1088:
33:
1105:
1122:
56:
960:
1347:
915:
and typically lie partially buried on the sea floor or on a coral head during the day, covering themselves with sand and other debris to further camouflage themselves. They have no known natural predators. When threatened, they spread their brilliantly colored pectoral and caudal fins as a warning.
923:
The paired pectoral fins of these fishes are a remarkable example of their adaptation to life in a benthic environment. No longer useful or necessary for aiding the animal in maneuvering within the water column, the fins have taken on a number of other functions useful to life as a demersal fish.
354:
by
Georges Cuvier in 1829 from the seas of China and Japan. It is one of two genera in the tribe Choridactylini within the subfamily Synanceiinae of the family Scorpaenidae. However, some authorities classify this taxon as a subfamily Choridactylinae within the family Synanceiidae. The genus name
1063:
species is characterized by immediate and severe local pain. Medical aid must be sought at the earliest opportunity after envenomation. Recommended first aid treatment includes immersion of the affected area in hot water. Immersing the injured area in water at a temperature of at least
883:
direction. The fish employ these two rays to prop up the forward part of their body, as well as to "walk" along the bottom of the substrate. The ventral surface of the pectoral fins bears broad black bands containing smaller, lighter spots at the basal and distal ends. In
1072:) can partially denature the proteolytic enzymes in the venom. Some relief can also be obtained by infiltrating the envenomation site with a local anesthetic. For more extreme cases, an intramuscular injection of a specific horse-derived antivenom can be lifesaving.
833:, and is covered with venomous spines and wartlike glands which give it a knobby appearance. The head is flattened, depressed and concave. The eyes, mouth and nostrils project upwards and outwards from the dorsal aspect of the head.
1283:"Order Perciformes (Part 10): Suborder Scorpaenoidei: Families Apistidae, Tetrarogidae, Synanceiidae, Aploacrinidae, Perryenidae, Eschmeyeridae, Pataceidae, Gnathanacanthidae, Congiopodidae and Zanclorhynchidae"
946:. This type of locomotion, based on voluntary and coordinated movements of paired pectoral fins, is believed by some to be a precursor to the later development of similar ambulation in terrestrial vertebrates.
1521:
Fricke, R. 1999 Fishes of the
Mascarene Islands (Réunion, Mauritius, Rodriguez): an annotated checklist, with descriptions of new species. Koeltz Scientific Books, Koenigstein, Theses Zoologicae, Vol. 31: 759
825:. The body color can be a dull yellow, gray, brown, or rust in color with light blotches, and very similar to that of the surrounding sandy or coral seabed in which they are found. This coloration acts as a
1658:
1952:. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences. San Francisco: California Academy of Sciences, Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, vol. 41(21). pp. 475–500.
1076:
toxoid vaccine should also be administered, if indicated. Surviving victims often suffer localized tissue necrosis and nerve damage, leading to atrophy of adjoining muscle tissues.
1865:
1611:
Delloro, E. S.; Motomura, H.; Babaran, R. P. (2019). "Sexual dimorphism in the
Spotted Stinger Inimicus sinensis (Valenciennes, 1833) and notes on pore structures on the body".
589:
1028:
at the bases of needle-like spines in their dorsal fins. Upon contact with the dorsal fin, the fish can deliver a very painful, potentially fatal, sting. The genus name means
1732:
395:
426:
930:
is not the only fish that demonstrate this type of ambulation; it has been extensively described in other related benthic
Scorpaeniformes fish such as the
610:
924:
Among these include probing for food items, propping the forward part of the body away from the bottom, and the aforementioned subcarangiform locomotion.
1173:
701:
1512:
Eschmeyer, W.N. (ed.) 2004 Catalog of fishes. Updated database version of
January 2004. Catalog databases as made available to FishBase in January 2004.
1087:
642:
583:
483:
1121:
1208:
2131:
649:
203:
371:
are nearly identical in appearance and behavior, and often confused with one another. There are currently 10 recognized species in this genus:
2157:
1632:
1862:
1104:
2241:
2236:
2105:
2144:
1254:
2149:
1751:
916:
Once dug in, they are very reluctant to leave their hiding places. When they do move, they display an unusual mechanism of
892:
have yellow spots on them. This is a key feature for distinguishing the two species, which are otherwise nearly identical.
1883:
920:---they crawl slowly along the seabed, employing the four lower rays (two on each side) of their pectoral fins as legs.
1711:
829:
which renders them extremely difficult to detect in their natural habitat. The skin is without scales except along the
255:
1979:
1007:
1244:
989:
2193:
2162:
1793:"Evidence of force exchanges during the six-legged walking of the bottom-dwelling fish, Chelidonichthys lucerna"
1630:
Mandritsa, S.A. (1991). "New species of the genus
Inimicus (Scorpaeniformes, Synanceiidae) from the Coral sea".
528:
Goblinfish, popeyed sea goblin, demon stinger, devil stinger, longsnout stinger, spiny devilfish, bearded ghoul
1342:
Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. 2010.FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication. Fish
Identification at
1222:
1183:
985:
782:
appear to mark the westernmost limit of their range, while specimens have been reported as far to the east as
1928:
917:
1048:
1991:
Coral Reef Fishes: Caribbean, Indian Ocean, and
Pacific Ocean Including the Red Sea (Collins Pocket Guide)
2231:
2097:
2092:
2079:
1366:
1547:
1312:
281:
2198:
1656:
William A. Gosline (July 1994). "Function and structure in the paired fins of scorpaeniform fishes".
981:
55:
970:
876:
1949:
Fishes of the
Scorpionfish subfamily Choridactylinae from the Western Pacific and the Indian Ocean
2221:
974:
1792:
863:: composed of 2-4 spines and 4-14 soft rays, with dark bands at basal and subterminal positions.
359:
is Latin for "foe" or "enemy", Fishermen feared these fishes because of their venomous spines.
2019:
2136:
433:
2185:
1922:
1128:
543:
2175:
296:
oceans. The ten described species are collectively known by various common names, including
2066:
1204:
1169:
854:
680:
277:
8:
1111:
1094:
514:
351:
339:
148:
42:
2005:
1138:
872:
866:
860:
2057:
1791:
Marc Jamon; Sabine Renous; Jean Pierre Gasc; Vincent Bels; John
Davenport (July 2007).
1685:
521:
335:
190:
144:
50:
32:
2226:
2170:
1975:
1945:
1903:
1895:
1814:
1580:. Port Moresby, Papua and New Guinea: Department of Agriculture, Stock and Fisheries.
1250:
1217:
1178:
839:
834:
799:
673:
244:
1689:
1804:
1790:
1675:
1667:
794:
marks the southernmost extent of their range, which extends as far to the north as
490:
467:
266:
2071:
1869:
1715:
1382:"Inimicus brachyrhynchus (Bleeker, 1874)". Encyclopedia of Life, available from "
1370:
935:
908:
879:
rays of each pectoral fin are detached from the rest of the fin, and angled in a
787:
503:
455:
451:
248:
107:
2084:
1779:
The Ghoulfish/Scorpion/Stonefishes of the Subfamily Choridactylinae (Inimicinae)
1486:"Inimicus sinensis (Valenciennes, 1833)". Encyclopedia of Life, available from "
2042:
631:
557:
Filament-finned stinger, barred ghoul, two-stick stingfish, devil scorpionfish
550:
402:
251:
169:
127:
97:
1434:"Inimicus filamentosus (Cuvier, 1829)". Encyclopedia of Life, available from "
1395:"Inimicus caledonicus (Sauvage, 1878)". Encyclopedia of Life, available from "
2215:
1969:
1967:
1958:
1947:
1899:
1308:
783:
471:
459:
412:
332:
222:
1907:
1778:
1708:
1421:"Inimicus didactylus (Pallas, 1769)". Encyclopedia of Life, available from "
1020:
Like all known members of the family Synanceiidae, all members of the genus
1818:
1499:"Inimicus smirnovi Mandrytsa, 1990". Encyclopedia of Life, available from "
1460:"Inimicus japonicus (Cuvier, 1829)". Encyclopedia of Life, available from "
1047:
in Japan. It is used as a food fish there, and it also has applications in
1044:
912:
830:
767:
447:
343:
269:
262:
157:
117:
1797:
Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A: Ecological Genetics and Physiology
1447:"Inimicus gruzovi Mandrytsa, 1991". Encyclopedia of Life, available from "
821:
Adults are typically 13-25 centimeters in length, and can weigh up to 480
2118:
2051:
1680:
1473:"Inimicus joubini (Chevey, 1927)". Encyclopedia of Life, available from "
1260:
939:
766:
are distributed mainly in warm tropical waters in the coastal regions of
568:
1838:
2110:
1671:
1408:"Inimicus cuvieri (Gray, 1835)". Encyclopedia of Life, available from "
1242:
1069:
850:
837:
in this genus was once unreported; however, it has been confirmed that
826:
771:
289:
2123:
1598:
Micronesian reef fishes : a field guide for divers and aquarists
1282:
931:
905:
791:
463:
259:
67:
2013:
1809:
1280:
959:
2036:
1321:
1281:
Christopher Scharpf & Kenneth J. Lazara, eds. (10 March 2022).
807:
572:
87:
1946:
William N. Eschmeyer; Kaza V. Rama-Rao; Leon E. Hallacher (1979).
1500:
1487:
1474:
1461:
1448:
1435:
1422:
1409:
1396:
1383:
1073:
1065:
880:
775:
662:
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293:
810:
285:
77:
1363:
1024:
possess a complex and extremely potent venom. It is stored in
1029:
1025:
795:
779:
627:
273:
240:
1884:"Toxic fish spine injury: Lessons from 11 years experience"
1343:
822:
1968:
John E. Randall; Gerald R. Allen; Roger C. Steene (1997).
1548:"Bulletin of Aomori Prefectural Fisheries Research Center"
1141:
to see more photographs of various specimens of the genus
770:
oceans. Their range does however extend a little into the
1988:
1575:
1203:
1168:
331:
was first described as a genus in 1904 by the American
1610:
802:, the northernmost prefecture of Japan's main island.
813:
and coral reefs, at depths between 5 and 450 meters.
1600:. Barrigada, Territory of Guam, USA: Coral Graphics.
1553:. Aomori Prefectural Fisheries Research Center. 2004
1243:
J. S. Nelson; T. C. Grande; M. V. H. Wilson (2016).
806:are benthic fishes, living mainly on the bottom of
1655:
1531:
1207:; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.).
1172:; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.).
1888:South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society Journal
888:, these bands are attenuated, while the bands of
440:Chinese ghoul, Caledonian stinger, demon stinger
2213:
1595:
1287:The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database
1132:(filament-finned stinger or two-stick stingfish)
272:, the scorpionfishes and their relatives. These
1956:
1629:
1971:Fishes of the Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea
853:: composed of 15 to 17 spines and 7 to 9 soft
1910:. Archived from the original on June 29, 2008
1730:
1054:
1289:. Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara
988:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
385:
382:
379:
376:
1726:
1724:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1035:Despite the obvious risks, one species of
869:: composed of one spine and 3-5 soft rays.
757:
713:Marine; tropical; reef-dwelling; demersal
690:Marine; tropical; reef-dwelling; demersal
658:Marine; tropical; reef-dwelling; demersal
623:Marine; tropical; reef-dwelling; demersal
598:Marine; tropical; reef-dwelling; demersal
560:Marine; tropical; reef-dwelling; demersal
534:Eastern Indian and Western Pacific oceans
531:Marine; tropical; reef-dwelling; demersal
499:Marine; tropical; reef-dwelling; demersal
443:Marine; tropical; reef-dwelling; demersal
388:
31:
1808:
1773:
1771:
1679:
1623:
1373:. Version 2010.1. Accessed 21 March 2010.
1249:(5th ed.). Wiley. pp. 468–475.
1008:Learn how and when to remove this message
1613:Philippine Journal of Systematic Biology
1591:
1589:
1587:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1974:. Bathurst, NSW: Crawford House Press.
1733:"Speak of the devil: fish in the genus
1721:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1659:Journal Environmental Biology of Fishes
1644:
1525:
1364:The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1307:
875:: composed of 10-12 rays. The two most
2214:
1881:
1768:
1274:
1236:
1174:"Genera in the family Choridactylinae"
1164:
1162:
1160:
1158:
949:
2018:
2017:
1784:
1781:, by Bob Fenner. Accessed 03-27-2010.
1584:
1564:
1696:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1197:
986:adding citations to reliable sources
953:
254:, one of the three tribes which are
1989:Ewald Lieske; Robert Myers (1994).
1963:. Frenchs Forest, NSW: New Holland.
1356:
1155:
280:fishes are found on sandy or silty
13:
1939:
1839:"Inimicus sinensis, Spotted ghoul"
1707:World Database of Marine Species:
1536:. London: Macdonald & Company.
1115:(goblinfish or popeyed sea goblin)
1098:(goblinfish or popeyed sea goblin)
14:
2253:
2242:Taxa named by Edwin Chapin Starks
1998:
1576:Munro, Ian Stafford Ross (1967).
1329:
687:Spotted ghoul, spotted stonefish
411:Marine; tropical; reef-dwelling;
247:, it is one of two genera in the
2237:Taxa named by David Starr Jordan
1960:Guide to Sea Fishes of Australia
1534:The world encyclopedia of fishes
1120:
1103:
1086:
958:
54:
1875:
1856:
1831:
1604:
1540:
1515:
1506:
1501:http://www.eol.org/pages/217783
1493:
1488:http://www.eol.org/pages/206520
1480:
1475:http://www.eol.org/pages/583268
1467:
1462:http://www.eol.org/pages/225253
1454:
1449:http://www.eol.org/pages/217782
1441:
1436:http://www.eol.org/pages/204576
1428:
1423:http://www.eol.org/pages/211677
1415:
1410:http://www.eol.org/pages/206555
1402:
1397:http://www.eol.org/pages/218118
1384:http://www.eol.org/pages/217784
1389:
1376:
1301:
1223:California Academy of Sciences
1184:California Academy of Sciences
816:
728:Species no longer recognized:
1:
1731:Scott Michael (Winter 2001).
1148:
661:Northwest Pacific: Japan and
7:
1993:. Harpercollins Publishers.
1532:Wheeler, Alwyne C. (1985).
896:
323:
10:
2258:
1079:
362:
2026:
1927:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1596:Myers, Robert F. (1999).
1353:. Accessed 23 March 2010.
1055:Treatment of envenomation
918:subcarangiform locomotion
367:The members of the genus
196:
189:
182:
177:
163:
156:
51:Scientific classification
49:
39:
30:
23:
1957:Rudie H. Kuiter (1996).
1578:The fishes of New Guinea
1503:". Accessed 21 Mar 2010.
1490:". Accessed 21 Mar 2010.
1477:". Accessed 21 Mar 2010.
1464:". Accessed 21 Mar 2010.
1451:". Accessed 21 Mar 2010.
1438:". Accessed 21 Mar 2010.
1425:". Accessed 21 Mar 2010.
1412:". Accessed 21 Mar 2010.
1399:". Accessed 21 Mar 2010.
1386:". Accessed 21 Mar 2010.
1325:. December 2012 version.
1311:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
786:. The northern coast of
774:zone. The waters of the
716:Western Central Pacific
601:Western Central Pacific
417:Western Central Pacific
292:, in coastal regions of
1863:Marine Bites and Stings
944:Chelidonichthys lucerna
843:is sexually dimorphic.
758:Geographic distribution
396:Inimicus brachyrhynchus
1718:. Accessed 03-22-2010.
1209:"Species in the genus
563:Western Indian Ocean:
1205:Eschmeyer, William N.
1170:Eschmeyer, William N.
1129:Inimicus filamentosus
1045:commercially cultured
762:Members of the genus
752:Inimicus filamentosus
544:Inimicus filamentosus
1346:, version (01/2010).
982:improve this section
750:is a jr. synonym of
740:Inimicus caledonicus
738:is a jr. synonym of
427:Inimicus caledonicus
1882:Taylor, G. (2000).
1246:Fishes of the World
1112:Inimicus didactylus
1095:Inimicus didactylus
950:Relevance to humans
626:Indo-West Pacific:
515:Inimicus didactylus
340:Edwin Chapin Starks
43:Inimicus didactylus
2232:Marine fish genera
1868:2014-03-21 at the
1714:2012-03-04 at the
1672:10.1007/BF00002508
1369:2014-06-27 at the
1313:"Species in genus
725:NE: Not Evaluated
611:Inimicus japonicus
336:David Starr Jordan
2209:
2208:
2171:Open Tree of Life
2020:Taxon identifiers
1777:WetWebMedia.com:
1256:978-1-118-34233-6
1218:Catalog of Fishes
1179:Catalog of Fishes
1018:
1017:
1010:
840:Inimicus sinensis
835:Sexual dimorphism
778:off the coast of
745:Inimicus dactylus
733:Inimicus barbatus
723:
722:
702:Inimicus smirnovi
674:Inimicus sinensis
616:(G. Cuvier, 1829)
502:Western Pacific:
350:, which had been
245:ray-finned fishes
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1049:Chinese medicine
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909:ambush predators
846:Fin morphology:
749:
737:
708:
684:
653:
643:Inimicus joubini
617:
593:
584:Inimicus gruzovi
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525:
494:
484:Inimicus cuvieri
468:Papua New Guinea
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348:Pelor japonicum
326:
310:spiny devilfish
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165:Pelor japonicum
142:
108:Scorpaeniformes
53:
40:Demon stinger,
17:
16:Genus of fishes
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1872:Dr Mark Little
1855:
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333:ichthyologists
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784:New Caledonia
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472:New Caledonia
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386:Distribution
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200:Chorismopelor
198:
197:
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176:
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159:
155:
150:
146:
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69:
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62:
57:
52:
48:
45:
44:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
2027:
2007:
1990:
1970:
1959:
1948:
1923:cite journal
1912:. Retrieved
1891:
1887:
1877:
1858:
1846:. Retrieved
1842:
1833:
1822:. Retrieved
1800:
1796:
1786:
1759:. Retrieved
1752:the original
1747:
1743:
1734:
1663:
1657:
1637:
1631:
1625:
1616:
1612:
1606:
1597:
1577:
1555:. Retrieved
1542:
1533:
1527:
1517:
1508:
1495:
1482:
1469:
1456:
1443:
1430:
1417:
1404:
1391:
1378:
1358:
1349:
1320:
1314:
1303:
1291:. Retrieved
1286:
1276:
1265:. Retrieved
1261:the original
1245:
1238:
1226:. Retrieved
1216:
1210:
1199:
1187:. Retrieved
1177:
1142:
1136:
1127:
1110:
1093:
1060:
1058:
1041:I. japonicum
1040:
1036:
1034:
1021:
1019:
1004:
995:
980:Please help
968:
943:
927:
926:
922:
901:
900:
889:
885:
873:pectoral fin
845:
838:
831:lateral line
820:
803:
768:Indo-Pacific
763:
761:
751:
744:
739:
732:
727:
724:
700:
681:Valenciennes
672:
641:
609:
582:
542:
513:
482:
448:Indian Ocean
425:
394:
389:IUCN status
380:Common name
368:
366:
356:
347:
344:type species
328:
327:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
288:and seaward
270:Scorpaenidae
263:Synanceiinae
235:
234:
233:
218:
214:Cuvier, 1829
210:
199:
183:
164:
158:Type species
145:D. S. Jordan
138:
137:
118:Scorpaenidae
41:
24:
18:
2119:iNaturalist
2052:Wikispecies
1640:(2): 76–79.
1633:J. Ichthyol
1362:IUCN 2010.
940:Tub Gurnard
911:. They are
906:piscivorous
890:I. sinensis
817:Description
772:subtropical
569:East Africa
265:within the
258:within the
2216:Categories
1914:2010-03-22
1824:2010-03-22
1761:2010-03-27
1557:2016-04-07
1267:2022-04-06
1149:References
1068:(113
1032:in Latin.
998:April 2010
938:, and the
867:pelvic fin
861:caudal fin
851:dorsal fin
827:camouflage
491:J. E. Gray
306:sea goblin
302:goblinfish
282:substrates
256:classified
243:of marine
1900:0813-1988
969:does not
932:Sea robin
913:nocturnal
792:Australia
590:Mandritsa
551:G. Cuvier
464:Australia
458:islands.
352:described
342:with the
318:stingfish
260:subfamily
184:See text
74:Kingdom:
68:Eukaryota
2227:Inimicus
2085:Inimicus
2072:Inimicus
2058:Inimicus
2043:Q2484367
2037:Wikidata
2028:Inimicus
2008:Inimicus
1908:16986801
1866:Archived
1848:24 March
1843:FishBase
1819:17620306
1744:SeaScope
1735:Inimicus
1712:Archived
1690:30229791
1367:Archived
1350:Inimicus
1344:FishBase
1322:FishBase
1315:Inimicus
1211:Inimicus
1143:Inimicus
1064:45
1061:Inimicus
1037:Inimicus
1022:Inimicus
928:Inimicus
902:Inimicus
897:Behavior
808:mangrove
804:Inimicus
764:Inimicus
573:Maldives
446:Eastern
413:demersal
383:Habitat
377:Species
369:Inimicus
357:inimicus
329:Inimicus
324:Taxonomy
294:tropical
274:venomous
236:Inimicus
219:Simopias
191:Synonyms
178:Species
139:Inimicus
114:Family:
88:Chordata
84:Phylum:
78:Animalia
64:Domain:
25:Inimicus
2186:4780926
2137:1199747
2111:2333629
1293:6 April
1228:6 April
1189:6 April
1080:Gallery
1074:Tetanus
990:removed
975:sources
881:ventral
776:Red Sea
683:, 1833)
663:Vietnam
652:, 1927)
565:Red Sea
553:, 1829)
524:, 1769)
493:, 1835)
456:Nicobar
452:Andaman
436:, 1878)
434:Sauvage
405:, 1874)
403:Bleeker
363:Species
314:stinger
278:benthic
134:Genus:
124:Tribe:
104:Order:
94:Class:
2199:206016
2183:uBio:
2176:986343
2163:390342
2150:167084
2098:163298
2006:genus
1978:
1906:
1898:
1817:
1688:
1348:Genus
1253:
1137:Click
1026:glands
877:caudal
811:swamps
800:Aomori
650:Chevey
592:, 1991
522:Pallas
316:, and
286:lagoon
267:family
225:, 1905
206:, 1927
204:Chevey
172:, 1829
170:Cuvier
151:, 1904
149:Starks
147:&
2194:WoRMS
2132:IRMNG
2124:64501
1894:(1).
1755:(PDF)
1740:(PDF)
1686:S2CID
1551:(PDF)
1043:, is
1030:enemy
823:grams
796:Japan
780:Egypt
628:Japan
298:ghoul
290:reefs
249:tribe
241:genus
239:is a
211:Pelor
2158:NCBI
2145:ITIS
2106:GBIF
2093:BOLD
1976:ISBN
1929:link
1904:OCLC
1896:ISSN
1850:2021
1815:PMID
1801:307A
1619:(2).
1295:2022
1251:ISBN
1230:2022
1191:2022
1139:here
973:any
971:cite
904:are
855:rays
630:and
567:and
470:and
454:and
420:NE*
338:and
223:Gill
2080:AFD
2067:ADW
1805:doi
1676:hdl
1668:doi
984:by
798:'s
719:NE
695:LC
667:NE
636:NE
604:NE
577:LC
571:to
537:NE
508:NE
477:LC
284:of
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2082::
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1925:}}
1921:{{
1902:.
1892:30
1890:.
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1799:.
1795:.
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1723:^
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1684:.
1674:.
1664:40
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1638:31
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1617:12
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1566:^
1522:p.
1331:^
1319:.
1285:.
1221:.
1215:.
1182:.
1176:.
1157:^
1145:.
1070:°F
1066:°C
1051:.
1039:,
942:,
934:,
790:,
474:.
466:,
462::
450::
320:.
312:,
308:,
304:,
300:,
276:,
1984:.
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1852:.
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1764:.
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1678::
1670::
1560:.
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1193:.
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1005:(
1000:)
996:(
992:.
978:.
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679:(
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