President was the judge
1413:
2313:
1367:
2308:
2278:
519:
2298:
2293:
2283:
2273:
2223:
1377:
1296:
1129:
286:. The Commission shall have jurisdiction to hear and determine any complaint, dispute, or question, and to adjudicate upon any matter arising as to—
223:
2288:
89:(iii) shall receive such remuneration as the Parliament may fix; but such remuneration shall not be diminished during their continuance in office.
2248:
2208:
2203:
2193:
1008:
2198:
2170:
2055:
1515:
833:
2165:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2095:
2075:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
1510:
1357:
2180:
2020:
2015:
2005:
1985:
1975:
1960:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1505:
1495:
1485:
1342:
1239:
1198:
1193:
1162:
456:
2348:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1500:
1480:
1157:
120:
in Sydney in 1891, considerable debate occurred over the issue of freedom in interstate trade, especially over the abuses arising from
42:. The Commission was established in 1912, became dormant in 1920, was abolished in 1950, re-established in 1983, and absorbed into the
1443:
1403:
1372:
1362:
1352:
1347:
385:
319:. Furthermore, it was held that Chapter Three of the Constitution had the effect that a court must have the following features:
222:
constituted unfair business competition between the States, but the States declined to pass the necessary legislation under the
2343:
1311:
1265:
1439:
1434:
1213:
1122:
943:
758:
307:
233:, at which time State practices concerning interstate rivalry and discrimination were becoming quite blatant. Prime Minister
177:
117:
1454:
966:
959:
912:
905:
891:
720:
1429:
1167:
935:
378:
338:
1306:
333:
The Commission as it then existed violated all three criteria. Hence, as it was not part of the judiciary (ie, not a "
1291:
674:
421:
269:
38:. The envisaged chief functions of the Inter-State Commission were to administer and adjudicate matters relating to
1115:
1009:"Chapter IV: The Inter-State Commission and the Regulation of Trade and Commerce under the Australian Constitution"
230:
207:
188:
133:
141:
1281:
1208:
293:(b) the justice or reasonableness of any rate in respect of inter-state commerce, or affecting such commerce;
845:
374:
145:
1031:
572:
1398:
431:
1459:
214:
introduced the corresponding bill. It failed to proceed, notably because it was also intended to be an
1393:
1138:
416:
140:
as being a "necessary adjunct to the Constitution". It was seen as being similar in nature to the US
55:
31:
989:
1337:
1321:
828:
826:
211:
1301:
1229:
1152:
1027:
972:
800:
505:
426:
342:
302:
200:
137:
106:
823:
1464:
1286:
841:
389:
927:
664:
1203:
1188:
1037:
805:
763:
362:
312:
129:
8:
472:
436:
404:
334:
215:
192:
43:
1408:
1094:
1062:
1490:
1234:
1172:
967:
Productivity Commission (Repeals, Transitional and Consequential Amendments) Act 1998
939:
670:
261:
249:
121:
1090:
1054:
329:
its members having security of tenure, meaning that members are appointed for life.
265:
219:
196:
1004:
125:
102:
39:
468:
341:
provision providing for appeals on questions of law from the Commission to the
184:, also contributed to the delay. As a result, the initial Bill lapsed in 1902.
35:
403:
In 1990, the Commission was abolished with its functions transferred to a new
2337:
1316:
486:
358:
257:
234:
1107:
990:"The missing constitutional cog: the omission of the Inter-State Commission"
397:
173:
165:
28:
370:
1066:
407:, a statutory body directly responsible to the Commonwealth Government.
571:
as constituted under Part I of the Railway and Canal Traffic Act 1888 (
181:
1058:
393:
316:
245:
366:
58:
contains the following provisions relating to the envisaged body:
490:
337:"), it could not be vested with judicial power. As a result, the
237:
pushed through the appropriate implementing legislation in 1912.
279:
granted the Commission judicial power which was broad in scope:
522:, this has since been changed to mandatory retirement at age 70
111:
781:
161:
105:
can be made on decisions of the Inter-State Commission to the
97:
State and to goods passing into the State from other States.
997:
Bar News: The Journal of the New South Wales Bar Association
602:
345:
has been 'dead letter law' for most of the Court's history.
1158:
Chapter I of the Constitution of Australia: The Legislature
191:, owing to the House seats split almost evenly between the
83:(i) shall be appointed by the Governor-General in Council;
1194:
Chapter II of the Constitution of Australia: The Executive
326:
not being vested with power other than judicial power; and
1033:
The Annotated Constitution of the Australian Commonwealth
646:
644:
315:, and therefore judicial power can only be vested in the
206:
The next effort to consider the proposal occurred in the
493:
in the field, each fighting against the other two teams.
834:"Australian federalism and intergovernmental relations"
872:
860:
811:
727:
641:
1414:
Australian Constitution (Public Record Copy) Act 1990
1045:
la Nauze, J.A. (1937). "The Inter-State Commission".
703:
701:
688:
686:
631:
629:
578:
1235:
Chapter III of the constitution of Australia: Courts
932:
The Biographical Dictionary of the Australian Senate
769:
614:
543:
541:
539:
252:, Chairman of the Inter-State Commission (1913–1920)
1450:
2017–18 Australian parliamentary eligibility crisis
1081:Radbone, Ian (1982). "The Inter-State Commission".
352:
229:The commission's establishment occurred during the
698:
683:
626:
240:
666:Well May We Say: The Speeches That Made Australia
590:
553:
536:
275:In addition to wide powers of investigation, the
2335:
384:The Commission did not become active due to the
156:
1137:
1123:
838:Australian Federalism: The Role of the States
759:New South Wales v Commonwealth ("Wheat case")
112:Background in the Constitutional Conventions
1240:Section 75 of the Constitution of Australia
1199:Section 61 of the Constitution of Australia
1163:Section 51 of the Constitution of Australia
1083:Australian Journal of Public Administration
930:. In Millar, Ann; Browne, Geoffrey (eds.).
311:that the Constitution implicitly created a
218:with power to decide whether certain State
122:differential and preferential railway rates
79:The members of the Inter-State Commission:
2239:(xviii) Copyrights, patents and trademarks
1307:Implied freedom of political communication
1130:
1116:
669:. Melbourne: Black Inc. pp. 146–148.
1040:/Melville & Mullen. pp. 895–922.
913:Inter-State Commission Amendment Act 1983
1404:Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942
1044:
866:
817:
733:
388:. In 1984, following the re-election of
357:The Commission was reconstituted by the
305:disagreed in 1915, ruling by 4–2 in the
244:
160:
16:Defunct constitutional body in Australia
1080:
1003:
925:
878:
662:
650:
584:
168:, promoter of the Commission's creation
49:
2336:
2204:(v) Post and telegraph (communication)
766:, (1915) 20 CLR 54 (23 March 1915)
1465:Separatist movements within Australia
1312:Implied immunity of instrumentalities
1111:
1026:
840:. Federal-State Relations Committee,
775:
1516:VIII: Alteration of the Constitution
1455:List of proposed states of Australia
987:
928:"EVERETT, Mervyn George (1917–1988)"
808:, (1907) 1 CLR 329 (8 June 1904)
787:
707:
692:
635:
620:
608:
596:
559:
547:
101:Section 73 provides that appeals on
2299:(xxxv) Conciliation and arbitration
1430:Constitutional history of Australia
936:University of New South Wales Press
386:dismissal of the Whitlam Government
13:
1095:10.1111/j.1467-8500.1982.tb00936.x
1074:
14:
2360:
2349:Council of Australian Governments
2194:(i) Interstate trade and commerce
503:constitutional interpretation in
422:Separation of powers in Australia
323:being vested with judicial power;
187:No attempts were made during the
353:Second establishment (1975–1990)
2244:(xix) Naturalization and aliens
952:
919:
906:Inter-State Commission Act 1975
898:
884:
793:
751:
746:Inter-State Commission Act 1912
739:
721:Inter-State Commission Act 1912
713:
656:
512:
496:
479:
277:Inter-State Commission Act 1912
264:as Chief Commissioner, joining
241:First establishment (1912–1920)
2294:(xxxi) Acquisition of property
844:. October 1998. Archived from
565:
461:
449:
231:Fourth Parliament of Australia
189:Second Parliament of Australia
142:Interstate Commerce Commission
1:
2344:Australian constitutional law
1282:Australian Constitutional Law
892:Statute Law Revision Act 1950
529:
226:to make the Commission work.
208:Third Parliament of Australia
157:Delay in creation (1901–1912)
1486:II: The Executive Government
988:Bell, Andrew (Winter 2009).
960:Industry Commission Act 1989
663:Warhaft, Sally, ed. (2004).
373:ferries; and disruptions to
146:Railway and Canal Commission
7:
1399:Statute of Westminster 1931
1378:Retirement of judges (1977)
432:Council of Common Interests
410:
256:In 1913, the newly elected
176:, in his role as the first
10:
2365:
1460:Republicanism in Australia
1440:Constitutional Conventions
1297:Constitutional conventions
981:
151:
2179:
1531:
1524:
1473:
1422:
1394:Constitution of Australia
1386:
1330:
1317:Reserve power (sovereign)
1274:
1253:
1222:
1214:Federal Executive Council
1181:
1145:
1139:Constitution of Australia
971:upon the creation of the
417:Constitution of Australia
178:Minister for Home Affairs
124:being put into effect in
118:Constitutional Convention
56:Constitution of Australia
2269:(xxiiiA) Social security
1168:House of Representatives
1047:The Australian Quarterly
518:as a consequence of the
442:
2284:(xxix) External affairs
1368:Casual vacancies (1977)
1343:Senate elections (1906)
1100:(subscription required)
973:Productivity Commission
969:(15, Schedule 1). 1998.
934:. Vol. 3. Sydney:
926:Bennett, Scott (2010).
894:(80, Schedule 3). 1950.
801:Tasmania v Commonwealth
506:Tasmania v Commonwealth
427:Federalism in Australia
303:High Court of Australia
2181:Enumerated legislative
1358:Social services (1946)
1353:2nd State debts (1928)
1348:1st State debts (1910)
1287:Responsible government
1261:Inter-State Commission
842:Parliament of Victoria
806:[1904] HCA 11
764:[1915] HCA 17
299:
253:
210:in 1909, when Senator
169:
99:
21:Inter-State Commission
2289:(xxx) Pacific islands
1496:IV: Finance and Trade
1322:Reserved State powers
1038:Angus & Robertson
573:51&52 Vict, c. 25
281:
248:
164:
60:
25:Interstate Commission
1387:Constitutional texts
1292:Separation of powers
1036:. Sydney/Melbourne:
964:, later repealed by
910:, as amended by the
313:separation of powers
270:Sir Nicholas Lockyer
50:Constitutional basis
2279:(xxvii) Immigration
2183:powers (Section 51)
1491:III: The Judicature
473:Premier of Tasmania
437:Inter-State Council
405:Industry Commission
335:Chapter Three Court
216:industrial tribunal
193:Protectionist Party
44:Industry Commission
2314:(xxxviii) Imperial
2304:(xxxvi) Transition
1511:VII: Miscellaneous
1409:Australia Act 1986
1373:Referendums (1977)
1363:Aboriginals (1967)
1338:Referendum process
1254:Other institutions
1245:Boilermakers' Case
469:Sir Edward Braddon
359:Whitlam Government
254:
170:
2331:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2309:(xxxvii) Referral
2249:(xx) Corporations
1481:I: The Parliament
1146:Legislative power
1016:Public Law Review
962:(9, s. 48). 1990.
945:978-0-86840-996-2
790:, p. 68, fn. 160.
623:, pp. 61–62.
262:Albert Piddington
250:Albert Piddington
220:industrial awards
2356:
2319:(xxxix) Incident
2264:(xxiii) Pensions
1529:
1528:
1209:Governor-General
1132:
1125:
1118:
1109:
1108:
1101:
1098:
1070:
1059:10.2307/20629406
1041:
1023:
1013:
1005:Gageler, Stephen
1000:
994:
975:
970:
963:
956:
950:
949:
923:
917:
916:
909:
902:
896:
895:
888:
882:
876:
870:
864:
858:
857:
855:
853:
848:on 5 August 2009
830:
821:
815:
809:
797:
791:
785:
779:
773:
767:
755:
749:
743:
737:
731:
725:
724:
717:
711:
705:
696:
690:
681:
680:
660:
654:
648:
639:
633:
624:
618:
612:
611:, p. 61, fn. 43.
606:
600:
594:
588:
582:
576:
569:
563:
557:
551:
545:
523:
516:
510:
500:
494:
483:
477:
465:
459:
455:as envisaged in
453:
377:shipping to the
365:shipping to the
266:George Swinburne
197:Free Trade Party
182:ocean navigation
134:Richard O'Connor
103:questions of law
40:interstate trade
2364:
2363:
2359:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2354:
2353:
2334:
2333:
2332:
2323:
2234:(xiv) Insurance
2214:(ix) Quarantine
2182:
2175:
1520:
1469:
1418:
1382:
1326:
1270:
1249:
1218:
1182:Executive power
1177:
1141:
1136:
1105:
1099:
1077:
1075:Further reading
1011:
992:
984:
979:
978:
965:
958:
957:
953:
946:
938:. p. 181.
924:
920:
911:
904:
903:
899:
890:
889:
885:
877:
873:
865:
861:
851:
849:
832:
831:
824:
816:
812:
798:
794:
786:
782:
774:
770:
756:
752:
744:
740:
732:
728:
719:
718:
714:
706:
699:
691:
684:
677:
661:
657:
649:
642:
634:
627:
619:
615:
607:
603:
595:
591:
583:
579:
570:
566:
558:
554:
546:
537:
532:
527:
526:
520:1977 referendum
517:
513:
501:
497:
484:
480:
466:
462:
454:
450:
445:
413:
355:
258:Cook government
243:
212:Sir Robert Best
159:
154:
126:New South Wales
114:
52:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2362:
2352:
2351:
2346:
2329:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2259:(xxii) Divorce
2256:
2254:(xxi) Marriage
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2229:(xiii) Banking
2226:
2224:(xii) Currency
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2187:
2185:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1532:
1526:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1506:VI: New States
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1477:
1475:
1471:
1470:
1468:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1437:
1432:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1278:
1276:
1272:
1271:
1269:
1268:
1263:
1257:
1255:
1251:
1250:
1248:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1226:
1224:
1223:Judicial power
1220:
1219:
1217:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1178:
1176:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1142:
1135:
1134:
1127:
1120:
1112:
1103:
1102:
1089:(4): 323–338.
1076:
1073:
1072:
1071:
1042:
1024:
1001:
983:
980:
977:
976:
951:
944:
918:
897:
883:
881:, p. 216.
871:
859:
822:
810:
792:
780:
778:, p. 900.
768:
750:
738:
726:
712:
697:
682:
675:
655:
653:, p. 209.
640:
625:
613:
601:
589:
587:, p. 208.
577:
564:
552:
534:
533:
531:
528:
525:
524:
511:
495:
478:
460:
447:
446:
444:
441:
440:
439:
434:
429:
424:
419:
412:
409:
379:eastern states
354:
351:
331:
330:
327:
324:
298:
297:
294:
291:
242:
239:
224:referral power
158:
155:
153:
150:
138:Sir John Quick
113:
110:
91:
90:
87:
84:
51:
48:
36:Australian law
32:constitutional
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2361:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2219:(x) Fisheries
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2199:(ii) Taxation
2197:
2195:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2178:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1523:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1501:V: The States
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1476:
1472:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1435:The Dismissal
1433:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1425:
1421:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1389:
1385:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1267:
1266:Privy Council
1264:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1133:
1128:
1126:
1121:
1119:
1114:
1113:
1110:
1106:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1079:
1078:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1034:
1029:
1025:
1022:(3): 205–218.
1021:
1017:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
991:
986:
985:
974:
968:
961:
955:
947:
941:
937:
933:
929:
922:
914:
907:
901:
893:
887:
880:
875:
869:, p. 57.
868:
867:la Nauze 1937
863:
847:
843:
839:
835:
829:
827:
820:, p. 55.
819:
818:la Nauze 1937
814:
807:
803:
802:
796:
789:
784:
777:
772:
765:
761:
760:
754:
747:
742:
736:, p. 51.
735:
734:la Nauze 1937
730:
722:
716:
710:, p. 64.
709:
704:
702:
695:, p. 63.
694:
689:
687:
678:
676:1-86395-277-2
672:
668:
667:
659:
652:
647:
645:
638:, p. 62.
637:
632:
630:
622:
617:
610:
605:
599:, p. 61.
598:
593:
586:
581:
574:
568:
562:, p. 60.
561:
556:
550:, p. 59.
549:
544:
542:
540:
535:
521:
515:
508:
507:
499:
492:
488:
487:Alfred Deakin
485:Described by
482:
474:
470:
464:
458:
452:
448:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
414:
408:
406:
401:
399:
395:
391:
387:
382:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
350:
346:
344:
340:
336:
328:
325:
322:
321:
320:
318:
314:
310:
309:
304:
295:
292:
289:
288:
287:
285:
280:
278:
273:
271:
267:
263:
259:
251:
247:
238:
236:
235:Andrew Fisher
232:
227:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
204:
202:
198:
194:
190:
185:
183:
179:
175:
167:
163:
149:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
116:At the first
109:
108:
104:
98:
95:
88:
85:
82:
81:
80:
78:
74:
71:
67:
64:
59:
57:
47:
45:
41:
37:
33:
30:
26:
22:
2209:(vi) Defence
1423:Other topics
1260:
1104:
1086:
1082:
1053:(1): 48–58.
1050:
1046:
1032:
1019:
1015:
996:
954:
931:
921:
915:(142). 1983.
908:(109). 1975.
900:
886:
879:Gageler 2017
874:
862:
850:. Retrieved
846:the original
837:
813:
799:
795:
783:
771:
757:
753:
745:
741:
729:
715:
665:
658:
651:Gageler 2017
616:
604:
592:
585:Gageler 2017
580:
567:
555:
514:
504:
498:
481:
467:named after
463:
451:
402:
398:Merv Everett
383:
356:
347:
332:
306:
300:
283:
282:
276:
274:
255:
228:
205:
201:Labour Party
199:and the new
186:
174:William Lyne
171:
166:William Lyne
115:
100:
93:
92:
76:
75:
69:
68:
62:
61:
53:
24:
20:
18:
2274:(xxvi) Race
1028:Quick, John
723:(33). 1912.
390:Labor Party
371:Bass Strait
144:and the UK
34:body under
2338:Categories
1525:By section
1474:By chapter
1331:Amendments
1302:Federalism
1230:High Court
1153:Parliament
776:Quick 1901
748:, Part III
530:References
343:High Court
308:Wheat Case
260:appointed
107:High Court
2190:Powers of
1275:Doctrines
788:Bell 2009
708:Bell 2009
693:Bell 2009
636:Bell 2009
621:Bell 2009
609:Bell 2009
597:Bell 2009
560:Bell 2009
548:Bell 2009
489:as three
394:Bob Hawke
375:Fremantle
363:Victorian
317:judiciary
46:in 1989.
1204:Monarchy
1067:20629406
1030:(1901).
1007:(2017).
999:: 59–74.
411:See also
367:Riverina
130:Victoria
1189:Cabinet
982:Sources
491:elevens
152:History
29:defunct
27:, is a
1173:Senate
1065:
942:
852:21 May
673:
476:States
392:under
195:, the
172:While
1063:JSTOR
1012:(PDF)
993:(PDF)
804:
762:
457:s. 92
443:Notes
339:s. 73
23:, or
2056:105A
1444:1998
940:ISBN
854:2010
671:ISBN
301:The
268:and
128:and
94:104.
77:103.
70:102.
63:101.
54:The
19:The
2171:128
2166:127
2161:126
2156:125
2151:124
2146:123
2141:122
2136:121
2131:120
2126:119
2121:118
2116:117
2111:116
2106:115
2101:114
2096:113
2091:112
2086:111
2081:110
2076:109
2071:108
2066:107
2061:106
2051:105
2046:104
2041:103
2036:102
2031:101
2026:100
1091:doi
1055:doi
2340::
2021:99
2016:98
2011:97
2006:96
2001:95
1996:94
1991:93
1986:92
1981:91
1976:90
1971:89
1966:88
1961:87
1956:86
1951:85
1946:84
1941:83
1936:82
1931:81
1926:80
1921:79
1916:78
1911:77
1906:76
1901:75
1896:74
1891:73
1886:72
1881:71
1876:70
1871:69
1866:68
1861:67
1856:66
1851:65
1846:64
1841:63
1836:62
1831:61
1826:60
1821:59
1816:58
1811:57
1806:56
1801:55
1796:54
1791:53
1786:52
1781:50
1776:49
1771:48
1766:47
1761:46
1756:45
1751:44
1746:43
1741:42
1736:41
1731:40
1726:39
1721:38
1716:37
1711:36
1706:35
1701:34
1696:33
1691:32
1686:31
1681:30
1676:29
1671:28
1666:27
1661:26
1656:25
1651:24
1646:23
1641:22
1636:21
1631:20
1626:19
1621:18
1616:17
1611:16
1606:15
1601:14
1596:13
1591:12
1586:11
1581:10
1087:41
1085:.
1061:.
1049:.
1020:28
1018:.
1014:.
995:.
836:.
825:^
700:^
685:^
643:^
628:^
538:^
471:,
400:.
369:;
284:24
272:.
203:.
148:.
1576:9
1571:8
1566:7
1561:6
1556:5
1551:4
1546:3
1541:2
1536:1
1446:)
1442:(
1131:e
1124:t
1117:v
1097:.
1093::
1069:.
1057::
1051:9
948:.
856:.
679:.
575:)
509:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
