3180:, in Studies in Semitic and Afroasiatic Linguistics presented to Gene B. Gragg edited by Cynthia L. Miller pages 53–69: "Alongside the terms I rejected (neosyllabary , pseudo-alphabet , semisyllabary , and alphasyllabary ) because they imply exactly the notion I am trying to refute – that the abugida is a kind of alphabet or a kind of syllabary – I have just come across semialphabet in the Encyclopœdia Britannica Micropœdia (though what is intended by the distinction "the syllabic KharoœøÏ and semialphabetic BrΩhmÏ" is unfathomable). W. Bright denies having devised the term alphasyllabary, but it has not yet been found to occur earlier than his 1992 encyclopedia (in 1990:136 he approved semisyllabary). Compare Daniels 1996b:4 n. * and Bright 2000 for the different conceptualizations of abugida and alphasyllabary: functional vs. formal, as it happens. The words abjad and abugida are simply words in Arabic and Ethiopic, respectively, for the ancient Northwest Semitic order of letters, which is used in those languages in certain functions alongside the customary orders in Arabic reflecting rearrangement according to shape, and in Ethiopic reflecting an entirely different letter-order tradition"
1849:
239:
129:
100:
3190:
Devanāgarī) or semi-syllabic script (Baker, 1997), syllabic alphabet (Coulmas, 1999), alphasyllabary (Bright, 1996, 1999; Trigger, 2004), neosyllabary (Daniels, 1990), abugida (Daniels, 1996a) and segmentally coded syllabically linear phonographic script (Faber, 1992) as well as the
Sanskrit-inspired terms aksara system (Gnanadesikan, 2009) or āksharik script (Rimzhim, Katz, & Fowler, 2014). As is discussed further below, however, there is a considerable degree of typological diversity in this family of scripts."
3157:
Householder thirty years ago, who called it "pseudo-alphabet" (1959, 382). These are the scripts of
Ethiopia and "greater India" that use a basic form for the specific syllable consonant + a particular vowel (in practice always the unmarked a) and modify it to denote the syllables with other vowels or with no vowel. Were it not for this existing term, I would propose maintaining the pattern by calling this type an "abugida," from the Ethiopian word for the auxiliary order of consonants in the signary."
3153:. Journal of the American Oriental Society, 110(4), 727–31. doi:10.2307/602899: "We must recognize that the West Semitic scripts constitute a third fundamental type of script, the kind that denotes individual consonants only. It cannot be subsumed under either of the other terms. A suitable name for this type would be "alephbeth," in honor of its Levantine origin, but this term seems too similar to "alphabet" to be practical; so I propose to call this type an "abjad,"
44:
1461:
3167:
alphasyllabaries. As Bright (1999) points out, the definition of abugida and the definition of alpha-syllabary differ. This fact alone suggests that at least one of the two classifications is either incomplete or inaccurate—or, at the very least, that they have two different purposes. This paper is intended as a (long-delayed) response to Bright (1999) and argues that both of these systems are in fact incomplete."
158:
2080:, such as consonant clusters and vowels with final consonants. Thus it is not segmental and cannot be considered an abugida. However, it superficially resembles an abugida with the roles of consonant and vowel reversed. Most syllables are written with two letters in the order rime–onset (typically vowel-consonant), even though they are pronounced as onset-rime (consonant-vowel), rather like the position of the
71:
2048:
and
Meroitic scripts whose status as abugidas is controversial (see below), all other vowels are written in-line. Additionally, the practice of explicitly writing all-but-one vowel does not apply to loanwords from Arabic and Persian, so the script does not have an inherent vowel for Arabic and Persian words. The inconsistency of its vowel notation makes it difficult to categorize.
1875:(individual "letters" of the script) have "diacritics" that are fused with the consonants to the point that they must be considered modifications of the form of the letters. Children learn each modification separately, as in a syllabary; nonetheless, the graphic similarities between syllables with the same consonant are readily apparent, unlike the case in a true
1780:, or to indicate that a consonant occurs at the end of a word. Thus in Sanskrit, a default vowel consonant such as फ does not take on a final consonant sound. Instead, it keeps its vowel. For writing two consonants without a vowel in between, instead of using diacritics on the first consonant to remove its vowel, another popular method of special
653:
The division of a word into syllables for the purposes of writing does not always accord with the natural phonetics of the language. For example, Brahmic scripts commonly handle a phonetic sequence CVC-CV as CV-CCV or CV-C-CV. However, sometimes phonetic CVC syllables are handled as single units, and
511:
An alphasyllabary is defined as "a type of writing system in which the vowels are denoted by subsidiary symbols, not all of which occur in a linear order (with relation to the consonant symbols) that is congruent with their temporal order in speech". Bright did not require that an alphabet explicitly
495:
The formal definitions given by
Daniels and Bright for abugida and alphasyllabary differ; some writing systems are abugidas but not alphasyllabaries, and some are alphasyllabaries but not abugidas. An abugida is defined as "a type of writing system whose basic characters denote consonants followed by
1394:
Indic scripts indicate vowels through dependent vowel signs (diacritics) around the consonants, often including a sign that explicitly indicates the lack of a vowel. If a consonant has no vowel sign, this indicates a default vowel. Vowel diacritics may appear above, below, to the left, to the right,
3189:
Amalia E. Gnanadesikan (2017) Towards a typology of phonemic scripts, Writing
Systems Research, 9:1, 14–35, DOI: 10.1080/17586801.2017.1308239 "This type of script has been given many names, among them semi-alphabet (Diringer, 1948, referring to Brāhmī), semi-syllabary (Diringer, 1948, referring to
1079:
Pali in the
Burmese, Khmer and Tai Tham scripts uses independent vowels instead, and they are also used in loan words in the local languages. The Cham script also uses both independent vowels and glottal stop consonant plus dependent vowel. In all three cases, the glottal stop letter is the same as
617:
When not separating syllables containing consonant clusters (CCV) into C + CV, these syllables are often written by combining the two consonants. In the Indic scripts, the earliest method was simply to arrange them vertically, writing the second consonant of the cluster below the first one. The two
538:
or by changes in the form of the letter itself. If all modifications are by diacritics and all diacritics follow the direction of the writing of the letters, then the abugida is not an alphasyllabary. However, most languages have words that are more complicated than a sequence of CV syllables, even
3156:
from the Arabic word for the traditional order of its script, which (unvocalized), of course, falls in this category... There is yet a fourth fundamental type of script, a type recognized over forty years ago by James-Germain
Fevrier, called by him the "neosyllabary" (1948, 330), and again by Fred
2047:
generally writes the vowel /æ/ (written as ə in North
Azerbaijani) as a diacritic, but writes all other vowels as full letters (similarly to Kurdish and Uyghur). This means that when no vowel diacritics are present (most of the time), it technically has an inherent vowel. However, like the Phagspa
1147:
Tibetan and Khmer occasionally and Tai Tham regularly write final consonants below the rest of the akshara. This practice is the origin of the Lao letter ຽ U+0EBD LAO SEMIVOWEL SIGN NYO, and a similar sign may be found in
Javanese. Tai Tham may also write several final consonants above the rest of
524:
is an example of an alphasyllabary that is not an abugida, for there is no inherent vowel and its vowels are always written explicitly and not in accordance to their temporal order in speech, meaning that a vowel can be written before, below or above a consonant letter, while the syllable is still
3166:
Amalia E. Gnanadesikan (2017) Towards a typology of phonemic scripts, Writing
Systems Research, 9:1, 14–35, DOI: 10.1080/17586801.2017.1308239 "The second is that of Bright (1996, 1999) which follows Daniels in abjads and alphabets (Bright, 1999), but identifies instead of abugidas a category of
2173:
uses straight strokes and quarter-circle marks in different orientations as the principal "alphabet" of consonants; vowels are shown as light and heavy dots, dashes and other marks in one of 3 possible positions to indicate the various vowel-sounds. However, to increase writing speed, Pitman has
533:
The fundamental principles of an abugida apply to words made up of consonant-vowel (CV) syllables. The syllables are written as letters in a straight line, where each syllable is either a letter that represents the sound of a consonant and its inherent vowel or a letter modified to indicate the
646:, they are said to be 'stacked'. Often there has been a change to writing the two consonants side by side. In the latter case, this combination may be indicated by a diacritic on one of the consonants or a change in the form of one of the consonants, e.g. the
2132:
for example), and is thus similar to Brahmic family of abugidas. However, the other vowels were indicated with full letters, not diacritics or modification, so the system was essentially an alphabet that did not bother to write the most common vowel.
2040:, are fully vowelled, but because the vowels are written with full letters rather than diacritics (with the exception of distinguishing between /a/ and /o/ in the latter) and there are no inherent vowels, these are considered alphabets, not abugidas.
566:
before a vowel (CCV) and syllables ending in a consonant (CVC). The simplest solution, which is not always available, is to break with the principle of writing words as a sequence of syllables and use a letter representing just a consonant (C). This
2194:(vowelless alphabets). They contrast with syllabaries, where there is a distinct symbol for each syllable or consonant-vowel combination, and where these have no systematic similarity to each other, and typically develop directly from
2269:
one, but while the link between Aramaic and Kharosthi is more or less undisputed, this is not the case with Brahmi. The Kharosthi family does not survive today, but Brahmi's descendants include most of the modern scripts of
240:
1106:
The Thai, Lao, Tai Viet, Tai Tham and Khmer scripts often or always use the plain letter for word-final consonants, and normally do not use a zero vowel sign. However, the Thai script regularly uses it for Pali and
1980:. Although there is a vowel inherent in each, all rotations have equal status and none can be identified as basic. Bare consonants are indicated either by separate diacritics, or by superscript versions of the
1823:
can represent a closed syllable: Not only the vowel, but any final consonant is indicated by a diacritic. For example, the syllable would be written as something like s̥̽, here with an underring representing
2060:
was derived from the Tibetan abugida, but all vowels are written in-line rather than as diacritics. However, it retains the features of having an inherent vowel /a/ and having distinct initial vowel letters.
546:
letter is used as though every syllable began with a consonant. For other languages, each vowel has a separate letter that is used for each syllable consisting of just the vowel. These letters are known as
1170:
Tai Tham has superscript and subscript signs for final /k/. Javanese and related scripts have a superscript symbol for final /r/, though it is ultimately related to the normal letter for /r/.
370:. As is the case for syllabaries, the units of the writing system may consist of the representations both of syllables and of consonants. For scripts of the Brahmic family, the term
840:, vowels are marked by rotating or flipping the consonants, and final consonants are indicated with either special diacritics or superscript forms of the main initial consonants.
650:
of Devanagari. Generally, the reading order of stacked consonants is top to bottom, or the general reading order of the script, but sometimes the reading order can be reversed.
740:
785:
763:
752:
774:
718:
707:
1161:
The symbol for ṃ represents the sound for /m/ or /ŋ/ in some languages, and the symbol for ḥ may represent a ɡlottal stop or even /k/. Not all scripts have these symbols.
729:
1848:
673:
by a special dependent consonant sign, which may be a smaller or differently placed version of the full consonant letter, or may be a distinct sign altogether.
1706:
In many of the Brahmic scripts, a syllable beginning with a cluster is treated as a single character for purposes of vowel marking, so a vowel marker like ि
1359:
The primary division is with North Indic scripts, used in Northern India, Nepal, Tibet, Bhutan, Mongolia, and Russia; and Southern Indic scripts, used in
480:, where letters with shared consonant or vowel sounds show no particular resemblance to one another. Furthermore, an abugida is also in contrast with an
4320:
3804:
2289:; the advent of vowels coincided with the introduction or adoption of Christianity about AD 350. The Ethiopic script is the elaboration of an abjad.
4750:
4740:
4315:
4730:
4720:
4310:
4305:
4300:
1376:
1097:
Lao has no inherent vowel – it is an alphasyllabary but not an abugida. There is also a Thai-script Pali orthography which has no inherent vowel.
551:, and are found in most Indic scripts. These letters may be quite different from the corresponding diacritics, which by contrast are known as
6446:
4735:
1024:
833:, vowels are marked by modifying the shapes of the consonants, and one of the vowel-forms serves additionally to indicate final consonants.
3272:
602:
In a true abugida, the lack of distinctive vowel marking of the letter may result from the diachronic loss of the inherent vowel, e.g. by
3879:
1138:
Tamil and Lao have conjuncts formed from straightforward ligation of side by side consonants. Burmese and Tai Tham have a few conjuncts.
3611:
1710:
falling before the character it modifies, may appear several positions before the place where it is pronounced. For example, the game
302:, or optional – in less formal contexts, all three types of the script may be termed "alphabets". The terms also contrast them with a
6478:
3537:
2174:
rules for "vowel indication" using the positioning or choice of consonant signs so that writing vowel-marks can be dispensed with.
3356:
2165:, which was based on shorthand, also uses diacritics for vowels; the placements of the vowel relative to the consonant indicates
1126:
611:
5668:
3238:
was "functional," putting the focus on sound–symbol correspondence. However, this is not a distinction made in the literature.
7548:
3797:
392:
in which many of these languages are written. Ge'ez is one of several segmental writing systems in the world, others include
17:
6117:
3304:
84:
5554:
3866:
3626:
492:, following South Asian linguistic usage, to convey the idea that, "they share features of both alphabet and syllabary."
343:. In 1992, Faber suggested "segmentally coded syllabically linear phonographic script", and in 1992 Bright used the term
175:
146:
88:
4090:
1784:
forms is used in which two or more consonant characters are merged to express a cluster, such as Devanagari, as in अप्फ
1129:. Also, as a legitimate font fall-back, can occur as side-by-side consonants modified only by the inclusion of a virama.
3476:
2044:
555:. As a result of the spread of writing systems, independent vowels may be used to represent syllables beginning with a
7316:
7302:
7272:
6411:
3771:
3177:
2293:
1997:
Abjads are typically written without indication of many vowels. However, in some contexts like teaching materials or
799:
There are three principal families of abugidas, depending on whether vowels are indicated by modifying consonants by
113:
7655:
7534:
6251:
5648:
3790:
2084:
vowel in Devanagari, which is written before the consonant. Pahawh is also unusual in that, while an inherent rime
1383:
of Nepal script are rounded. Most North Indic scripts' full letters incorporate a horizontal line at the top, with
4095:
5974:
5235:
626:, or otherwise change their shapes. Rarely, one of the consonants may be replaced by a gemination mark, e.g. the
496:
a particular vowel, and in which diacritics denote other vowels". (This 'particular vowel' is referred to as the
2951:
1434:(). In some languages, including Hindi, it becomes a final closing consonant at the end of a word, in this case
7541:
6107:
5746:
2956:
676:
not at all. For example, repeated consonants need not be represented, homorganic nasals may be ignored, and in
1832:. Most other Indic abugidas can only indicate a very limited set of final consonants with diacritics, such as
171:
142:
6216:
5741:
4799:
3720:
3530:
2942:
1941:
837:
397:
367:
136:
5078:
1754:
In many abugidas, there is also a diacritic to suppress the inherent vowel, yielding the bare consonant. In
7527:
7506:
4794:
4569:
4085:
3861:
3621:
3234:
He describes this term as "formal," i.e., more concerned with the graphic arrangement of symbols, whereas
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1736:
1732:
1725:
1698:
1678:
1672:
1652:
1646:
1628:
1622:
1604:
1598:
1569:
1563:
1550:
1537:
1524:
1506:
1500:
1148:
the akshara. The Rónɡ script writes final consonants above the rest of the akshara, except that final /ŋ/
688:
More complicated unit structures (e.g. CC or CCVC) are handled by combining the various techniques above.
275:
7407:
7386:
6066:
6061:
5756:
5658:
4180:
3871:
336:
1788:(Some fonts display this as प् followed by फ, rather than forming a conjunct. This expedient is used by
1751:. That is, the vowel diacritic and virama are both written after the consonants for the whole syllable.
7474:
6071:
5638:
5051:
4112:
3555:
3320:
Joel C. Kuipers & Ray McDermott, "Insular Southeast Asian Scripts". In Daniels & Bright (1996)
4804:
4122:
5724:
5446:
4999:
4586:
3766:
2483:
359:
7660:
7224:
7210:
6515:
5098:
4901:
4117:
3523:
6829:
4245:
3097:
310:
7513:
6541:
5498:
5175:
5154:
5034:
5014:
4846:
4517:
4421:
3898:
3856:
3813:
3679:
3659:
3636:
3605:
3579:
2912:
2316:
3265:
2516:
2145:
use diacritics for vowels, but they do not have an inherent vowel, and are thus more similar to
670:
scripts. The positioning of the components may be slightly different, as in Khmer and Tai Tham.
631:
6231:
5170:
5160:
5093:
4603:
4036:
2842:
2154:
2257:
Most Indian and Indochinese abugidas appear to have first been developed from abjads with the
7615:
7520:
7309:
7258:
6718:
6640:
6404:
6343:
6328:
5897:
5776:
5518:
5478:
5210:
4886:
4070:
4058:
4031:
4016:
2109:
6323:
5528:
2768:
542:
The first complication is syllables that consist of just a vowel (V). For some languages, a
7379:
7130:
6807:
6303:
5958:
5922:
5327:
5250:
5083:
4831:
4821:
4660:
4643:
3959:
3616:
3388:
2917:
2722:
2678:
2393:
2304:
980:
819:
647:
623:
619:
582:
a lack of vowel marking on the letter (often with ambiguity between no vowel and a default
2925:
2282:
2258:
1067:
484:
proper, where independent letters are used to denote both consonants and vowels. The term
8:
6206:
6102:
5824:
5347:
4053:
2966:
2791:
2377:
2359:
2057:
603:
520:, but it is not an alphasyllabary because its vowels are written in linear order. Modern
461:
4369:
3349:
513:
7365:
7342:
6976:
6865:
6855:
6747:
6690:
6676:
6633:
6338:
6221:
6056:
5948:
5907:
5861:
5856:
5751:
5733:
5401:
5332:
5297:
5245:
5058:
5046:
4457:
4379:
4280:
3835:
3725:
3574:
3217:
2745:
2412:
2407:
2327:
2262:
2166:
975:
6598:
6256:
3501:
7488:
7481:
7217:
7203:
7115:
7004:
6914:
6893:
6872:
6800:
6732:
6591:
6549:
6501:
6236:
6226:
5871:
5866:
5771:
5766:
5673:
5628:
5451:
5431:
5421:
5411:
5406:
5342:
5337:
5265:
5200:
5185:
5135:
5130:
5073:
5009:
4967:
4809:
4695:
4618:
4134:
4129:
4006:
3009:
2961:
2931:
2889:
2872:
2819:
2642:
2638:
2544:
2521:
2498:
2389:
2363:
2350:
2345:
1945:
1777:
1729:
1465:
1245:
830:
667:
563:
363:
247:
2307:, within which various schemes of 'group writing' had been used for showing vowels.
2186:
suggests, abugidas have been considered an intermediate step between alphabets and
7622:
7560:
7453:
7414:
7400:
7358:
7233:
7179:
7160:
7094:
7086:
7072:
7065:
6990:
6786:
6761:
6697:
6669:
6584:
6570:
6487:
6460:
6397:
6308:
6211:
6033:
5876:
5503:
5483:
5473:
5468:
5352:
5108:
5041:
5029:
4994:
4989:
4972:
4911:
4876:
4836:
4638:
4633:
4581:
4532:
4416:
4350:
4290:
4240:
4185:
4102:
4080:
4065:
4011:
4001:
3935:
3750:
3589:
3209:
3077:
2978:
2894:
2867:
2824:
2810:
2801:
2749:
2701:
2697:
2692:
2656:
2634:
2609:
2591:
2562:
2531:
2527:
2511:
2502:
2488:
2477:
2469:
2434:
2430:
2402:
2398:
2381:
2373:
2266:
2170:
2150:
2037:
1905:
1633:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1301:
938:
659:
639:
457:
340:
328:
306:, in which a single symbol denotes the combination of one consonant and one vowel.
287:
190:
7460:
6655:
6281:
5932:
5302:
3293:
2838:
575:
a modification of the final letter that explicitly indicates the lack of a vowel (
7446:
7138:
7079:
7025:
7018:
6997:
6983:
6967:
6945:
6900:
6793:
6768:
6740:
6725:
6648:
6626:
6619:
6577:
6537:
6508:
6196:
6166:
5989:
5912:
5678:
5608:
5513:
5461:
5441:
5377:
5367:
5357:
5322:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5190:
5145:
5140:
5024:
5019:
4866:
4856:
4710:
4675:
4670:
4650:
4544:
4502:
4442:
4325:
4295:
4205:
4165:
4107:
4041:
4021:
3969:
3952:
3940:
3465:
Semitic Words in Egyptian Texts of the New Kingdom and Third Intermediate Periods
3345:
3289:
3101:
3005:
2936:
2834:
2829:
2815:
2646:
2624:
2566:
2535:
2507:
2494:
2473:
2451:
2438:
2385:
2300:
2113:
2029:
2006:
1928:(with a subdiacritic that compresses the consonant, so it is the same height), ህ
1883:
1868:
1853:
1816:
1683:
1657:
1419:
1384:
1345:
1329:
1313:
1297:
1293:
1229:
1187:
811:
278:
in which consonant–vowel sequences are written as units; each unit is based on a
165:
107:
78:
5643:
4826:
3121:
389:
7583:
7467:
7351:
7331:
7240:
7108:
7039:
6938:
6886:
6879:
6711:
6704:
6683:
6662:
6563:
6556:
6363:
6318:
6246:
6241:
6092:
6076:
6051:
5994:
5984:
5979:
5819:
5693:
5653:
5623:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5533:
5508:
5456:
5396:
5362:
5312:
5260:
5225:
5180:
5150:
5103:
5063:
4962:
4916:
4871:
4789:
4725:
4680:
4665:
4628:
4608:
4576:
4564:
4512:
4507:
4497:
4487:
4482:
4399:
4384:
4374:
4340:
4330:
4275:
4260:
4225:
4075:
3979:
3927:
3817:
3689:
3674:
3546:
3117:
3068:
Bright, William (2000). "A Matter of Typology: Alphasyllabaries and Abugidas".
3046:
2973:
2947:
2903:
2847:
2796:
2786:
2777:
2758:
2741:
2732:
2683:
2674:
2629:
2600:
2576:
2550:
2425:
2323:
2275:
2162:
2073:
2025:
1740:
1609:
1380:
1368:
1341:
1337:
1321:
1309:
1285:
1257:
1197:
930:
921:
909:
681:
663:
643:
583:
543:
517:
489:
465:
441:
393:
320:
35:
5793:
3435:
7649:
7590:
7439:
7372:
7295:
7265:
7123:
7101:
7032:
6928:
6907:
6754:
6612:
6530:
6523:
6494:
6453:
6368:
6358:
6353:
6140:
5834:
5493:
5436:
5088:
4861:
4745:
4700:
4655:
4623:
4472:
4389:
4362:
4335:
4265:
4250:
4235:
4190:
3947:
3715:
2880:
2862:
2857:
2806:
2753:
2688:
2586:
2558:
2456:
2446:
2340:
2077:
1427:
48:
4409:
3041:
2096:, which requires one or the other of the inherent sounds to be overt, it is
7046:
7011:
6952:
6439:
6201:
6097:
6010:
5902:
5803:
5613:
5426:
5391:
5372:
5307:
5195:
4957:
4881:
4690:
4685:
4596:
4591:
4527:
4467:
4447:
4404:
4394:
4345:
4230:
4210:
4200:
4048:
4026:
3984:
3782:
3745:
3200:
Daniels, Peter T. (October–December 1990). "Fundamentals of Grammatology".
2852:
2712:
2614:
2442:
2355:
2069:
1887:
1574:
1371:. South Indic letter forms are more rounded than North Indic forms, though
1333:
1305:
1237:
905:
556:
521:
299:
5255:
2100:
that is written. Thus it is the rime (vowel) that is basic to the system.
7629:
7393:
7324:
6605:
6296:
6156:
5917:
5761:
5618:
5523:
5292:
5220:
5205:
5113:
4906:
4816:
4715:
4705:
4559:
4522:
4477:
4462:
4437:
4357:
4285:
4270:
3974:
2762:
2727:
2716:
2706:
2619:
2571:
1949:
1388:
1372:
1360:
1353:
1325:
1317:
1719:
568:
6286:
6261:
5829:
5272:
4762:
4757:
4613:
4554:
4195:
3730:
3416:
3013:
2899:
2596:
2461:
2271:
1755:
1511:
1399:
1233:
1201:
844:
693:
3221:
3150:
3137:
339:
term "abugida" was chosen as a designation for the concept in 1990 by
7597:
7576:
7569:
6348:
6185:
5881:
5848:
5683:
5574:
5123:
4851:
4767:
4492:
3699:
3694:
3684:
3082:
2907:
2669:
2665:
2660:
2604:
2187:
2142:
1998:
1953:
1876:
1439:
1364:
1289:
1205:
1080:
the independent vowel letter for the inherent vowel. Conversely, the
815:
595:(with ambiguity between no vowel and that short or neutral vowel), or
535:
477:
413:
303:
279:
6291:
3375:
Getatchew Haile, "Ethiopic Writing". In Daniels & Bright (1996)
3140:, The Classical Journal, 54(8), 379–83. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
1768:
1430:
in Hindi represents a syllable with the default vowel, in this case
851:
have dependent vowels and a zero vowel sign, but no inherent vowel.
814:
family of India and Southeast Asia, in which vowels are marked with
6313:
6276:
6271:
6151:
6112:
5953:
5712:
5597:
5488:
5230:
5118:
5068:
4939:
4452:
4255:
4215:
3996:
3989:
3840:
3669:
3664:
3654:
3584:
3569:
3213:
2876:
2781:
2772:
2651:
2416:
2369:
2199:
2195:
2108:
It is difficult to draw a dividing line between abugidas and other
2033:
1861:
1781:
1423:
1349:
1273:
1265:
1249:
1221:
1152:
the rest. The Philippine scripts do not represent final consonants.
1085:
1011:
818:
and syllable-final consonants, when they occur, are indicated with
684:, the syllable-final consonant was traditionally never represented.
677:
627:
481:
436:
291:
117:
60:
6333:
3515:
2198:. Compare the examples above to sets of syllables in the Japanese
1948:
of India, vowels are indicated by changing the orientation of the
347:, and Gnanadesikan and Rimzhim, Katz, & Fowler have suggested
120:, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text.
43:
6420:
5927:
5798:
5688:
5663:
5549:
5386:
5240:
5215:
4984:
4891:
4539:
3964:
2990:
2885:
2736:
2554:
2420:
2250:, nor anything to indicate that they have the same vowels as the
2011:
1857:
1793:
1711:
1460:
1277:
1261:
1081:
1015:
658:
in much the same way as the second consonant in CCV, e.g. in the
607:
589:
vowel marking on the letter for a short or neutral vowel such as
372:
2009:
are written with full indication of vowels via diacritic marks (
1932:
or (where the letter is modified with a kink in the left arm).
1924:(with a right-side diacritic that does not alter the letter), ሂ
1812:
1063:
848:
739:
7421:
5165:
4977:
4896:
4841:
4549:
4220:
3735:
3019:
2581:
2540:
2146:
2017:
2002:
1225:
1213:
952:
823:
734:
622:
letters, where two or more letters are graphically joined in a
576:
525:
pronounced in the order of a consonant-vowel combination (CV).
428:
294:, in which vowels have status equal to consonants, and with an
3294:"Proposal for encoding the Lanna script in the BMP of the UCS"
211:
5788:
5783:
5633:
5416:
5317:
5004:
3915:
3644:
3350:"Proposal for encoding the Cham script in the BMP of the UCS"
2465:
2286:
2191:
2117:
1900:
1789:
1715:
1403:
1281:
1253:
1217:
1209:
1193:
784:
762:
751:
591:
423:
295:
283:
202:
196:
54:
31:
3178:
Littera ex occidente: Toward a Functional History of Writing
2088:(with mid tone) is unwritten, it also has an inherent onset
1070:
use the glottal stop or zero consonant plus dependent vowel.
773:
717:
706:
6266:
6161:
3740:
2296:
was invented with full knowledge of the Devanagari system.
1269:
1241:
1116:
Deviations include omissions and systematic use of i-forms.
728:
476:
As Daniels used the word, an abugida is in contrast with a
217:
57:
protect those who take delight in the language of the gods.
1438:. The inherent vowel may be changed by adding vowel mark (
440:
is derived from the names of the two first letters in the
309:
Related concepts were introduced independently in 1948 by
3282:
3271:. August 2015. Section 16.4 Khmer, Subscript Consonants.
1895:
1819:
goes further than other Indic abugidas, in that a single
226:
208:
2265:; the abjad in question is usually considered to be the
1952:. Each vowel has a consistent orientation; for example,
3138:
Review of The Decipherment of Linear B by John Chadwick
257:
1828:
and an overcross representing the diacritic for final
3436:"A Matter of Typology: Alphasyllabaries and Abugidas"
3338:
3288:
2190:. Historically, abugidas appear to have evolved from
1228:. All surviving Indic scripts are descendants of the
400:. The word abugida is derived from the four letters,
223:
193:
229:
214:
199:
1898:), had originally been what would now be termed an
205:
3303:. International Organization for Standardization.
534:vowel. Letters can be modified either by means of
2547:and other languages of northern and eastern India
7647:
1935:
3371:
3369:
3314:
3248:
3246:
3244:
488:was suggested for the Indic scripts in 1997 by
388:traditionally meant letters of the Ethiopic or
251:
1912:), the base form of the letter (also known as
516:is an example of an abugida because it has an
384:In several languages of Ethiopia and Eritrea,
47:Comparison of various abugidas descended from
6405:
3798:
3531:
3126:. Philosophical Library. p. 601 (index).
3123:The Alphabet: A Key to the History of Mankind
1125:Often separate and unmodified as a result of
3812:
3457:
3366:
3258:
3241:
2021:) making them effectively alphasyllabaries.
314:
3110:
2735: – Tamil, Sanskrit, various
1391:as exceptions; South Indic scripts do not.
1232:. Today they are used in most languages of
794:
6412:
6398:
3805:
3791:
3538:
3524:
3090:
2752:, and other languages of the Yuan dynasty
2281:Ge'ez derived from a different abjad, the
3081:
2072:is a non-segmental script that indicates
2036:, China, as well as the Hebrew script of
638:When they are arranged vertically, as in
456:as a term in linguistics was proposed by
262:) – sometimes also called
3252:Glossary of Daniels & Bright (1996)
3202:Journal of the American Oriental Society
3116:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3057:
1847:
1739:. A more unusual example is seen in the
1472:Diacritic placement in Brahmic abugidas
1459:
654:the final consonant may be represented:
42:
3610:Languages by writing system /
3344:
3199:
3193:
3096:
3008:(an alphabet with an inherent vowel) –
2999:
176:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
164:This article contains letters from the
147:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
137:Canadian Aboriginal syllabic characters
89:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
14:
7648:
3433:
3067:
2157:system and its derivatives modify the
1110:
1100:
1091:
528:
7549:American Printing House for the Blind
7325:International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
6977:Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali)
6393:
6183:
6138:
6031:
5710:
5595:
4937:
4151:
3913:
3896:
3786:
3519:
3054:
2480:and other languages of northern India
1398:The most widely used Indic script is
1155:
1132:
1119:
1073:
6032:
3362:from the original on 9 October 2022.
3310:from the original on 9 October 2022.
3278:from the original on 9 October 2022.
2246:have neither anything in common for
1776:in Sanskrit. It may be used to form
1164:
1056:
508:vowels marked by the 'diacritics'.)
362:of Tibet, South and Southeast Asia,
298:, in which vowel marking is absent,
286:notation is secondary, similar to a
178: instead of Javanese characters.
91: instead of Ethiopic characters.
6419:
3545:
3266:"The Unicode Standard, Version 8.0"
2310:
2222:have nothing in common to indicate
2161:consonant to represent vowels. The
1987:
1840:, if they can indicate any at all.
1141:
24:
6139:
3617:Ancient languages corpuses by size
3292:; Hosken, Martin (6 August 2006).
3070:Studies in the Linguistic Sciences
2056:The imperial Mongol script called
1992:
1796:.) Thus a closed syllable such as
1442:), producing syllables such as कि
1181:
1037:Inline, top or occasionally bottom
559:, even for non-initial syllables.
25:
7672:
3477:"ScriptSource – Bengali (Bangla)"
2153:than to the Brahmic scripts. The
1984:; there is no vowel-killer mark.
1916:) may be altered. For example, ሀ
1464:A 19th-century manuscript in the
274: – is a segmental
3022:(abugida with no inherent vowel)
822:, diacritics, or with a special
783:
772:
761:
750:
738:
727:
716:
705:
189:
156:
127:
98:
69:
6184:
3494:
3469:
3427:
3409:
3381:
3326:
3228:
1088:uses zero consonant plus vowel.
562:The next two complications are
358:Abugidas include the extensive
3878:Languages by writing system /
3183:
3170:
3160:
3143:
3130:
3034:
2177:
884:in distinct position per vowel
810:The oldest and largest is the
471:
417:is derived from Latin letters
13:
1:
7317:Gardner–Salinas braille codes
7273:Gardner–Salinas braille codes
5711:
5596:
4938:
3443:Written Language and Literacy
3421:pitmanshorthand.homestead.com
3417:"The Joy of Pitman Shorthand"
3027:
2943:Canadian Aboriginal syllabics
2331:
2120:did not indicate an inherent
1942:Canadian Aboriginal syllabics
1936:Canadian Aboriginal syllabics
838:Canadian Aboriginal syllabics
618:consonants may also merge as
398:Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics
368:Canadian Aboriginal syllabics
290:. This contrasts with a full
7528:National Braille Association
7507:Braille Institute of America
7225:Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin)
4152:
3622:Undeciphered writing systems
3151:Fundamentals of Grammatology
3100:(1948). "Le Néosyllabisme".
2984:
2136:
2024:The Arabic scripts used for
1944:, which was inspired by the
1248:and some other languages of
1192:Indic scripts originated in
598:a visually unrelated letter.
411:, in much the same way that
379:
258:
7:
7408:Refreshable braille display
7387:Optical braille recognition
6984:Bengali (Bangla / Assamese)
6516:Chinese (mainland Mandarin)
5659:New Epoch Notation Painting
3627:Creators of writing systems
3377:The World's Writing Systems
3322:The World's Writing Systems
3254:The World's Writing Systems
2124:(one symbol stood for both
2103:
2043:The Arabic script used for
1882:Though now an abugida, the
1843:
1792:and South Asian scripts of
1720:
10:
7677:
7475:Thakur Vishva Narain Singh
3914:
3556:Index of language articles
2709: – Sanskrit
2491: – Sanskrit
2314:
2112:scripts. For example, the
2051:
1185:
993:Final consonant (not sign)
970:Shrunk or separate letter
882:Dependent sign (diacritic)
252:
149: instead of syllabics.
29:
7607:
7558:
7498:
7431:
7341:
7287:
7250:
7211:Mainland Chinese Mandarin
7190:
7171:
7152:
7057:
6963:
6924:
6851:
6778:
6477:
6470:
6431:
6389:
6192:
6179:
6147:
6134:
6085:
6044:
6040:
6027:
6003:
5967:
5941:
5890:
5847:
5812:
5732:
5725:Chinese family of scripts
5723:
5719:
5706:
5604:
5591:
5542:
4950:
4946:
4933:
4795:Boyd's syllabic shorthand
4782:
4430:
4173:
4164:
4160:
4147:
3922:
3909:
3905:
3897:
3892:
3880:by first written accounts
3849:
3828:
3824:
3759:
3708:
3635:
3598:
3562:
3553:
3106:. Payot. pp. 333–83.
3047:Dictionary.com Unabridged
2939:, from the 4th century AD
2928:, from the 3rd century BC
2526:Kaganga –
2064:
1682:
1676:
1573:
1567:
1510:
1504:
1426:. A basic letter such as
1395:or around the consonant.
1047:
1039:
1019:
1009:
998:
995:
987:
961:
936:
904:
881:
571:may be represented with:
504:vowel, as opposed to the
360:Brahmic family of scripts
7198:Chinese semi-syllabaries
6461:Unicode braille patterns
6447:International uniformity
4902:Thomas Natural Shorthand
3612:by first written account
3434:Bright, William (1999).
3332:John D. Berry (2002:19)
3136:Householder, F. (1959).
1869:Ethiopic or Ge'ez script
934:(value of no vowel sign)
795:Family-specific features
30:Not to be confused with
7656:Abugida writing systems
7535:Blindness organizations
7514:Braille Without Borders
7303:Canadian currency marks
6925:Egyptian lineage family
6108:Southwest Paleohispanic
3580:History of the alphabet
2317:List of writing systems
1940:In the family known as
801:diacritics, distortion,
376:is used for the units.
118:question marks or boxes
6852:Russian lineage family
6252:Great Lakes Algonquian
5161:Greco-Iberian alphabet
5094:Gabelsberger shorthand
4037:Inscriptional Parthian
3355:. Unicode Consortium.
3301:Working Group Document
3103:Histoire de l'écriture
3098:Février, James Germain
2155:Gabelsberger shorthand
1886:, until the advent of
1864:
1468:
1236:(although replaced by
512:represent all vowels.
366:Ethiopic scripts, and
331:(introducing the term
315:
135:This article contains
106:This article contains
77:This article contains
64:
7616:Accessible publishing
7542:Schools for the blind
7521:Japan Braille Library
7310:Computer Braille Code
6964:Indian lineage family
6344:Old Persian cuneiform
5211:Carolingian minuscule
4017:Ancient North Arabian
3334:Language Culture Type
2392:, and possibly other
2335: 4th century BC
1851:
1766:. This is called the
1463:
394:Indic/Brahmic scripts
311:James Germain Février
46:
18:Indic Writing Systems
7380:Mountbatten Brailler
6735:(largely reassigned)
6518:(largely reassigned)
6067:Southeastern Iberian
6062:Northeastern Iberian
3960:Egyptian hieroglyphs
3502:"Ihathvé Sabethired"
3149:Daniels, P. (1990).
3000:Abugida-like scripts
2394:Philippine languages
2305:Egyptian hieroglyphs
1815:script used for the
1743:: Here the syllable
1724:; the diacritic for
913:plus dependent vowel
877:Vowel representation
872:Canadian Aboriginal
824:vowel-canceling mark
743:under the character)
427:is derived from the
7332:Nemeth braille code
7118:(reassigned vowels)
6643:(extended to 8-dot)
6217:Canadian Aboriginal
6103:Khitan small script
5825:Khitan large script
5015:Coorgi–Cox alphabet
2967:Inuktitut syllabics
2957:Blackfoot syllabics
2303:was developed from
2196:logographic scripts
2141:Several systems of
2092:. For the syllable
1728:appears before the
1473:
1031:Final sign position
1007:Distinct final sign
985:Stacked or separate
967:Ambiguous with ə ()
956:(sign for no value)
692:Examples using the
529:General description
327:), then in 1959 by
7366:Braille translator
7343:Braille technology
7319:(science; GS8/GS6)
7288:Symbols in braille
7218:Taiwanese Mandarin
6733:Taiwanese Mandarin
6339:Nwagu Aneke script
5891:Other logosyllabic
5813:Chinese-influenced
5752:Oracle bone script
5734:Chinese characters
5669:Ojibwe Hieroglyphs
5059:Eclectic shorthand
5047:Duployan shorthand
5000:Caucasian Albanian
4800:Canadian syllabics
3836:History of writing
3721:Canadian syllabics
3590:Scripts in Unicode
3575:History of writing
3463:James Hoch (1994)
3176:Peter T. Daniels,
2995:Ihathvé Sabethired
2950: –
2902: –
2888: –
2875: –
2837: –
2818: –
2809: –
2780: –
2771: –
2761: –
2744: –
2715: –
2700: –
2691: –
2677: –
2668: –
2659: –
2637: –
2599: –
2553: –
2543: –
2510: –
2497: –
2464: –
2433: –
2415: –
2401: –
2372: –
2358: –
1865:
1778:consonant clusters
1471:
1469:
620:conjunct consonant
564:consonant clusters
549:independent vowels
65:
7643:
7642:
7639:
7638:
7561:tactile alphabets
7489:William Bell Wait
7482:Sabriye Tenberken
7283:
7282:
7148:
7147:
7133:(Japanese vowels)
6931:-mediated scripts
6858:-mediated scripts
6385:
6384:
6381:
6380:
6377:
6376:
6237:Ditema tsa Dinoko
6175:
6174:
6130:
6129:
6126:
6125:
6023:
6022:
6019:
6018:
5843:
5842:
5702:
5701:
5587:
5586:
5583:
5582:
4929:
4928:
4925:
4924:
4778:
4777:
4143:
4142:
4130:Teeline Shorthand
3888:
3887:
3780:
3779:
3772:In Southeast Asia
3348:(6 August 2006).
2962:Carrier syllabics
2820:Palawan languages
2390:Visayan languages
2326:, descended from
2045:South Azerbaijani
1946:Devanagari script
1735:, not before the
1730:consonant cluster
1704:
1703:
1466:Devanagari script
1179:
1178:
1043:Raised or inline
976:Consonant cluster
172:rendering support
143:rendering support
114:rendering support
85:rendering support
16:(Redirected from
7668:
7632:
7625:
7623:Braille literacy
7618:
7600:
7593:
7586:
7579:
7572:
7551:
7544:
7537:
7530:
7523:
7516:
7509:
7491:
7484:
7477:
7470:
7463:
7456:
7449:
7442:
7424:
7417:
7415:Slate and stylus
7410:
7403:
7401:Perkins Brailler
7396:
7389:
7382:
7375:
7368:
7361:
7359:Braille embosser
7354:
7334:
7327:
7320:
7312:
7305:
7298:
7276:
7268:
7261:
7243:
7236:
7227:
7220:
7213:
7206:
7199:
7183:
7180:American Braille
7164:
7161:Algerian Braille
7141:
7134:
7126:
7119:
7111:
7104:
7097:
7090:
7082:
7075:
7068:
7050:
7042:
7035:
7028:
7021:
7014:
7007:
7000:
6993:
6986:
6979:
6956:
6948:
6941:
6917:
6910:
6903:
6896:
6889:
6882:
6875:
6868:
6842:
6837:
6832:
6825:
6820:
6815:
6810:
6803:
6796:
6789:
6776:
6775:
6771:
6764:
6757:
6750:
6743:
6736:
6728:
6721:
6714:
6707:
6700:
6693:
6686:
6679:
6672:
6665:
6658:
6651:
6644:
6636:
6629:
6622:
6615:
6608:
6601:
6594:
6587:
6580:
6573:
6566:
6559:
6552:
6545:
6533:
6526:
6519:
6511:
6504:
6497:
6490:
6475:
6474:
6463:
6456:
6449:
6442:
6425:
6414:
6407:
6400:
6391:
6390:
6181:
6180:
6136:
6135:
6042:
6041:
6034:Semi-syllabaries
6029:
6028:
5730:
5729:
5721:
5720:
5708:
5707:
5593:
5592:
4948:
4947:
4935:
4934:
4837:Japanese Braille
4422:Zanabazar square
4291:Nepalese scripts
4181:Bengali–Assamese
4171:
4170:
4162:
4161:
4149:
4148:
4066:Pitman shorthand
3911:
3910:
3907:
3906:
3894:
3893:
3826:
3825:
3807:
3800:
3793:
3784:
3783:
3709:Current examples
3690:Semi-syllabaries
3540:
3533:
3526:
3517:
3516:
3510:
3509:
3498:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3487:
3481:scriptsource.org
3473:
3467:
3461:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3450:
3440:
3431:
3425:
3424:
3413:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3402:
3393:
3389:"Standard Azeri"
3385:
3379:
3373:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3354:
3346:Everson, Michael
3342:
3336:
3330:
3324:
3318:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3298:
3290:Everson, Michael
3286:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3270:
3262:
3256:
3250:
3239:
3232:
3226:
3225:
3197:
3191:
3187:
3181:
3174:
3168:
3164:
3158:
3147:
3141:
3134:
3128:
3127:
3114:
3108:
3107:
3094:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3065:
3052:
3051:
3038:
2979:Pitman shorthand
2952:Ojibwe syllabics
2913:Zanabazar Square
2811:Sylheti language
2336:
2333:
2311:List of abugidas
2171:Pitman shorthand
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2028:in Iraq and for
1988:Borderline cases
1856:, an abugida of
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1749:ba-ma-i-(virama)
1738:
1734:
1727:
1723:
1700:
1690:below and extend
1680:
1674:
1664:below and extend
1654:
1648:
1630:
1624:
1606:
1600:
1571:
1565:
1552:
1539:
1526:
1508:
1502:
1474:
1470:
1346:Aborlan Tagbanwa
1171:
1168:
1162:
1159:
1153:
1145:
1139:
1136:
1130:
1123:
1117:
1114:
1108:
1104:
1098:
1095:
1089:
1077:
1071:
1060:
962:Always used when
902:letter per vowel
854:
853:
787:
776:
765:
754:
742:
731:
720:
709:
553:dependent vowels
458:Peter T. Daniels
404:
341:Peter T. Daniels
329:Fred Householder
323:(using the term
318:
313:(using the term
288:diacritical mark
261:
255:
254:
245:
244:
243:
242:
235:
232:
231:
228:
225:
220:
219:
216:
213:
210:
207:
204:
201:
198:
195:
160:
159:
131:
130:
102:
101:
73:
72:
21:
7676:
7675:
7671:
7670:
7669:
7667:
7666:
7665:
7661:1990 neologisms
7646:
7645:
7644:
7635:
7628:
7621:
7614:
7603:
7596:
7589:
7582:
7575:
7568:
7554:
7547:
7540:
7533:
7526:
7519:
7512:
7505:
7494:
7487:
7480:
7473:
7466:
7459:
7452:
7447:Charles Barbier
7445:
7438:
7427:
7420:
7413:
7406:
7399:
7392:
7385:
7378:
7371:
7364:
7357:
7350:
7337:
7330:
7323:
7315:
7308:
7301:
7294:
7279:
7271:
7264:
7257:
7246:
7239:
7232:
7223:
7216:
7209:
7202:
7197:
7186:
7178:
7172:Frequency-based
7167:
7159:
7144:
7137:
7129:
7122:
7114:
7107:
7100:
7093:
7085:
7078:
7071:
7064:
7053:
7045:
7038:
7031:
7024:
7017:
7010:
7003:
6996:
6989:
6982:
6975:
6968:Bharati Braille
6965:
6959:
6951:
6944:
6937:
6926:
6920:
6913:
6906:
6899:
6892:
6885:
6878:
6871:
6864:
6853:
6847:
6840:
6835:
6828:
6823:
6818:
6813:
6806:
6799:
6792:
6785:
6774:
6767:
6760:
6753:
6746:
6739:
6731:
6724:
6717:
6710:
6703:
6696:
6689:
6682:
6675:
6668:
6661:
6654:
6647:
6639:
6632:
6625:
6618:
6611:
6604:
6597:
6590:
6583:
6576:
6569:
6562:
6555:
6548:
6542:Unified English
6536:
6529:
6522:
6514:
6507:
6500:
6493:
6486:
6471:Braille scripts
6466:
6459:
6452:
6445:
6438:
6427:
6423:
6418:
6373:
6188:
6171:
6167:Stokoe notation
6143:
6122:
6081:
6036:
6015:
5999:
5963:
5942:Logoconsonantal
5937:
5886:
5839:
5808:
5715:
5698:
5679:Siglas poveiras
5600:
5579:
5538:
5442:Younger Futhark
5146:Gregg shorthand
4942:
4921:
4774:
4426:
4156:
4139:
3918:
3901:
3884:
3857:Writing systems
3845:
3820:
3818:writing systems
3811:
3781:
3776:
3755:
3704:
3631:
3606:Writing systems
3594:
3558:
3549:
3547:Writing systems
3544:
3514:
3513:
3500:
3499:
3495:
3485:
3483:
3475:
3474:
3470:
3462:
3458:
3448:
3446:
3438:
3432:
3428:
3415:
3414:
3410:
3400:
3398:
3391:
3387:
3386:
3382:
3374:
3367:
3359:
3352:
3343:
3339:
3331:
3327:
3319:
3315:
3307:
3296:
3287:
3283:
3275:
3268:
3264:
3263:
3259:
3251:
3242:
3233:
3229:
3198:
3194:
3188:
3184:
3175:
3171:
3165:
3161:
3148:
3144:
3135:
3131:
3118:Diringer, David
3115:
3111:
3095:
3091:
3066:
3055:
3040:
3039:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3002:
2987:
2508:Gurmukhi script
2439:Karen languages
2386:Bikol languages
2334:
2319:
2313:
2301:Meroitic script
2180:
2139:
2114:Meroitic script
2106:
2074:syllable onsets
2067:
2054:
1995:
1993:Vowelled abjads
1990:
1938:
1920:(base form), ሁ
1846:
1817:Lepcha language
1691:
1665:
1230:Brahmi alphabet
1190:
1188:Brahmic scripts
1184:
1182:Indic (Brahmic)
1175:
1174:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1156:
1146:
1142:
1137:
1133:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1111:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1092:
1078:
1074:
1061:
1057:
963:
955:
953:Zero vowel sign
933:
925:plus dependent
924:
917:
912:
901:
900:Distinct inline
896:
890:Rotate/reflect
887:Fused diacritic
883:
879:after consonant
878:
831:Ethiopic family
797:
569:final consonant
539:ignoring tone.
531:
474:
466:writing systems
402:
382:
333:pseudo-alphabet
272:pseudo-alphabet
238:
237:
222:
192:
188:
181:
180:
179:
170:Without proper
166:Javanese script
161:
157:
152:
151:
150:
141:Without proper
132:
128:
123:
122:
121:
112:Without proper
103:
99:
94:
93:
92:
83:Without proper
74:
70:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7674:
7664:
7663:
7658:
7641:
7640:
7637:
7636:
7634:
7633:
7626:
7619:
7611:
7609:
7608:Related topics
7605:
7604:
7602:
7601:
7594:
7587:
7584:New York Point
7580:
7573:
7565:
7563:
7556:
7555:
7553:
7552:
7545:
7538:
7531:
7524:
7517:
7510:
7502:
7500:
7496:
7495:
7493:
7492:
7485:
7478:
7471:
7468:Harris Mowbray
7464:
7457:
7450:
7443:
7435:
7433:
7429:
7428:
7426:
7425:
7418:
7411:
7404:
7397:
7390:
7383:
7376:
7369:
7362:
7355:
7352:Braille e-book
7347:
7345:
7339:
7338:
7336:
7335:
7328:
7321:
7313:
7306:
7299:
7291:
7289:
7285:
7284:
7281:
7280:
7278:
7277:
7269:
7262:
7254:
7252:
7248:
7247:
7245:
7244:
7237:
7230:
7229:
7228:
7221:
7214:
7207:
7194:
7192:
7188:
7187:
7185:
7184:
7175:
7173:
7169:
7168:
7166:
7165:
7156:
7154:
7150:
7149:
7146:
7145:
7143:
7142:
7135:
7127:
7120:
7112:
7105:
7098:
7091:
7083:
7076:
7069:
7061:
7059:
7055:
7054:
7052:
7051:
7043:
7036:
7029:
7022:
7015:
7008:
7001:
6994:
6987:
6980:
6972:
6970:
6961:
6960:
6958:
6957:
6949:
6942:
6934:
6932:
6922:
6921:
6919:
6918:
6911:
6904:
6897:
6890:
6883:
6876:
6869:
6861:
6859:
6849:
6848:
6846:
6845:
6844:
6843:
6838:
6833:
6826:
6821:
6816:
6804:
6797:
6790:
6782:
6780:
6773:
6772:
6765:
6758:
6751:
6744:
6737:
6729:
6722:
6715:
6708:
6701:
6694:
6687:
6680:
6673:
6666:
6659:
6652:
6645:
6637:
6630:
6623:
6616:
6609:
6602:
6595:
6588:
6581:
6574:
6567:
6560:
6553:
6546:
6534:
6527:
6520:
6512:
6505:
6498:
6491:
6483:
6481:
6479:French-ordered
6472:
6468:
6467:
6465:
6464:
6457:
6450:
6443:
6435:
6433:
6429:
6428:
6417:
6416:
6409:
6402:
6394:
6387:
6386:
6383:
6382:
6379:
6378:
6375:
6374:
6372:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6356:
6351:
6346:
6341:
6336:
6331:
6326:
6321:
6319:Linear Elamite
6316:
6311:
6306:
6301:
6300:
6299:
6294:
6289:
6284:
6279:
6274:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6249:
6244:
6239:
6234:
6229:
6224:
6219:
6214:
6209:
6204:
6199:
6193:
6190:
6189:
6177:
6176:
6173:
6172:
6170:
6169:
6164:
6159:
6154:
6148:
6145:
6144:
6141:Sign languages
6132:
6131:
6128:
6127:
6124:
6123:
6121:
6120:
6118:Quốc Âm Tân Tự
6115:
6110:
6105:
6100:
6095:
6093:Espanca script
6089:
6087:
6083:
6082:
6080:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6052:Linear Elamite
6048:
6046:
6038:
6037:
6025:
6024:
6021:
6020:
6017:
6016:
6014:
6013:
6007:
6005:
6001:
6000:
5998:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5971:
5969:
5965:
5964:
5962:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5945:
5943:
5939:
5938:
5936:
5935:
5933:Yi (Classical)
5930:
5925:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5894:
5892:
5888:
5887:
5885:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5853:
5851:
5845:
5844:
5841:
5840:
5838:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5816:
5814:
5810:
5809:
5807:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5780:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5759:
5757:Bronze scripts
5754:
5749:
5744:
5738:
5736:
5727:
5717:
5716:
5704:
5703:
5700:
5699:
5697:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5605:
5602:
5601:
5589:
5588:
5585:
5584:
5581:
5580:
5578:
5577:
5572:
5570:Flag semaphore
5567:
5565:New York Point
5562:
5560:Telegraph code
5557:
5555:Maritime flags
5552:
5546:
5544:
5540:
5539:
5537:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5509:Visible Speech
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5479:Sorang Sompeng
5476:
5471:
5466:
5465:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5383:
5382:
5381:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5363:Galik alphabet
5360:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5269:
5268:
5263:
5261:Tironian notes
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5127:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5106:
5104:Garay alphabet
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5055:
5054:
5044:
5039:
5038:
5037:
5032:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4981:
4980:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4954:
4952:
4944:
4943:
4931:
4930:
4927:
4926:
4923:
4922:
4920:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4887:Sorang Sompeng
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4813:
4812:
4810:Déné syllabics
4807:
4797:
4792:
4786:
4784:
4780:
4779:
4776:
4775:
4773:
4772:
4771:
4770:
4765:
4755:
4754:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4647:
4646:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4600:
4599:
4594:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4573:
4572:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4536:
4535:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4434:
4432:
4428:
4427:
4425:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4413:
4412:
4407:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4366:
4365:
4355:
4354:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4177:
4175:
4168:
4158:
4157:
4145:
4144:
4141:
4140:
4138:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4126:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4105:
4100:
4099:
4098:
4093:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4071:Proto-Sinaitic
4068:
4063:
4062:
4061:
4051:
4046:
4045:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3993:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3956:
3955:
3945:
3944:
3943:
3932:
3931:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3903:
3902:
3890:
3889:
3886:
3885:
3883:
3882:
3876:
3875:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3853:
3851:
3847:
3846:
3844:
3843:
3838:
3832:
3830:
3822:
3821:
3810:
3809:
3802:
3795:
3787:
3778:
3777:
3775:
3774:
3769:
3763:
3761:
3760:Related topics
3757:
3756:
3754:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3712:
3710:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3641:
3639:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3608:
3602:
3600:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3566:
3564:
3560:
3559:
3554:
3551:
3550:
3543:
3542:
3535:
3528:
3520:
3512:
3511:
3493:
3468:
3456:
3426:
3408:
3380:
3365:
3337:
3325:
3313:
3281:
3257:
3240:
3227:
3214:10.2307/602899
3208:(4): 727–731.
3192:
3182:
3169:
3159:
3142:
3129:
3109:
3089:
3053:
3050:(Online). n.d.
3032:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3023:
3017:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2996:
2993:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2981:
2976:
2974:Pollard script
2971:
2970:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2940:
2934:
2929:
2923:
2922:
2921:
2915:
2910:
2897:
2892:
2883:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2813:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2775:
2766:
2756:
2739:
2733:Pallava script
2730:
2725:
2720:
2710:
2704:
2695:
2686:
2681:
2672:
2663:
2654:
2649:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2548:
2538:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2505:
2492:
2486:
2481:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2428:
2423:
2410:
2405:
2396:
2367:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2324:Brahmic family
2320:
2312:
2309:
2294:Cree syllabary
2276:Southeast Asia
2263:Brāhmī scripts
2184:alphasyllabary
2179:
2176:
2163:Pollard script
2151:Kurdish script
2138:
2135:
2105:
2102:
2066:
2063:
2053:
2050:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1937:
1934:
1845:
1842:
1804:to write: फष्
1741:Batak alphabet
1702:
1701:
1696:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1681:
1675:
1670:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1655:
1649:
1644:
1641:
1637:
1636:
1631:
1625:
1620:
1617:
1613:
1612:
1607:
1601:
1596:
1593:
1589:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1578:
1577:
1572:
1566:
1561:
1558:
1554:
1553:
1548:
1545:
1541:
1540:
1535:
1532:
1528:
1527:
1522:
1519:
1515:
1514:
1509:
1503:
1498:
1495:
1491:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1483:pronunciation
1481:
1478:
1369:Southeast Asia
1258:Southeast Asia
1198:Southeast Asia
1196:and spread to
1183:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1163:
1154:
1140:
1131:
1118:
1109:
1099:
1090:
1072:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1028:
1027:
1021:
1018:
1008:
1004:
1003:
1000:
997:
994:
990:
989:
986:
983:
978:
972:
971:
968:
965:
964:no final vowel
960:
957:
949:
948:
945:
943:
940:
935:
931:Inherent vowel
927:
926:
922:Zero consonant
919:
918:plus dependent
914:
910:zero consonant
903:
898:
897:representation
892:
891:
888:
885:
880:
874:
873:
870:
867:
864:
861:
858:
842:
841:
834:
827:
796:
793:
792:
791:
788:
777:
766:
755:
744:
721:
710:
686:
685:
682:Makasar script
674:
671:
600:
599:
596:
587:
584:inherent vowel
580:
544:zero consonant
530:
527:
518:inherent vowel
490:William Bright
486:alphasyllabary
473:
470:
442:Greek alphabet
381:
378:
345:alphasyllabary
321:David Diringer
276:writing system
264:alphasyllabary
174:, you may see
162:
155:
154:
153:
145:, you may see
133:
126:
125:
124:
116:, you may see
104:
97:
96:
95:
87:, you may see
75:
68:
67:
66:
36:Semi-syllabary
27:Writing system
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7673:
7662:
7659:
7657:
7654:
7653:
7651:
7631:
7627:
7624:
7620:
7617:
7613:
7612:
7610:
7606:
7599:
7595:
7592:
7591:Night writing
7588:
7585:
7581:
7578:
7574:
7571:
7567:
7566:
7564:
7562:
7557:
7550:
7546:
7543:
7539:
7536:
7532:
7529:
7525:
7522:
7518:
7515:
7511:
7508:
7504:
7503:
7501:
7499:Organisations
7497:
7490:
7486:
7483:
7479:
7476:
7472:
7469:
7465:
7462:
7461:Valentin Haüy
7458:
7455:
7451:
7448:
7444:
7441:
7440:Louis Braille
7437:
7436:
7434:
7430:
7423:
7419:
7416:
7412:
7409:
7405:
7402:
7398:
7395:
7391:
7388:
7384:
7381:
7377:
7374:
7373:Braille watch
7370:
7367:
7363:
7360:
7356:
7353:
7349:
7348:
7346:
7344:
7340:
7333:
7329:
7326:
7322:
7318:
7314:
7311:
7307:
7304:
7300:
7297:
7296:Braille music
7293:
7292:
7290:
7286:
7274:
7270:
7267:
7263:
7260:
7259:Luxembourgish
7256:
7255:
7253:
7249:
7242:
7238:
7235:
7231:
7226:
7222:
7219:
7215:
7212:
7208:
7205:
7201:
7200:
7196:
7195:
7193:
7189:
7181:
7177:
7176:
7174:
7170:
7162:
7158:
7157:
7155:
7151:
7140:
7136:
7132:
7128:
7125:
7121:
7117:
7113:
7110:
7106:
7103:
7099:
7096:
7092:
7088:
7084:
7081:
7077:
7074:
7070:
7067:
7063:
7062:
7060:
7058:Other scripts
7056:
7048:
7044:
7041:
7037:
7034:
7030:
7027:
7023:
7020:
7016:
7013:
7009:
7006:
7002:
6999:
6995:
6992:
6988:
6985:
6981:
6978:
6974:
6973:
6971:
6969:
6962:
6954:
6950:
6947:
6943:
6940:
6936:
6935:
6933:
6930:
6923:
6916:
6912:
6909:
6905:
6902:
6898:
6895:
6891:
6888:
6884:
6881:
6877:
6874:
6870:
6867:
6863:
6862:
6860:
6857:
6850:
6839:
6834:
6831:
6830:Northern Sámi
6827:
6822:
6817:
6812:
6811:
6809:
6805:
6802:
6798:
6795:
6791:
6788:
6784:
6783:
6781:
6779:Nordic family
6777:
6770:
6766:
6763:
6759:
6756:
6752:
6749:
6745:
6742:
6738:
6734:
6730:
6727:
6723:
6720:
6719:South African
6716:
6713:
6709:
6706:
6702:
6699:
6695:
6692:
6688:
6685:
6681:
6678:
6674:
6671:
6667:
6664:
6660:
6657:
6653:
6650:
6646:
6642:
6641:Luxembourgish
6638:
6635:
6631:
6628:
6624:
6621:
6617:
6614:
6610:
6607:
6603:
6600:
6596:
6593:
6589:
6586:
6582:
6579:
6575:
6572:
6568:
6565:
6561:
6558:
6554:
6551:
6547:
6543:
6539:
6535:
6532:
6528:
6525:
6521:
6517:
6513:
6510:
6506:
6503:
6499:
6496:
6492:
6489:
6485:
6484:
6482:
6480:
6476:
6473:
6469:
6462:
6458:
6455:
6454:ASCII braille
6451:
6448:
6444:
6441:
6437:
6436:
6434:
6430:
6422:
6415:
6410:
6408:
6403:
6401:
6396:
6395:
6392:
6388:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6315:
6312:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6302:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6269:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6240:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6230:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6215:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6195:
6194:
6191:
6187:
6182:
6178:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6149:
6146:
6142:
6137:
6133:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6090:
6088:
6084:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6049:
6047:
6043:
6039:
6035:
6030:
6026:
6012:
6009:
6008:
6006:
6002:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5985:Attic (Greek)
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5972:
5970:
5966:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5946:
5944:
5940:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5923:Proto-Elamite
5921:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5895:
5893:
5889:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5854:
5852:
5850:
5846:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5817:
5815:
5811:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5764:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5739:
5737:
5735:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5722:
5718:
5714:
5709:
5705:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5606:
5603:
5599:
5594:
5590:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5547:
5545:
5541:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5437:Elder Futhark
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5419:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5355:
5354:
5351:
5350:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5328:Old Hungarian
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5198:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5156:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5111:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5053:
5050:
5049:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5027:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4979:
4976:
4975:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4955:
4953:
4949:
4945:
4941:
4936:
4932:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4862:Masaram Gondi
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4832:Gunjala Gondi
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4802:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4787:
4785:
4781:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4760:
4759:
4756:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4718:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4645:
4644:Old Sundanese
4642:
4641:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4589:
4588:
4587:Old Maldivian
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4571:
4570:Bilang-bilang
4568:
4567:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4534:
4531:
4530:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4435:
4433:
4429:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4402:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4390:Sylheti Nagri
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4364:
4361:
4360:
4359:
4356:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4293:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4191:Brahmi script
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4178:
4176:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4150:
4146:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4110:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4088:
4087:
4086:South Arabian
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4060:
4057:
4056:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4032:Inscriptional
4030:
4028:
4025:
4024:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3972:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3954:
3951:
3950:
3949:
3946:
3942:
3939:
3938:
3937:
3934:
3933:
3930:
3929:
3925:
3924:
3921:
3917:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3895:
3891:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3859:
3858:
3855:
3854:
3852:
3848:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3833:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3808:
3803:
3801:
3796:
3794:
3789:
3788:
3785:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3758:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3713:
3711:
3707:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3638:
3634:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3597:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3552:
3548:
3541:
3536:
3534:
3529:
3527:
3522:
3521:
3518:
3507:
3503:
3497:
3482:
3478:
3472:
3466:
3460:
3444:
3437:
3430:
3422:
3418:
3412:
3397:
3390:
3384:
3378:
3372:
3370:
3358:
3351:
3347:
3341:
3335:
3329:
3323:
3317:
3306:
3302:
3295:
3291:
3285:
3274:
3267:
3261:
3255:
3249:
3247:
3245:
3237:
3231:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3196:
3186:
3179:
3173:
3163:
3155:
3152:
3146:
3139:
3133:
3125:
3124:
3119:
3113:
3105:
3104:
3099:
3093:
3084:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3064:
3062:
3060:
3058:
3049:
3048:
3043:
3037:
3033:
3021:
3018:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3004:
3003:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2944:
2941:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2927:
2924:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2843:Northern Thai
2840:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2808:
2807:Sylheti Nagri
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2770:
2767:
2764:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2754:Mongol Empire
2751:
2747:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2718:
2714:
2711:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2549:
2546:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2493:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2368:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2329:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2318:
2308:
2306:
2302:
2297:
2295:
2290:
2288:
2284:
2283:Sabean script
2279:
2277:
2273:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2202:syllabary: か
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2175:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2134:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2101:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2062:
2059:
2049:
2046:
2041:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2022:
2020:
2019:
2014:
2013:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1985:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1933:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1906:Ge'ez abugida
1903:
1902:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1850:
1841:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1809:
1807:
1803:
1800:requires two
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1770:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1752:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1731:
1722:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1697:
1694:
1689:
1688:
1685:
1671:
1668:
1663:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1650:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1626:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1602:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1576:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1513:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1467:
1462:
1458:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1396:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1292:archipelago (
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1189:
1167:
1158:
1151:
1144:
1135:
1128:
1122:
1113:
1103:
1094:
1087:
1083:
1076:
1069:
1065:
1059:
1055:
1049:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1036:
1034:Inline or top
1033:
1030:
1029:
1026:
1022:
1017:
1013:
1006:
1005:
1001:
992:
991:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
973:
969:
966:
958:
954:
951:
950:
946:
944:
941:
939:
932:
929:
928:
923:
920:
915:
911:
907:
899:
895:Initial vowel
894:
893:
889:
886:
876:
875:
871:
868:
865:
862:
859:
856:
855:
852:
850:
846:
839:
835:
832:
828:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
808:
807:
806:
802:
789:
786:
781:
778:
775:
770:
767:
764:
759:
756:
753:
748:
745:
741:
737:
736:
730:
725:
722:
719:
714:
711:
708:
703:
700:
699:
698:
697:
695:
689:
683:
679:
675:
672:
669:
665:
661:
657:
656:
655:
651:
649:
645:
641:
636:
634:
633:
629:
625:
621:
615:
613:
609:
605:
597:
594:
593:
588:
585:
581:
578:
574:
573:
572:
570:
565:
560:
558:
554:
550:
545:
540:
537:
526:
523:
519:
515:
509:
507:
503:
499:
493:
491:
487:
483:
479:
469:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
438:
433:
430:
426:
425:
420:
416:
415:
410:
406:
399:
395:
391:
387:
377:
375:
374:
369:
365:
361:
356:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
325:semisyllabary
322:
317:
316:néosyllabisme
312:
307:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
260:
249:
241:
234:
186:
177:
173:
169:
167:
148:
144:
140:
138:
119:
115:
111:
109:
90:
86:
82:
80:
79:Ethiopic text
62:
58:
56:
50:
49:Brahmi script
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
7131:Thai and Lao
6808:Scandinavian
6440:1829 braille
6432:Braille cell
6232:Cypro-Minoan
6098:Pahawh Hmong
6011:Sitelen Pona
5975:Hindu-Arabic
5308:Mundari Bani
4882:Pahawh Hmong
4691:Tamil-Brahmi
4597:Eveyla Akuru
4592:Dhives Akuru
4153:
4059:Paleo-Hebrew
3926:
3862:undeciphered
3685:Pictographic
3680:Phonogrammic
3649:
3506:omniglot.com
3505:
3496:
3484:. Retrieved
3480:
3471:
3464:
3459:
3447:. Retrieved
3442:
3429:
3420:
3411:
3399:. Retrieved
3395:
3383:
3376:
3340:
3333:
3328:
3321:
3316:
3300:
3284:
3260:
3253:
3235:
3230:
3205:
3201:
3195:
3185:
3172:
3162:
3154:
3145:
3132:
3122:
3112:
3102:
3092:
3076:(1): 63–71.
3073:
3069:
3045:
3036:
2684:Meetei Mayek
2484:Dhives Akuru
2468:, Sanskrit,
2298:
2291:
2280:
2256:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2183:
2182:As the term
2181:
2158:
2140:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2107:
2070:Pahawh Hmong
2068:
2055:
2042:
2023:
2016:
2010:
1996:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1939:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1899:
1891:
1888:Christianity
1884:Ge'ez script
1881:
1872:
1866:
1854:Ge'ez script
1820:
1810:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1785:
1773:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1753:
1748:
1744:
1707:
1705:
1666:to the right
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1435:
1431:
1422:, and often
1402:, shared by
1397:
1393:
1358:
1256:), mainland
1238:Perso-Arabic
1191:
1166:
1157:
1149:
1143:
1134:
1121:
1112:
1102:
1093:
1075:
1058:
916:Glottal stop
906:Glottal stop
843:
805:orientation.
804:
800:
798:
779:
768:
757:
746:
733:
723:
712:
701:
691:
690:
687:
652:
637:
630:
616:
601:
590:
561:
557:glottal stop
552:
548:
541:
532:
510:
505:
501:
497:
494:
485:
475:
460:in his 1990
453:
449:
445:
435:
431:
422:
418:
412:
408:
401:
390:Ge‘ez script
385:
383:
371:
357:
352:
348:
344:
332:
324:
308:
282:letter, and
271:
268:neosyllabary
267:
263:
184:
182:
163:
134:
105:
76:
52:
40:
7630:RoboBraille
7454:Róża Czacka
7394:Perforation
7191:Independent
7089:(Bhutanese)
6824:Greenlandic
6495:Azerbaijani
6297:Jindai moji
6186:Syllabaries
6157:SignWriting
6057:Celtiberian
5959:Hieroglyphs
5762:Seal script
5747:Traditional
5619:Blissymbols
5524:Warang Citi
5499:Tolong Siki
5452:Marcomannic
5432:Dalecarlian
5422:Anglo-Saxon
5402:Pau Cin Hau
5293:Medefaidrin
5246:Merovingian
5206:Blackletter
5114:Asomtavruli
4907:Warang Citi
4716:Ulu scripts
4661:New Tai Lue
4604:Mon–Burmese
4458:Bhattiprolu
4286:Nandinagari
4113:ʾEsṭrangēlā
3872:constructed
3700:Syllabaries
3670:Logographic
3665:Ideogrammic
2918:Zhang zhung
2763:Nepal Bhasa
2723:New Tai Lue
2717:Nepal Bhasa
2707:Nandinagari
2679:Zhang-Zhung
2188:syllabaries
2178:Development
2116:of ancient
1950:syllabogram
1747:is written
1718:is क्रिकेट
1692:to the left
1361:South India
1326:Philippines
863:South Indic
860:North Indic
472:Terminology
51:. Meaning:
7650:Categories
7182:(obsolete)
7163:(obsolete)
6955:(Pakistan)
6866:Belarusian
6748:Vietnamese
6691:Portuguese
6677:Philippine
6634:Lithuanian
6287:Hentaigana
6282:Man'yōgana
5742:Simplified
5629:Ersu Shaba
5543:Non-linear
5348:Old Uyghur
5338:Old Permic
5333:Old Italic
5266:Visigothic
5201:Beneventan
5136:Glagolitic
5099:Gadabuursi
4763:Kolezhuthu
4758:Vatteluttu
4696:Tanchangya
4619:Saurashtra
4196:Devanagari
4054:Phoenician
4007:Manichaean
3731:Devanagari
3028:References
3016:(possibly)
3014:Old Nubian
2900:Vatteluttu
2792:Sourashtra
2765:, Sanskrit
2719:, Sanskrit
2597:Kolezhuthu
2462:Devanagari
2378:Pangasinan
2362:and other
2315:See also:
1999:scriptures
1762:and फ् is
1756:Devanagari
1512:Devanagari
1486:base form
1440:diacritics
1400:Devanagari
1290:Indonesian
1234:South Asia
1202:Bangladesh
1186:See also:
1084:script of
1050:Exceptions
816:diacritics
782:= /iki/ =
760:= /ika/ =
749:= /kma/ =
694:Devanagari
648:half forms
536:diacritics
419:a be ce de
405:ä, bu, gi,
108:Indic text
7598:Vibratese
7577:Moon type
7570:Decapoint
7251:Eight-dot
7204:Cantonese
7153:Reordered
7116:Inuktitut
7005:Malayalam
6915:Ukrainian
6894:Mongolian
6873:Bulgarian
6836:Norwegian
6801:Icelandic
6592:Hungarian
6550:Esperanto
6502:Cantonese
6086:Redundant
5898:Anatolian
5849:Cuneiform
5777:bird-worm
5713:Logograms
5684:Testerian
5598:Ideograms
5575:Moon type
5462:Staveless
5353:Mongolian
5298:Molodtsov
5256:Sütterlin
5124:Mkhedruli
4990:Bassa Vah
4940:Alphabets
4912:Mwangwego
4877:Mwangwego
4852:Kharosthi
4805:Blackfoot
4768:Malayanma
4639:Sundanese
4634:Sukhothai
4582:Malayalam
4533:Khom Thai
4493:Goykanadi
4417:Tocharian
4370:ʼPhags-pa
4241:Khudabadi
4186:Bhaiksuki
4081:Samaritan
4012:Nabataean
3867:inventors
3767:In Africa
3751:Mongolian
3695:Shorthand
3655:Alphabets
3585:Graphemes
3396:azeri.org
3083:2142/9638
3042:"abugida"
2985:Fictional
2926:Kharoṣṭhī
2908:Malayalam
2895:Tocharian
2802:Sundanese
2746:Mongolian
2670:Malayalam
2666:Malayanma
2661:Malayalam
2657:Malayalam
2605:Malayalam
2592:Khudawadi
2587:Khotanese
2408:Bhaiksuki
2366:languages
2259:Kharoṣṭhī
2159:following
2143:shorthand
2137:Shorthand
2110:segmental
1954:Inuktitut
1904:. In the
1877:syllabary
1480:syllable
1477:position
1365:Sri Lanka
1324:, etc.),
1302:Sundanese
1206:Sri Lanka
1107:Sanskrit.
1068:Kharoṣṭhī
1062:Tibetan,
1010:Only for
988:Separate
937:, , , or
820:ligatures
771:= /ik/ =
715:= /ki/ =
704:= /ka/ =
514:ʼPhags-pa
478:syllabary
414:abecedary
380:Etymology
304:syllabary
280:consonant
7234:Japanese
7095:Georgian
7087:Dzongkha
7073:Armenian
6991:Gujarati
6856:Cyrillic
6787:Estonian
6762:Yugoslav
6698:Romanian
6670:Nigerian
6585:Hawaiian
6571:Ghanaian
6488:Albanian
6349:Sumerian
6314:Linear B
6277:Katakana
6272:Hiragana
6222:Cherokee
6152:ASLwrite
6113:Bopomofo
5968:Numerals
5954:Hieratic
5913:Isthmian
5882:Sumerian
5862:Assyrian
5857:Akkadian
5514:Vithkuqi
5489:Tifinagh
5457:Medieval
5412:Pisidian
5407:Phrygian
5378:Vagindra
5323:Ol Chiki
5231:Interlac
5186:Kayah Li
5176:Jenticha
5131:Veso Bey
5119:Nuskhuri
5109:Georgian
5079:Formosan
5074:Etruscan
5069:Enochian
5025:Cyrillic
5010:Coelbren
4968:Armenian
4867:Meroitic
4857:Mandombe
4847:Jenticha
4711:Tigalari
4676:Tai Viet
4671:Tai Tham
4651:Tagbanwa
4503:Javanese
4453:Baybayin
4443:Balinese
4431:Southern
4326:Pracalit
4321:Pachumol
4296:Bhujimol
4256:Mahajani
4216:Gurmukhi
4206:Gujarati
4174:Northern
4154:Abugidas
4135:Ugaritic
4123:Maḏnḥāyā
3997:Tifinagh
3990:Solitreo
3928:Numerals
3841:Grapheme
3829:Overview
3660:Featural
3650:Abugidas
3570:Language
3563:Overview
3449:6 August
3357:Archived
3305:Archived
3273:Archived
3120:(1948).
3010:Meroitic
3006:Meroitic
2932:Meroitic
2890:Maithili
2877:Sanskrit
2873:Tigalari
2835:Tai Tham
2816:Tagbanwa
2782:Sanskrit
2773:Sanskrit
2742:Phags-pa
2737:Prakrits
2652:Mahajani
2643:Makassar
2639:Buginese
2635:Lontara'
2545:Bhojpuri
2522:Javanese
2517:Hanunó’o
2499:Gujarāti
2495:Gujarati
2417:Sanskrit
2370:Baybayin
2351:Balinese
2346:Assamese
2226:while ら
2200:hiragana
2104:Meroitic
2034:Xinjiang
1982:aksharas
1862:Ethiopia
1844:Ethiopic
1802:aksharas
1782:conjunct
1774:halantam
1758:, प् is
1684:Javanese
1592:surround
1424:Sanskrit
1385:Gujarati
1350:Malaysia
1330:Baybayin
1298:Balinese
1294:Javanese
1274:Cambodia
1266:Thailand
1250:Pakistan
1246:Kashmiri
1222:Mongolia
1150:precedes
1086:Sulawesi
1023:Only in
981:Conjunct
869:Ethiopic
732:(with a
726:= /k/ =
678:Baybayin
668:Tai Tham
628:Gurmukhi
624:ligature
506:explicit
502:implicit
498:inherent
482:alphabet
462:typology
437:alphabet
353:āksharik
337:Ethiopic
292:alphabet
259:'äbugīda
61:Kalidasa
7139:Tibetan
7080:Burmese
7066:Amharic
7049:(India)
7026:Sinhala
7019:Punjabi
6998:Kannada
6946:Persian
6901:Russian
6841:Swedish
6819:Finnish
6794:Faroese
6769:Zambian
6741:Turkish
6726:Spanish
6649:Maltese
6627:Latvian
6620:Italian
6599:Iñupiaq
6578:Guarani
6538:English
6509:Catalan
6426:⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑
6421:Braille
6304:Kikakui
6242:Eskayan
6227:Cypriot
6077:Dunging
5949:Demotic
5928:Tenevil
5872:Hittite
5867:Elamite
5820:Jurchen
5799:Sawndip
5794:Chữ Nôm
5694:Zapotec
5689:Yerkish
5664:Nsibidi
5649:Miꞌkmaw
5639:Isotype
5609:Adinkra
5550:Braille
5534:Zaghawa
5504:Vellara
5484:Sunuwar
5474:Sidetic
5469:Shavian
5397:Osmanya
5387:Ol Onal
5241:Kurrent
5226:Insular
5216:Fraktur
5191:Klingon
5181:Kaddare
5155:Archaic
5064:Elbasan
5052:Chinook
5042:Deseret
5030:Bosnian
4985:Avoiuli
4973:Avestan
4963:Ariyaka
4892:Tengwar
4790:Bharati
4751:Serawai
4741:Pasemah
4726:Lampung
4681:Lai Tay
4666:Tai Noi
4629:Sinhala
4609:Pallava
4577:Makasar
4565:Lontara
4540:Kulitan
4513:Kannada
4508:Kadamba
4498:Hanunoo
4488:Grantha
4483:Fakkham
4400:Tibetan
4385:Soyombo
4380:Siddhaṃ
4375:Sharada
4351:Litumol
4341:Tirhuta
4331:Ranjana
4316:Kvemmol
4276:Multani
4261:Marchen
4226:Kalinga
4166:Brahmic
4103:Sogdian
4042:Psalter
4022:Pahlavi
4002:Mandaic
3980:Cursive
3965:Elymaic
3936:Aramaic
3726:Chinese
3675:Numeral
3236:abugida
2991:Tengwar
2920:scripts
2886:Tirhuta
2868:Tibetan
2825:Tai Dam
2797:Soyombo
2787:Sinhala
2778:Siddham
2769:Sharada
2759:Ranjana
2750:Chinese
2702:Saraiki
2698:Multani
2693:Marathi
2675:Marchen
2610:Kulitan
2563:Konkani
2555:Kannada
2551:Kannada
2532:Rencong
2528:Lampung
2512:Punjabi
2503:Kachchi
2489:Grantha
2478:Konkani
2470:Marathi
2435:Burmese
2431:Burmese
2421:Prakrit
2403:Bengali
2399:Bengali
2382:Tagalog
2374:Ilocano
2267:Aramaic
2058:Phagspa
2052:Phagspa
2038:Yiddish
2026:Kurdish
2012:harakat
1858:Eritrea
1821:akshara
1794:Unicode
1712:cricket
1634:Kannada
1581:within
1489:script
1416:Konkani
1412:Marathi
1381:Litumol
1354:Rencong
1342:Kulitan
1338:Hanunuo
1322:Makasar
1318:Rencong
1310:Lontara
1286:Tibetan
1278:Vietnam
1262:Myanmar
1127:syncope
1082:Lontara
1025:Western
1002:Inline
857:Feature
829:In the
812:Brahmic
660:Tibetan
640:Burmese
608:apocope
604:syncope
454:Abugida
432:a b j d
386:abugida
373:akshara
364:Semitic
335:). The
300:partial
246:; from
185:abugida
7559:Other
7432:People
7422:Braigo
7241:Korean
7109:Hebrew
7040:Telugu
6939:Arabic
6929:Arabic
6887:Kyrgyz
6880:Kazakh
6814:Danish
6712:Slovak
6705:Samoan
6684:Polish
6663:Navajo
6564:German
6557:French
6424:
6369:Yugtun
6359:Woleai
6309:Kpelle
6292:Sōgana
6212:Byblos
5990:Muisca
5908:Cretan
5877:Luwian
5835:Tangut
5654:Mixtec
5624:Dongba
5529:Yezidi
5519:Wancho
5494:Todhri
5447:Gothic
5427:Cipher
5368:Manchu
5358:Evenki
5343:Orkhon
5288:Manchu
5283:Lydian
5278:Lycian
5221:Gaelic
5171:Hanifi
5166:Hangul
5141:Gothic
5089:Fraser
5084:Fox II
5020:Coptic
4995:Carian
4978:Pazend
4951:Linear
4897:Thaana
4842:Sarati
4783:Others
4746:Rejang
4731:Lembak
4721:Incung
4701:Telugu
4656:Tai Le
4550:Langdi
4473:Chakma
4363:Karani
4336:Tamyig
4311:Kummol
4306:Himmol
4301:Golmol
4281:Nagari
4266:Meitei
4251:Lepcha
4236:Khojki
4221:Kaithi
4108:Syriac
4096:Musnad
3975:Ashuri
3970:Hebrew
3953:Elifba
3948:Arabic
3941:Hatran
3916:Abjads
3736:Hangul
3716:Arabic
3645:Abjads
3222:602899
3220:
3020:Thaana
2858:Telugu
2841:, and
2830:Tai Le
2647:Mandar
2645:, and
2625:Lepcha
2582:Khojki
2567:Kodava
2541:Kaithi
2536:Rejang
2474:Nepali
2452:Chakma
2445:, and
2413:Brahmi
2328:Brāhmī
2192:abjads
2147:Thaana
2065:Pahawh
2030:Uyghur
2018:niqqud
2007:Hebrew
2003:Arabic
1873:fidels
1786:appha.
1769:virāma
1721:krikeṭ
1658:Telugu
1640:within
1616:within
1564:/kau̯/
1557:around
1507:/k(a)/
1420:Nepali
1408:Bihari
1377:Golmol
1344:, and
1314:Rejang
1276:, and
1226:Russia
1224:, and
1214:Bhutan
999:Inline
996:Inline
735:Halant
696:script
577:virama
434:, and
429:Arabic
349:aksara
319:) and
7275:(GS8)
7266:Kanji
7124:Khmer
7102:Greek
7033:Tamil
6966:i.e.
6927:i.e.
6908:Tatar
6854:i.e.
6755:Welsh
6656:Māori
6613:Irish
6531:Dutch
6524:Czech
6334:Nüshu
6202:Bamum
6197:Afaka
6004:Other
5995:Roman
5980:Abjad
5903:Bagam
5804:Bowen
5789:Kanji
5784:Hanja
5772:small
5767:large
5674:Olmec
5644:Kaidā
5634:Emoji
5614:Aztec
5417:Runic
5392:Osage
5373:Oirat
5318:Ogham
5251:Sigla
5196:Latin
5151:Greek
5035:Early
5005:Cirth
4958:Adlam
4827:Geʽez
4822:Fox I
4686:Tamil
4545:Lanna
4528:Khmer
4518:Karen
4468:Buhid
4448:Batak
4405:Uchen
4395:Takri
4346:Limbu
4246:Laṇḍā
4231:Khema
4211:Gupta
4201:Dogri
4118:Serṭā
4091:Zabur
4076:Punic
4049:Pegon
3985:Rashi
3899:Types
3850:Lists
3814:Types
3746:Latin
3637:Types
3599:Lists
3486:9 May
3439:(PDF)
3401:7 May
3392:(PDF)
3360:(PDF)
3353:(PDF)
3308:(PDF)
3297:(PDF)
3276:(PDF)
3269:(PDF)
3218:JSTOR
2937:Ge'ez
2904:Tamil
2853:Tamil
2848:Takri
2713:Newar
2630:Limbu
2601:Tamil
2577:Khmer
2466:Hindi
2426:Buhid
2364:Batak
2356:Batak
2287:Yemen
2272:South
2254:set.
2118:Sudan
2094:/kau/
2078:rimes
1914:fidel
1910:fidel
1901:abjad
1790:ISCII
1716:Hindi
1699:/kru/
1673:/kja/
1610:Khmer
1605:/kɑː/
1599:/kie/
1587:/ki/
1575:Tamil
1551:/koː/
1544:right
1518:below
1501:/keː/
1494:above
1404:Hindi
1334:Buhid
1306:Batak
1282:Tibet
1254:India
1218:Tibet
1210:Nepal
1194:India
959:Often
664:Khmer
644:Khmer
632:addak
612:Hindi
592:schwa
446:alpha
424:abjad
403:'
296:abjad
284:vowel
270:, or
248:Ge'ez
236:
32:Abjad
7047:Urdu
7012:Odia
6953:Urdu
6329:Loma
6324:Lisu
6267:Kana
6257:Iban
6247:Geba
6207:Bété
6162:si5s
6072:Khom
6045:Full
5918:Maya
5313:N'Ko
4872:Miao
4817:Dham
4736:Ogan
4706:Thai
4624:Shan
4560:Leke
4523:Kawi
4478:Cham
4463:Buda
4438:Ahom
4358:Odia
4271:Modi
4027:Book
3741:Kana
3488:2019
3451:2024
3445:: 65
3403:2023
2948:Cree
2881:Tulu
2863:Thai
2839:Khün
2728:Odia
2689:Modi
2620:Leke
2572:Kawi
2559:Tulu
2457:Cham
2447:Shan
2360:Toba
2341:Ahom
2299:The
2292:The
2274:and
2261:and
2242:, ろ
2238:, れ
2234:, る
2230:, り
2218:, こ
2214:, け
2210:, く
2206:, き
2167:tone
2149:and
2128:and
2098:/au/
2086:/āu/
2076:and
2005:and
1908:(or
1860:and
1852:The
1813:Róng
1811:The
1806:phaṣ
1798:phaṣ
1733:/kr/
1679:/ka/
1653:/ka/
1647:/ki/
1629:/ka/
1623:/ki/
1570:/ka/
1538:/ki/
1531:left
1525:/ku/
1389:Odia
1387:and
1379:and
1373:Odia
1367:and
1270:Laos
1252:and
1242:Urdu
1066:and
1064:Róng
947:N/A
866:Tāna
849:Tāna
847:and
790:etc.
680:and
666:and
606:and
450:beta
448:and
407:and
396:and
253:አቡጊዳ
55:Śiva
53:May
6606:IPA
6354:Vai
6262:Idu
5830:Sui
5303:Mru
5273:Luo
5236:IPA
4917:Rma
4614:Pyu
4555:Lao
4410:Umê
3816:of
3210:doi
3206:119
3078:hdl
2615:Lao
2443:Mon
2285:of
2130:ma,
2090:/k/
2082:/i/
2032:in
1974:tu,
1970:ti,
1966:pa;
1962:pu,
1958:pi,
1896:350
1894:AD
1892:ca.
1867:In
1838:/r/
1836:or
1834:/ŋ/
1830:/k/
1826:/o/
1772:or
1745:bim
1737:/r/
1726:/i/
1714:in
1708:-i,
1695:ꦏꦿꦸ
1584:கி
1456:ko.
1454:को
1452:ke,
1450:के
1448:ku,
1446:कु
1444:ki,
1356:).
1348:),
1288:),
1280:),
1240:in
1040:N/A
908:or
845:Lao
836:In
803:or
780:İKi
769:İK*
747:K*M
642:or
610:in
522:Lao
500:or
464:of
351:or
183:An
34:or
7652::
6364:Yi
3504:.
3479:.
3441:.
3419:.
3394:.
3368:^
3299:.
3243:^
3216:.
3204:.
3074:30
3072:.
3056:^
3044:.
3012:,
2906:,
2879:,
2748:,
2641:,
2603:,
2565:,
2561:,
2557:,
2534:,
2530:,
2501:,
2476:,
2472:,
2441:,
2437:,
2419:,
2388:,
2384:,
2380:,
2376:,
2337:)
2332:c.
2278:.
2244:ro
2240:re
2236:ru
2232:ri
2228:ra
2224:k;
2220:ko
2216:ke
2212:ku
2208:ki
2204:ka
2169:.
2015:,
2001:,
1978:ta
1976:ᑕ
1972:ᑐ
1968:ᑎ
1964:ᐸ
1960:ᐳ
1956:ᐱ
1930:hə
1926:hi
1922:hu
1918:hä
1879:.
1871:,
1808:.
1764:ph
1760:p,
1677:ꦏ
1669:ꦏꦾ
1651:క
1643:కి
1627:ಕ
1619:ಕಿ
1603:ក
1595:កៀ
1568:க
1560:கௌ
1547:को
1534:कि
1521:कु
1505:क
1497:के
1432:ka
1418:,
1414:,
1410:,
1406:,
1375:,
1363:,
1340:,
1336:,
1332:,
1320:,
1316:,
1312:,
1308:,
1304:,
1300:,
1296:,
1272:,
1268:,
1264:,
1244:,
1220:,
1216:,
1212:,
1208:,
1204:,
1200:,
1020:No
1014:,
942:No
758:İK
724:K*
713:Ki
662:,
635:.
614:.
586:),
579:),
468:.
452:.
444:,
421:,
409:da
355:.
266:,
256:,
250::
233:-/
212:iː
203:uː
197:ɑː
6544:)
6540:(
6413:e
6406:t
6399:v
5157:)
5153:(
3806:e
3799:t
3792:v
3539:e
3532:t
3525:v
3508:.
3490:.
3453:.
3423:.
3405:.
3224:.
3212::
3086:.
3080::
2330:(
2252:k
2248:r
2126:m
2122:a
1890:(
1436:k
1428:क
1352:(
1328:(
1284:(
1260:(
1016:ḥ
1012:ṃ
826:.
702:K
230:b
227:æ
224:ˌ
221:,
218:ə
215:d
209:ɡ
206:ˈ
200:b
194:ˌ
191:/
187:(
168:.
139:.
110:.
81:.
63:)
59:(
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.