871:. All of the phonological and morphological features connecting the Outer languages cited by Grierson were found to be either coincidental retentions (only shared innovations are diagnostic of language relations) or faultily grouped. As an example, he strikes down the retention of final short vowels as an Outer feature, noting that (1) the loss of short vowels is in-progress in all Indo-Aryan languages, just at different stages presently, and (2) this is not a shared innovation and thus not diagnostic of a language grouping. As
889:, p. 26) responded, "I think it fair to say that these conclusions are not sufficiently backed up by detailed facts about the chronology of changes to merit their being accepted as established"; that is to say, for many of the supposed differences between Inner and Outer, there is no compelling historical evidence attesting that they reflect OIA divisions and not more recent changes or areal diffusions.
22:
813:
For Zoller, further linguistic evidence lied in substrate influence from Munda, Tibeto-Burman, and
Dravidian found in the Outer languages. He postulates that north India was largely Munda-speaking, citing Munda substrata in the West Himalayish languages. He goes on to cite parallels between syllable
941:
proposed an East–West split in Indo-Aryan, with
Eastern Indo-Aryan and Bihari undergoing historical convergence with Munda due to a long period of contact. Some of the Eastern features he put forth supporting this proposal are lack of ergativity, loss of gender marking, numeral classifiers, lack of
928:
in
Kashmiri (thought to be Outer), and compared both to Pahari in order to make sense of Zoller's Inner–Outer hypothesis and Peterson's East–West hypothesis. They argued that synchronic features are not sufficient for assessing the validity of these hypotheses, as shown by the complex history and
292:
The basic agreed-upon part of the hypothesis by its proponents from the very beginning is that modern
Marathi–Konkani and Bengali–Assamese–Odia share more features with each other than with the other Indo-Aryan languages. Thus, they form the backbone of the Outer language family. Grouping of the
210:
Hoernlé's original formulation in 1880 of the Inner–Outer hypothesis was an initial Māgadhan invasion (at this time, the migration of Indo-Aryans was considered to be an invasion, a theory now largely refuted) into the Indo-Gangetic plain, followed by a second Śaurasenī invasion that pushed the
942:
oblique nominal stems, and lack of attributive agreement. He does not explicitly reject the Inner–Outer hypothesis in the text, but his grouping puts
Marathi–Konkani as closer to the Central IA languages (e.g. Hindi) than to Eastern IA, so it is incompatible with the Inner–Outer hypothesis.
912:
model is less convincing. Cathcart concluded that "neither model provides full support for" the Inner-outer hypothesis, but there is "at least vague support for an areal core and periphery" that could be in line with Zoller's model but not with
Southworth's.
830:
There is a historical split between the Indo-Aryans of the
Madhyadeśa region (focused on modern-day western Uttar Pradesh, and more generally the Indo-Gangetic plain) and Indo-Aryans of other regions. Religious texts divide the lands of India into
529:
For him, Nuristani, Dardic, and West Pahari are among the most Outer languages, transitional into Old
Iranian historically. Within branches, Zoller claims Assamese and Odia have more Outer features than Bengali, and Konkani has more than Marathi.
881:
apparently rejected the hypothesis, instead arguing that supposedly "Inner" linguistic isoglosses (e.g. medial aspiration in the word for "sister") represented later innovations in that area that radiated but did not reach the "Outer" languages.
520:
that obscured their belonging to either group, and local village dialects may have a very different composition of features that are unfortunately not historically preserved. He takes a more nebulous view of the grouping into Inner and Outer:
644:
is earliest found in
Marathi, with variable attestation in the Eastern IA languages, suggesting a diffusion of the change from west to east rather than a fully shared innovation. Nevertheless, this is the strongest example of a shared Outer
219:
belonged to the Outer Māgadhan group. Grierson calls this the wedge theory and does not accept it in its entirety, but agrees in the political result, adding that there is textual evidence of hostility between the two groups in e.g.
895:
conducted a probabilistic assessment of the Inner–Outer hypothesis using various statistical approaches to modelling sound change (adopting the suggestion of phonology-first analysis put forth by Masica) based on data from the
558:
Grierson's linguistic evidence was almost entirely refuted by
Chatterji; some of the points that were discarded in modern formulations of the hypothesis are the preservation of final short vowels in semi-tatsamas (e.g. Bihari
612:: This form is found in the Outer IA languages to mark the past indicative and/or the past/perfective participle. Evidence suggests that it was suffixed (rather than replacing) to the original past form in Sanskrit with
297:
to the Outer family, while there is more contention (and lack of data) in categorising Western Punjabi, Dardic, Sinhala–Dhivehi, and Pahari. Eastern Hindi is thought to be transitional between Inner and Outer.
771:
and broadly Eastern IA, but Southworth suggests cases of lexical diffusion from east to west bypassing the Madhyadeśa languages, and thus linguistic links between the two that persisted quite late.
249:. Some dialectal variation was already present at this stage but the Inner and Outer groups had not split. The Inner Indo-Aryan speakers, associated with the post-Rigvedic textual tradition of
543:
The evidence underlying the hypothesis is shared innovations between the Outer languages. Zoller narrows the proof for the hypothesis down to two criteria: the Outer languages must show some
875:, p. 76) notes, "Chatterji's rejection of the hypothesis brought the discussion to an effective standstill until it was revived almost hundred years later by Franklin Southworth."
525:"n individual language is either more Outer and less Inner Language or vice versa, depending on the amount of typical Outer Language features characterizing that individual language."
170:
and Peterson has sought to tackle the hypothesis with statistical methods; the hypothesis continues to be a contentious proposal with no clear consensus among scholars of Indo-Aryan.
738:: The Inner languages have a weight-based stress accent while the Outer language have a default initial-syllable accent, reflected by vowel lengthening in that position, e.g. OIA
654:: This was generalised into a gerund, an infinitive, and the future tense from its necessitative use in late OIA, while the inner languages have a gerund and infinitive < OIA
119:
periphery, evidenced by shared traits of the languages falling into one of the two groups. Proponents of the theory generally believe the distinction to be the result of
547:
feature that is not reflected in Vedic Sanskrit (thus proving that they descend from a different OIA dialect) and also they must show stronger substrate influence from
163:
594:
inscriptions (the northwestern inscriptions reflect a different dialect from the eastern and western ones) and potentially as early as the dialectal variation of
790:"thick"). He notes similar developments of a gerund in Tocharian and participle forms in Slavic. The gemination in the MIA forms is explained as a reflex of PIE
839:"barbarian", the latter including all of the non-Madhyadeśa regions even after their Aryanisation and adoption of Indo-Aryan languages. Grammarians such as
167:
68:
512:, p. 79) noted that the big issue in grouping Indo-Aryan languages firmly into either group is the presence of dialect stratification; large
284:, leading to dialect mixture in that area (reflected in Grierson's classification of those languages as intermediate between Inner and Outer IA).
778:
further claimed that only the first feature is necessary to judge an Outer subfamily, by linking it to the Indo-European adjectival suffix
1489:
1332:
1201:
1484:
810:(in Nuristani, Dardic, and Pahari) are relevant features to the hypothesis but left their investigation for future work.
162:
opposing the theory, and an alternative East–West theory of the top-level subclassification of Indo-Aryan proposed by
1391:
1479:
183:
The general structure of the hypothesis is that there were two groups of Indo-Aryan speakers who migrated into
1469:
1322:
1191:
905:
192:
1343:"Fitting the pieces together - Towards a linguistic prehistory of eastern-central South Asia (and beyond)"
675:
was changing into a non-rhotic vowel by the OIA stage, as evidenced by changes such as Proto-Indo-Iranian
1474:
590:
Southworth, based on the earlier work by Grierson, adds historical correlates of these features in the
143:
1293:
921:
1444:
822:
vocabulary and Munda, and lexical parallels between Munda, Tibeto-Burman, Burushaski, and Outer IA.
293:
transitional language is more thorny; most formulations of the theory add Gujarati, Sindhi, and the
134:
The Inner–Outer hypothesis has taken many forms in its various iterations since it was proposed by
127:, with the inner languages representing a second wave of migration speaking a different dialect of
47:
1289:
139:
909:
155:
64:
1431:
1370:
786:
that is not preserved as broadly in Vedic Sanskrit (besides individual lexical items such as
587:
has remained the most important piece of linguistic evidence in all forms of the hypothesis.
120:
131:, overtaking the first-wave speakers in the center and relegating them to the outer region.
99:
818:), convergence of ideophones in Indo-Aryan with Munda, consonant fluctuations in Outer IA
691:
elsewhere (i.e. in the East and West, corresponding to Outer IA). A modern example is OIA
683:
and variant forms in Vedic. There is a split by the time of Ashokan Prakrit of the reflex
8:
901:
878:
548:
544:
234:
216:
147:
124:
112:
1423:
1362:
1241:
1223:
564:
200:
191:. This is meant to explain commonalities between the Outer languages (specifically the
151:
73:
1254:
1427:
1387:
1366:
1328:
1245:
1197:
768:
517:
246:
135:
1413:
1354:
1277:
1233:
294:
222:
204:
184:
1435:
1374:
1308:
591:
552:
212:
196:
159:
516:
languages such as Hindi and Bengali, or the older Dramatic Prakrits, engaged in
211:
earlier Aryans outwards into the south, east, and west. He further thought that
1187:
1183:
937:
Following work on the structural typology of Indo-Aryan, Munda, and Dravidian,
852:
632:
was widespread in Middle Indo-Aryan as a general adjectival suffix (e.g. Hindi
595:
188:
128:
1445:"Outer and Inner Indo-Aryan, and northern India as an ancient linguistic area"
1401:
1342:
1281:
1211:
1463:
925:
598:. He also tightens the diagnostic evidence of the grouping, focusing only on
207:, and associated smaller lects) that are not found in the Madhyadeśa region.
37:
1418:
1358:
1149:
Morgenstierne, Georg (1950–1953). "Svásā and bhaginī in Modern Indo-Aryan".
1318:
242:
57:
1237:
863:
The first point-by-point refutation of the Inner–Outer hypothesis was by
108:
1302:. Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India.
640:). Southworth's examination of textual evidence finds that the past in
1212:"A probabilistic assessment of the Indo-Aryan Inner–Outer Hypothesis"
840:
602:
as a basis for genetic classification of languages. His evidence is:
1265:
1228:
250:
513:
301:
Below are the groupings proposed by proponents of the hypothesis.
277:
238:
1270:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London
908:
model found evidence for a core-periphery distinction while the
567:
paradigm, and various innovative developments of the sibilants (
851:, a distinctly eastern Indo-Aryan change. Listings such as the
273:
265:
867:, pp. 150–169), in response to the evidence put forth in
855:
group Gujarat and Maharashtra with the non-Indo-Aryan Deccan.
843:
relate that the dialect of the Asuras (demons) had the change
1130:
732:
is lost in Outer languages, becoming positionally determined.
281:
269:
260:
1070:
563:"idol"), the movement of the Outer languages towards a more
154:. It has faced a robust opposition, with scholars such as
1094:
555:(thus proving that they represent an earlier migration).
187:
through differing routes and spoke different dialects of
1000:
998:
103:
argues for a division of the family into two groups, an
1161:
1106:
1082:
583:). However, Grierson's primary evidence of the past in
985:
983:
1118:
995:
1022:
920:
studied isoglosses from a diachronic perspective in
1186:; Jain, Dhanesh (2003), "General Introduction", in
1058:
1046:
980:
968:
1256:The Origin and Development of the Bengali Language
1148:
956:
898:Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages
1034:
1010:
280:. The Inner and Outer languages regrouped around
138:in 1880. Some of its notable proponents include
63:for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate
1461:
1347:Journal of South Asian Languages and Linguistics
237:. His hypothesis states that at the time of the
1399:
917:
1400:Stroński, Krzysztof; Verbeke, Saartje (2020).
1310:A Comparative Grammar of the Gaudian Languages
233:The most recent iteration of the theory is by
794:as in Tocharian. He also suggested that the
1182:
886:
178:
1406:Poznań Studies in Contemporary Linguistics
1381:
1136:
1100:
1004:
929:boundaries of the features they examined.
428:
257:, while the Outer IA speakers took a path
1417:
1327:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
1252:
1227:
1028:
932:
864:
121:gradual migrations of Indo-Aryan speakers
1340:
1288:
1263:
1209:
1167:
1088:
1064:
1052:
989:
974:
938:
924:in Awadhi (a transitional language) and
892:
868:
814:structure in West Pahari and Munda (the
388:
1306:
1076:
962:
885:After Southworth's work was published,
348:
241:, the Indo-Aryans resided in the upper
226:, in which the Indus Aryans are called
1462:
1442:
1402:"Shaping modern Indo-Aryan isoglosses"
1317:
1259:. Calcutta: Calcutta University Press.
1124:
1112:
1040:
1016:
872:
775:
538:
509:
468:
916:Without taking a side on the debate,
767:: This change is largely confined to
287:
1384:Linguistic archaeology of South Asia
1266:"Indo-Aryan Vernaculars (Continued)"
15:
825:
13:
1176:
716:: The length distinction from OIA
245:and had largely lost contact with
53:for transliterated languages, and
33:of its non-English content, using
14:
1501:
1216:Journal of Historical Linguistics
1382:Southworth, Franklin C. (2005),
1253:Chatterji, Suniti Kumar (1926).
422:
419:
382:
379:
373:
370:
97:of the subclassification of the
20:
1142:
272:, and finally to the east into
1490:Linguistic history of Pakistan
600:exclusively shared innovations
69:multilingual support templates
1:
1210:Cathcart, Chundra A. (2020).
945:
918:Stroński & Verbeke (2020)
173:
1443:Zoller, Claus Peter (2016).
906:logistic normal distribution
255:directly into the Madhyadeśa
193:Eastern Indo-Aryan languages
7:
1485:Linguistic history of India
711:Loss of length contrast in
533:
305:Outer Indo-Aryan languages
10:
1506:
1295:Linguistic Survey of India
658:and assorted future forms.
144:Linguistic Survey of India
100:Indo-Aryan language family
1282:10.1017/S0041977X00087152
1264:Grierson, George (1920).
922:morphosyntactic alignment
858:
1324:The Indo-Aryan Languages
1313:. Trübner & Company.
1307:Hoernlé, Rudolf (1880).
1193:The Indo-Aryan Languages
1190:; Jain, Dhanesh (eds.),
950:
887:Cardona & Jain (2003
816:sesquisyllabic structure
179:Nature of the migrations
1419:10.1515/psicl-2020-0017
1359:10.1515/jsall-2017-0008
1341:Peterson, John (2017).
1298:. Vol. I, Part 1,
140:George Abraham Grierson
1480:Indo-Aryan archaeology
933:Alternative hypotheses
910:Dirichlet distribution
527:
156:Suniti Kumar Chatterji
95:Inner–Outer hypothesis
1238:10.1075/jhl.18038.cat
1079:, pp. XXXI–XXXV.
695:"earth" > Punjabi
687:in the Northwest and
671:: The vocalic rhotic
523:
313:Bengali–Assamese–Odia
107:core (focused on the
1470:Indo-Aryan languages
784:*-ah₂-lo-, *-eh₁-lo-
758:Phonological change
662:Phonological change
31:specify the language
29:This article should
1290:Grierson, George A.
1139:, pp. 173–177.
902:Ralph Lilley Turner
879:Georg Morgenstierne
736:Word-initial accent
545:Proto-Indo-European
539:Linguistic evidence
306:
264:, then east to the
235:Franklin Southworth
217:Nuristani languages
148:Franklin Southworth
142:(who organised the
125:Indian subcontinent
113:Indo-Gangetic plain
1475:Indo-Aryan peoples
304:
288:Language groupings
152:Claus Peter Zoller
1334:978-0-521-29944-2
1203:978-0-415-77294-5
1137:Southworth (2005)
1115:, pp. 73–74.
1101:Southworth (2005)
518:dialect levelling
507:
506:
429:Southworth (2005)
166:. Recent work by
91:
90:
71:may also be used.
1497:
1456:
1439:
1421:
1396:
1378:
1337:
1314:
1303:
1285:
1260:
1249:
1231:
1206:
1171:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1146:
1140:
1134:
1128:
1122:
1116:
1110:
1104:
1098:
1092:
1086:
1080:
1074:
1068:
1062:
1056:
1050:
1044:
1038:
1032:
1026:
1020:
1014:
1008:
1002:
993:
987:
978:
972:
966:
960:
826:Textual evidence
802:alternation and
636:"next" < MIA
630:-alla/ulla/illa-
620:"gone" > MIA
343:Sinhala–Dhivehi
307:
303:
295:Bihari languages
253:, then migrated
247:Iranian speakers
185:the subcontinent
168:Chundra Cathcart
86:
83:
77:
62:
56:
52:
46:
42:
36:
24:
23:
16:
1505:
1504:
1500:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1495:
1494:
1460:
1459:
1449:Acta Orientalia
1394:
1335:
1204:
1188:Cardona, George
1184:Cardona, George
1179:
1177:Further reading
1174:
1168:Peterson (2017)
1166:
1162:
1151:Acta Orientalia
1147:
1143:
1135:
1131:
1123:
1119:
1111:
1107:
1099:
1095:
1089:Grierson (1927)
1087:
1083:
1075:
1071:
1063:
1059:
1051:
1047:
1039:
1035:
1027:
1023:
1015:
1011:
1005:Southworth 2005
1003:
996:
988:
981:
973:
969:
961:
957:
953:
948:
939:Peterson (2017)
935:
893:Cathcart (2020)
869:Grierson (1920)
865:Chatterji (1926
861:
828:
628:. The morpheme
592:Ashokan Prakrit
541:
536:
389:Grierson (1927)
322:Marathi–Konkani
290:
276:by the time of
230:"~barbarians".
181:
176:
160:Colin P. Masica
87:
81:
78:
72:
60:
54:
50:
48:transliteration
44:
40:
34:
25:
21:
12:
11:
5:
1503:
1493:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1458:
1457:
1440:
1412:(3): 529–552.
1397:
1392:
1379:
1353:(2): 211–257.
1338:
1333:
1315:
1304:
1286:
1261:
1250:
1207:
1202:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1172:
1170:, p. 223.
1160:
1141:
1129:
1127:, p. 108.
1117:
1105:
1103:, p. 181.
1093:
1091:, p. 116.
1081:
1077:Hoernlé (1880)
1069:
1057:
1045:
1033:
1029:Chatterji 1926
1021:
1009:
994:
979:
967:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
934:
931:
860:
857:
827:
824:
780:*-ulo/elo/ilo-
773:
772:
755:
746:, but Marathi
733:
708:
659:
649:Verb forms in
646:
607:Past forms in
596:Vedic Sanskrit
540:
537:
535:
532:
505:
504:
501:
498:
495:
492:
489:
486:
483:
480:
477:
474:
471:
465:
464:
461:
458:
455:
452:
449:
446:
443:
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437:
434:
431:
425:
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421:
418:
415:
412:
409:
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394:
391:
385:
384:
381:
378:
375:
372:
369:
366:
363:
360:
357:
354:
351:
349:Hoernlé (1880)
345:
344:
341:
338:
335:
332:
329:
326:
323:
320:
317:
314:
311:
289:
286:
189:Old Indo-Aryan
180:
177:
175:
172:
136:Rudolf Hoernlé
129:Old Indo-Aryan
89:
88:
67:. Knowledge's
28:
26:
19:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1502:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1465:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1398:
1395:
1393:0-415-33323-7
1389:
1386:, Routledge,
1385:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1339:
1336:
1330:
1326:
1325:
1320:
1319:Masica, Colin
1316:
1312:
1311:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1296:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1262:
1258:
1257:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1208:
1205:
1199:
1196:, Routledge,
1195:
1194:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1180:
1169:
1164:
1156:
1152:
1145:
1138:
1133:
1126:
1125:Zoller (2016)
1121:
1114:
1113:Zoller (2016)
1109:
1102:
1097:
1090:
1085:
1078:
1073:
1066:
1065:Cathcart 2020
1061:
1054:
1053:Peterson 2017
1049:
1042:
1037:
1030:
1025:
1018:
1013:
1006:
1001:
999:
991:
990:Grierson 1920
986:
984:
976:
975:Grierson 1927
971:
964:
959:
955:
943:
940:
930:
927:
926:V2 word order
923:
919:
914:
911:
907:
903:
899:
894:
890:
888:
883:
880:
876:
874:
870:
866:
856:
854:
853:Pañca-draviḍa
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
823:
821:
817:
811:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
776:Zoller (2016)
770:
766:
765:
761:
756:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
734:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
714:
709:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
669:
665:
660:
657:
653:
652:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
624:> Marathi
623:
619:
615:
611:
610:
605:
604:
603:
601:
597:
593:
588:
586:
582:
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164:John Peterson
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1300:Introductory
1299:
1294:
1276:(3): 51–85.
1273:
1269:
1255:
1222:(1): 42–86.
1219:
1215:
1192:
1163:
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1132:
1120:
1108:
1096:
1084:
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1024:
1012:
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963:Hoernlé 1880
958:
936:
915:
900:compiled by
897:
891:
884:
877:
873:Zoller (2016
862:
848:
844:
836:
835:"Aryan" and
832:
829:
819:
815:
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803:
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783:
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751:
747:
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729:
725:
721:
717:
712:
710:
704:
700:
699:but Bengali
696:
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688:
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680:
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672:
667:
663:
661:
655:
650:
648:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
616:, e.g.: OIA
613:
608:
606:
599:
589:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
560:
557:
542:
528:
524:
510:Zoller (2016
508:
300:
291:
258:
254:
243:Indus valley
232:
227:
221:
209:
182:
133:
116:
104:
98:
94:
92:
82:October 2021
79:
65:ISO 639 code
61:}}
55:{{
51:}}
45:{{
41:}}
35:{{
30:
1041:Masica 1991
1017:Zoller 2016
742:> Hindi
259:south into
223:Mahābhārata
1464:Categories
1436:2444064992
1375:1945799940
1229:1912.01957
1157:: 138-144.
946:References
750:, Bengali
703:, Marathi
622:*ga-y-alla
442:Yes (core)
436:Yes (core)
433:Yes (core)
334:Rajasthani
331:W. Punjabi
174:Hypothesis
109:Madhyadeśa
1455:: 71–132.
1428:222005280
1367:135081106
1246:208617417
841:Patañjali
679:> OIA
651:-(i)tavya
565:synthetic
549:Dravidian
494:Partially
123:into the
115:) and an
1432:ProQuest
1371:ProQuest
1321:(1991),
1292:(1927).
769:Maithili
693:mr̥ttikā
645:feature.
638:agg-alla
534:Evidence
325:Gujarati
319:E. Hindi
251:Hinduism
215:and the
201:Gujarati
837:mleccha
808:ċ, (d)z
792:*-Vl-yo
740:karpāsa
399:Mediate
239:Rigveda
228:mleccha
205:Marathi
111:in the
74:See why
1434:
1426:
1390:
1373:
1365:
1331:
1244:
1200:
904:. His
859:Debate
788:bahulá
656:-anīya
561:mūratⁱ
340:Dardic
337:Pahari
328:Sindhi
316:Bihari
310:Theory
274:Bengal
266:Deccan
213:Pashto
197:Sindhi
150:, and
1424:S2CID
1363:S2CID
1242:S2CID
1224:arXiv
951:Notes
847:>
806:>
762:>
752:kāpās
748:kāpus
744:kapās
697:miṭṭī
681:īr/ūr
666:>
634:ag-lā
618:ga-ta
571:>
553:Munda
514:koiné
473:Maybe
460:Maybe
282:Awadh
278:Aśoka
270:Malwa
261:Sindh
117:Outer
105:Inner
1388:ISBN
1329:ISBN
1198:ISBN
833:ārya
820:deśī
804:c, j
782:and
724:and
705:mātī
701:māṭī
626:gelā
551:and
503:Yes
268:and
195:and
158:and
93:The
38:lang
1414:doi
1355:doi
1278:doi
1234:doi
713:i/u
677:r̥H
642:-l-
614:-ta
609:-l-
585:-l-
500:Yes
497:Yes
491:Yes
488:Yes
485:Yes
482:Yes
463:No
448:Yes
445:Yes
411:Yes
408:Yes
402:Yes
396:Yes
393:Yes
362:Yes
359:Yes
356:Yes
353:Yes
146:),
58:IPA
1466::
1453:77
1451:.
1447:.
1430:.
1422:.
1410:56
1408:.
1404:.
1369:.
1361:.
1349:.
1345:.
1272:.
1268:.
1240:.
1232:.
1220:10
1218:.
1214:.
1155:18
1153:.
997:^
982:^
798:~
728:~
720:~
673:r̥
664:r̥
579:,
575:,
479:No
476:No
457:No
454:No
451:No
439:No
423:—
417:No
414:No
405:No
383:—
377:No
368:No
365:No
203:,
199:,
43:,
1438:.
1416::
1377:.
1357::
1351:4
1284:.
1280::
1274:1
1248:.
1236::
1226::
1067:.
1055:.
1043:.
1031:.
1019:.
1007:.
992:.
977:.
965:.
849:l
845:r
800:ḍ
796:d
764:n
760:l
754:.
730:ū
726:u
722:ī
718:i
707:.
689:a
685:i
668:a
581:x
577:h
573:ś
569:s
420:—
380:—
374:—
371:—
84:)
80:(
76:.
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