Graphics processing unit

2058:). On certain motherboards, AMD's IGPs can use dedicated sideport memory: a separate fixed block of high performance memory that is dedicated for use by the GPU. As of early 2007 computers with integrated graphics account for about 90% of all PC shipments. They are less costly to implement than dedicated graphics processing, but tend to be less capable. Historically, integrated processing was considered unfit for 3D games or graphically intensive programs but could run less intensive programs such as Adobe Flash. Examples of such IGPs would be offerings from SiS and VIA circa 2004. However, modern integrated graphics processors such as 897: 239: 901: 889: 45: 2012: 568: 499: 2004: 869:, the deal which was signed in 1995 was not announced publicly until 1998. In the intervening period, Microsoft worked closely with SGI to port OpenGL to Windows NT. In that era OpenGL had no standard driver model for competing hardware accelerators to compete on the basis of support for higher level 3D texturing and lighting functionality. In 1994 Microsoft announced DirectX 1.0 and support for gaming in the forthcoming Windows '95 consumer OS, in '95 581: 1384:. Performance is also affected by the number of streaming multiprocessors (SM) for NVidia GPUs, or compute units (CU) for AMD GPUs, or Xe cores for Intel discrete GPUs, which describe the number of core on-silicon processor units within the GPU chip that perform the core calculations, typically working in parallel with other SM/CUs on the GPU. GPU performance is typically measured in floating point operations per second ( 1397: 865:, the dominant CGI movie production tool used for early CGI movie hits like Jurassic Park, Terminator 2 and Titanic. With that deal came a strategic relationship with SGI and a commercial license of SGI's OpenGL libraries enabling Microsoft to port the API to the Windows NT OS but not to the upcoming release of Windows '95. Although it was little known at the time, SGI had contracted with Microsoft to 555: 305: 436: 2157:. This turns the massive computational power of a modern graphics accelerator's shader pipeline into general-purpose computing power. In certain applications requiring massive vector operations, this can yield several orders of magnitude higher performance than a conventional CPU. The two largest discrete (see " 2265:(CPU), but often lack a powerful graphics processor, and instead have a less powerful but more energy-efficient on-board graphics chip. On-board graphics chips are often not powerful enough for playing video games, or for other graphically intensive tasks, such as editing video or 3D animation/rendering. 2313:

Graphics processing units (GPU) have continued to increase in energy usage, while CPUs designers have recently focused on improving performance per watt. High performance GPUs may draw large amount of power, therefore intelligent techniques are required to manage GPU power consumption. Measures like

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line and with contemporary Pentiums and Celerons. This resulted in a large nominal market share, as the majority of computers with an Intel CPU also featured this embedded graphics processor. These generally lagged behind discrete processors in performance. Intel re-entered the discrete GPU market in

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GPUs from AMD are fabricated by a 14 nm process. Their release resulted in a substantial increase in the performance per watt of AMD video cards. AMD also released the Vega GPU series for the high end market as a competitor to Nvidia's high end Pascal cards, also featuring HBM2 like the Titan V.

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was the precursor to what is now called a compute shader (e.g. CUDA, OpenCL, DirectCompute) and actually abused the hardware to a degree by treating the data passed to algorithms as texture maps and executing algorithms by drawing a triangle or quad with an appropriate pixel shader. This entails some

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were not general purpose and could not execute arbitrary pixel code. Vertices and pixels were processed by different units which had their own resources, with pixel shaders having tighter constraints (because they execute at higher frequencies than vertices). Pixel shading engines were actually more

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to run on the GPU's stream processors. This makes it possible for C programs to take advantage of a GPU's ability to operate on large buffers in parallel, while still using the CPU when appropriate. CUDA was the first API to allow CPU-based applications to directly access the resources of a GPU for

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cards were released in 2010, and in 2011 AMD released its 6000M Series discrete GPUs for mobile devices. The Kepler line of graphics cards by Nvidia were released in 2012 and were used in the Nvidia's 600 and 700 series cards. A feature in this GPU microarchitecture included GPU boost, a technology

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by AMD allow multiple GPUs to draw images simultaneously for a single screen, increasing the processing power available for graphics. These technologies, however, are increasingly uncommon; most games do not fully use multiple GPUs, as most users cannot afford them. Multiple GPUs are still used on

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to become more powerful general purpose processors as support for hardware accelerated texture mapping, lighting, Z-buffering and compute created the modern GPU. During this period the same Microsoft team responsible for Direct3D and OpenGL driver standardization introduced their own Microsoft 3D

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An external GPU is a graphics processor located outside of the housing of the computer, similar to a large external hard drive. External graphics processors are sometimes used with laptop computers. Laptops might have a substantial amount of RAM and a sufficiently powerful central processing unit

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architecture. However, substantial acceleration can also be obtained by not compiling the programs, and instead transferring them to the GPU, to be interpreted there. Acceleration can then be obtained by either interpreting multiple programs simultaneously, simultaneously running multiple example

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and the Direct3D driver model for the acceleration of consumer 3D graphics. The Direct3D driver model shipped with DirectX 2.0 in 1996. It included standards and specifications for 3D chip makers to compete to support 3D texture, lighting and Z-buffering. ATI, which was later to be acquired by

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Official vendor support for external GPUs has gained traction. A milestone was Apple's decision to support external GPUs with MacOS High Sierra 10.13.4. Several major hardware vendors (HP, Razer) released Thunderbolt 3 eGPU enclosures. This support fuels eGPU implementations by enthusiasts.

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On systems with "Unified Memory Architecture" (UMA), including modern AMD processors with integrated graphics, modern Intel processors with integrated graphics, Apple processors, the PS5 and Xbox Series (among others), the CPU cores and the GPU block share the same pool of RAM and memory address

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in 1996 to aggressively embracing support for Direct3D. In this era Microsoft merged their internal Direct3D and OpenGL teams and worked closely with SGI to unify driver standards for both industrial and consumer 3D graphics hardware accelerators. Microsoft ran annual events for 3D chip makers

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Since GPU computations are memory-intensive, integrated processing may compete with the CPU for relatively slow system RAM, as it has minimal or no dedicated video memory. IGPs use system memory with bandwidth up to a current maximum of 128 GB/s, whereas a discrete graphics card may have a

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With modern GPUs, energy usage is an important constraint on the maximum computational capabilities that can be achieved. GPU designs are usually highly scalable, allowing the manufacturer to put multiple chips on the same video card, or to use multiple video cards that work in parallel. Peak

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dedicated GPUs are removable. Dedicated GPUs for portable computers are most commonly interfaced through a non-standard and often proprietary slot due to size and weight constraints. Such ports may still be considered PCIe or AGP in terms of their logical host interface, even if they are not

1132:. Tensor cores are designed for deep learning, while high-bandwidth memory is on-die, stacked, lower-clocked memory that offers an extremely wide memory bus. To emphasize that the Titan V is not a gaming card, Nvidia removed the "GeForce GTX" suffix it adds to consumer gaming cards. 822:

with the earlier-generation chips for ease of implementation and minimal cost. Initially, 3D graphics were possible only with discrete boards dedicated to accelerating 3D functions (and lacking 2D graphical user interface (GUI) acceleration entirely) such as the

3154: 3398:"Mitsubishi's 3DPro/2mp Chipset Sets New Records for Fastest 3D Graphics Accelerator for Windows NT Systems; 3DPro/2mp grabs Viewperf performance lead; other high-end benchmark tests clearly show that 3DPro's performance outdistances all Windows NT competitors" 1051:

that allows for the development of code for both GPUs and CPUs with an emphasis on portability. OpenCL solutions are supported by Intel, AMD, Nvidia, and ARM, and according to a report in 2011 by Evans Data, OpenCL had become the second most popular HPC tool.

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space. This allows the system to dynamically allocate memory between the CPU cores and the GPU block based on memory needs (without needing a large static split of the RAM) and thanks to zero copy transfers, removes the need for either copying data over a

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3D graphics became increasingly common in arcade, computer, and console games, which led to increasing public demand for hardware-accelerated 3D graphics. Early examples of mass-market 3D graphics hardware can be found in arcade system boards such as the

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performance of any system is essentially limited by the amount of power it can draw and the amount of heat it can dissipate. Consequently, performance per watt of a GPU design translates directly into peak performance of a system that uses that design.

1162:, its RDNA 2 graphics cards with support for hardware-accelerated ray tracing. The product series, launched in late 2020, consisted of the RX 6800, RX 6800 XT, and RX 6900 XT. The RX 6700 XT, which is based on Navi 22, was launched in early 2021. 913:(also known as NV10) was the first consumer-level card with hardware-accelerated T&L; While the OpenGL API provided software support for texture mapping and lighting the first 3D hardware acceleration for these features arrived with the first 1239:

since they have significant FLOPS performance increases, using 4×4 matrix multiplication and division, resulting in hardware performance up to 128 TFLOPS in some applications. These tensor cores are expected to appear in consumer cards, as well.

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with its own simple instruction set, that was capable of manipulating graphics hardware registers in sync with the video beam (e.g. for per-scanline palette switches, sprite multiplexing, and hardware windowing), or driving the blitter. In 1986,

935:. Each pixel could now be processed by a short program that could include additional image textures as inputs, and each geometric vertex could likewise be processed by a short program before it was projected onto the screen. Used in the 3919: 2117:

Hybrid graphics cards are somewhat more expensive than integrated graphics, but much less expensive than dedicated graphics cards. They share memory with the system and have a small dedicated memory cache, to make up for the high

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capabilities (usually with a VGA compatibility mode). Newer cards such as AMD/ATI HD5000–HD7000 lack dedicated 2D acceleration; it is emulated by 3D hardware. GPUs were initially used to accelerate the memory-intensive work of

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In 2013, 438.3 million GPUs were shipped globally and the forecast for 2014 was 414.2 million. However, by the third quarter of 2022, shipments of integrated GPUs totaled around 75.5 million units, down 19% year-over-year.

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called "Meltdowns" to test their 3D hardware and drivers to work both with Direct3D and OpenGL. It was during this period of strong Microsoft influence over 3D standards that 3D accelerator cards moved beyond being simple

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on the host PC and transfer the executable to the GPU to be run. Typically a performance advantage is only obtained by running the single active program simultaneously on many example problems in parallel, using the GPU's

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of the system RAM. Technologies within PCI Express make this possible. While these solutions are sometimes advertised as having as much as 768 MB of RAM, this refers to how much can be shared with the system memory.

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are offloaded to the GPU hardware, is commonly referred to as "GPU accelerated video decoding", "GPU assisted video decoding", "GPU hardware accelerated video decoding", or "GPU hardware assisted video decoding".

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in the late 1990s, but produced lackluster 3D accelerators compared to the competition at the time. Rather than attempting to compete with the high-end manufacturers Nvidia and ATI/AMD, they began integrating

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of cards are of this generation of graphics cards. They are made using the 16 nm manufacturing process which improves upon previous microarchitectures. Nvidia released one non-consumer card under the new

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and Fujitsu on a "Thriller Conspiracy" project which combined a Fujitsu FXG-1 Pinolite geometry processor with a Vérité V2200 core to create a graphics card with a full T&L engine years before Nvidia's

4999: 5284: 3397: 3915: 1388:); GPUs in the 2010s and 2020s typically deliver performance measured in teraflops (TFLOPS). This is an estimated performance measure, as other factors can affect the actual display rate. 1111:

in Taiwan using the 28 nm process. Compared to the 40 nm technology from the past, this manufacturing process allowed a 20 percent boost in performance while drawing less power.

471:, released in 1987, used a custom graphics chipset with a 65,536 color palette and hardware support for sprites, scrolling, and multiple playfields. It served as a development machine for 424:, the first fully programmable graphics processor. It could run general-purpose code, but it had a graphics-oriented instruction set. During 1990–1992, this chip became the basis of the 1920:

that is dedicated to the GPU rather than relying on the computer’s main system memory. This RAM is usually specially selected for the expected serial workload of the graphics card (see

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distributed computing project for protein folding calculations. In certain circumstances, the GPU calculates forty times faster than the CPUs traditionally used by such applications.

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GPU-based high performance computers play a significant role in large-scale modelling. Three of the ten most powerful supercomputers in the world take advantage of GPU acceleration.

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workloads and for simulations, and in AI to expedite training, as is the case with Nvidia's lineup of DGX workstations and servers, Tesla GPUs, and Intel's Ponte Vecchio GPUs.

3427: 943:, which used a custom vector unit for hardware accelerated vertex processing (commonly referred to as VU0/VU1). The earliest incarnations of shader execution engines used in 734:

solution for use in home computers in 1995; the Fujitsu Pinolite, the first 3D geometry processor for personal computers, released in 1997. The first hardware T&L GPU on

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port. Those ports are only available on certain notebook systems. eGPU enclosures include their own power supply (PSU), because powerful GPUs can consume hundreds of watts.

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per watt can help identify more efficient GPUs. However that may not adequately incorporate efficiency in typical use, where much time is spent doing less demanding tasks.

352:, and laid the foundations for the emerging PC graphics market. It was used in a number of graphics cards and was licensed for clones such as the Intel 82720, the first of 1931:

Dedicated GPUs are not necessarily removable, nor does it necessarily interface with the motherboard in a standard fashion. The term "dedicated" refers to the fact that

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akin to a highly customizable function block and did not really "run" a program. Many of these disparities between vertex and pixel shading were not addressed until the

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architecture, the Titan V. Changes from the Titan XP, Pascal's high-end card, include an increase in the number of CUDA cores, the addition of tensor cores, and

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between physically separate RAM pools or copying between separate address spaces on a single physical pool of RAM, allowing more efficient transfer of data.

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as an indication of the performance increase it promised. The 86C911 spawned a variety of imitators: by 1995, all major PC graphics chip makers had added

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and described a programmable processing unit working independently from the CPU that was responsible for graphics manipulation and output. In 1994,

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Several factors of GPU construction affect the performance of the card for real-time rendering, such as the size of the connector pathways in the

834:. However, as manufacturing technology continued to progress, video, 2D GUI acceleration, and 3D functionality were all integrated into one chip. 6370: 5199: 4759: 3401: 1115:

have high system requirements; manufacturers recommended the GTX 970 and the R9 290X or better at the time of their release. Cards based on the

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math, and were quickly becoming as flexible as CPUs, yet orders of magnitude faster for image-array operations. Pixel shading is often used for

4706: 3844: 3538: 2715: 2653: 2042:(UMA) use a portion of a computer's system RAM rather than dedicated graphics memory. IGPs can be integrated onto a motherboard as part of its 3015: 5456: 4891: 3941: 2693: 2637: 4336: 4310: 2106:

Hybrid GPUs compete with integrated graphics in the low-end desktop and notebook markets. The most common implementations of this are ATI's

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was introduced in the early '90s by SGI as a professional graphics API, with proprietary hardware support for 3D rasterization. In 1994

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GPU to provide increased functionality to cars' navigation and entertainment systems. Advances in GPU technology in cars helped advance

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In 2018, Nvidia launched the RTX 20 series GPUs that added ray-tracing cores to GPUs, improving their performance on lighting effects.

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surpassed expensive general-purpose graphics coprocessors in Windows performance, and such coprocessors faded from the PC market.

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Raina, Rajat; Madhavan, Anand; Ng, Andrew Y. (2009-06-14). "Large-scale deep unsupervised learning using graphics processors".

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The company announced that the successor to the RDNA microarchitecture would be incremental (aka a refresh). AMD unveiled the

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for frame buffers was expensive, so video chips composited data together as the display was being scanned out on the monitor.

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acceleration evolved. As manufacturing capabilities improved, so did the level of integration of graphics chips. Additional

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problems, or combinations of both. A modern GPU can simultaneously interpret hundreds of thousands of very small programs.

1963:(PCI) slots, but their bandwidth is so limited that they are generally used only when a PCIe or AGP slot is not available. 784: 4160: 3241: 2977:"Famous Graphics Chips: TI TMS34010 and VRAM. The first programmable graphics processor chip | IEEE Computer Society" 1036:

are involved where they are not needed (nor are triangle manipulations even a concern—except to invoke the pixel shader).

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series, which competed with the then-current GeForce 30 series and Radeon 6000 series cards at competitive prices.

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microarchitecture with incremental improvements and different GPU configurations in each system's implementation.

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for Linux-based and UNIX-like operating systems. All except XvMC are capable of decoding videos encoded with

1318: 333: 4815: 4286:"Microsoft Drops More Xbox Series X Tech Specs: Zen 2 + RDNA 2, 12 TFLOPs GPU, HDMI 2.1, & a Custom SSD" 2782: 6716: 6122: 5887: 2481: 991:

GPUs are making computational inroads against the CPU, and a subfield of research, dubbed GPU computing or

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or character modes and where the memory is stored (so there did not need to be a contiguous frame buffer).

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that adjusts the clock-speed of a video card to increase or decrease it according to its power draw. The

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platform, first introduced in 2007, was the earliest widely adopted programming model for GPU computing.

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was one of the first consumer-facing GPU integrated 3D processing unit and 2D processing unit on a chip.

818:. These chips were essentially previous-generation 2D accelerators with 3D features bolted on. Many were 651: 539: 3040: 2701: 2645: 6721: 6686: 6431: 6337: 6254: 3527:, Kruger and Westermann, International Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques, 2005 2520: 2243: 2075: 1460: 1170: 1116: 1078: 851:; This card, designed to reduce the load placed upon the system's CPU, never made it to market. NVIDIA 718: 531: 129: 5195: 2285: 6626: 6458: 6191: 5676: 3651: 2581: 2063: 1956: 1625: 1568: 1189: 1125: 730:, which worked on the Sega Model 2 arcade system, began working on integrating T&L into a single 535: 483:

computer, released in 1989, had support for a 16,777,216 color palette. In 1988, the first dedicated

5336: 4392: 3967:"AMD RX 480, 470 & 460 Polaris GPUs To Deliver The 'Most Revolutionary Jump In Performance' Yet" 3836: 3576: 1264:

were the market share leaders, with 49.4%, 27.8%, and 20.6% market share respectively. In addition,

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laptop processor in 2009, continuing in 2010 with desktop processors in the first generation of the

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chip. This enabled the design of low-cost, high-performance video graphics cards such as those from

6691: 6595: 6443: 6395: 6303: 5997: 5245:. In Proceedings of the CVPR Workshop on Computer Vision on GPU, Anchorage, Alaska, USA, June 2008. 3019: 2428: 2231: 2203: 2047: 1281: 723: 617: 121: 65: 5464: 4895: 1987:), on workstations to accelerate video (processing multiple videos at once) and 3D rendering, for 1349:

which can manipulate vertices and textures with many of the same operations that are supported by

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mode. It was used in a number of graphics cards and terminals during the late 1980s. In 1985, the

96:. After their initial design, GPUs were found to be useful for non-graphic calculations involving 6580: 5594: 4344: 2390: 2281: 2181: 2043: 1971: 1350: 1224: 1112: 712: 325: 97: 4105:"AMD Announces Ryzen 'Zen 3' and Radeon 'RDNA2' Presentations for October: A New Journey Begins" 4057:"AMD's next-generation Zen 3 CPUs and Radeon RX 6000 'Big Navi' GPU will be revealed next month" 3701: 2328:, sometimes their performance is measured in terms also applied to CPUs, such as FLOPS per watt. 6475: 6470: 6112: 4720: 4707:"Nvidia SLI and AMD CrossFire is dead – but should we mourn multi-GPU gaming? | TechRadar" 2677: 2540: 2412: 2396: 2277: 2185: 1984: 1334: 1257: 866: 522:(VGA) display standard in 1987, with a maximum resolution of 640×480 pixels. In November 1988, 506: 2851: 2504:– the video decoding bit-stream technology from ATI to support hardware (GPU) decode with DXVA 1782:

Most GPUs are designed for a specific use, real-time 3D graphics, or other mass calculations:

6616: 6560: 6552: 6405: 6387: 6379: 6298: 6259: 6070: 6002: 4366: 2735: 2501: 1706: 1686: 1452: 1444: 1159: 1152: 1151:(GCN) microarchitecture/instruction set. Dubbed RDNA, the first product featuring it was the 1129: 1100: 1073: 792: 640: 259: 177: 4917: 4446:

Barron, E. T.; Glorioso, R. M. (September 1973). "A micro controlled peripheral processor".

3327: 3176: 3107: 2169:, are pursuing this approach with an array of applications. Both Nvidia and AMD teamed with 6585: 6508: 6492: 6266: 6244: 6223: 6018: 5992: 5941: 5909: 5568: 4135:"AMD unveils three Radeon 6000 graphics cards with ray tracing and RTX-beating performance" 3916:"Nvidia's monstrous Pascal GPU is packed with cutting-edge tech and 15 billion transistors" 3205: 2402: 2348: 1967: 1917: 1305: 1232: 980:, which adds texture to make an object look shiny, dull, rough, or even round or extruded. 949: 606: 519: 516: 502: 484: 376: 293: 238: 143: 31: 5298: 3259: 8: 6633: 6325: 6271: 6165: 5962: 5813: 2247: 2239: 2214:. Furthermore, each GPU vendor introduced its own API which only works with their cards: 2170: 1542: 1432: 1346: 987:

and new generic stream processing units, GPUs became more generalized computing devices.

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CUDA by Example: An Introduction to General-Purpose GPU Programming, Portable Documents

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line, manufactured on the same process. Nvidia's 28 nm chips were manufactured by

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have used specialized graphics circuits since the 1970s. In early video game hardware,

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Proceedings of the 26th Annual International Conference on Machine Learning – ICML '09

870: 336:. It became the best-known GPU until the mid-1980s. It was the first fully integrated 109: 6540: 6487: 6308: 6107: 5982: 5870: 5549: 5539: 4847: 4461: 4019: 3604: 3568: 3497: 3117: 2931: 2857: 2524: 2365: 2146: 2136: 2067: 2055: 1616:

These operations also have applications in video editing, encoding, and transcoding.

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In the PC world, notable failed attempts for low-cost 3D graphics chips included the

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used in their graphics chips to accelerate video decoding on hardware GPU with DXVA.

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An earlier GPU may support one or more 2D graphics API for 2D acceleration, such as

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AMD, began development on the first Direct3D GPU's. Nvidia, quickly pivoted from a

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chipsets were among the first to do this well. In 1997, Rendition collaborated with

6621: 6535: 6463: 6320: 6293: 6228: 6206: 6170: 6102: 4803: 4502: 4490: 4451: 4161:"AMD Radeon RX 6700 XT 'Navi 22 GPU' Custom Models Reportedly Boost Up To 2.95 GHz" 3558: 3550: 3489: 2496: 2486: 2418: 2370: 2189: 2150: 1714: 1598: 1594: 1552: 1420: 1261: 1235:. Specialized processing cores on some modern workstation's GPUs are dedicated for 1008: 1000: 984: 969: 960: 956: 690:-based Namco Magic Edge Hornet Simulator in 1993 were capable of hardware T&L ( 684: 628: 4015:"AMD to Introduce New Next-Gen RDNA GPUs in 2020, Not a Typical 'Refresh' of Navi" 3942:"Nvidia RTX 2070, RTX 2080, RTX 2080 Ti GPUs revealed: specs, price, release date" 3865: 3511: 3353: 694:) years before appearing in consumer graphics cards. Another early example is the 6655: 6650: 6276: 6201: 5936: 5880: 5747: 5589: 5533: 3598: 2925: 2095: 2086:

can mitigate this deficiency. Older integrated graphics chipsets lacked hardware

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In personal computers, there are two main forms of GPUs. Each has many synonyms:

1314: 1308:. In addition to the 3D hardware, today's GPUs include basic 2D acceleration and 1004: 660: 488: 196: 44: 5051:"AMD Outlines HSA Roadmap: Unified Memory for CPU/GPU in 2013, HSA GPUs in 2014" 2230:

Since 2005 there has been interest in using the performance offered by GPUs for

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more general purpose computing without the limitations of using a graphics API.

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Therefore, it is desirable to attach a GPU to some external bus of a notebook.

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GPUs were called "DIS" systems as opposed to "UMA" systems (see next section).

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Video decoding processes that can be accelerated by modern GPU hardware are:

1492: 1424: 1358: 1236: 1166: 1084: 1048: 1033: 1024: 940: 880: 773: 396: 358: 38: 5177:"Stanford Lecture: Scalable Parallel Programming with CUDA on Manycore GPUs" 3993:"AMD Announces Next-Generation Leadership Products at Computex 2019 Keynote" 3493: 2007:

The position of an integrated GPU in a northbridge/southbridge system layout

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by setting a bit on a display list instruction. ANTIC also supported smooth

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1, 2, or 3 port (PCIe ×4, up to 10, 20, or 40 Gbit/s respectively), a

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motherboard with integrated graphics, which has HDMI, VGA and DVI-out ports

2011: 1878: 1863: 1794: 1734: 1377: 1354: 1289: 977: 926: 735: 664: 656: 632: 567: 278: 267: 162: 93: 81: 5154: 4840:"V-Ray for Nuke – Ray Traced Rendering for Compositors | Chaos Group" 4506: 4456: 4448:

Conference record of the 6th annual workshop on Microprogramming – MICRO 6

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Many companies have produced GPUs under a number of brand names. In 2009,

1223:

In the 2020s, GPUs have been increasingly used for calculations involving

498: 6330: 6148: 6023: 5823: 5762: 4795: 4546: 4521:"NVIDIA Launches the World's First Graphics Processing Unit: GeForce 256" 3525:"Linear algebra operators for GPU implementation of numerical algorithms" 2575: 2570: 2273: 2269: 2215: 2188:. They are generally suited to high-throughput computations that exhibit 2107: 1952: 1944: 1842: 1819: 1702: 1645: 1416: 1366: 1309: 909: 848: 799: 758: 754: 742: 680: 676: 672: 602: 597: 592: 571: 412: 411:

for bitmap manipulation, line drawing, and area fill. It also included a

200: 154: 89: 77: 6348: 5608: 3539:"ABC-SysBio—approximate Bayesian computation in Python with GPU support" 3041:"Hardcore Gaming 101: Retro Japanese Computers: Gaming's Final Frontier" 2272:

is the only bus used for this purpose. The port may be, for example, an

395:

graphics processor for personal computers. The ARTC could display up to

6438: 6218: 6186: 6143: 6033: 5798: 5730: 4839: 4311:"NVIDIA Volta Unveiled: GV100 GPU and Tesla V100 Accelerator Announced" 2850:

Hopgood, F. Robert A.; Hubbold, Roger J.; Duce, David A., eds. (1986).

2423: 2111: 2079: 1921: 1908: 1847: 1837: 1804: 1629: 1496: 1301: 1285: 1201: 1140: 1136: 1016: 762: 750: 644: 636: 558: 400: 345: 281: 251: 228: 73: 5299:"Best External Graphics Card 2020 (EGPU) [The Complete Guide]" 5076:"Getting the Most from OpenCL™ 1.2: How to Increase Performance by..." 4084:"AMD Teases Radeon RX 6000 Card Performance Numbers: Aiming For 3080?" 2906: 2003: 451:

graphics system was released. It was one of the first video cards for

309: 6570: 6249: 5808: 5686: 4262: 4109: 4088: 4037:"AMD to reveal next-gen Big Navi RDNA 2 graphics cards on October 28" 3702:"School's in session – Nvidia's driverless system learns by watching" 3354:"Fujitsu Develops World's First Three Dimensional Geometry Processor" 3112: 2615: 2476: 2375: 2126: 1852: 1809: 1653: 1455:

on the card, offloading the central processing unit. The most common

1439:. This hardware-accelerated video decoding, in which portions of the 1381: 1206: 1193: 931: 476: 285: 271: 171: 5479:"GPU Q3'22 biggest quarter-to-quarter drop since the 2009 recession" 4199:"AMD to Launch Mid-Range RDNA 2 Desktop Graphics in First Half 2021" 37:

For an expansion card that contains a graphics processing unit, see

6575: 6513: 6196: 5681: 5025:"Integrated Graphics Solutions for Graphics-Intensive Applications" 4993:"Integrated Graphics Solutions for Graphics-Intensive Applications" 4227:"Sony PS5 Gets A Full Teardown Detailing Its RDNA 2 Guts And Glory" 3984: 3376:"The Nintendo 64 is one of the greatest gaming devices of all time" 2990: 1935:

have RAM that is dedicated to the card's use, not to the fact that

1533: 1401: 1362: 1330: 1326: 1273: 1096: 965: 852: 808: 695: 687: 574: 480: 448: 440: 421: 370: 5224:"A SIMD interpreter for Genetic Programming on GPU Graphics Cards" 4796:"FAQ | GPU-accelerated 3D rendering software | Redshift" 3628: 871:

Microsoft announced the acquisition of UK based Rendermorphics Ltd

580: 6090: 5957: 5902: 5818: 5803: 5767: 5698: 5181: 2790: 2289: 2051: 1789: 1690: 1641: 1396: 1277: 888:. Details of this era are documented extensively in the books: " 824: 788: 727: 584: 408: 388: 381: 266:, a video processor which interpreted instructions describing a " 212: 5405: 4816:"Exploring Performance with Autodesk's Arnold Renderer GPU Beta" 3424:"VGA Legacy MKIII – Diamond Fire GL 4000 (Mitsubishi 3DPro/2mp)" 3234:"System 16 – Namco Magic Edge Hornet Simulator Hardware (Namco)" 2882:"Famous Graphics Chips: NEC μPD7220 Graphics Display Controller" 2783:"What are the 6502, ANTIC, CTIA/GTIA, POKEY, and FREDDIE chips?" 1943:

Graphics cards with dedicated GPUs typically interface with the

6480: 5987: 5977: 5863: 5858: 5788: 5742: 5725: 5703: 4735:"Hardware Selection and Configuration Guide DaVinci Resolve 15" 2515: 2490: 2315: 2211: 2207: 2166: 2016: 1975: 1799: 1730: 1705:

as "the world's first GPU". It was presented as a "single-chip

1698: 1657: 1649: 1488: 1484: 1269: 1265: 1253: 1174: 1044: 905: 858: 812: 770: 472: 468: 224: 4421:

CL-GD5446 64-bit VisualMedia Accelerator Preliminary Data Book

3890: 1391: 1196:

for the Pentium III, and later into CPUs. They began with the

203:

backgrounds. The Galaxian hardware was widely used during the

6213: 6095: 6080: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6028: 4760:"Recommended System: Recommended Systems for DaVinci Resolve" 2578:– includes built-in support for CUDA and OpenCL GPU execution 2545: 2325: 2142: 2132: 1992: 1520: 1472: 1468: 1385: 1380:

frequency, and the number and size of various on-chip memory

1180: 1065: 1028: 992: 803: 554: 543: 492: 404: 263: 243: 208: 166: 3445:"Is it Time to Rename the GPU? | IEEE Computer Society" 1523:, while XvMC is only capable of decoding MPEG-1 and MPEG-2. 304: 6085: 6075: 5853: 5151:"Top500 List – June 2012 | TOP500 Supercomputer Sites" 4622: 2280:

port (PCIe ×1, up to 5 or 2.5 Gbit/s respectively), a

2252: 2219: 2193: 1726: 1678: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1428: 1108: 1061: 1040: 944: 936: 925:

Nvidia was first to produce a chip capable of programmable

828: 780: 625: 624:(APIs) arrived for a variety of tasks, such as Microsoft's 435: 392: 337: 275: 232: 220: 4574:"ATi Takes Over 3D Technology Leadership With Radeon 9700" 3321:"3D-CG System with Video Texturing for Personal Computers" 1408:

2.1 which enables it to decode AVC and VC-1 video formats.

968:

9.0 accelerator, pixel and vertex shaders could implement

3781:"Xbox One vs. PlayStation 4: Which game console is best?" 2472:

List of discrete and integrated graphics processing units

2162: 1988: 1456: 1413: 1405: 766: 523: 512: 349: 4180:"AMD CEO keynote scheduled for CES 2020 on 12th January" 2553:, the X11 equivalent of DXVA for MPEG-2, H.264, and VC-1 1528:

dedicated hardware video decoding and encoding solutions

4918:"AnandTech – μATX Part 2: Intel G33 Performance Review" 2158: 2082:

bandwidth can limit the performance of the GPU, though

1745: 1640:

A GPU can support one or more 3D graphics API, such as

1173:

were released in 2020; they both use GPUs based on the

4648:"Nvidia Optimus documentation for Linux device driver" 2753:"Atari 2600 Teardown: What?s Inside Your Old Console?" 1998: 348:) graphics display processor for PCs, supported up to 1902: 1427:

playback, and many GPUs made since 2000 also support

867:

transition from Unix to the forthcoming Windows NT OS

407:

was released with a custom graphics chip including a

3837:"Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company Limited" 3099: 2070:) can handle 2D graphics or low-stress 3D graphics. 1940:

physically interchangeable with their counterparts.

757:, a GPU capable of transformation and lighting, for 609:

acceleration support to their chips. Fixed-function

487:

graphics boards were introduced in arcades with the

27:

Specialized electronic circuit; graphics accelerator

5361:"Alienware Graphics Amplifier | Dell United States" 2716:"mame/galaxian.c at master 路 mamedev/mame 路 GitHub" 2694:"mame/galaxian.c at master 路 mamedev/mame 路 GitHub" 2654:"mame/mw8080bw.c at master 路 mamedev/mame 路 GitHub" 1192:GPUs into motherboard chipsets, beginning with the 1103:. Nvidia's Kepler line of GPUs was followed by the 1099:were released in 2013; they both use GPUs based on 104:. Other non-graphical uses include the training of 5313:"Use an external graphics processor with your Mac" 5100:"Stanford University tailors Folding@home to GPUs" 4126: 2849: 2546:VDPAU (Video Decode and Presentation API for Unix) 2127:Stream processing and general purpose GPUs (GPGPU) 2074:bandwidth of more than 1000 GB/s between its 1673:In the 1970s, the term "GPU" originally stood for 1345:. Recent developments in GPUs include support for 1300:Modern GPUs have traditionally used most of their 5277:"How to make an external laptop graphics adaptor" 4772:"GPU Accelerated Rendering and Hardware Encoding" 4277: 3727:"AMD Radeon HD 6000M series – don't call it ATI!" 2638:"mame/8080bw.c at master 路 mamedev/mame 路 GitHub" 2589:– open-source, distributed deep learning for Java 1586:, more commonly known as slice-level acceleration 999:, has found applications in fields as diverse as 6668: 5604:GPU Caps Viewer – Video card information utility 4848:"System Requirements | Nuke | Foundry" 4671:"Crossfire and SLI market is just 300.000 units" 4491:"Core standard graphic package for the VGI 3400" 2559:– the X11 equivalent for MPEG-2 video codec only 2143:general purpose graphics processing unit (GPGPU) 1534:Video decoding processes that can be accelerated 939:console, this chip competed with the one in the 4878:"Evolution of Intel Graphics: I740 to Iris Pro" 4258:"Sony reveals full PS5 hardware specifications" 4218: 3483: 3085:"System 16 – Taito Air System Hardware (Taito)" 1800:Radeon HD, R5, R7, R9, RX, Vega and Navi series 4864:"What about multi-GPU support? – Folding@home" 4445: 3597:Sanders, Jason; Kandrot, Edward (2010-07-19). 3596: 3206:"The History of the Modern Graphics Processor" 3063:"System 16 – Namco System 21 Hardware (Namco)" 955:In October 2002, with the introduction of the 683:. Arcade systems such as the Sega Model 2 and 6364: 5635: 4367:"Matrox Graphics – Products – Graphics Cards" 3677:"NVIDIA Tegra Inside Every Audi 2010 Vehicle" 2930:. Wayne State University Press. p. 185. 2101: 1268:produces GPUs. Modern smartphones use mostly 1147:In 2019, AMD released the successor to their 1119:microarchitecture were released in 2016. The 5649: 5504:"Graphics chips market is showing some life" 4668: 2670:"Arcade/SpaceInvaders – Computer Archeology" 1711:transform, lighting, triangle setup/clipping 246:microprocessor on an Atari 130XE motherboard 3652:"AMD helps OpenCL gain ground in HPC space" 2868:Perhaps the best known one is the NEC 7220. 1875:Artificial Intelligence training and Cloud 1392:GPU accelerated video decoding and encoding 1064:to power their cars' dashboards, using the 6371: 6357: 5642: 5628: 5241:V. Garcia and E. Debreuve and M. Barlaud. 5221: 5193: 4788:"V-Ray Next Multi-GPU Performance Scaling" 4255: 3274:"System 16 – Sega Model 2 Hardware (Sega)" 3105: 2927:Before the Crash: Early Video Game History 2222:from Nvidia. These allow functions called 1295: 30:"GPU" redirects here. For other uses, see 6378: 5535:The History of the GPU – New Developments 4594: 4455: 3562: 2066:(HD, UHD, Iris, Iris Pro, Iris Plus, and 1610:Context-adaptive binary arithmetic coding 1231:on enormous datasets that are needed for 538:as a successor to VGA. Super VGA enabled 443:Micro Channel adapter, with memory add-on 384:chips for operating on 16-color bitmaps. 270:"—the way the scan lines map to specific 6707:Application-specific integrated circuits 5243:Fast k nearest neighbor search using GPU 5174: 4938: 4034: 3116:. Vol. 10, no. 46. p. 3. 2950: 2879: 2462:List of Nvidia graphics processing units 2286:USB4 port with Thunderbolt compatibility 2010: 2002: 1757: 1548:Inverse discrete cosine transform (iDCT) 1395: 964:(also known as R300), the world's first 579: 566: 553: 497: 434: 356:. The Williams Electronics arcade games 303: 254:in 1977 used a video shifter called the 237: 126:List of home computers by video hardware 43: 4196: 4158: 4035:Garreffa, Anthony (September 9, 2020). 2826: 2803: 2608:"Why Do Dedicated Game Consoles Exist?" 2467:List of Intel graphics processing units 2242:in particular. Most approaches compile 1606:Context-adaptive variable-length coding 1459:for GPU accelerated video decoding are 1400:The ATI HD5470 GPU (above, with copper 528:Video Electronics Standards Association 426:Texas Instruments Graphics Architecture 391:released ARTC HD63484, the first major 380:, all released in 1982, contain custom 324:graphics display processor as a single 191:arcade system in 1979 used specialized 14: 6669: 5531: 5428: 5337:"OMEN Accelerator | HP® Official Site" 4964: 4958: 4488: 4390: 3939: 3674: 3439: 3437: 3157:from the original on November 22, 2017 3106:Brownstein, Mark (November 14, 1988). 2750: 2444:GPU Vector Processor internal features 2259: 1412:Most GPUs made since 1995 support the 795:video game console, released in 1994. 601:, which its designers named after the 6352: 5623: 5609:OpenGPU-GPU Architecture (In Chinese) 5097: 4804:"OctaneRender 2020™ Preview is here!" 4662: 4571: 4177: 4054: 3817:from the original on October 11, 2016 3649: 3536: 3460:"Bump Mapping Using CG (3rd Edition)" 2605: 2551:X-Video Bitstream Acceleration (XvBA) 2521:DirectX Video Acceleration (DxVA) API 2457:List of AMD graphics processing units 2324:Since GPUs may also be used for some 2307:Performance per watt § GPU efficiency 2234:in general, and for accelerating the 2180:GPGPUs can be used for many types of 2173:to create a GPU-based client for the 1777: 72:, being present either as a discrete 5510:from the original on August 26, 2014 5379:"Razer Core X – Thunderbolt™ 3 eGPU" 4640: 4588: 4334: 4256:Gartenberg, Chaim (March 18, 2020). 4224: 4132: 2923: 2299: 2024:Integrated graphics processing units 1924:). Sometimes systems with dedicated 1733:features dual VPU’s, each using the 983:With the introduction of the Nvidia 669:fifth-generation video game consoles 5968:Input–output memory management unit 5403: 5123: 5098:Murph, Darren (29 September 2006). 5022: 4990: 4055:Lyles, Taylor (September 9, 2020). 3756:"Nvidia GeForce GTX 680 2GB Review" 3457: 3434: 3018:. Old-computers.com. Archived from 2953:"GPU History: Hitachi ARTC HD63484" 2732:"MAME – src/mame/drivers/galdrvr.c" 2606:Hague, James (September 10, 2013). 2202:GPUs support API extensions to the 1999:Integrated graphics processing unit 1914:Dedicated graphics processing units 1635: 1619: 1047:is an open standard defined by the 915:Direct3D accelerated consumer GPU's 153:circuit helped the CPU animate the 24: 18:Integrated graphics processing unit 5196:"Fast genetic programming on GPUs" 5048: 4965:Coelho, Rafael (18 January 2016). 4527:from the original on 12 April 2016 4391:Hruska, Joel (February 10, 2021). 3212:from the original on 29 March 2016 3203: 3191:from the original on 11 April 2017 2904: 2827:Wiegers, Karl E. (December 1985). 2763:from the original on July 14, 2015 2159:Dedicated graphics processing unit 1903:Dedicated graphics processing unit 1562:modified discrete cosine transform 892:" v.1 and v.2 by Russel Demaria, " 622:application programming interfaces 320:was the first implementation of a 25: 6738: 6449:Hardware random number generation 5561: 5404:Box, ► Suggestions (2016-11-25). 4721:"NVIDIA FFmpeg Transcoding Guide" 4553:from the original on 8 April 2016 4435:– via The Datasheet Archive 4308: 4283: 4197:Cutress, Ian (January 12, 2021). 3675:Teglet, Traian (8 January 2010). 3421: 3108:"NEC Forms Video Standards Group" 2489:– the bit-stream technology from 2192:to exploit the wide vector width 1961:Peripheral Component Interconnect 692:transform, clipping, and lighting 354:Intel's graphics processing units 5496: 5471: 5449: 5422: 5397: 5353: 5287:from the original on 2017-06-26. 5274: 5189:from the original on 2016-10-11. 5073: 4928:from the original on 2008-05-31. 4824:"GPU Rendering – Blender Manual" 4547:"Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)" 4335:Hill, Brandon (11 August 2017). 4178:Tyson, Mark (December 3, 2020). 3940:Sarkar, Samit (20 August 2018). 3866:"Building a PC for the HTC Vive" 3639:from the original on 2011-08-09. 3617:from the original on 2017-04-12. 3430:from the original on 2015-11-18. 3364:from the original on 2014-09-12. 3296:"3D Graphics Processor Chip Set" 3284:from the original on 2010-12-21. 3256:"MAME – src/mame/video/model2.c" 3244:from the original on 2014-09-12. 3095:from the original on 2015-03-16. 3073:from the original on 2015-05-18. 3051:from the original on 2011-01-13. 2913:from the original on 2015-12-22. 2853:Advances in Computer Graphics II 2839:from the original on 2006-02-16. 2816:from the original on 2016-03-04. 2305:This section is an excerpt from 1713:, and rendering engines". Rival 1681:used the term (now standing for 1555:3:2 and 2:2 pull-down correction 1374:semiconductor device fabrication 1243: 997:general purpose computing on GPU 530:(VESA) to develop and promote a 205:golden age of arcade video games 5569:NVIDIA – What is GPU computing? 5329: 5305: 5291: 5268: 5250: 5230:from the original on 2008-06-09 5215: 5202:from the original on 2008-06-09 5168: 5143: 5132:from the original on 2007-10-27 5117: 5106:from the original on 2007-10-12 5091: 5067: 5042: 5031:from the original on 2012-01-07 5016: 5005:from the original on 2007-11-28 4984: 4932: 4915: 4909: 4884: 4870: 4856: 4832: 4780: 4752: 4727: 4713: 4699: 4685: 4650:. freedesktop. 13 November 2023 4611: 4565: 4539: 4513: 4482: 4439: 4412: 4384: 4373:from the original on 2014-02-05 4359: 4328: 4302: 4249: 4225:Funk, Ben (December 12, 2020). 4152: 4133:Judd, Will (October 28, 2020). 4076: 4007: 3973:from the original on 2016-08-01 3959: 3933: 3922:from the original on 2016-07-31 3908: 3897:from the original on 2016-02-24 3883: 3872:from the original on 2016-07-29 3858: 3847:from the original on 2016-08-10 3829: 3797: 3773: 3762:from the original on 2016-09-11 3748: 3737:from the original on 2016-10-11 3719: 3708:from the original on 2016-05-01 3694: 3683:from the original on 2016-10-04 3668: 3643: 3621: 3603:. Addison-Wesley Professional. 3590: 3530: 3518: 3477: 3451: 3415: 3390: 3368: 3346: 3288: 3266: 3248: 3226: 3169: 3135: 3077: 3055: 3033: 3008: 2997:from the original on 2014-09-03 2983: 2969: 2951:Anderson, Marian (2018-10-07). 2944: 2917: 2898: 2880:Anderson, Marian (2018-07-18). 2873: 2806:"Atari Display List Interrupts" 2804:Wiegers, Karl E. (April 1984). 2612:Programming in the 21st Century 2564: 2541:Video Acceleration API (VA API) 2060:AMD Accelerated Processing Unit 1612:) and perfect pixel positioning 1060:In 2010, Nvidia partnered with 1032:overheads since units like the 726:to accelerate transformations. 340:(very large-scale integration) 5532:Peddie, Jon (1 January 2023). 5457:"Video card power consumption" 5431:"Video Card Power Consumption" 4572:Pabst, Thomas (18 July 2002). 4495:ACM SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics 4159:Mujtaba, Hassan (2020-11-30). 2924:Wolf, Mark J. P. (June 2012). 2843: 2820: 2797: 2775: 2744: 2708: 2686: 2630: 2599: 2036:integrated graphics processors 1767:integrated graphics processors 1697:. The term was popularized by 1668: 1584:Variable-length decoding (VLD) 1304:to do calculations related to 1227:problems, such as training of 526:announced its creation of the 505:section on the motherboard in 13: 1: 5583:– A Graphics Hardware History 5506:. TG Daily. August 20, 2014. 4619:"Help Me Choose: Video Cards" 4427:, Cirrus Logic, November 1996 4393:"How Do Graphics Cards Work?" 3555:10.1093/bioinformatics/btq278 2593: 2206:programming language such as 2090:, but newer ones include it. 1451:Recent graphics cards decode 1101:AMD's Radeon HD 7850 and 7790 779:The term "GPU" was coined by 749:, released in 1996. In 1997, 650:In the early- and mid-1990s, 334:Number Nine Visual Technology 199:, multi-colored sprites, and 6727:Electronic design automation 5258:"eGPU candidate system list" 5175:Nickolls, John (July 2008). 5153:. Top500.org. Archived from 4669:Abazovic, F. (3 July 2015). 4549:. Nvidia. 16 December 2009. 3810:. NVIDIA Corporation. 2012. 3488:. Dl.acm.org. pp. 1–8. 2040:unified memory architectures 1663: 1543:Motion compensation (mocomp) 863:Microsoft acquired Softimage 540:graphics display resolutions 256:Television Interface Adaptor 207:, by game companies such as 7: 5429:Atwood, Jeff (2006-08-18). 4489:Levine, Ken (August 1978). 3537:Liepe; et al. (2010). 2557:X-Video Motion Compensation 2502:UVD (Unified Video Decoder) 2450: 2341: 2326:general purpose computation 1771:unified memory architecture 783:in reference to the 32-bit 157:graphics for various 1970s 10: 6743: 5525: 4595:Child, J. (6 April 2023). 4523:. Nvidia. 31 August 1999. 3650:Handy, Alex (2011-09-28). 2304: 2130: 2102:Hybrid graphics processing 1906: 1701:in 1999, who marketed the 1493:MPEG-4 ASP (MPEG-4 Part 2) 1365:, and very high-precision 1216: 1171:Xbox Series X and Series S 704:on-cartridge graphics chip 130:Sprite (computer graphics) 119: 115: 36: 29: 6677:Graphics processing units 6604: 6551: 6501: 6444:Digital signal processing 6414: 6386: 6237: 6179: 6131: 6011: 5950: 5836: 5781: 5664: 5657: 5222:Langdon, W.; Banzhaf, W. 5194:Harding, S.; Banzhaf, W. 4892:"GA-890GPA-UD3H overview" 4740:. BlackMagic Design. 2018 3187:: 128. 23 February 1993. 2856:. Springer. p. 169. 2582:Molecular modeling on GPU 2196:architecture of the GPU. 2064:Intel Graphics Technology 2032:shared graphics solutions 1957:Accelerated Graphics Port 1890:Automated/Driverless car 1763:shared graphics solutions 1515:/ OpenDivX (DivX 4), and 1329:calculations such as the 1325:were added to accelerate 1190:Intel Graphics Technology 904:" by David Kushner. The 900:" by Dean Takahashi and " 616:Throughout the 1990s, 2D 536:computer display standard 342:metal–oxide–semiconductor 6396:Universal Turing machine 5998:Video display controller 5651:Graphics processing unit 3153:(20): 62. May 18, 1992. 2751:Springmann, Alessondra. 2429:Video display controller 2332: 2232:evolutionary computation 2161:" above) GPU designers, 2048:die (integrated circuit) 2046:chipset, or on the same 1983:supercomputers (like in 1725:with the release of the 1683:graphics processing unit 1282:Imagination Technologies 1212: 1113:Virtual reality headsets 1079:Kepler microarchitecture 1055: 920: 549: 479:arcade board. Fujitsu's 299: 296:independent of the CPU. 134: 122:Video display controller 66:digital image processing 54:graphics processing unit 6702:Artificial intelligence 6454:Artificial intelligence 5406:"Build Guides by users" 3494:10.1145/1553374.1553486 3177:"What the numbers mean" 3016:"museum ~ Sharp X68000" 2508: 2391:Physics processing unit 2182:embarrassingly parallel 1675:graphics processor unit 1296:Computational functions 1225:embarrassingly parallel 1070:self-driving technology 894:Renegades of the Empire 326:large-scale integration 98:embarrassingly parallel 64:initially designed for 6697:OpenCL compute devices 6476:Custom hardware attack 6113:Shared graphics memory 5614:ARM Mali GPUs Overview 5126:"Folding@Home – GPGPU" 3891:"VIVE Ready Computers" 2829:"Atari Fine Scrolling" 2674:computerarcheology.com 2413:Vision processing unit 2397:Tensor processing unit 2145:as a modified form of 2141:It is common to use a 2088:transform and lighting 2020: 2008: 1719:visual processing unit 1685:) in reference to the 1604:Bitstream processing ( 1573:Intra-frame prediction 1467:operating systems and 1409: 1185:entered the GPU market 588: 577: 564: 509: 444: 313: 284:could be triggered on 247: 100:problems due to their 49: 6712:Hardware acceleration 6406:Distributed computing 6380:Hardware acceleration 6299:Hardware acceleration 6003:Video processing unit 4507:10.1145/965139.807405 4457:10.1145/800203.806247 3045:hardcoregaming101.net 2957:IEEE Computer Society 2907:"Blitter Information" 2886:IEEE Computer Society 2014: 2006: 1966:Technologies such as 1453:high-definition video 1445:video post-processing 1399: 1361:techniques to reduce 1233:large language models 1198:Intel Atom 'Pineview' 1160:Radeon RX 6000 series 1153:Radeon RX 5000 series 1074:Radeon HD 6000 series 896:" by Mike Drummond, " 876:failed deal with Sega 641:hardware acceleration 583: 570: 557: 501: 438: 307: 260:Atari 8-bit computers 241: 110:cryptocurrency mining 47: 6509:High-level synthesis 6224:Performance per watt 5993:Texture mapping unit 5942:Unified shader model 4693:"Is Multi-GPU Dead?" 4450:. pp. 122–128. 4237:on December 12, 2020 2403:Ray-tracing hardware 2349:Texture mapping unit 2084:multi-channel memory 1968:Scan-Line Interleave 1347:programmable shaders 1306:3D computer graphics 950:Unified Shader Model 776:, released in 1997. 722:. Some systems used 611:Windows accelerators 524:NEC Home Electronics 520:Video Graphics Array 350:1024×1024 resolution 294:horizontal scrolling 140:Arcade system boards 32:GPU (disambiguation) 6717:Digital electronics 6634:Digital electronics 6586:In-memory computing 6566:Transport triggered 6166:Integrated graphics 5538:. Springer Nature. 5483:Jon Peddie Research 5437:on 8 September 2008 5262:Tech-Inferno Forums 5049:Shimpi, Anand Lal. 4939:Tscheblockov, Tim. 3990:AMD press release: 2757:The Washington Post 2260:External GPU (eGPU) 2240:genetic programming 2171:Stanford University 2078:and GPU core. This 2050:with the CPU (like 2028:integrated graphics 1884:AMD Radeon Instinct 1758:Integrated graphics 1433:motion compensation 1431:primitives such as 1404:attached) features 884:chip design called 747:Reality Coprocessor 739:video game consoles 461:electronic hardware 430:Windows accelerator 60:) is a specialized 48:Components of a GPU 6644:Hardware emulation 6612:Programmable logic 6401:Parallel computing 6316:Parallel computing 6192:Display resolution 5973:Render output unit 5963:Geometry processor 5588:2022-03-31 at the 5023:Sanford, Bradley. 4991:Sanford, Bradley. 4880:. 4 February 2017. 3262:on 4 January 2013. 2979:. 10 January 2019. 2738:on 3 January 2014. 2434:Video game console 2408:Software rendering 2386:Manycore processor 2381:GPU virtualization 2361:Brute force attack 2355:Render output unit 2021: 2009: 1860:Cloud Workstation 1778:Usage-specific GPU 1746:Dedicated graphics 1526:There are several 1499:(H.264 / DivX 6), 1410: 1343:coordinate systems 1149:Graphics Core Next 1085:28 nm process 635:, and their later 589: 578: 565: 546:, a 36% increase. 510: 453:IBM PC compatibles 445: 330:integrated circuit 314: 248: 159:arcade video games 102:parallel structure 86:personal computers 68:and to accelerate 62:electronic circuit 50: 6722:Electronic design 6687:Graphics hardware 6664: 6663: 6541:Network on a chip 6346: 6345: 6161:External graphics 6144:Discrete graphics 6108:Memory controller 5871:Graphics pipeline 5832: 5831: 5545:978-3-03-114047-1 5055:www.anandtech.com 4790:. 20 August 2019. 4709:. 24 August 2019. 4695:. 7 January 2018. 4347:on 17 August 2018 3805:"Kepler TM GK110" 3549:(14): 1797–1799. 3143:"S3 Video Boards" 2527:operating-system. 2525:Microsoft Windows 2366:Computer hardware 2300:Energy efficiency 2137:Stream processing 2056:Intel HD Graphics 1751:discrete graphics 1717:coined the term " 1589:Spatial-temporal 1569:deblocking filter 1465:Microsoft Windows 1421:hardware overlays 1321:polygons. Later, 1121:GeForce 10 series 1081:was manufactured 1021:3D reconstruction 459:2D primitives in 418:Texas Instruments 322:personal computer 193:graphics hardware 70:computer graphics 16:(Redirected from 6734: 6656:Embedded systems 6536:System on a chip 6373: 6366: 6359: 6350: 6349: 6321:Vector processor 6304:Image processing 6294:Graphics library 6229:Transistor count 6171:System on a chip 6103:Memory bandwidth 5983:Stream processor 5662: 5661: 5644: 5637: 5630: 5621: 5620: 5557: 5520: 5519: 5517: 5515: 5500: 5494: 5493: 5491: 5490: 5475: 5469: 5468: 5463:. Archived from 5453: 5447: 5446: 5444: 5442: 5433:. 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Archived from 2603: 2487:Nvidia PureVideo 2419:Vector processor 2371:Computer monitor 2316:3DMark2006 score 2190:data-parallelism 2184:tasks including 2151:vector processor 2147:stream processor 1790:GeForce GTX, RTX 1715:ATI Technologies 1709:with integrated 1636:3D graphics APIs 1620:2D graphics APIs 1601:source detection 1553:Inverse telecine 1423:, important for 1324: 1155:of video cards. 1087: 1009:image processing 1001:machine learning 985:GeForce 8 series 898:Opening the Xbox 769:used it for its 629:graphics library 21: 6742: 6741: 6737: 6736: 6735: 6733: 6732: 6731: 6692:Virtual reality 6667: 6666: 6665: 6660: 6651:Logic synthesis 6600: 6547: 6502:Implementations 6497: 6410: 6382: 6377: 6347: 6342: 6233: 6175: 6127: 6007: 5946: 5937:Tiled rendering 5828: 5777: 5748:InfiniteReality 5653: 5648: 5618: 5590:Wayback Machine 5564: 5546: 5528: 5523: 5513: 5511: 5502: 5501: 5497: 5488: 5486: 5477: 5476: 5472: 5455: 5454: 5450: 5440: 5438: 5427: 5423: 5414: 5412: 5402: 5398: 5387: 5385: 5377: 5369: 5367: 5359: 5358: 5354: 5345: 5343: 5335: 5334: 5330: 5321: 5319: 5311: 5310: 5306: 5297: 5296: 5292: 5273: 5269: 5264:. 15 July 2013. 5256: 5255: 5251: 5233: 5231: 5220: 5216: 5205: 5203: 5173: 5169: 5160: 5158: 5149: 5148: 5144: 5135: 5133: 5124:Houston, Mike. 5122: 5118: 5109: 5107: 5096: 5092: 5083: 5081: 5072: 5068: 5059: 5057: 5047: 5043: 5034: 5032: 5021: 5017: 5008: 5006: 5002: 4995: 4989: 4985: 4975: 4973: 4963: 4959: 4950: 4948: 4937: 4933: 4914: 4910: 4901: 4899: 4890: 4889: 4885: 4876: 4875: 4871: 4862: 4861: 4857: 4846: 4838: 4837: 4833: 4822: 4818:. 8 April 2019. 4814: 4802: 4794: 4786: 4785: 4781: 4770: 4758: 4757: 4753: 4743: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4732: 4728: 4723:. 24 July 2019. 4719: 4718: 4714: 4705: 4704: 4700: 4691: 4690: 4686: 4676: 4674: 4667: 4663: 4653: 4651: 4646: 4645: 4641: 4632: 4630: 4617: 4616: 4612: 4602: 4600: 4593: 4589: 4579: 4577: 4570: 4566: 4556: 4554: 4545: 4544: 4540: 4530: 4528: 4519: 4518: 4514: 4487: 4483: 4468: 4444: 4440: 4430: 4428: 4424: 4418: 4417: 4413: 4403: 4401: 4389: 4385: 4376: 4374: 4365: 4364: 4360: 4350: 4348: 4333: 4329: 4319: 4317: 4307: 4303: 4294: 4292: 4282: 4278: 4268: 4266: 4254: 4250: 4240: 4238: 4223: 4219: 4207: 4205: 4188: 4186: 4169: 4167: 4157: 4153: 4143: 4141: 4131: 4127: 4116: 4114: 4103: 4095: 4093: 4082: 4081: 4077: 4065: 4063: 4045: 4043: 4026: 4024: 4013: 4012: 4008: 3998: 3996: 3991: 3989: 3985: 3976: 3974: 3965: 3964: 3960: 3950: 3948: 3938: 3934: 3925: 3923: 3914: 3913: 3909: 3900: 3898: 3889: 3888: 3884: 3875: 3873: 3864: 3863: 3859: 3850: 3848: 3835: 3834: 3830: 3820: 3818: 3814: 3807: 3803: 3802: 3798: 3789: 3787: 3779: 3778: 3774: 3765: 3763: 3754: 3753: 3749: 3740: 3738: 3725: 3724: 3720: 3711: 3709: 3700: 3699: 3695: 3686: 3684: 3673: 3669: 3660: 3658: 3648: 3644: 3627: 3626: 3622: 3611: 3595: 3591: 3582: 3580: 3535: 3531: 3523: 3519: 3504: 3482: 3478: 3469: 3467: 3456: 3452: 3447:. 17 July 2018. 3443: 3442: 3435: 3420: 3416: 3407: 3405: 3396: 3395: 3391: 3374: 3373: 3369: 3352: 3351: 3347: 3336: 3334: 3330: 3323: 3319: 3311: 3309: 3305: 3298: 3294: 3293: 3289: 3272: 3271: 3267: 3254: 3253: 3249: 3232: 3231: 3227: 3215: 3213: 3194: 3192: 3175: 3174: 3170: 3160: 3158: 3141: 3140: 3136: 3126: 3124: 3104: 3100: 3083: 3082: 3078: 3061: 3060: 3056: 3039: 3038: 3034: 3025: 3023: 3014: 3013: 3009: 3000: 2998: 2989: 2988: 2984: 2975: 2974: 2970: 2961: 2959: 2949: 2945: 2938: 2922: 2918: 2903: 2899: 2890: 2888: 2878: 2874: 2864: 2848: 2844: 2825: 2821: 2802: 2798: 2781: 2780: 2776: 2766: 2764: 2749: 2745: 2730: 2714: 2713: 2709: 2692: 2691: 2687: 2668: 2652: 2636: 2635: 2631: 2621: 2619: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2567: 2562: 2511: 2453: 2448: 2344: 2335: 2330: 2329: 2310: 2302: 2262: 2224:compute kernels 2155:compute kernels 2139: 2131:Main articles: 2129: 2104: 2096:bus (computing) 2001: 1947:by means of an 1911: 1905: 1780: 1731:AMD Alveo MA35D 1671: 1666: 1638: 1622: 1536: 1394: 1341:into different 1322: 1315:texture mapping 1298: 1246: 1229:neural networks 1221: 1215: 1082: 1058: 1005:oil exploration 923: 902:Masters of Doom 710:games, notably 661:Namco System 22 643:of 2D games in 595:introduced the 552: 515:introduced its 489:Namco System 21 302: 195:that supported 137: 132: 118: 106:neural networks 76:or embedded on 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6740: 6730: 6729: 6724: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6704: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6684: 6679: 6662: 6661: 6659: 6658: 6653: 6648: 6647: 6646: 6639:Virtualization 6636: 6631: 6630: 6629: 6624: 6614: 6608: 6606: 6602: 6601: 6599: 6598: 6593: 6591:Systolic array 6588: 6583: 6578: 6573: 6568: 6563: 6557: 6555: 6549: 6548: 6546: 6545: 6544: 6543: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6518: 6517: 6516: 6505: 6503: 6499: 6498: 6496: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6484: 6483: 6473: 6471:Machine vision 6468: 6467: 6466: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6435: 6434: 6429: 6418: 6416: 6412: 6411: 6409: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6392: 6390: 6384: 6383: 6376: 6375: 6368: 6361: 6353: 6344: 6343: 6341: 6340: 6335: 6334: 6333: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6312: 6311: 6301: 6296: 6291: 6286: 6281: 6280: 6279: 6274: 6264: 6263: 6262: 6257: 6252: 6241: 6239: 6235: 6234: 6232: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6210: 6209: 6204: 6194: 6189: 6183: 6181: 6177: 6176: 6174: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6157: 6156: 6151: 6141: 6135: 6133: 6129: 6128: 6126: 6125: 6120: 6118:Texture memory 6115: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6099: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6068: 6067: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6026: 6021: 6015: 6013: 6009: 6008: 6006: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5954: 5952: 5948: 5947: 5945: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5923: 5922: 5912: 5907: 5906: 5905: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5884: 5883: 5878: 5868: 5867: 5866: 5861: 5856: 5846: 5844:Compute kernel 5840: 5838: 5834: 5833: 5830: 5829: 5827: 5826: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5785: 5783: 5779: 5778: 5776: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5739: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5718: 5717: 5716: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5691: 5690: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5668: 5666: 5659: 5655: 5654: 5647: 5646: 5639: 5632: 5624: 5617: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5592: 5580: 5571: 5565: 5563: 5562:External links 5560: 5559: 5558: 5544: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5521: 5495: 5470: 5467:on 2011-09-04. 5448: 5421: 5396: 5394: 5393: 5352: 5328: 5304: 5290: 5267: 5249: 5247: 5246: 5214: 5212: 5211: 5167: 5142: 5116: 5090: 5074:Lake, Adam T. 5066: 5041: 5015: 4983: 4957: 4931: 4908: 4883: 4869: 4855: 4853: 4852: 4831: 4829: 4828: 4820: 4812: 4800: 4779: 4777: 4776: 4751: 4726: 4712: 4698: 4684: 4661: 4639: 4610: 4599:. EETech Media 4587: 4564: 4538: 4512: 4501:(3): 298–300. 4481: 4466: 4438: 4411: 4383: 4369:. Matrox.com. 4358: 4327: 4301: 4276: 4248: 4217: 4215: 4214: 4194: 4151: 4125: 4123: 4122: 4075: 4073: 4072: 4052: 4020:Tom's Hardware 4006: 3983: 3969:. 2016-01-16. 3958: 3932: 3907: 3882: 3868:. 2016-06-16. 3857: 3828: 3796: 3772: 3747: 3718: 3704:. 2016-04-30. 3693: 3667: 3642: 3620: 3609: 3589: 3543:Bioinformatics 3529: 3517: 3502: 3476: 3450: 3433: 3414: 3389: 3386:on 2015-11-18. 3367: 3345: 3343: 3342: 3287: 3265: 3247: 3225: 3223: 3222: 3168: 3134: 3098: 3076: 3054: 3032: 3007: 2982: 2968: 2943: 2937:978-0814337226 2936: 2916: 2905:Riddle, Sean. 2897: 2872: 2862: 2842: 2819: 2796: 2793:on 2016-03-05. 2774: 2743: 2741: 2740: 2726:on 2014-11-21. 2707: 2704:on 2014-11-21. 2685: 2683: 2682: 2680:on 2014-09-13. 2666: 2664:on 2014-11-21. 2648:on 2014-11-21. 2629: 2618:on May 4, 2015 2597: 2595: 2592: 2591: 2590: 2587:Deeplearning4j 2584: 2579: 2573: 2566: 2563: 2561: 2560: 2554: 2548: 2543: 2538: 2533: 2528: 2518: 2512: 2510: 2507: 2506: 2505: 2499: 2494: 2484: 2479: 2474: 2469: 2464: 2459: 2452: 2449: 2447: 2446: 2441: 2439:AI accelerator 2436: 2431: 2426: 2421: 2416: 2410: 2405: 2400: 2394: 2388: 2383: 2378: 2373: 2368: 2363: 2358: 2352: 2345: 2343: 2340: 2334: 2331: 2311: 2303: 2301: 2298: 2261: 2258: 2238:evaluation in 2218:from AMD, and 2128: 2125: 2103: 2100: 2000: 1997: 1978:by Nvidia and 1949:expansion slot 1933:graphics cards 1904: 1901: 1900: 1899: 1898: 1897: 1888: 1887: 1886: 1881: 1873: 1872: 1871: 1869:AMD FireStream 1866: 1858: 1857: 1856: 1850: 1848:AMD Radeon Pro 1845: 1840: 1835: 1827: 1826: 1825: 1822: 1814: 1813: 1812: 1807: 1802: 1797: 1792: 1779: 1776: 1775: 1774: 1754: 1670: 1667: 1665: 1662: 1637: 1634: 1621: 1618: 1614: 1613: 1602: 1593:and automatic 1587: 1581: 1574: 1571: 1565: 1558: 1557: 1556: 1545: 1535: 1532: 1441:video decoding 1393: 1390: 1297: 1294: 1245: 1242: 1219:AI accelerator 1214: 1211: 1205:2022 with its 1057: 1054: 1034:scan converter 1013:linear algebra 974:floating point 922: 919: 820:pin-compatible 639:interface for 551: 548: 542:up to 800×600 457:fixed-function 301: 298: 189:Namco Galaxian 184:Space Invaders 151:barrel shifter 149:A specialized 136: 133: 117: 114: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6739: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6674: 6672: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6645: 6642: 6641: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6619: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6609: 6607: 6603: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6581:Heterogeneous 6579: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6558: 6556: 6554: 6553:Architectures 6550: 6542: 6539: 6538: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6515: 6512: 6511: 6510: 6507: 6506: 6504: 6500: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6482: 6479: 6478: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6465: 6462: 6461: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6424: 6423: 6420: 6419: 6417: 6413: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6393: 6391: 6389: 6385: 6381: 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5930: 5928: 5925: 5921: 5918: 5917: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5904: 5901: 5900: 5899: 5898:Rasterisation 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5888:HDR rendering 5886: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5873: 5872: 5869: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5851: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5841: 5839: 5835: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5794:Apple silicon 5792: 5790: 5787: 5786: 5784: 5780: 5774: 5773:Apple silicon 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5723: 5722: 5719: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5696: 5695: 5692: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5674: 5673: 5670: 5669: 5667: 5663: 5660: 5656: 5652: 5645: 5640: 5638: 5633: 5631: 5626: 5625: 5622: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5599:How GPUs work 5597: 5595: 5593: 5591: 5587: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5577: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5566: 5555: 5551: 5547: 5541: 5537: 5536: 5530: 5529: 5509: 5505: 5499: 5484: 5480: 5474: 5466: 5462: 5458: 5452: 5436: 5432: 5425: 5411: 5407: 5400: 5384: 5380: 5376: 5375: 5366: 5362: 5356: 5342: 5338: 5332: 5318: 5317:Apple Support 5314: 5308: 5300: 5294: 5286: 5282: 5278: 5271: 5263: 5259: 5253: 5244: 5240: 5239: 5229: 5225: 5218: 5201: 5197: 5192: 5191: 5188: 5184: 5183: 5178: 5171: 5157:on 2014-01-13 5156: 5152: 5146: 5131: 5127: 5120: 5105: 5101: 5094: 5080: 5077: 5070: 5056: 5052: 5045: 5030: 5026: 5019: 5001: 4994: 4987: 4972: 4968: 4961: 4947:on 2007-05-26 4946: 4942: 4935: 4927: 4923: 4922:anandtech.com 4919: 4912: 4898:on 2015-04-15 4897: 4893: 4887: 4879: 4873: 4865: 4859: 4849: 4845: 4844: 4841: 4835: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4792: 4789: 4783: 4773: 4769: 4768: 4765: 4764:Puget Systems 4761: 4755: 4736: 4730: 4722: 4716: 4708: 4702: 4694: 4688: 4672: 4665: 4649: 4643: 4629:on 2016-09-09 4628: 4624: 4620: 4614: 4598: 4591: 4575: 4568: 4552: 4548: 4542: 4526: 4522: 4516: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4485: 4477: 4473: 4469: 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