986:
598:
962:, much of what was called Indian Territory was a large area in the central part of the United States whose boundaries were set by treaties between the US Government and various indigenous tribes. After 1871, the Federal Government dealt with Indian Tribes through statute; the 1871 Indian Appropriations Act also stated that "hereafter no Indian nation or tribe within the territory of the United States shall be acknowledged or recognized as an independent nation, tribe, or power with whom the United States may contract by treaty: Provided, further, That nothing herein contained shall be construed to invalidate or impair the obligation of any treaty heretofore lawfully made and ratified with any such Indian nation or tribe".
1525:
114:
586:
1553:
731:
578:
1773:
1791:
5084:
2109:
6577:
5142:
1248:
7816:
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1757:
2794:, that is a language with no known related languages. The Tonkawa seem to have inhabited northeastern Oklahoma in the 15th century. However, by the 18th century the Plains Apache had pushed the Tonkawa south to what is now southern Texas. After Texas was admitted as a State, the Tonkawa signed the 1846 Treaty with the Comanche and other Tribes at Council Springs, Texas. After siding with the Confederacy, acting as scouts for the
2628:
1537:
5094:
2468:
2442:
2457:
977:
States had previously recognized the Indian Tribes as semi-independent, "it has the right and authority, instead of controlling them by treaties, to govern them by acts of
Congress, they being within the geographical limit of the United States ... The Indians owe no allegiance to a State within which their reservation may be established, and the State gives them no protection."
2093:
3914:"TREATY WITH THE COMANCHE, ETC., Aug. 24, 1835. (7 Stat., 474) Treaty of Friendship between U.S. and Comanche and Witchetaw nations, and Cherokee Muscogee, Choctaw, Osage, Seneca and Quapaw and established framework for legal system supervised by U.S. Signed on the eastern border of the Grand Prairie, near the Canadian river, in the Muscogee nation"
4190:"TREATY WITH THE KIOWA, ETC, May 26, 1837 (7 Stat. 533). Treaty of friendship between U.S. and Kioway, Ka-ta-ka, and Ta-wa-ka-ro nations and Comanche, Witchetaw, Cherokee Muscogee, Choctaw, Osage, Seneca and Quapaw nations or tribes of Indians and provided for trade between Republics of Texas and Mexico, signed at Fort Gibson, Oklahoma"
1482:, which President Roosevelt signed June 16, 1906. empowered the people residing in Indian Territory and Oklahoma Territory to elect delegates to a state constitutional convention and subsequently to be admitted to the union as a single state. Citizens then joined to seek admission of a single state to the Union.
936:, Choctaw, Creek and other tribes had been settling, and these indian nations objected strongly. In 1828 a new survey redefined the western Arkansas border just west of Ft. Smith. After these redefinitions, the "Indian zone" would cover the present states of Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska and part of Iowa.
3600:
Treaty of
Dancing Rabbit Creek: Hearings on H.R. 19213 Before the H. Subcomm. on Indian Affairs, at 24 (February 14, 1912) (statement of Hon. Byron P. Harrison) ("While the {1866 Treaty of Washington} contemplated the immediate allotment in severalty of the lands in the Choctaw-Chickasaw country, yet
2723:
family. A nomadic people, the
Comanche never developed the political idea of forming a single nation or tribe instead existing as multiple autonomous bands. The Comanche (and other tribes) signed a treaty of friendship with the U.S. in 1835. An additional treaty was signed in 1846. In 1875, the last
1263:
After the Civil War the
Southern Treaty Commission re-wrote treaties with tribes that sided with the Confederacy, reducing the territory of the Five Civilized Tribes and providing land to resettle Plains Native Americans and tribes of the mid-west. General components of replacement treaties signed in
976:
over Native
American tribes within its borders using the rationalization that "The power of the general government over these remnants of a race once powerful ... is necessary to their protection as well as to the safety of those among whom they dwell". While the federal government of the United
2562:
speak one of the Siouan languages and are closely related to the Osage Nation and Kaw tribes. The Ponca tribe were never at war with the U.S. and signed the first peace treaty in 1817. In 1858 the Ponca signed a treaty, ceding part of their land to the United States in return for annuities, payment
2546:
and were originally from the Kansas area; the name Kansas is derived from the tribe's name. The Kaw are closely related to the Osage Nation and Ponca tribes, who first settled in
Nebraska, being from the same tribe before migrating from the Ohio valley in the mid-17th century. On June 4, 1873, the
3886:"Treaty with the Comanche, Aionai, Anadarko, Caddo, etc., Wacoes, Keeches, Tonkaways, Wichetas, Towa-KarroesMay 15, 1846, (9 Stat., 844). The treaty established the US as a protectorate of the tribes and established legal procedures between tribes and the U.S., Signed at Council Springs, Texas"
867:
the inhabitants of the ceded territory shall be incorporated in the Union of the United States, and admitted as soon as possible, according to the principles of the
Federal Constitution, to the enjoyment of all the rights, advantages, and immunities of citizens of the United States; and in the
2847:
speak one of the Siouan languages and originated in present-day
Kentucky. As the Iroquois moved south, the Osage moved west. By the early 18th century the Osage had become the dominant power in the Oklahoma, Arkansas, Missouri and Kansas, controlling much of the land between the Red River and
2825:
in
Colorado and Kansas and the Red River of the Texas Panhandle and Oklahoma. In 1837 the Kiowa (and other tribes) signed a treaty of friendship with the U.S. that established a framework for legal system administered by the US. Provided for trade between Republics of Mexico and Texas. Tribal
1630:. The ancestors of the Wichita have lived in the eastern Great Plains from the Red River north to Nebraska for at least 2,000 years. The early Wichita people were hunters and gatherers who gradually adopted agriculture. By about 900 AD, farming villages began to appear on terraces above the
1857:
had gradually ceded most of their lands in the
Southeast section of the US through a series of treaties. The southern part of Indian Country (what eventually became the State of Oklahoma) served as the destination for the policy of Indian removal, a policy pursued intermittently by
1465:
The Oklahoma Organic Act of 1890 created an organized Oklahoma Territory of the United States, with the intent of combining the Oklahoma and Indian territories into a single State of Oklahoma. The citizens of Indian Territory tried, in 1905, to gain admission to the union as the
1681:, the Caddo Nation sold their tribal lands to the U.S. In 1846, the Caddo, along with several other tribes, signed a treaty that made the Caddo a protectorate of the U.S. and established framework of a legal system between the Caddo and the U.S. Tribal headquarters are in
1204:
During the Civil War, Congress gave the U.S. president the authority to, if a tribe was "in a state of actual hostility to the government of the United States... and, by proclamation, to declare all treaties with such tribe to be abrogated by such tribe"(25 USC Sec. 72).
1013:. The federal government took responsibility for territorial affairs. Later, the inhabitants of the territory could apply for admission as a full state. No such action was taken for the so-called Indian Territory, so that area was not treated as a legal territory.
1009:, which established a three-part territorial government. The governor and judiciary were appointed by the President of the United States, while the legislature was elected by citizens residing in the territory. One elected representative was allowed a seat in the
2682:
in present-day Montana, a group of Cheyenne were escorted to Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma). However, they were not used to the dry heat climate and food was insufficient and of poor quality. A group of Cheyenne left the territory without permission to
1235:
played out differently in Indian Territory and for Native Americans than for the rest of the country. In 1862, Congress passed a law that allowed the president, by proclamation, to cancel treaties with Indian Nations siding with the Confederacy (25 USC 72). The
884:
After the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, President Thomas Jefferson and his successors viewed much of the land west of the Mississippi River as a place to resettle the Native Americans, so that white settlers would be free to live in the lands east of the river.
2529:
south from the Northern Plains, their hunting area ranged from Montana to Texas. Kiowa and Comanche controlled a vast expanse of territory from the Arkansas River to the Brazos River. By 1840 many plains tribes had made peace with each other and developed
2575:
of present-day South Dakota. Conflict between the Ponca and the Sioux/Lakota, who now claimed the land as their own by U.S. law, forced the U.S. to remove the Ponca from their own ancestral lands to Indian Territory in 1877, parts of the current Kay and
965:
The Indian Appropriations Act also made it a federal crime to commit murder, manslaughter, rape, assault with intent to kill, arson, burglary, or larceny within any Territory of the United States. The Supreme Court affirmed the action in 1886 in
2082:
just east of Muskogee, Oklahoma), accepting the area in the western part of the Creek Nation. However, the chiefs in Florida did not agree to the agreement. In spite of the disagreement, the treaty was ratified by the U.S. Senate in April
1284:
That within each county, a quarter section of land be held in trust for the establishment of seats of justice therein, and also as many quarter-sections as the said legislative councils may deem proper for the permanent endowment of
1870:
during the Choctaw removals starting in 1831. The trail ended in what is now Arkansas and Oklahoma, where there were already many Indians living in the territory, as well as whites and escaped slaves. Other tribes, such as the
2955:
No session in any one year shall exceed the term of thirty days, and provided that the special sessions may be called whenever, in the judgment of the Secretary of the Interior, the interests of said tribes shall require
2407:, which covered land sales of tribal reservations under the U.S. Indian removal program, under which they planned to move most eastern tribes to Indian Territory. Initially, the tribes were moved to the present state of
1314:
between the U.S. government and southern Plains Indian tribes who would ultimately reside in the western part of Indian Territory (ultimately Oklahoma Territory). The first treaty was signed October 21, 1867, with the
2916:
from Washington and Idaho, were sent to Indian Territory as prisoners of war in 1878, but after great losses in their numbers due to disease, drought and famine, they returned to their northwestern homelands in 1885.
770:, and the land was ceded to the United States. The Indian Reserve was slowly reduced in size via treaties with the American colonists, and after the British defeat in the Revolutionary War, the Reserve was ignored by
3368:
United States v. Blackfeet Tribe of Blackfeet Indian Reservation, 364 F.Supp. 192, 194 (D.Mont. 1973) ("n Indian tribe is sovereign to the extent that the United States permits it to be sovereign β neither more nor
3601:
such allotment in severalty to anyone was never made under such treaty, and has only been consummated since the breaking up of the tribal organization and preparatory to the organization of the State of Oklahoma.")
2951:
A court or courts may be established in Indian Territory with such jurisdiction and organization as Congress may prescribe: "Provided that the same shall not interfere with the local judiciary of either of said
3788:
1361:. Within Indian Territory, as lands were removed from communal tribal ownership, a land patent (or first-title deed) was given to tribal members. The remaining land was sold on a first-come basis, typically by
1295:
That a land patent, or "first-title deed" be issued as evidence of allotment, "issued by the President of the United States, and countersigned by the chief executive officer of the nation in which the land
880:
This committed the U.S. government to "the ultimate, but not to the immediate, admission" of the territory as multiple states, and "postponed its incorporation into the Union to the pleasure of Congress".
3679:
1274:
Agreement to legislation that Congress and the President "may deem necessary for the better administration of justice and the protection of the rights of person and property within the Indian territory."
2960:
In a continuation of the new policy, the 1890 Oklahoma Organic Act extended civil and criminal laws of Arkansas over the Indian Territory, and extended the laws of Nebraska over Oklahoma Territory.
1485:
With Oklahoma statehood in November 1907, Indian Territory was effectively extinguished. However, in 2020, the United States Supreme Court prompted a review of tribal lands through its decision in
2929:
and the tribes occupying the land of the Quapaw Indian Agency contained provisions for a government structure in Indian Territory. Replacement treaties signed in 1866 contained provisions for:
1251:
The post-Civil War Indian Territory shaded in orange with its former western lands seized by the federal government (the future Oklahoma Territory), shaded in light orange, circa 1890. The
534:
and Indian Territory, annexing and ending the existence of an unorganized independent Indian Territory as such, and formally incorporating the tribes and residents into the United States.
3359:
Congress' plenary authority to "override treaty provisions and legislate for the protection of the Native Americans." United States v. City of McAlester, 604 F.2d 42, 47 (10th Cir. 1979)
1240:(created in 1825) was examining the effectiveness of the policy of Indian removal, which was after the war considered to be of limited effectiveness. It was decided that a new policy of
2580:
counties in Oklahoma. The land proved to be less than desirable for agriculture and many of the tribe moved back to Nebraska. In 1881, the US returned 26,236 acres (106.17 km) of
1120:
created Oklahoma Territory out of the western part of Indian Territory, in anticipation of admitting both Indian Territory and Oklahoma Territory as a future single State of Oklahoma.
6352:
6281:
2074:. In October 1832, a delegation arrived in Indian Territory and conferred with the Creek Nation tribe that had already been removed to the area. In 1833, an agreement was signed at
912:, which included the present State of Arkansas plus much of the state of Oklahoma, was created out of the southern part of Missouri Territory in 1819. During negotiations with the
2942:
No legislation regarding "matters pertaining to the legislative, judicial, or other organization, laws, or customs of the several tribes or nations, except as herein provided for"
1281:, or "first-title deed" to alternate sections of land adjacent to rail roads would be granted to the rail road upon completion of each 20 mile section of track and water stations
1241:
1005:
White settlers continued to flood into Indian country. As the population increased, the homesteaders could petition Congress for creation of a territory. This would initiate an
488:
2024:
was expected to cede its territory in the Southeast and move to Indian Territory. Although the treaty was not approved by the Cherokee National Council, it was ratified by the
1288:
Provision for each man, woman, and child to receive 160 acres of land as an allotment. (The allotment policy was later codified on a national basis through the passage of The
1244:
would be implemented. To implement the new policy, the Southern Treaty Commission was created by Congress to write new treaties with the Tribes siding with the Confederacy.
6565:
5433:
1208:
Members of the Five Civilized Tribes, and others who had relocated to the Oklahoma section of Indian Territory, fought primarily on the side of the Confederacy during the
1127:
did not believe in the rights of Indians to continue their separate tribal governments, and vocally championed opening the area to white settlement while campaigning for
4818:
2047:, received financial compensation. The tribe negotiated a $ 3 million payment for their native lands, which was not fully funded by the U.S. for 30 years. In 1836, the
7915:
6209:
4504:
382:
357:
343:
1862:
early in the 19th century, but aggressively pursued by President Andrew Jackson after the passage of the Indian Removal Act of 1830. The Five Civilized Tribes in the
1622:, an archaeological culture that flourished from 800 to 1500 AD, lived in semi-sedentary villages throughout the western part of Indian Territory, where they farmed
6159:
4921:
479:
to their land as an independent nation-state. The concept of an Indian territory was an outcome of the U.S. federal government's 18th- and 19th-century policy of
6480:
4915:
641:
7845:
6475:
4794:
2687:. Ultimately, the military gave up attempting to relocate the Northern Cheyenne back to Oklahoma and a Northern Cheyenne reservation was established in Montana
1132:
1673:
and thought to be an extension of woodland period peoples who started inhabiting the area around 200 BC. In an 1835 Treaty made at the agency-house in the
928:
of 1824 allowed a survey that established the western border of Arkansas Territory 45 miles west of Ft. Smith. But this was part of the negotiated lands of
7875:
6543:
5566:
3817:
4529:
2856:, the Kansas land was sold for $ 1.25 per acre and the Osage purchased 1,470,000 acres (5,900 km) in Indian Territory's Cherokee Outlet, the current
7940:
7890:
7840:
5453:
6465:
5097:
2860:. While the Osage did not escape the federal policy of allotting communal tribal land to individual tribal members, they negotiated to retain communal
2802:, occurring near Lawton, Oklahoma, killed about half of the tribe. In 1891 the Tonkawa were offered allotments in the Cherokee Outlet near present-day
788:, but they had a less-developed relationship with the American colonists. After the defeat of the British in the war, the Americans twice invaded the
7865:
6487:
6414:
985:
828:
495:
89:
7945:
7880:
7860:
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6509:
6174:
5375:
5357:
3271:
1751:
4382:
4273:
4189:
4164:
4132:
4107:
4082:
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3575:
3556:
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3140:
3113:
1201:. Ultimately, the Five Civilized Tribes and other tribes that had been relocated to the area, signed treaties of friendship with the Confederacy.
4841:
3275:
1731:
entered from the east. During Indian Removal of the 19th century, additional tribes received their land either by treaty via land grant from the
4410:
7920:
4497:
3267:
2486:
entered Indian Territory during the horse culture era. Prior to adoption of the horse, some Plains Indian tribes were agrarian and others were
784:
At the time of the American Revolutionary War, many Native American tribes had long-standing relationships with the British, and were loyal to
3757:
3700:
6450:
5659:
5438:
5130:
1478:
then proposed a compromise that would join Indian Territory with Oklahoma Territory to form a single state. This resulted in passage of the
2514:
as a dwelling because they were portable and could be reconstructed quickly when the tribe settled in a new area for hunting or ceremonies.
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6504:
6497:
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6286:
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3034:
1237:
4406:
TREATIES BY TRIBE NAME Vol. II (Treaties) in part. Compiled and edited by Charles J. Kappler. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1904
4006:
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6404:
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that had been relocated to the western part of the territory on land leased from the Five Civilized Tribes. In 1861, the U.S. abandoned
7930:
6581:
6419:
5634:
5540:
5480:
5223:
4534:
2986:
2840:. In the 18th century, the branch migrated south and adopted the lifestyle of the Kiowa. Tribal headquarters are in Anadarko, Oklahoma.
1209:
1148:
1144:
778:
484:
868:
meantime they shall be maintained and protected in the free enjoyment of their liberty, property, and the religion which they profess.
6780:
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6514:
5495:
5087:
4677:
4490:
4405:
1168:
677:. These re-written treaties included provisions for a territorial legislature with proportional representation from various tribes.
654:
nations, with established tribal governments and well established cultures. The region never had a formal government until after the
1303:
One component of assimilation would be the distribution of property held in-common by the tribe to individual members of the tribe.
1053:
was organized in 1861 from the northern part of Indian Country and Minnesota Territory. The name refers to the Dakota branch of the
920:, Andrew Jackson ceded more of Arkansas Territory to the Choctaw than he realized, from what is now Oklahoma into Arkansas, east of
7905:
7121:
2244:. The group settling in Nebraska adapted to the Plains Indian culture but the group settling in Kansas remained steadfast to their
590:
3526:"Abrogation of treaties (25 USC Sec. 72) Codification R.S. Sec. 2080 derived from act July 5, 1862, ch. 135, Sec. 1, 12 Stat. 528"
2901:, Indian Territory. The federal government permitted some to return to Oregon in 1909. Those that remained in Oklahoma became the
7099:
5629:
1732:
817:
468:
6372:
4941:
3085:
1354:
1010:
650:). Treaties with the tribes restricted entry of non-Indians into tribal areas; Indian tribes were largely self-governing, were
41:
This article is about the historical territory in the United States of America. For states and union territories of India, see
4336:(Texas Tech University Press; 2013), 186 pages; STUDIES black women held as slaves by the Cherokee, Choctaw, and other Indians
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1396:, translated as 'red'. He envisioned an allβAmerican Indian state controlled by the tribes and overseen by the United States
824:
755:
472:
42:
6573:
2868:, from which tribal members benefited from royalty revenues from oil development and production. Tribal headquarters are in
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953:
4459:
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1037:(land between the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers) was split from Wisconsin Territory in 1838 and became a state in 1846.
597:
6720:
6593:
6492:
6234:
5323:
3726:
3038:
1198:
2939:
No laws shall be inconsistent with the United States Constitution, or laws of Congress, or treaties of the United States
1372:
It was in 1866 during treaty negotiations with the federal government on the use of the land, that Choctaw Nation Chief
707:
to the still unorganized Indian Territory, since for years the federal U.S. District Court on the eastern borderline in
7870:
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7014:
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6740:
6429:
6409:
6255:
6250:
5490:
2585:
2436:
1156:
618:
93:
3379:
1700:. The Wichita (and other tribes) signed a treaty of friendship with the U.S. in 1835. The tribe's headquarters are in
1228:
signed at the end of the Civil War fundamentally changed the relationship between the tribes and the U.S. government.
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7885:
6665:
6610:
6605:
6470:
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6179:
5530:
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2498:(or sleighs) to help move from place to place; however, by the 18th century, many Southern Plains tribes adopted the
2202:
1366:
1152:
850:
6527:
6367:
5535:
4893:
4847:
4513:
2483:
2408:
2267:, residing there until 1867 when they sold their lands in Kansas and purchased land in an area administered by the
566:
519:
17:
2752:
2248:. In 1867, part of the Kansas group negotiated the "Treaty of Washington with the Potawatomi" in which the Kansas
1982:
was the first removal treaty carried into effect under the Indian Removal Act, ceding land in the future state of
621:. As such, it was not a traditional territory for the tribes settled upon it. The general borders were set by the
7935:
7250:
7084:
7024:
6455:
5343:
4830:
3190:
2925:
During the Reconstruction Era, when the size of Indian Territory was reduced, the renegotiated treaties with the
2596:
2327:
933:
692:(at the borders of Kansas and Missouri). The remaining western portion of the former Indian Territory became the
3821:
1131:
in 1860. Some historians argued Seward's words steered many tribes, notably the Cherokee and the Choctaw into
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6329:
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5510:
5393:
4953:
4947:
3447:
3044:
2249:
1979:
1859:
1217:
1043:
was split from Iowa Territory in 1849 and part of the Minnesota Territory became the state of Minnesota in 1858
565:" is used to signify lands under the control of Native nations, including Indian reservations, trust lands on
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6022:
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1697:
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1627:
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662:
2945:
Superintendent of Indian Affairs (or appointee) is the presiding officer of the Indian Territory Legislature
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6122:
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5845:
5561:
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4544:
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or "Kiowa Apache", a branch of the Apache that lived in the upper Missouri River area and speak one of the
2679:
2217:. The 1833 Treaty of Chicago forced the members of the Council of Three Fires to move first to present-day
2131:, organized following the American Revolutionary War to resist the expansion of the United States into the
2063:
1963:
5138:
4400:
2655:
of Oklahoma are a united tribe of the Southern Arapaho and the Southern Cheyenne people, headquartered in
1524:
823:
The period after the American Revolutionary War was one of rapid western expansion. The areas occupied by
7900:
7786:
7736:
7601:
6755:
6630:
6214:
5551:
3795:
3576:"Treaty of Washington United States-Choctaw Nation-Chickasaw Nation, 14 Stat. 769, signed April 28, 1866"
3425:
3090:
2652:
2615:. Both tribes originated in the Great Lakes region by the 16th century had settled near the Missouri and
2563:
of $ 1.25 per acre from settlers, protection from hostile tribes and a permanent reservation home on the
2531:
2002:
1940:
554:
3818:"Enabling Act (Oklahoma) Public Law 234, HR 12797, Jun 16, 1906 (59th Congress, Session 1, chapter 3335"
2979:
7721:
7656:
7586:
7486:
7300:
7019:
6690:
6640:
6154:
5977:
5747:
5742:
5458:
4460:"Benjamin Harrison: "Proclamation 298 - Extinguishing Indian Title to Certain Lands," October 23, 1890"
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4193:
4168:
4140:
4111:
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4061:
3917:
3889:
3859:
3658:
3633:
3615:
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3138:
3110:
2814:
2432:
2365:
1803:
767:
751:
561:
remain within the boundaries of U.S. states, but are largely exempt from state jurisdiction. The term "
542:
537:
Before Oklahoma statehood, Indian Territory from 1890 onward comprised the territorial holdings of the
113:
4424:
4344:
2236:
The Illinois Potawatomi moved to present-day Nebraska and the Indiana Potawatomi moved to present-day
1369:
distributed the sales funds to the various tribal entities, according to previously negotiated terms.
661:
After the Civil War, the Southern Treaty Commission re-wrote treaties with tribes that sided with the
7850:
7801:
7761:
7756:
7751:
7726:
7696:
7691:
7686:
7671:
7661:
7641:
7616:
7591:
7536:
7521:
7496:
7481:
7471:
7461:
7147:
6660:
6645:
6076:
5799:
5500:
5217:
2400:
2257:
2241:
2124:
1776:
1619:
1592:
1511:
959:
917:
585:
1220:, became the last Confederate general to surrender in the American Civil War, near the community of
853:, the chief negotiator of the purchase, however, believed that the 3rd article of the treaty of the
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7157:
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6387:
6229:
6149:
6134:
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5194:
4879:
3765:
3704:
2684:
2471:
2377:
2276:
1975:
1397:
1299:
That treaties and parts of treaties inconsistent with the replacement treaties to be null and void.
1177:, Indian Territory had been essentially reduced to the boundaries of the present-day U.S. state of
797:
785:
674:
4418:
4242:
4215:
4032:
1866:
were the most prominent tribes displaced by the policy, a relocation that came to be known as the
1408:, and it was officially approved in 1890, two years after that area was opened to white settlers.
688:
reduced Indian Territory to the lands occupied by the Five Civilized Tribes and the Tribes of the
7746:
7711:
7706:
7681:
7666:
7576:
7566:
7561:
7541:
7516:
7501:
7466:
7446:
7436:
7285:
7240:
7177:
6700:
6324:
6260:
6050:
5921:
5811:
5644:
5639:
5619:
5576:
5443:
2902:
2776:
2660:
2572:
2272:
2135:. Members of the confederacy were ultimately removed to the present-day Oklahoma, including the
2117:
2029:
1994:
1931:
1739:
1225:
1160:
1085:
1084:
Indian Country was reduced to the approximate boundaries of the current state of Oklahoma by the
968:
550:
130:
4387:
3630:"Treaty with the Kiowa, Comanche, and Apache, 1867" (Medicine Lodge Treaty #2), (15 Stats. 589)"
2936:
Laws take effect unless suspended by Secretary of the Interior or President of the United States
2933:
Indian Territory Legislature would have proportional representation from tribes over 500 members
2767:
decimated the tribe. The 1857 Treaty with the Pawnee, their range was reduced to an area around
1020:
of 1834), the successor of Missouri Territory began almost immediately after its creation with:
7796:
7776:
7766:
7716:
7701:
7676:
7646:
7636:
7626:
7606:
7556:
7551:
7546:
7531:
7526:
7511:
7506:
7456:
7451:
7431:
7421:
7353:
7323:
7313:
7270:
7034:
6966:
6675:
6670:
6144:
6086:
6027:
5200:
5160:
5032:
4010:
3986:
3420:
3024:
2857:
2768:
2616:
2577:
2376:
north. All of the members of the Confederacy, except the Oneida and Tuscarora, allied with the
2186:
2044:
1998:
1987:
1863:
1573:
1471:
1365:, with settlers also receiving a land patent type deed. For these now former Indian lands, the
1311:
1190:
1017:
858:
839:
763:
640:, Congress never passed an Organic Act for the Indian Territory. Indian Territory was never an
622:
613:
Indian Territory, also known as the Indian Territories and the Indian Country, was land in the
515:
3962:
3953:
3501:"Act of Congress, R.S. Sec. 2080 derived from act July 5, 1862, ch. 135, Sec. 1, 12 Stat. 528"
2821:
language. In the 18th century the Kiowa and Plains Apache moved to the plains adjacent to the
2380:
during the Revolutionary War, and were forced to cede their land after the war. Most moved to
7631:
7491:
7275:
7245:
7029:
6032:
6017:
6012:
5791:
5737:
5624:
5584:
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5448:
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5270:
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3018:
3004:
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2581:
2428:
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2075:
1887:
1854:
1807:
1761:
1479:
1339:
1307:
1164:
835:
759:
743:
725:
666:
626:
523:
5841:
4327:
Slavery in the Cherokee Nation: The Keetowah Society and the Defining of a People, 1855β1867
2755:
had an encounter with a Pawnee chief. In the 1830s exposure to infectious diseases, such as
2584:, to the Ponca, and about half the tribe moved back north from Indian Territory. Today, the
2205:
in 1829, the tribes of the Council of Three Fires ceded to the United States their lands in
738:(highlighted in white), one of several historical territorial additions to the United States
7596:
7393:
7383:
7182:
7172:
7142:
7137:
7039:
6685:
5947:
5752:
5712:
5674:
5505:
5300:
5282:
5276:
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4697:
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3079:
3060:
3054:
2849:
2675:
2631:
2589:
2548:
2404:
2333:
2268:
2025:
2017:
1907:
1259:
that was never ruled by any of the Five Tribes which governed the territory before the War.
1117:
949:
929:
801:
689:
685:
157:
4351:
Contested Territory: Whites, Native Americans and African Americans in Oklahoma, 1865β1907
1181:, and the primary residents of the territory were members of the Five Civilized Tribes or
8:
7162:
7051:
7006:
6910:
6298:
6002:
5957:
5859:
5829:
5776:
5687:
5614:
5288:
5146:
4935:
4780:
4766:
4668:
4650:
4587:
4563:
4557:
3655:"Treaty with the Cheyenne and Arapaho, 1867" (Medicine Lodge Treaty #3), (15 Stats. 593)"
3074:
3067:
2974:
2478:
Western Indian Territory is part of the Southern Plains and is the ancestral home of the
2132:
1921:
1898:
1795:
1780:
1768:
Native American culture that flourished in North America before the arrival of Europeans.
1653:
and is a confederation of several tribes who traditionally inhabited much of what is now
1507:
1106:
1100:
1040:
1024:
1016:
The reduction of the land area of Indian Territory (or Indian Country, as defined in the
998:
921:
793:
708:
646:
362:
184:
139:
5050:
2036:
1474:
and an Administration which did not want two new Western states, Sequoyah and Oklahoma.
889:
became the official policy of the United States government with the passage of the 1830
7358:
7328:
7265:
7255:
6860:
6840:
6750:
6293:
6184:
6139:
6106:
5917:
5905:
5901:
5786:
5556:
5525:
5408:
5235:
5188:
5183:
4929:
4760:
4721:
4709:
4642:
4636:
4615:
4603:
4597:
4591:
4365:"The Prairie Was on Fire": Eyewitness Accounts of the Civil War in the Indian Territory
3441:
3261:
2869:
2827:
2612:
2552:
2237:
2128:
2067:
1959:
1935:
1701:
1561:
1489:. Subsequently, almost the entire eastern half of Oklahoma was found to have remained
1486:
1475:
1405:
1252:
1232:
1174:
1093:
994:
925:
909:
905:
890:
854:
771:
735:
693:
655:
602:
558:
531:
503:
499:
348:
278:
228:
175:
166:
119:
31:
3612:"Treaty with the Kiowa and Comanche, 1867 (15 Stats., 581) (Medicine Lodge Treaty #1)"
3399:
2310:. Under stipulations of the Omnibus Treaty of 1867, these confederated tribes and the
1962:, which became some of the larger towns in the state. They also brought their African
7388:
7308:
7152:
7056:
6959:
6885:
6870:
6855:
6835:
6830:
6071:
5837:
5803:
5258:
4967:
4867:
4774:
4745:
4739:
4621:
4609:
4575:
4539:
3966:
3466:
3249:
3239:
2853:
2803:
2744:
2287:
2253:
2245:
2010:
2006:
1967:
1955:
1696:, who were also indigenous to what is now Oklahoma and ultimately became part of the
1689:
1650:
1642:
1467:
1328:
1193:
and Choctaw Nations defenseless against the Plains tribes. Later the same year, the
1124:
100:
79:
4435:"Benjamin Harrison: "Proclamation 295 - Sioux Nation of Indians," February 10, 1890"
510:
received statehood. The borders of Indian Territory were reduced in size as various
7910:
7378:
7368:
7348:
7338:
7333:
7290:
7205:
7077:
7072:
7068:
7064:
7060:
6935:
6930:
6925:
6865:
6850:
6845:
6815:
6810:
6790:
6635:
6382:
6319:
6314:
5934:
5781:
5732:
5423:
5229:
4727:
4715:
4703:
4662:
4482:
4274:"Organic Act, 1890, Oklahoma Historical Society's Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History"
3012:
2909:
2848:
Missouri River. From 1818 to 1825 a series of treaties reduced the Osage lands to
2799:
2791:
2780:
2733:
2656:
2543:
2389:
2361:
2337:
2171:
1944:
1925:
1903:
1682:
1552:
1381:
1350:
1089:
1050:
990:
846:
546:
476:
148:
65:
2252:
split and part of their land in Kansas was sold, purchasing land near present-day
1027:
formed in 1836 from lands east of the Mississippi and between the Mississippi and
569:, or, more casually, to describe anywhere large numbers of Native Americans live.
7820:
7403:
7398:
7363:
7318:
7225:
7215:
7210:
6920:
6900:
6825:
6710:
6655:
6625:
5943:
5929:
5875:
5727:
5413:
5398:
4984:
4733:
3938:
3560:
3163:
3144:
3117:
2772:
2748:
2487:
2349:
2179:
2152:
2140:
2097:
2021:
1894:
1823:
1658:
1600:
1576:
1569:
1353:
to an area called a "homestead" β typically 160 acres (65 hectares or one-fourth
1343:
1128:
747:
538:
423:
3529:
3504:
3329:
2096:
Jennie Bobb (left) and her daughter Nellie Longhat (right), both members of the
730:
577:
7343:
6940:
6895:
6890:
6820:
6785:
6357:
6007:
5702:
5697:
5599:
5470:
5465:
5241:
5206:
5038:
5020:
5014:
4910:
4861:
4691:
4656:
4467:
4442:
2861:
2822:
2564:
2511:
2479:
2460:
2424:
2264:
2108:
2079:
1917:
1867:
1843:
1839:
1831:
1765:
1708:
1635:
1612:
1529:
1519:
1490:
1347:
1034:
1028:
945:
894:
886:
670:
637:
562:
480:
96:
46:
35:
3734:
1603:
tribes. The arrival of horses with the Spanish in the 16th century ushered in
7834:
7373:
7235:
7220:
7167:
6996:
6765:
6735:
6730:
6615:
6168:
5987:
5825:
5807:
5795:
5772:
5717:
5589:
5520:
5403:
5383:
5056:
5008:
4990:
4897:
4135:
Oklahoma Historical Society's Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History & Culture"
3253:
2998:
2898:
2833:
2740:
2725:
2611:
Indians, is located in part of Noble County, Oklahoma with tribal offices in
2518:
2499:
2449:
2403:
were treaties with New York Indians, such as the Seneca, Mohawk, Cayuga, and
2357:
2148:
2113:
1911:
1693:
1631:
1604:
1588:
1324:
1182:
973:
614:
27:
Historic sovereign territory set aside for Native American nations, 1834β1907
5863:
3350:
25 U.S.C. Β§ 71. Indian Appropriation Act of March 3, 1871, 16 Stat. 544, 566
2948:
Secretary of Interior appoints secretary of the Indian Territory Legislature
1772:
1277:
That the tribes grant right of way for rail roads authorized by Congress; A
758:. The proclamation limited the settlement of Europeans to lands east of the
122:(west of the red line) and Indian Territories (east of the red line) in 1890
6880:
6715:
6705:
5967:
5909:
5388:
5166:
5068:
5044:
5026:
5002:
4996:
3124:, published by the Oklahoma Historical Society (accessed October 17, 2013).
2886:
2844:
2818:
2708:
2695:
2491:
2353:
2345:
2341:
2283:
2194:
2051:
agreed to purchase land from the previously removed Choctaws for $ 530,000.
1847:
1835:
1728:
1580:
1541:
1373:
1358:
1186:
1064:
1060:
789:
439:
434:
7111:
1756:
1595:
zone. Tribes indigenous to the present day state of Oklahoma include both
467:
are terms that generally described an evolving land area set aside by the
7230:
6101:
5992:
5833:
5821:
5767:
5757:
5722:
5707:
5682:
5604:
5485:
5335:
5062:
4853:
4813:
4524:
4417:
2720:
2311:
2167:
2087:
2040:
1983:
1790:
1596:
1536:
1278:
1213:
1116:
became a state in 1861, and Nebraska became a state in 1867. In 1890 the
1006:
633:
511:
3015:
that encompassed land that would later become part of Indian Territory:
2995:
that encompassed land that would later become part of Indian Territory:
1411:
7200:
6982:
6680:
6265:
5962:
5952:
5939:
5897:
5867:
5816:
5692:
4320:
3843:
Plains Indians, 500β1500 AD: The Archaeological Past of Historic Groups
2894:
2604:
2539:
2299:
2198:
2175:
2163:
1986:
in exchange for land in the future state of Oklahoma, resulting in the
1736:
1654:
1645:
lived in the eastern part of Indian Territory and are ancestors of the
1221:
4397:
See 1890s photographs of Native Americans in Oklahoma Indian Territory
2571:
the US mistakenly included Ponca lands in present-day Nebraska in the
6189:
6096:
5982:
5972:
5892:
5883:
5762:
5294:
4377:
3789:
Population of the States and Counties of the United States: 1790β1990
3733:. Oklahoma Department of Tourism and Recreation. 2007. Archived from
2882:
2865:
2729:
2671:
2608:
2307:
2303:
2214:
2048:
1815:
1678:
1289:
901:
6951:
2638:
2070:, that forced the tribes to move to Indian Territory in present-day
1802:
Many of the tribes forcibly relocated to Indian Territory were from
1292:, also called General Allotment Act, or Dawes Severalty Act of 1887)
1247:
6986:
6650:
6585:
6576:
6091:
5997:
5887:
5879:
5855:
5850:
5609:
5264:
5141:
2760:
2712:
2704:
2667:
2627:
2620:
2600:
2567:
at the confluence with the Missouri River. In the 1868 U.S.-Sioux
2526:
2412:
2373:
2369:
2291:
2230:
2226:
2210:
2206:
2101:
2071:
2055:
1876:
1827:
1811:
1784:
1720:
1666:
1662:
1362:
1320:
1178:
742:
The concept of an Indian territory is the successor to the British
704:
700:
681:
651:
606:
527:
507:
429:
419:
414:
403:
375:
297:
6282:
List of U.S. communities with Native American majority populations
6210:
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
3380:"United States v. Kagama, 118 U.S. 375 (1886), Filed May 10, 1886"
6775:
5664:
5594:
3421:"The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture: Civil War Era"
2787:
2764:
2756:
2732:
reservation in Oklahoma. The Comanche Nation is headquartered in
2691:
2503:
2495:
2136:
2059:
1819:
1608:
1584:
1332:
1075:
1071:
913:
813:
809:
805:
774:
605:
and the Indian Territory, which were merged to form the state of
449:
444:
2603:
in Wisconsin prior to European contact. The tribe is made up of
2547:
Kaw removed themselves from Kansas to an area that would become
1327:, was signed the same day. The third treaty was signed with the
7280:
7260:
6915:
6745:
4383:
Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture β Indian Territory
2890:
2467:
2381:
2315:
2295:
2222:
2190:
2144:
1880:
1872:
1724:
1716:
1113:
409:
5557:
Native American rights movement/Red Power movement (1968-1977)
2698:, Montana, and Wyoming area, and speak an Algonquian language.
2441:
1997:
began the process of moving to Indian Territory with the 1814
6695:
6620:
4315:
Gibson, Arrell Morgan. "Native Americans and the Civil War,"
2992:
2810:
2716:
2559:
2522:
2314:
left Kansas for Indian Territory on lands purchased from the
1951:
1712:
1674:
1646:
1623:
1557:
1316:
1054:
5434:
Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas
2599:, speak one of the Siouan languages and split away from the
1723:
people entered into Indian Territory from the west, and the
904:
became a state in 1812, the remaining territory was renamed
804:, which ceded most of what is now Ohio, part of present-day
719:
636:
that provided a path for statehood for much of the original
4807:
2507:
2456:
2445:
2393:
2218:
2092:
4466:. University of California - Santa Barbara. Archived from
4457:
4441:. University of California - Santa Barbara. Archived from
4432:
3553:. "Reconstruction Treaties." Retrieved February 16, 2012.
842:
for a total of $ 15 million (less than 3 cents per acre).
827:
were called Indian country. They were distinguished from "
792:
and were twice defeated. They finally defeated the Indian
487:(1861β1865), the policy of the U.S. government was one of
3570:
3568:
3137:. "Reconstruction Treaties." Retrieved February 16, 2012.
2864:
to the reservation lands. These were later found to have
1745:
680:
In time, the Indian Territory was reduced to what is now
644:. In general, tribes could not sell land to non-Indians (
6160:
Same-sex marriage in tribal nations in the United States
4339:
Smith, Troy. "The Civil War Comes to Indian Territory",
4334:
Trail Sisters: Freedwomen in Indian Territory, 1850β1890
3485:
Debo, Angie (1934). "The Civil War and Reconstruction".
3157:"Acquisition of the Public Domain, 1781β1867, Table 1.1"
1783:, built in 1849, the oldest public building standing in
1338:
Another component of assimilation was homesteading. The
711:
had criminal and civil jurisdiction over the territory.
4378:
Twin Territories: Oklahoma Territory β Indian Territory
3680:"Choctaw Dictionary Β» Search Results Β» humma"
3287:
3285:
2517:
The Arapaho historically had assisted the Cheyenne and
2463:
at time of European contact and their current homelands
1123:
Some in federal leadership, such as Secretary of State
502:
of 1834, and was the successor to the remainder of the
3845:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1994: 347β348.
3565:
2088:
Tribes from the Great Lakes and Northeastern Woodlands
1883:
were also forced to relocate to the Indian territory.
1310:
is the overall name given to three treaties signed in
1626:
and hunted buffalo. They are likely ancestors of the
1412:
Oklahoma Territory, end of territories upon statehood
1271:
Amnesty for siding with Confederate States of America
1109:
the current KansasβOklahoma (Indian Territory) border
703:
to the organized Oklahoma Territory, and the laws of
4512:
4303:
The Civil War and Reconstruction in Indian Territory
3856:"TREATY WITH THE CADDO, July 1, 1835 (7 Stat., 470)"
3282:
1890:
established tribal capitals in the following towns:
4305:(University of Nebraska Press, 2015). viii, 192 pp.
3961:. Nashville and New York: Abingdon Press. pp.
3692:
3952:
3780:
3233:
3185:
3183:
2670:were originally an agrarian people in present-day
2415:on land administered by the Quapaw Indian Agency.
1376:suggested that Indian Territory be given the name
7916:Former organized territories of the United States
4100:
2771:. In 1874 the tribe was relocated to land in the
2058:People, originally from the present-day state of
581:The Indian Territory (highlighted in red) in 1834
7832:
6510:List of Indian reservations in the United States
6175:Native American recognition in the United States
4896:and other inhabited territories governed by the
4037:The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture
3908:
3906:
3880:
3878:
3876:
1752:Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands
1501:
831:" because the areas were established by treaty.
498:whose general borders were initially set by the
4007:"Treaty of Washington with the Potawatomi 1867"
3400:"United States v. Kagama β 118 U.S. 375 (1886)"
3180:
2336:was an alliance of tribes, originally from the
1138:
1078:were also part of the original Dakota Territory
557:, and other displaced Eastern American tribes.
6235:The International Indian Treaty Council (IITC)
4245:. Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture
2368:era, their confederacy expanded to areas from
1096:. The key boundaries of the territories were:
1067:became separate states simultaneously in 1889.
972:, which affirmed that the U.S. government has
834:In 1803, the United States agreed to purchase
71:
7846:States and territories disestablished in 1907
6967:
6559:
5660:Native American identity in the United States
5351:
5124:
4498:
3903:
3873:
2889:were forced from their homelands in southern
2715:people in the late 17th century, and speak a
2534:as a means of communicate with their allies.
2127:was a loose confederacy of tribes around the
1568:Indian Territory marks the confluence of the
1391:
1385:
699:The Oklahoma Organic Act applied the laws of
57:
6505:State-recognized tribes in the United States
6287:Modern social statistics of Native Americans
4220:Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture
3950:
3551:Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture
3295:Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture
3135:Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture
3122:Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture
3035:List of federally recognized tribes by state
1238:United States House Committee on Territories
572:
7876:1907 disestablishments in the United States
3703:. Oklahoma State University. Archived from
3489:. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 80.
3270:) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2263:The Odawa tribe first purchased lands near
494:Indian Territory later came to refer to an
7941:United States and Native American treaties
7891:20th-century disestablishments in Oklahoma
7841:States and territories established in 1834
6974:
6960:
6566:
6552:
5481:Native Americans in the American Civil War
5365:
5358:
5344:
5131:
5117:
4505:
4491:
4343:(September 2013), 59#3, pp. 279β319
4182:
3326:25 USC CHAPTER 3 - AGREEMENTS WITH INDIANS
3274:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
3266:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2987:Territorial evolution of the United States
1149:Native Americans in the American Civil War
1145:Indian Territory in the American Civil War
939:
762:. The territory remained active until the
625:of 1834. The territory was located in the
520:organized territories of the United States
112:
6488:Native American Medal of Honor recipients
5496:Cultural assimilation of Native Americans
3487:The Rise and Fall of the Choctaw Republic
2020:established terms under which the entire
1169:Cultural assimilation of Native Americans
1031:rivers. Wisconsin became a state in 1848
808:, and the lands that include present-day
720:Indian Reserve and the Louisiana Purchase
240:β’ The 'Old Settlers' first arrivals
7866:1834 establishments in the United States
5846:Post 1887 Apache Wars period (1887β1924)
4353:(Louisiana State University Press, 2000)
4240:
4030:
3755:
3727:"Oklahoma State History and Information"
3344:
3191:"Downes v. Bidwell, 182 U.S. 244 (1901)"
2637:
2626:
2466:
2455:
2440:
2107:
2091:
1789:
1771:
1755:
1551:
1535:
1523:
1246:
984:
729:
642:organized territory of the United States
617:reserved for the forced resettlement of
596:
584:
576:
7946:Western (genre) staples and terminology
7881:19th-century establishments in Oklahoma
7861:1834 establishments in Indian Territory
3127:
2418:
2321:
1733:federal government of the United States
205:Devolved independent tribal governments
14:
7833:
4942:Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands
3959:Indians of the Southeast: Then and Now
3698:
3460:
3086:Former Indian Reservations in Oklahoma
1746:Tribes from the Southeastern Woodlands
1430:
1210:American Civil War in Indian territory
849:doubted the legality of the purchase.
7921:Former countries of the United States
6981:
6955:
6547:
6220:National Congress of American Indians
6165:Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women
6128:National Congress of American Indians
6067:American Indian Religious Freedom Act
5655:Native American disease and epidemics
5429:European colonization of the Americas
5339:
5112:
4486:
4415:
3939:A Brief History of Cherokee Lodge #10
3463:Oklahoma, a History of Five Centuries
2970:Historic regions of the United States
1735:or they purchased the land receiving
980:
825:Native Americans in the United States
43:States and union territories of India
6225:National Indian Youth Council (NIYC)
6082:Native American people and Mormonism
5926:Northern Cheyenne Exodus (1878-1879)
5093:
4388:High resolution maps and other items
4312:(University of Oklahoma Press, 2007)
4310:The Cherokee Nation in the Civil War
3987:"1833 Treaty with the Chippewa, etc"
3786:
3484:
3328:. uscode - house.gov. Archived from
2510:, an animal hide lodge, was used by
1711:by the U.S. federal government, the
1579:. Its western region is part of the
601:A map of the gradual opening of the
286:β’ Oklahoma Territory separated
7926:Native American history of Oklahoma
6493:List of federally recognized tribes
4367:(Oklahoma Historical Society, 2001)
3951:Burt, Jesse; Ferguson, Bob (1973).
3039:List of federally recognized tribes
2009:ceded all Creek claims east of the
1976:Choctaw signed a series of treaties
1950:These tribes founded towns such as
1777:Cherokee Nation Historic Courthouse
1583:, subjected to extended periods of
1404:later became the de facto name for
1199:Treaty with Choctaws and Chickasaws
861:. The 3rd article stated, in part:
754:that set aside land for use by the
593:map of the Indian Territory in 1879
24:
6881:Fox (Meskwaki, Sauk, and Kickapoo)
6256:Indigenous peoples of the Americas
6251:Black Indians in the United States
6215:Native American Rights Fund (NARF)
5491:Certificate Degree of Indian Blood
4530:Organized incorporated territories
4458:Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T.
4433:Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T.
4357:
4295:
3418:
3234:Stein, Mark, 1951- (27 May 2008).
2747:. Originally from the area around
2586:Ponca Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma
2437:Native American tribes in Nebraska
1425:
1157:Cherokee in the American Civil War
1103:the current KansasβNebraska border
25:
7957:
7931:Pre-statehood history of Oklahoma
6180:Native American women in politics
5531:Native Americans and World War II
5516:Indian Reorganization Act of 1934
4371:
4083:"1858 Ponca Treaty with the U.S."
4058:"1817 Ponca Treaty with the U.S."
2876:
2711:in Wyoming breaking off from the
2396:, where they joined the Shawnee.
2388:in 1794, though some remained in
2203:Second Treaty of Prairie du Chien
2066:in 1832, in response to the 1830
1688:The Wichita and Caddo both spoke
1669:. The tribe was once part of the
1649:Nation. The Caddo people speak a
1367:United States General Land Office
1342:was signed into law by President
1216:, a Confederate commander of the
1153:Choctaw in the American Civil War
7814:
6575:
5812:Buffalo Hunters' War (1876β1877)
5800:Antelope Hills expedition (1858)
5536:American Indian boarding schools
5140:
5092:
5083:
5082:
4894:United Nations trust territories
4514:Territories of the United States
4411:Oklahoma Digital Maps Collection
4213:
3465:, University of Oklahoma Press,
2490:. Some tribes used the dog as a
2484:indigenous peoples of the Plains
1966:to Oklahoma, which added to the
1794:The historic Choctaw Capitol of
1607:-era, when tribes could adopt a
1398:Superintendent of Indian Affairs
818:United States federal government
665:, reducing the territory of the
567:Oklahoma Tribal Statistical Area
380:
355:
341:
6230:Women of All Red Nations (WARN)
4948:American Concession in Shanghai
4464:The American Presidency Project
4439:The American Presidency Project
4266:
4257:
4234:
4207:
4157:
4125:
4075:
4050:
4024:
3999:
3979:
3944:
3931:
3848:
3835:
3810:
3749:
3719:
3672:
3647:
3622:
3604:
3594:
3543:
3518:
3493:
3478:
3454:
3412:
3392:
3372:
3362:
3353:
3236:How the States got Their Shapes
2728:, surrendered and moved to the
2724:free band of Comanches, led by
2597:Otoe-Missouria Tribe of Indians
2328:Seneca-Cayuga Tribe of Oklahoma
669:and providing land to resettle
6330:Native American Pidgin English
6135:American Indian Movement (AIM)
5511:Indian Citizenship Act of 1924
5394:Archaic period in the Americas
4954:American concession of Tianjin
4319:(1985), 9#4, pp. 385β410
4133:"May, John D. Otoe-Missouria.
3314:
3227:
3203:
3149:
3103:
3045:Native American tribes in Iowa
2815:Glacier National Park, Montana
2250:Prairie Band Potawatomi Nation
2116:circa 1860, how housed in the
1980:Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek
1707:In the 18th century, prior to
1611:lifestyle and follow abundant
1540:An artist's 2016 depiction of
632:While Congress passed several
13:
1:
6028:Battle of Kelley Creek (1911)
5804:Comanche Campaign (1867β1875)
5792:TexasβIndian wars (1836β1877)
4222:. Oklahoma Historical Society
4165:"1957 Treaty with the Pawnee"
3096:
2920:
2838:Southern Athabaskan languages
2779:. Tribal Headquarters are in
2753:Francisco VΓ‘squez de Coronado
2646:prior to European settlements
2634:prior to European settlements
2482:, a Plains tribe. Additional
2474:prior to European settlements
2160:Pottawatomie County, Oklahoma
1698:Wichita and Affiliated Tribes
1671:Caddoan Mississippian culture
1628:Wichita and Affiliated Tribes
1516:Caddoan Mississippian culture
1502:Tribes indigenous to Oklahoma
1323:tribes. The second, with the
1195:Confederate States of America
1135:with the Confederate States.
1011:U.S. House of Representatives
750:territory established by the
6123:Native American civil rights
6033:Battle of Bear Valley (1918)
6018:Crazy Snake Rebellion (1909)
6013:Battle of Sugar Point (1898)
5935:Rogue River Wars (1855β1856)
5562:Native American civil rights
4545:U.S. territorial sovereignty
3787:Forstall, Richard L. (ed.).
3699:Wright, Muriel (June 1936).
3238:(First ed.). New York.
2680:Battle of the Little Bighorn
2551:, tribal headquarters is in
1346:. The Act gave an applicant
1139:Civil War and Reconstruction
526:created the single state of
7:
7906:Cherokee Nation (1794β1907)
6476:Native American politicians
6466:Native American War Leaders
5944:Puget Sound War (1855β1856)
5930:Ghost Dance War (1890β1891)
5922:Great Sioux War (1876β1877)
5918:Red Cloud's War (1866β1868)
5902:First Sioux War (1854-1856)
5830:Chiricahua Wars (1860β1886)
5552:Native American Rights Fund
3796:United States Census Bureau
3426:Oklahoma Historical Society
3091:Indian country jurisdiction
2963:
2653:Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes
2588:have their headquarters in
2532:Plains Indian Sign Language
1853:Between 1814 and 1840, the
1661:, and portions of southern
1548:site, as seen from the west
591:U.S. Department of Interior
260:β’ KansasβNebraska Act
10:
7962:
6155:Occupation of Wounded Knee
5872:Black Hawk War (1865β1872)
5860:Battle at Fort Utah (1850)
5842:Geronimo's War (1881β1886)
5838:Victorio's War (1879β1880)
5743:American Revolutionary War
4795:Unincorporated territories
3446:: CS1 maint: url-status (
3211:"Encyclopedia of Arkansas"
2813:originated in the area of
2775:in Oklahoma Territory, in
2694:came from the present-day
2433:Treaty of St. Louis (1818)
2422:
2325:
1806:, including the so-called
1804:Southeastern United States
1749:
1505:
1255:is not shaded as it was a
1142:
943:
893:, formulated by President
768:American Revolutionary War
752:Royal Proclamation of 1763
723:
714:
72:
40:
29:
7871:1900s in Indian Territory
7856:1830s in Indian Territory
7810:
7412:
7299:
7191:
7130:
7005:
6993:
6799:
6592:
6523:
6443:
6345:
6337:Native American languages
6307:
6274:
6243:
6198:
6115:
6077:Native American religions
6059:
6041:
5826:Jicarilla War (1849β1855)
5808:Red River War (1874β1875)
5796:Comanche Wars (1836β1877)
5673:
5575:
5501:Indian Appropriations Act
5374:
5316:
5251:
5218:Antelope Hills Expedition
5176:
5153:
5078:
4980:
4963:
4906:
4889:
4803:
4790:
4553:
4520:
4317:American Indian Quarterly
4108:"US-Sioux Treaty of 1868"
3941:(retrieved 26 June 2009).
3322:"SUBCHAPTER I - TREATIES"
2401:Treaties of Buffalo Creek
2258:Citizen Potawatomi Nation
2242:Potawatomi Trail of Death
2162:was used to resettle the
2125:Western Lakes Confederacy
2064:Treaty of Payne's Landing
2003:1826 Treaty of Washington
1970:population in the state.
1620:Southern Plains villagers
1593:humid subtropical climate
1512:Southern Plains Villagers
1496:
1458:
1443:β
960:Indian Appropriations Act
800:in 1794, and imposed the
573:Description and geography
396:
320:
316:
312:
308:
294:
284:
268:
258:
248:
238:
225:
221:
213:
209:
199:
195:
126:
111:
106:
88:
54:
7896:20th century in Oklahoma
7886:19th century in Oklahoma
6150:Trail of Broken Treaties
5978:Hualapai War (1865β1870)
5968:Yavapai Wars (1861β1875)
5948:Coeur d'Alene War (1858)
5910:Colorado War (1863β1865)
4880:Northern Mariana Islands
4419:"Indian Territory"
3701:"Chronicles of Oklahoma"
3215:Encyclopedia of Arkansas
2472:Western Siouan languages
2298:, where they joined the
2277:Ottawa Tribe of Oklahoma
2240:, an event known as the
2112:Moccasins beaded by the
2039:, rather than receiving
1978:with the Americans. The
1587:and high winds, and the
1173:At the beginning of the
798:Battle of Fallen Timbers
675:Midwestern United States
469:United States government
30:Not to be confused with
6846:Chiwere (Iowa and Otoe)
6325:American Indian English
6261:Louisiana Creole people
6051:Native American studies
6003:Bannock Uprising (1895)
5958:Navajo Wars (1849β1866)
5914:Powder River War (1865)
5822:Apache Wars (1849β1924)
5640:Mesoamerican literature
5635:Indigenous Peoples' Day
5444:Partus sequitur ventrem
4425:The American Cyclopædia
4401:Portal to Texas History
4332:Reese, Linda Williams.
4031:Roberson, Glen (2009).
3756:Merserve, John (1941).
3549:Pennington, William D.
3461:Gibson, Arrell (1981),
3133:Pennington, William D.
2903:Modoc Tribe of Oklahoma
2777:Pawnee County, Oklahoma
2573:Great Sioux Reservation
2340:area consisting of the
2273:Ottawa County, Oklahoma
2118:Oklahoma History Center
2043:in exchange for ceding
2030:Cherokee Trail of Tears
1995:Muscogee (Creek) Nation
1974:Beginning in 1783, the
1532:in summer dress in 1870
1470:, but were rebuffed by
1392:
1386:
1380:which derives from the
1226:Reconstruction Treaties
1161:Reconstruction Treaties
1088:of 1854, which created
969:United States v. Kagama
940:Relocation and treaties
857:would be acceptable to
250:β’ Platte Purchase
58:
7936:Southern United States
6582:Native American tribes
6145:Occupation of Alcatraz
6087:Native American church
5953:Mohave War (1858β1859)
5940:Yakima War (1855β1858)
5898:Sioux Wars (1854β1891)
5876:White River War (1879)
5864:Walker War (1853β1854)
5748:CherokeeβAmerican wars
5201:Cutthroat Gap Massacre
4241:Westmoreland, Ingrid.
3762:Chronicles of Oklahoma
3297:. "Indian Territory.""
3025:Territory of Louisiana
2858:Osage County, Oklahoma
2769:Nance County, Nebraska
2751:. In the 16th century
2647:
2635:
2569:Treaty of Fort Laramie
2475:
2464:
2453:
2189:is an alliance of the
2187:Council of Three Fires
2120:
2105:
2045:indigenous land rights
1999:Treaty of Fort Jackson
1988:Choctaw Trail of Tears
1799:
1787:
1769:
1574:Southeastern Woodlands
1565:
1549:
1533:
1312:Medicine Lodge, Kansas
1260:
1224:on June 23, 1865. The
1070:Present-day states of
1018:Indian Intercourse Act
1002:
918:Treaty of Doak's Stand
876:
756:Native American tribes
739:
623:Indian Intercourse Act
610:
594:
582:
471:for the relocation of
296:β’ Annexation and
229:Indian Intercourse Act
45:. For other uses, see
6008:Yaqui Uprising (1896)
5983:Modoc War (1872β1873)
5973:Snake War (1864β1869)
5888:Bluff Skirmish (1921)
5884:Bluff War (1914β1915)
5834:Tonto War (1871β1875)
5585:Mississippian culture
5548:Civil rights movement
5449:Five Civilized Tribes
5307:Oklahoma City bombing
5271:Crazy Snake Rebellion
5169:(9thβ15th century CE)
5163:(11th millennium BCE)
5154:Prior to 19th century
4535:Territorial evolution
4416:Hawes, J. W. (1879).
4301:Clampitt, Bradley R.
4263:26 Stat. 81, at 94-97
3019:District of Louisiana
2980:Parallel 36Β°30' north
2927:Five Civilized Tribes
2678:. In 1877, after the
2644:Uto-Aztecan languages
2641:
2630:
2582:Knox County, Nebraska
2470:
2459:
2444:
2429:Medicine Lodge Treaty
2386:Treaty of Canandaigua
2111:
2095:
2013:to the United States.
1888:Five Civilized Tribes
1855:Five Civilized Tribes
1808:Five Civilized Tribes
1793:
1775:
1762:Mississippian culture
1759:
1641:Member tribes of the
1555:
1546:Caddoan Mississippian
1539:
1527:
1480:Oklahoma Enabling Act
1417:Historical population
1340:Homestead Act of 1862
1308:Medicine Lodge Treaty
1250:
1212:. Brigadier General
1165:Medicine Lodge Treaty
988:
865:
829:unorganized territory
760:Appalachian Mountains
733:
726:Indian Reserve (1763)
667:Five Civilized Tribes
627:Central United States
600:
588:
580:
524:Oklahoma Enabling Act
496:unorganized territory
477:original Indian title
90:Unorganized territory
6876:Mescalero-Chiricahua
6631:Cheyenne and Arapaho
6023:Last Massacre (1911)
5988:Nez Perce War (1877)
5856:Ute Wars (1850β1923)
5753:Northwest Indian War
5506:Racial Integrity Act
5301:Red River Bridge War
5283:Osage Indian murders
5277:Green Corn Rebellion
5195:ComancheβMexico Wars
4308:Confer, Clarissa W.
3758:"Chief Allen Wright"
3582:on February 16, 2012
3080:Northwest Indian War
3055:Treaty of Fort Clark
2850:Independence, Kansas
2826:headquarters are in
2632:Algonquian languages
2590:Ponca City, Oklahoma
2549:Kay County, Oklahoma
2419:Plains Indian tribes
2405:Oneida Indian Nation
2334:Iroquois Confederacy
2322:Iroquois Confederacy
2269:Quapaw Indian Agency
2028:and resulted in the
2018:Treaty of New Echota
1677:Nation and state of
1636:South Canadian River
1591:is to the east in a
1268:Abolition of slavery
1118:Oklahoma Organic Act
950:American Indian Wars
908:to avoid confusion.
851:Robert R. Livingston
802:Treaty of Greenville
690:Quapaw Indian Agency
7821:Oklahoma portal
7301:Largest cities
7251:Oklahoma City Metro
7122:Tourist attractions
6299:Reservation poverty
6244:Ethnic subdivisions
6116:Political movements
5777:Second Seminole War
5688:Anglo-Powhatan Wars
5289:Tulsa race massacre
5147:History of Oklahoma
4972:uninhabited islands
4874:U.S. Virgin Islands
4349:Wickett, Murray R.
3841:Schlesier, Karl H.
3707:on October 13, 2007
3082:the battle for Ohio
3075:Cherokee Commission
3068:Osage Treaty (1825)
2975:Missouri Compromise
2885:from 1872 to 1873,
2707:lived in the upper
2676:Algonquian language
2659:(a rural suburb of
2133:Northwest Territory
1860:American presidents
1796:Tuskahoma, Oklahoma
1781:Tahlequah, Oklahoma
1508:History of Oklahoma
1418:
1086:KansasβNebraska Act
1041:Minnesota Territory
1025:Wisconsin Territory
1001:Territories in 1855
954:Treaty of St. Louis
922:Ft. Smith, Arkansas
794:Western Confederacy
709:Ft. Smith, Arkansas
686:Organic Act of 1890
647:Johnson v. McIntosh
559:Indian reservations
363:Greer County, Texas
7901:Arkansas Territory
7256:Ouachita Mountains
6646:Citizen Potawatomi
6200:Civic and economic
6185:Tribal sovereignty
6140:Red Power Movement
6107:Longhouse Religion
6042:Education, science
5993:Bannock War (1878)
5787:American Civil War
5738:Lord Dunmore's War
5526:Blood quantum laws
5409:Post-Classic stage
5236:Oklahoma Territory
5189:Arkansas Territory
5184:Louisiana Purchase
3731:A Look at Oklahoma
3559:2014-02-20 at the
3293:"Everett, Dianna.
3143:2014-02-20 at the
3116:2012-02-25 at the
3109:Everett, Dianna. "
2870:Pawhuska, Oklahoma
2828:Carnegie, Oklahoma
2648:
2636:
2613:Red Rock, Oklahoma
2553:Kaw City, Oklahoma
2476:
2465:
2454:
2399:The 1838 and 1842
2392:and some moved to
2256:, they became the
2238:Osawatomie, Kansas
2229:and ultimately to
2129:Great Lakes region
2121:
2106:
2068:Indian Removal Act
1800:
1788:
1770:
1702:Anadarko, Oklahoma
1566:
1562:Anadarko, Oklahoma
1550:
1534:
1487:McGirt v. Oklahoma
1476:Theodore Roosevelt
1416:
1406:Oklahoma Territory
1261:
1233:Reconstruction era
1094:Nebraska Territory
1003:
981:Reductions of area
926:General Survey Act
910:Arkansaw Territory
906:Missouri Territory
891:Indian Removal Act
855:Louisiana Purchase
740:
736:Louisiana Purchase
694:Oklahoma Territory
673:and tribes of the
656:American Civil War
611:
603:Oklahoma Territory
595:
583:
532:Oklahoma Territory
504:Missouri Territory
500:Nonintercourse Act
485:American Civil War
465:Indian Territories
349:Missouri Territory
279:September 21, 1865
32:Indian reservation
7828:
7827:
7057:Land Rush of 1889
6949:
6948:
6871:Hitchiti-Mikasuki
6611:Alabama-Quassarte
6541:
6540:
6072:Eagle feather law
5963:Paiute War (1860)
5906:Dakota War (1862)
5868:Tintic War (1856)
5782:Osage Indian War
5713:King Philip's War
5333:
5332:
5265:State of Oklahoma
5259:State of Sequoyah
5161:Cooper Bison Kill
5106:
5105:
4970:claims and other
4968:Guano Islands Act
4868:Panama Canal Zone
4540:Thirteen Colonies
4392:National Archives
4341:Civil War History
4329:(Routledge, 2003)
4325:Minges, Patrick.
3972:978-0-687-18793-5
3937:Moser, George W.
3532:on March 17, 2012
3507:on March 17, 2012
3419:Huston, James L.
3332:on March 17, 2012
3245:978-0-06-143138-8
3061:Lovely's Purchase
2897:to settle at the
2854:Drum Creek Treaty
2804:Tonkawa, Oklahoma
2685:travel back north
2542:speak one of the
2366:Revolutionary War
2290:, moved south to
2288:Southern Illinois
2254:Shawnee, Oklahoma
2246:woodlands culture
2011:Mississippi River
2007:Treaty of Cusseta
1690:Caddoan languages
1643:Caddo Confederacy
1468:State of Sequoyah
1463:
1462:
1459:Source: 1890β1900
1357:) of undeveloped
1329:Southern Cheyenne
1125:William H. Seward
930:Lovely's Purchase
873:8 Stat. at L. 202
779:expanded westward
772:European American
458:
457:
392:
391:
388:
387:
368:
367:
201: β’ Type
101:the United States
73:α£α§α³α°αΉ (Okalahoma)
16:(Redirected from
7953:
7851:Indian Territory
7819:
7818:
7817:
7078:Unassigned Lands
6976:
6969:
6962:
6953:
6952:
6801:Tribal languages
6781:United Keetoowah
6711:Muscogee (Creek)
6671:Fort Sill Apache
6606:Absentee Shawnee
6580:
6579:
6568:
6561:
6554:
6545:
6544:
6451:Native Americans
6320:American English
5893:Posey War (1923)
5610:Iroquois culture
5476:Indian Territory
5424:Age of Discovery
5360:
5353:
5346:
5337:
5336:
5230:Washita Massacre
5212:Indian Territory
5145:
5144:
5133:
5126:
5119:
5110:
5109:
5096:
5095:
5086:
5085:
5051:Quita SueΓ±o Bank
4631:Indian Territory
4507:
4500:
4493:
4484:
4483:
4479:
4477:
4475:
4454:
4452:
4450:
4429:
4421:
4289:
4288:
4286:
4285:
4276:. Archived from
4270:
4264:
4261:
4255:
4254:
4252:
4250:
4238:
4232:
4231:
4229:
4227:
4211:
4205:
4204:
4202:
4201:
4192:. Archived from
4186:
4180:
4179:
4177:
4176:
4167:. Archived from
4161:
4155:
4152:
4149:
4148:
4139:. Archived from
4129:
4123:
4122:
4120:
4119:
4110:. Archived from
4104:
4098:
4097:
4095:
4094:
4079:
4073:
4072:
4070:
4069:
4054:
4048:
4047:
4045:
4043:
4028:
4022:
4021:
4019:
4018:
4009:. Archived from
4003:
3997:
3996:
3994:
3993:
3983:
3977:
3976:
3956:
3948:
3942:
3935:
3929:
3928:
3926:
3925:
3916:. Archived from
3910:
3901:
3900:
3898:
3897:
3892:on June 15, 2010
3888:. Archived from
3882:
3871:
3870:
3868:
3867:
3858:. Archived from
3852:
3846:
3839:
3833:
3832:
3830:
3829:
3824:on March 3, 2016
3820:. Archived from
3814:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3803:
3793:
3784:
3778:
3777:
3775:
3773:
3764:. Archived from
3753:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3742:
3737:on July 29, 2006
3723:
3717:
3716:
3714:
3712:
3696:
3690:
3689:
3687:
3686:
3676:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3666:
3657:. Archived from
3651:
3645:
3644:
3642:
3641:
3632:. Archived from
3626:
3620:
3619:
3614:. Archived from
3608:
3602:
3598:
3592:
3591:
3589:
3587:
3578:. Archived from
3572:
3563:
3547:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3537:
3528:. Archived from
3522:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3512:
3503:. Archived from
3497:
3491:
3490:
3482:
3476:
3475:
3458:
3452:
3451:
3445:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3416:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3406:
3396:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3386:
3376:
3370:
3366:
3360:
3357:
3351:
3348:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3337:
3318:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3308:
3299:. Archived from
3289:
3280:
3279:
3265:
3257:
3231:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3221:
3207:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3197:
3187:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3174:
3169:on July 23, 2011
3168:
3162:. Archived from
3161:
3153:
3147:
3131:
3125:
3111:Indian Territory
3107:
3057:with the Osage.
3013:U.S. territories
2852:. With the 1870
2800:Tonkawa Massacre
2792:language isolate
2781:Pawnee, Oklahoma
2745:Caddoan language
2734:Lawton, Oklahoma
2719:language of the
2657:Concho, Oklahoma
2544:Siouan languages
2488:hunter-gatherers
2338:Upstate New York
2172:Absentee Shawnee
1968:African American
1924:(later moved to
1910:(later moved to
1904:Chickasaw Nation
1683:Binger, Oklahoma
1651:Caddoan language
1577:cultural regions
1432:
1427:
1419:
1415:
1395:
1390:, 'people', and
1389:
1090:Kansas Territory
1051:Dakota Territory
958:Before the 1871
916:in 1820 for the
874:
847:Thomas Jefferson
840:French Louisiana
748:British American
619:Native Americans
473:Native Americans
461:Indian Territory
384:
383:
372:
371:
359:
358:
345:
344:
338:
337:
322:
321:
304:16 November 1907
202:
116:
83:
75:
74:
69:
61:
55:Indian Territory
52:
51:
21:
18:Indian territory
7961:
7960:
7956:
7955:
7954:
7952:
7951:
7950:
7831:
7830:
7829:
7824:
7815:
7813:
7806:
7408:
7295:
7226:Four State Area
7216:Choctaw Country
7211:Cherokee Outlet
7187:
7126:
7001:
6989:
6980:
6950:
6945:
6803:
6795:
6666:Eastern Shawnee
6656:Delaware Nation
6597:
6595:
6588:
6574:
6572:
6542:
6537:
6519:
6439:
6341:
6303:
6270:
6239:
6203:
6201:
6194:
6111:
6055:
6043:
6037:
5998:Crow War (1887)
5669:
5595:Hohokam culture
5571:
5414:Woodland period
5399:Formative stage
5370:
5367:Native American
5364:
5334:
5329:
5312:
5247:
5172:
5149:
5139:
5137:
5107:
5102:
5074:
4985:Phoenix Islands
4976:
4959:
4936:Volcano Islands
4902:
4885:
4799:
4786:
4549:
4516:
4511:
4473:
4471:
4470:on 5 March 2017
4448:
4446:
4445:on 5 March 2017
4374:
4363:Edwards, Whit.
4360:
4358:Primary sources
4298:
4296:Further reading
4293:
4292:
4283:
4281:
4272:
4271:
4267:
4262:
4258:
4248:
4246:
4239:
4235:
4225:
4223:
4212:
4208:
4199:
4197:
4196:on May 30, 2017
4188:
4187:
4183:
4174:
4172:
4163:
4162:
4158:
4146:
4144:
4131:
4130:
4126:
4117:
4115:
4106:
4105:
4101:
4092:
4090:
4081:
4080:
4076:
4067:
4065:
4056:
4055:
4051:
4041:
4039:
4029:
4025:
4016:
4014:
4005:
4004:
4000:
3991:
3989:
3985:
3984:
3980:
3973:
3949:
3945:
3936:
3932:
3923:
3921:
3912:
3911:
3904:
3895:
3893:
3884:
3883:
3874:
3865:
3863:
3854:
3853:
3849:
3840:
3836:
3827:
3825:
3816:
3815:
3811:
3801:
3799:
3791:
3785:
3781:
3771:
3769:
3754:
3750:
3740:
3738:
3725:
3724:
3720:
3710:
3708:
3697:
3693:
3684:
3682:
3678:
3677:
3673:
3664:
3662:
3653:
3652:
3648:
3639:
3637:
3628:
3627:
3623:
3610:
3609:
3605:
3599:
3595:
3585:
3583:
3574:
3573:
3566:
3561:Wayback Machine
3548:
3544:
3535:
3533:
3524:
3523:
3519:
3510:
3508:
3499:
3498:
3494:
3483:
3479:
3473:
3459:
3455:
3439:
3438:
3431:
3429:
3417:
3413:
3404:
3402:
3398:
3397:
3393:
3384:
3382:
3378:
3377:
3373:
3367:
3363:
3358:
3354:
3349:
3345:
3335:
3333:
3320:
3319:
3315:
3306:
3304:
3291:
3290:
3283:
3259:
3258:
3246:
3232:
3228:
3219:
3217:
3209:
3208:
3204:
3195:
3193:
3189:
3188:
3181:
3172:
3170:
3166:
3159:
3155:
3154:
3150:
3145:Wayback Machine
3132:
3128:
3118:Wayback Machine
3108:
3104:
3099:
2991:Territories of
2966:
2923:
2879:
2773:Cherokee Outlet
2749:Omaha, Nebraska
2521:in driving the
2439:
2423:Main articles:
2421:
2411:, and later to
2330:
2324:
2275:, becoming the
2201:tribes. In the
2098:Delaware Nation
2090:
2022:Cherokee Nation
1941:Seminole Nation
1895:Cherokee Nation
1830:, but also the
1824:Muscogee Creeks
1798:, built in 1884
1754:
1748:
1659:North Louisiana
1601:hunter-gatherer
1570:Southern Plains
1522:
1506:Main articles:
1504:
1499:
1414:
1344:Abraham Lincoln
1335:on October 28.
1218:Cherokee Nation
1171:
1143:Main articles:
1141:
1129:Abraham Lincoln
983:
956:
944:Main articles:
942:
875:
872:
766:that ended the
764:Treaty of Paris
728:
722:
717:
575:
514:were passed by
454:
424:Platte Purchase
406:(predominantly)
381:
356:
342:
301:
287:
275:
261:
251:
241:
231:
200:
183:
174:
165:
156:
147:
138:
117:
84:
77:
70:
63:
50:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7959:
7949:
7948:
7943:
7938:
7933:
7928:
7923:
7918:
7913:
7908:
7903:
7898:
7893:
7888:
7883:
7878:
7873:
7868:
7863:
7858:
7853:
7848:
7843:
7826:
7825:
7811:
7808:
7807:
7805:
7804:
7799:
7794:
7789:
7784:
7779:
7774:
7769:
7764:
7759:
7754:
7749:
7744:
7739:
7734:
7729:
7724:
7719:
7714:
7709:
7704:
7699:
7694:
7689:
7684:
7679:
7674:
7669:
7664:
7659:
7654:
7649:
7644:
7639:
7634:
7629:
7624:
7619:
7614:
7609:
7604:
7599:
7594:
7589:
7584:
7579:
7574:
7569:
7564:
7559:
7554:
7549:
7544:
7539:
7534:
7529:
7524:
7519:
7514:
7509:
7504:
7499:
7494:
7489:
7484:
7479:
7474:
7469:
7464:
7459:
7454:
7449:
7444:
7439:
7434:
7429:
7424:
7418:
7416:
7410:
7409:
7407:
7406:
7401:
7396:
7391:
7386:
7381:
7376:
7371:
7366:
7361:
7356:
7351:
7346:
7341:
7336:
7331:
7326:
7321:
7316:
7311:
7305:
7303:
7297:
7296:
7294:
7293:
7288:
7283:
7278:
7273:
7268:
7263:
7258:
7253:
7248:
7243:
7238:
7233:
7228:
7223:
7218:
7213:
7208:
7203:
7197:
7195:
7189:
7188:
7186:
7185:
7180:
7175:
7170:
7165:
7160:
7155:
7150:
7145:
7140:
7134:
7132:
7128:
7127:
7125:
7124:
7119:
7114:
7109:
7104:
7103:
7102:
7097:
7092:
7082:
7081:
7080:
7075:
7049:
7048:
7047:
7032:
7027:
7022:
7020:Climate change
7017:
7011:
7009:
7003:
7002:
6994:
6991:
6990:
6979:
6978:
6971:
6964:
6956:
6947:
6946:
6944:
6943:
6938:
6933:
6928:
6923:
6918:
6913:
6908:
6903:
6898:
6893:
6888:
6883:
6878:
6873:
6868:
6863:
6858:
6853:
6848:
6843:
6838:
6833:
6828:
6823:
6818:
6813:
6807:
6805:
6804:(still spoken)
6797:
6796:
6794:
6793:
6788:
6783:
6778:
6773:
6768:
6763:
6758:
6753:
6748:
6743:
6738:
6733:
6728:
6723:
6721:Otoe-Missouria
6718:
6713:
6708:
6703:
6698:
6693:
6688:
6683:
6678:
6673:
6668:
6663:
6661:Delaware Tribe
6658:
6653:
6648:
6643:
6638:
6633:
6628:
6623:
6618:
6613:
6608:
6602:
6600:
6590:
6589:
6571:
6570:
6563:
6556:
6548:
6539:
6538:
6536:
6535:
6530:
6524:
6521:
6520:
6518:
6517:
6512:
6507:
6502:
6501:
6500:
6490:
6485:
6484:
6483:
6478:
6473:
6468:
6463:
6458:
6447:
6445:
6441:
6440:
6438:
6437:
6432:
6427:
6422:
6417:
6415:North Carolina
6412:
6407:
6402:
6401:
6400:
6390:
6385:
6380:
6375:
6370:
6365:
6360:
6355:
6349:
6347:
6343:
6342:
6340:
6339:
6334:
6333:
6332:
6327:
6322:
6311:
6309:
6305:
6304:
6302:
6301:
6296:
6291:
6290:
6289:
6278:
6276:
6272:
6271:
6269:
6268:
6263:
6258:
6253:
6247:
6245:
6241:
6240:
6238:
6237:
6232:
6227:
6222:
6217:
6212:
6206:
6204:
6199:
6196:
6195:
6193:
6192:
6187:
6182:
6177:
6172:
6162:
6157:
6152:
6147:
6142:
6137:
6132:
6131:
6130:
6119:
6117:
6113:
6112:
6110:
6109:
6104:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6063:
6061:
6057:
6056:
6054:
6053:
6047:
6045:
6044:and technology
6039:
6038:
6036:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6015:
6010:
6005:
6000:
5995:
5990:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5950:
5937:
5932:
5895:
5890:
5880:Ute War (1887)
5853:
5848:
5819:
5814:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5770:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5703:Peach Tree War
5700:
5695:
5690:
5685:
5679:
5677:
5671:
5670:
5668:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5600:Plains Indians
5597:
5592:
5587:
5581:
5579:
5573:
5572:
5570:
5569:
5567:Discrimination
5564:
5559:
5554:
5545:
5544:
5543:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5471:Trail of Tears
5468:
5466:Indian removal
5463:
5462:
5461:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5380:
5378:
5372:
5371:
5363:
5362:
5355:
5348:
5340:
5331:
5330:
5328:
5327:
5320:
5318:
5314:
5313:
5311:
5310:
5304:
5298:
5292:
5286:
5280:
5274:
5268:
5262:
5255:
5253:
5249:
5248:
5246:
5245:
5239:
5233:
5227:
5221:
5215:
5209:
5207:Indian Removal
5204:
5198:
5192:
5186:
5180:
5178:
5174:
5173:
5171:
5170:
5164:
5157:
5155:
5151:
5150:
5136:
5135:
5128:
5121:
5113:
5104:
5103:
5101:
5100:
5090:
5079:
5076:
5075:
5073:
5072:
5066:
5065:(1899βpresent)
5060:
5059:(1898βpresent)
5054:
5048:
5047:(1867βpresent)
5042:
5041:(1867βpresent)
5039:Howland Island
5036:
5030:
5029:(1860βpresent)
5024:
5023:(1858βpresent)
5021:Navassa Island
5018:
5017:(1858βpresent)
5015:Johnston Atoll
5012:
5011:(1858βpresent)
5006:
5005:(1857βpresent)
5000:
4994:
4988:
4981:
4978:
4977:
4975:
4974:
4964:
4961:
4960:
4958:
4957:
4951:
4945:
4939:
4933:
4927:
4926:
4925:
4919:
4911:Ryukyu Islands
4907:
4904:
4903:
4901:
4900:
4890:
4887:
4886:
4884:
4883:
4882:(1986βpresent)
4877:
4876:(1917βpresent)
4871:
4865:
4864:(1899βpresent)
4862:American Samoa
4859:
4858:
4857:
4851:
4845:
4836:
4835:
4834:
4828:
4822:
4811:
4810:(1898βpresent)
4804:
4801:
4800:
4798:
4797:
4791:
4788:
4787:
4785:
4784:
4778:
4772:
4771:
4770:
4764:
4758:
4749:
4743:
4737:
4731:
4725:
4719:
4713:
4707:
4701:
4695:
4689:
4688:
4687:
4681:
4672:
4666:
4660:
4654:
4648:
4647:
4646:
4640:
4634:
4625:
4619:
4613:
4607:
4601:
4595:
4585:
4579:
4573:
4567:
4561:
4554:
4551:
4550:
4548:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4521:
4518:
4517:
4510:
4509:
4502:
4495:
4487:
4481:
4480:
4455:
4430:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4399:hosted by the
4394:
4385:
4380:
4373:
4372:External links
4370:
4369:
4368:
4359:
4356:
4355:
4354:
4347:
4337:
4330:
4323:
4313:
4306:
4297:
4294:
4291:
4290:
4265:
4256:
4233:
4214:Self, Burl E.
4206:
4181:
4156:
4124:
4099:
4085:Archived from
4074:
4060:Archived from
4049:
4023:
3998:
3978:
3971:
3943:
3930:
3902:
3872:
3847:
3834:
3809:
3779:
3768:on May 7, 2006
3748:
3718:
3691:
3671:
3646:
3621:
3618:on 2011-11-26.
3603:
3593:
3564:
3542:
3517:
3492:
3477:
3471:
3453:
3411:
3391:
3371:
3361:
3352:
3343:
3313:
3281:
3244:
3226:
3202:
3179:
3148:
3126:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3077:
3072:
3071:
3070:
3065:
3064:
3063:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3032:
3031:
3030:
3029:
3028:
3022:
3010:
3009:
3008:
3002:
2984:
2983:
2982:
2972:
2965:
2962:
2958:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2946:
2943:
2940:
2937:
2934:
2922:
2919:
2878:
2877:Plateau tribes
2875:
2874:
2873:
2862:mineral rights
2841:
2830:
2823:Arkansas River
2807:
2784:
2737:
2701:
2700:
2699:
2688:
2625:
2624:
2593:
2565:Niobrara River
2556:
2512:Plains Indians
2494:to pull small
2480:Wichita people
2461:Plains Indians
2425:Plains Indians
2420:
2417:
2390:New York state
2360:, and, later,
2326:Main article:
2323:
2320:
2265:Ottawa, Kansas
2143:, also called
2089:
2086:
2085:
2084:
2080:Arkansas River
2052:
2033:
2014:
1991:
1948:
1947:
1938:
1929:
1918:Choctaw Nation
1915:
1901:
1868:Trail of Tears
1766:mound-building
1750:Main article:
1747:
1744:
1740:recorded title
1709:Indian Removal
1530:Wichita people
1520:Wichita people
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1491:Indian country
1461:
1460:
1456:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1445:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1434:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1413:
1410:
1301:
1300:
1297:
1293:
1286:
1282:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1264:1866 include:
1189:, leaving the
1140:
1137:
1111:
1110:
1104:
1082:
1081:
1080:
1079:
1068:
1048:
1047:
1046:
1045:
1044:
1035:Iowa Territory
982:
979:
946:Indian Removal
941:
938:
895:Andrew Jackson
887:Indian removal
878:
877:
870:
744:Indian Reserve
724:Main article:
721:
718:
716:
713:
671:Plains Indians
638:Indian Country
574:
571:
563:Indian country
481:Indian removal
456:
455:
453:
452:
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
417:
412:
407:
400:
398:
394:
393:
390:
389:
386:
385:
378:
369:
366:
365:
360:
352:
351:
346:
334:
333:
328:
318:
317:
314:
313:
310:
309:
306:
305:
302:
295:
292:
291:
288:
285:
282:
281:
276:
269:
266:
265:
262:
259:
256:
255:
252:
249:
246:
245:
242:
239:
236:
235:
232:
226:
223:
222:
219:
218:
215:
211:
210:
207:
206:
203:
197:
196:
193:
192:
128:
124:
123:
109:
108:
104:
103:
97:Indian nations
86:
85:
56:
47:Indian country
36:Indian reserve
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7958:
7947:
7944:
7942:
7939:
7937:
7934:
7932:
7929:
7927:
7924:
7922:
7919:
7917:
7914:
7912:
7909:
7907:
7904:
7902:
7899:
7897:
7894:
7892:
7889:
7887:
7884:
7882:
7879:
7877:
7874:
7872:
7869:
7867:
7864:
7862:
7859:
7857:
7854:
7852:
7849:
7847:
7844:
7842:
7839:
7838:
7836:
7823:
7822:
7809:
7803:
7800:
7798:
7795:
7793:
7790:
7788:
7785:
7783:
7780:
7778:
7775:
7773:
7770:
7768:
7765:
7763:
7760:
7758:
7755:
7753:
7750:
7748:
7745:
7743:
7740:
7738:
7735:
7733:
7730:
7728:
7725:
7723:
7720:
7718:
7715:
7713:
7710:
7708:
7705:
7703:
7700:
7698:
7695:
7693:
7690:
7688:
7685:
7683:
7680:
7678:
7675:
7673:
7670:
7668:
7665:
7663:
7660:
7658:
7655:
7653:
7650:
7648:
7645:
7643:
7640:
7638:
7635:
7633:
7630:
7628:
7625:
7623:
7620:
7618:
7615:
7613:
7610:
7608:
7605:
7603:
7600:
7598:
7595:
7593:
7590:
7588:
7585:
7583:
7580:
7578:
7575:
7573:
7570:
7568:
7565:
7563:
7560:
7558:
7555:
7553:
7550:
7548:
7545:
7543:
7540:
7538:
7535:
7533:
7530:
7528:
7525:
7523:
7520:
7518:
7515:
7513:
7510:
7508:
7505:
7503:
7500:
7498:
7495:
7493:
7490:
7488:
7485:
7483:
7480:
7478:
7475:
7473:
7470:
7468:
7465:
7463:
7460:
7458:
7455:
7453:
7450:
7448:
7445:
7443:
7440:
7438:
7435:
7433:
7430:
7428:
7425:
7423:
7420:
7419:
7417:
7415:
7411:
7405:
7402:
7400:
7397:
7395:
7392:
7390:
7387:
7385:
7382:
7380:
7377:
7375:
7374:Oklahoma City
7372:
7370:
7367:
7365:
7362:
7360:
7357:
7355:
7352:
7350:
7347:
7345:
7342:
7340:
7337:
7335:
7332:
7330:
7327:
7325:
7322:
7320:
7317:
7315:
7312:
7310:
7307:
7306:
7304:
7302:
7298:
7292:
7289:
7287:
7284:
7282:
7279:
7277:
7274:
7272:
7271:South Central
7269:
7267:
7264:
7262:
7259:
7257:
7254:
7252:
7249:
7247:
7244:
7242:
7239:
7237:
7236:Green Country
7234:
7232:
7229:
7227:
7224:
7222:
7221:Cross Timbers
7219:
7217:
7214:
7212:
7209:
7207:
7204:
7202:
7199:
7198:
7196:
7194:
7190:
7184:
7181:
7179:
7176:
7174:
7171:
7169:
7166:
7164:
7161:
7159:
7156:
7154:
7151:
7149:
7146:
7144:
7141:
7139:
7136:
7135:
7133:
7129:
7123:
7120:
7118:
7115:
7113:
7110:
7108:
7105:
7101:
7098:
7096:
7093:
7091:
7088:
7087:
7086:
7083:
7079:
7076:
7074:
7070:
7066:
7062:
7058:
7055:
7054:
7053:
7050:
7045:
7041:
7038:
7037:
7036:
7033:
7031:
7028:
7026:
7023:
7021:
7018:
7016:
7013:
7012:
7010:
7008:
7004:
6999:
6998:
6997:Oklahoma City
6992:
6988:
6984:
6977:
6972:
6970:
6965:
6963:
6958:
6957:
6954:
6942:
6939:
6937:
6934:
6932:
6929:
6927:
6924:
6922:
6919:
6917:
6914:
6912:
6909:
6907:
6904:
6902:
6899:
6897:
6894:
6892:
6889:
6887:
6884:
6882:
6879:
6877:
6874:
6872:
6869:
6867:
6864:
6862:
6859:
6857:
6854:
6852:
6849:
6847:
6844:
6842:
6839:
6837:
6834:
6832:
6829:
6827:
6824:
6822:
6819:
6817:
6814:
6812:
6809:
6808:
6806:
6802:
6798:
6792:
6789:
6787:
6784:
6782:
6779:
6777:
6774:
6772:
6769:
6767:
6764:
6762:
6761:Seneca-Cayuga
6759:
6757:
6754:
6752:
6749:
6747:
6744:
6742:
6739:
6737:
6734:
6732:
6729:
6727:
6724:
6722:
6719:
6717:
6714:
6712:
6709:
6707:
6704:
6702:
6699:
6697:
6694:
6692:
6689:
6687:
6684:
6682:
6679:
6677:
6674:
6672:
6669:
6667:
6664:
6662:
6659:
6657:
6654:
6652:
6649:
6647:
6644:
6642:
6639:
6637:
6634:
6632:
6629:
6627:
6624:
6622:
6619:
6617:
6614:
6612:
6609:
6607:
6604:
6603:
6601:
6599:
6591:
6587:
6583:
6578:
6569:
6564:
6562:
6557:
6555:
6550:
6549:
6546:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6526:
6525:
6522:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6499:
6496:
6495:
6494:
6491:
6489:
6486:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6462:
6459:
6457:
6454:
6453:
6452:
6449:
6448:
6446:
6442:
6436:
6433:
6431:
6428:
6426:
6423:
6421:
6418:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6406:
6403:
6399:
6396:
6395:
6394:
6391:
6389:
6386:
6384:
6381:
6379:
6376:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6351:
6350:
6348:
6346:By state/city
6344:
6338:
6335:
6331:
6328:
6326:
6323:
6321:
6318:
6317:
6316:
6313:
6312:
6310:
6306:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6292:
6288:
6285:
6284:
6283:
6280:
6279:
6277:
6273:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6248:
6246:
6242:
6236:
6233:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6218:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6208:
6207:
6205:
6197:
6191:
6188:
6186:
6183:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6173:
6170:
6169:Red handprint
6166:
6163:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6129:
6126:
6125:
6124:
6121:
6120:
6118:
6114:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6064:
6062:
6058:
6052:
6049:
6048:
6046:
6040:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5945:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5927:
5923:
5919:
5915:
5911:
5907:
5903:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5885:
5881:
5877:
5873:
5869:
5865:
5861:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5843:
5839:
5835:
5831:
5827:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5809:
5805:
5801:
5797:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5774:
5773:Seminole Wars
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5733:Pontiac's War
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5718:Tuscarora War
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5680:
5678:
5676:
5672:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5650:Neighborhoods
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5590:Adena culture
5588:
5586:
5583:
5582:
5580:
5578:
5574:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5549:
5546:
5542:
5539:
5538:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5521:Jim Crow laws
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5460:
5457:
5456:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5404:Classic stage
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5384:Paleo-Indians
5382:
5381:
5379:
5377:
5373:
5368:
5361:
5356:
5354:
5349:
5347:
5342:
5341:
5338:
5325:
5322:
5321:
5319:
5315:
5308:
5305:
5302:
5299:
5296:
5293:
5290:
5287:
5284:
5281:
5278:
5275:
5272:
5269:
5266:
5263:
5260:
5257:
5256:
5254:
5250:
5243:
5240:
5237:
5234:
5231:
5228:
5225:
5222:
5219:
5216:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5202:
5199:
5196:
5193:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5181:
5179:
5175:
5168:
5165:
5162:
5159:
5158:
5156:
5152:
5148:
5143:
5134:
5129:
5127:
5122:
5120:
5115:
5114:
5111:
5099:
5091:
5089:
5081:
5080:
5077:
5070:
5067:
5064:
5061:
5058:
5057:Palmyra Atoll
5055:
5052:
5049:
5046:
5043:
5040:
5037:
5034:
5031:
5028:
5025:
5022:
5019:
5016:
5013:
5010:
5009:Jarvis Island
5007:
5004:
5001:
4998:
4995:
4992:
4991:Roncador Bank
4989:
4986:
4983:
4982:
4979:
4973:
4969:
4966:
4965:
4962:
4955:
4952:
4949:
4946:
4943:
4940:
4937:
4934:
4931:
4930:Bonin Islands
4928:
4923:
4920:
4917:
4914:
4913:
4912:
4909:
4908:
4905:
4899:
4898:United States
4895:
4892:
4891:
4888:
4881:
4878:
4875:
4872:
4869:
4866:
4863:
4860:
4855:
4852:
4849:
4846:
4843:
4840:
4839:
4837:
4832:
4829:
4826:
4823:
4820:
4817:
4816:
4815:
4812:
4809:
4806:
4805:
4802:
4796:
4793:
4792:
4789:
4782:
4779:
4776:
4773:
4768:
4765:
4762:
4759:
4756:
4753:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4744:
4741:
4738:
4735:
4732:
4729:
4726:
4723:
4720:
4717:
4714:
4711:
4708:
4705:
4702:
4699:
4696:
4693:
4690:
4685:
4682:
4679:
4676:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4667:
4664:
4661:
4658:
4655:
4652:
4649:
4644:
4641:
4638:
4635:
4632:
4629:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4620:
4617:
4614:
4611:
4608:
4605:
4602:
4599:
4596:
4593:
4589:
4586:
4583:
4580:
4577:
4574:
4571:
4568:
4565:
4562:
4559:
4556:
4555:
4552:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4522:
4519:
4515:
4508:
4503:
4501:
4496:
4494:
4489:
4488:
4485:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4456:
4444:
4440:
4436:
4431:
4427:
4426:
4420:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4375:
4366:
4362:
4361:
4352:
4348:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4335:
4331:
4328:
4324:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4311:
4307:
4304:
4300:
4299:
4280:on 2011-07-26
4279:
4275:
4269:
4260:
4244:
4237:
4221:
4217:
4210:
4195:
4191:
4185:
4171:on 2012-02-16
4170:
4166:
4160:
4154:
4151:
4143:on 2010-07-20
4142:
4137:
4136:
4128:
4114:on 2011-11-26
4113:
4109:
4103:
4089:on 2015-02-13
4088:
4084:
4078:
4064:on 2012-01-14
4063:
4059:
4053:
4038:
4034:
4027:
4013:on 2012-03-24
4012:
4008:
4002:
3988:
3982:
3974:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3955:
3954:"The Removal"
3947:
3940:
3934:
3920:on 2012-02-15
3919:
3915:
3909:
3907:
3891:
3887:
3881:
3879:
3877:
3862:on 2012-02-17
3861:
3857:
3851:
3844:
3838:
3823:
3819:
3813:
3798:. p. 132
3797:
3790:
3783:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3752:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3722:
3706:
3702:
3695:
3681:
3675:
3661:on 2009-06-29
3660:
3656:
3650:
3636:on 2017-05-30
3635:
3631:
3625:
3617:
3613:
3607:
3597:
3581:
3577:
3571:
3569:
3562:
3558:
3555:
3552:
3546:
3531:
3527:
3521:
3506:
3502:
3496:
3488:
3481:
3474:
3472:0-8061-1758-3
3468:
3464:
3457:
3449:
3443:
3428:
3427:
3422:
3415:
3401:
3395:
3381:
3375:
3365:
3356:
3347:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3317:
3303:on 2012-02-25
3302:
3298:
3296:
3288:
3286:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3263:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3241:
3237:
3230:
3216:
3212:
3206:
3192:
3186:
3184:
3165:
3158:
3152:
3146:
3142:
3139:
3136:
3130:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3112:
3106:
3102:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3069:
3066:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3046:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3036:
3033:
3026:
3023:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3006:
3003:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2990:
2989:
2988:
2985:
2981:
2978:
2977:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2961:
2954:
2950:
2947:
2944:
2941:
2938:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2918:
2915:
2914:Plateau tribe
2911:
2906:
2904:
2900:
2899:Quapaw Agency
2896:
2893:and northern
2892:
2888:
2884:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2846:
2842:
2839:
2835:
2834:Plains Apache
2831:
2829:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2796:Texas Rangers
2793:
2789:
2785:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2726:Quanah Parker
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2686:
2681:
2677:
2674:and speak an
2673:
2669:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2661:Oklahoma City
2658:
2654:
2650:
2649:
2645:
2640:
2633:
2629:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2561:
2557:
2554:
2550:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2519:Lakota people
2515:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2500:horse culture
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2473:
2469:
2462:
2458:
2451:
2450:George Catlin
2447:
2443:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2416:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2397:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2364:. In the pre-
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2329:
2319:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2280:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2234:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2183:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2119:
2115:
2114:Peoria people
2110:
2103:
2099:
2094:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2062:, signed the
2061:
2057:
2053:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2016:The 1835 the
2015:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1946:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1916:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1884:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1797:
1792:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1767:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1705:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1694:Kichai people
1692:, as did the
1691:
1686:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1639:
1638:in Oklahoma.
1637:
1633:
1632:Washita River
1629:
1625:
1621:
1616:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1605:horse culture
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1589:Ozark Plateau
1586:
1582:
1578:
1575:
1571:
1563:
1560:village near
1559:
1554:
1547:
1543:
1538:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1494:
1492:
1488:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1457:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1429:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1409:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1394:
1388:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1336:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1325:Plains Apache
1322:
1318:
1313:
1309:
1304:
1298:
1294:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1280:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1265:
1258:
1257:No Man's Land
1254:
1249:
1245:
1243:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1206:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1183:Plains tribes
1180:
1176:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1066:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1049:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1019:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1000:
996:
992:
987:
978:
975:
974:plenary power
971:
970:
963:
961:
955:
951:
947:
937:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
898:
896:
892:
888:
882:
869:
864:
863:
862:
860:
856:
852:
848:
843:
841:
837:
832:
830:
826:
821:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
786:Great Britain
782:
780:
776:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
737:
732:
727:
712:
710:
706:
702:
697:
695:
691:
687:
683:
678:
676:
672:
668:
664:
659:
657:
653:
649:
648:
643:
639:
635:
630:
628:
624:
620:
616:
615:United States
608:
604:
599:
592:
587:
579:
570:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
535:
533:
530:by combining
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
492:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
425:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
405:
402:
401:
399:
397:Today part of
395:
379:
377:
374:
373:
370:
364:
361:
354:
353:
350:
347:
340:
339:
336:
335:
332:
329:
327:
324:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
293:
289:
283:
280:
277:
273:
267:
263:
257:
253:
247:
243:
237:
233:
230:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
198:
194:
190:
186:
181:
177:
172:
168:
163:
159:
154:
150:
145:
141:
136:
132:
131:Tahlonteeskee
129:
125:
121:
115:
110:
105:
102:
98:
95:
91:
87:
81:
67:
60:
53:
48:
44:
37:
33:
19:
7812:
7732:Pottawatomie
7354:Midwest City
7324:Broken Arrow
7314:Bartlesville
7276:Southwestern
7246:Northwestern
7241:Little Dixie
7158:Demographics
6995:
6771:Thlopthlocco
6294:Reservations
6275:Demographics
5946: /
5942: /
5928: /
5924: /
5920: /
5916: /
5912: /
5908: /
5904: /
5900: /
5886: /
5882: /
5878: /
5874: /
5870: /
5866: /
5862: /
5858: /
5844: /
5840: /
5836: /
5832: /
5828: /
5824: /
5810: /
5806: /
5802: /
5798: /
5794: /
5775: /
5728:Dummer's War
5550: /
5475:
5389:Lithic stage
5317:21st century
5252:20th century
5211:
5197:(1821β1870s)
5177:19th century
5167:Spiro Mounds
5069:Corn Islands
5045:Midway Atoll
5033:Swan Islands
5027:Kingman Reef
5003:Baker Island
4997:Serrana Bank
4856:1952βpresent
4854:Commonwealth
4838:Puerto Rico
4831:Commonwealth
4630:
4472:. Retrieved
4468:the original
4463:
4447:. Retrieved
4443:the original
4438:
4423:
4364:
4350:
4340:
4333:
4326:
4316:
4309:
4302:
4282:. Retrieved
4278:the original
4268:
4259:
4247:. Retrieved
4236:
4224:. Retrieved
4219:
4209:
4198:. Retrieved
4194:the original
4184:
4173:. Retrieved
4169:the original
4159:
4153:
4145:. Retrieved
4141:the original
4138:
4134:
4127:
4116:. Retrieved
4112:the original
4102:
4091:. Retrieved
4087:the original
4077:
4066:. Retrieved
4062:the original
4052:
4040:. Retrieved
4036:
4026:
4015:. Retrieved
4011:the original
4001:
3990:. Retrieved
3981:
3958:
3946:
3933:
3922:. Retrieved
3918:the original
3894:. Retrieved
3890:the original
3864:. Retrieved
3860:the original
3850:
3842:
3837:
3826:. Retrieved
3822:the original
3812:
3800:. Retrieved
3782:
3770:. Retrieved
3766:the original
3761:
3751:
3739:. Retrieved
3735:the original
3730:
3721:
3709:. Retrieved
3705:the original
3694:
3683:. Retrieved
3674:
3663:. Retrieved
3659:the original
3649:
3638:. Retrieved
3634:the original
3624:
3616:the original
3606:
3596:
3584:. Retrieved
3580:the original
3550:
3545:
3534:. Retrieved
3530:the original
3520:
3509:. Retrieved
3505:the original
3495:
3486:
3480:
3462:
3456:
3430:. Retrieved
3424:
3414:
3403:. Retrieved
3394:
3383:. Retrieved
3374:
3364:
3355:
3346:
3334:. Retrieved
3330:the original
3325:
3316:
3305:. Retrieved
3301:the original
3294:
3235:
3229:
3218:. Retrieved
3214:
3205:
3194:. Retrieved
3171:. Retrieved
3164:the original
3151:
3134:
3129:
3121:
3105:
2959:
2924:
2907:
2887:Modoc people
2880:
2845:Osage Nation
2819:Kiowa-Tanoan
2817:and speak a
2709:Platte River
2696:Saskatchewan
2617:Grand Rivers
2516:
2492:draft animal
2477:
2452:, circa 1830
2398:
2331:
2286:, native to
2284:Peoria tribe
2281:
2262:
2235:
2184:
2158:The area of
2157:
2122:
1949:
1932:Creek Nation
1885:
1852:
1848:Caddo people
1801:
1706:
1687:
1640:
1617:
1581:Great Plains
1567:
1564:in the 1870s
1542:Spiro Mounds
1484:
1464:
1401:
1377:
1371:
1359:federal land
1337:
1305:
1302:
1262:
1256:
1242:Assimilation
1230:
1207:
1203:
1187:Fort Washita
1172:
1122:
1112:
1083:
1065:South Dakota
1061:North Dakota
1015:
1004:
967:
964:
957:
899:
883:
879:
866:
844:
838:'s claim to
833:
822:
790:Ohio Country
783:
741:
698:
679:
660:
645:
634:Organic Acts
631:
612:
536:
512:Organic Acts
493:
489:assimilation
483:. After the
464:
460:
459:
440:South Dakota
435:North Dakota
331:Succeeded by
330:
325:
271:
270:β’ Name
264:May 30, 1854
234:30 June 1834
188:
179:
170:
161:
152:
143:
134:
7742:Roger Mills
7286:Tulsa Metro
7231:Flint Hills
7178:LGBT rights
7025:Earthquakes
6751:Sac and Fox
6102:Sweat lodge
5768:Arikara War
5758:War of 1812
5723:Yamasee War
5708:Esopus Wars
5698:Kieft's War
5683:Beaver Wars
5605:Anishinaabe
5486:Dawes Rolls
5238:(1890β1907)
5226:(1861β1865)
5214:(1834β1907)
5191:(1819β1824)
5071:(1914β1971)
5063:Wake Island
5053:(1869β1981)
5035:(1863β1972)
4999:(1856β1981)
4993:(1856β1981)
4987:(1856β1979)
4956:(1860β1901)
4950:(1848β1863)
4944:(1947β1994)
4938:(1945β1968)
4932:(1945β1968)
4870:(1903β1979)
4814:Philippines
4783:(1900β1959)
4777:(1868β1890)
4748:(1864β1889)
4742:(1863β1912)
4736:(1863β1890)
4730:(1861β1889)
4724:(1861β1876)
4718:(1861β1864)
4712:(1854β1867)
4706:(1854β1861)
4700:(1853β1889)
4694:(1850β1896)
4678:Provisional
4674:New Mexico
4671:(1849β1858)
4665:(1848β1859)
4659:(1838β1846)
4653:(1836β1848)
4624:(1822β1845)
4618:(1819β1836)
4612:(1817β1819)
4606:(1809β1818)
4600:(1805β1837)
4594:(1805β1821)
4584:(1804β1812)
4578:(1800β1816)
4572:(1798β1817)
4570:Mississippi
4566:(1790β1796)
4560:(1787β1803)
4525:Organic act
4249:20 December
4243:"Nez Perce"
4226:20 December
4042:21 December
3336:27 February
3041:alphabetic
3027:, 1805β1812
3021:, 1804β1805
3007:, 1764β1803
3001:, 1690β1821
2721:Uto-Aztecan
2502:and became
2448:painted by
2312:Miami tribe
2168:Sac and Fox
2076:Fort Gibson
2041:land grants
2026:U.S. Senate
2005:. The 1832
1984:Mississippi
1528:Two female
1279:land patent
1214:Stand Watie
1133:an alliance
1007:Organic Act
777:who slowly
663:Confederacy
522:. The 1906
326:Preceded by
290:May 2, 1890
191:) 1885β1906
182:) 1872β1906
173:) 1868β1906
164:) 1852β1906
155:) 1849β1906
146:) 1839β1906
137:) 1828β1839
94:independent
7835:Categories
7787:Washington
7737:Pushmataha
7602:Kingfisher
7394:Stillwater
7384:Ponca City
7261:The Ozarks
7090:newspapers
7085:Mass media
7035:Government
6911:Potawatomi
6596:recognized
6368:California
6266:Pretendian
5817:Cayuse War
5693:Pequot War
5541:gravesites
5324:OU Bombing
4755:Department
4698:Washington
4474:17 January
4449:17 January
4284:2012-01-30
4200:2012-03-02
4175:2012-03-01
4147:2012-03-01
4118:2011-11-04
4093:2012-03-01
4068:2012-03-01
4017:2012-02-29
3992:2012-02-29
3924:2012-03-02
3896:2012-03-01
3866:2012-03-01
3828:2012-01-30
3794:(Report).
3685:2021-10-12
3665:2012-02-29
3640:2012-02-29
3536:2012-02-07
3511:2012-02-07
3405:2012-04-29
3385:2012-04-29
3307:2012-02-15
3220:2020-07-09
3196:2012-03-02
3173:2012-03-02
3097:References
2921:Government
2895:California
2881:After the
2384:after the
2308:Wea tribes
2300:Piankashaw
2199:Potawatomi
2176:Potawatomi
2164:Iowa tribe
1908:Tishomingo
1737:fee simple
1655:East Texas
1222:Doaksville
1107:37Β° N
1101:40Β° N
932:where the
845:President
518:to create
300:statehood
158:Tishomingo
7722:Pittsburg
7657:McCurtain
7587:Jefferson
7487:Cleveland
7266:Panhandle
7168:Education
7030:Geography
7000:(capital)
6841:Chickasaw
6791:Wyandotte
6636:Chickasaw
6594:Federally
6515:Massacres
6471:musicians
6435:Wisconsin
6398:Baltimore
6308:Languages
6190:Land Back
6097:Sun Dance
5763:Creek War
5459:ownership
5295:Dust Bowl
5242:Land runs
5224:Civil War
4924:1950β1972
4918:1945β1950
4850:1900β1952
4844:1898β1900
4833:1935β1946
4827:1901β1935
4821:1898β1901
4769:1912β1959
4767:Territory
4763:1884β1912
4757:1867β1884
4686:1850β1912
4684:Territory
4680:1846β1850
4669:Minnesota
4651:Wisconsin
4645:1890β1907
4643:Territory
4639:1850β1890
4637:Panhandle
4633:1834β1907
4627:Oklahoma
4588:Louisiana
4564:Southwest
4558:Northwest
3442:cite news
3262:cite book
3254:137324984
3051:Treaties
2952:nations."
2910:Nez Perce
2883:Modoc War
2866:crude oil
2730:Fort Sill
2672:Minnesota
2642:Northern
2609:Missouria
2362:Tuscarora
2304:Kaskaskia
2294:then and
2215:Wisconsin
2049:Chickasaw
2037:Chickasaw
1922:Tuskahoma
1899:Tahlequah
1816:Chickasaw
1679:Louisiana
1378:Oklahoma,
1374:Kiliahote
1290:Dawes Act
1253:Panhandle
1197:signed a
1191:Chickasaw
1175:Civil War
999:Minnesota
902:Louisiana
816:, to the
547:Chickasaw
475:who held
185:Tuskahoma
162:Chickasaw
140:Tahlequah
107:1834β1907
59:Oklahumma
7802:Woodward
7762:Stephens
7757:Sequoyah
7752:Seminole
7727:Pontotoc
7697:Okmulgee
7692:Oklahoma
7687:Okfuskee
7672:Muskogee
7662:McIntosh
7642:Marshall
7617:Le Flore
7592:Johnston
7537:Garfield
7522:Delaware
7497:Comanche
7482:Cimarron
7472:Cherokee
7462:Canadian
7414:Counties
7359:Muskogee
7329:Del City
7201:Arklatex
7183:Politics
7173:Gun laws
7143:Cannabis
7138:Abortion
7040:governor
6987:Oklahoma
6886:Muscogee
6861:Delaware
6856:Comanche
6836:Cheyenne
6831:Cherokee
6756:Seminole
6691:Kickapoo
6686:Kialegee
6651:Comanche
6626:Cherokee
6586:Oklahoma
6528:Category
6498:by state
6430:Virginia
6420:Oklahoma
6410:Nebraska
6405:Michigan
6393:Maryland
6373:Colorado
6092:Smudging
6060:Religion
5851:Yuma War
5439:Genocide
5088:Category
4916:Military
4842:Military
4819:Military
4761:District
4722:Colorado
4710:Nebraska
4616:Arkansas
4604:Illinois
4598:Michigan
4592:Missouri
4321:in JSTOR
4033:"Peoria"
3711:July 31,
3586:March 3,
3557:Archived
3432:June 20,
3141:Archived
3114:Archived
3005:Luisiana
2964:See also
2790:speak a
2761:smallpox
2743:speak a
2713:Shoshone
2705:Comanche
2668:Cheyenne
2621:Missouri
2601:Ho-Chunk
2527:Comanche
2413:Oklahoma
2374:Virginia
2370:Kentucky
2350:Onondaga
2292:Missouri
2231:Oklahoma
2227:Nebraska
2211:Michigan
2207:Illinois
2182:tribes.
2180:Kickapoo
2153:Kickapoo
2141:Delaware
2102:Oklahoma
2078:(on the
2072:Oklahoma
2056:Seminole
2001:and the
1960:Muskogee
1936:Okmulgee
1877:Cheyenne
1873:Delaware
1828:Seminole
1812:Cherokee
1785:Oklahoma
1721:Comanche
1667:Oklahoma
1663:Arkansas
1597:agrarian
1472:Congress
1402:Oklahoma
1363:land run
1348:freehold
1321:Comanche
1179:Oklahoma
1057:tribes.
1029:Missouri
995:Nebraska
934:Cherokee
871:β
859:Congress
775:settlers
705:Arkansas
701:Nebraska
682:Oklahoma
652:suzerain
607:Oklahoma
555:Seminole
539:Cherokee
528:Oklahoma
516:Congress
508:Missouri
463:and the
430:Colorado
420:Missouri
415:Nebraska
404:Oklahoma
376:Oklahoma
298:Oklahoma
274:created
272:Oklahoma
176:Pawhuska
167:Okmulkee
153:Seminole
144:Cherokee
135:Cherokee
120:Oklahoma
80:Cherokee
7911:Choctaw
7792:Washita
7782:Wagoner
7772:Tillman
7652:McClain
7622:Lincoln
7612:Latimer
7582:Jackson
7572:Haskell
7477:Choctaw
7442:Beckham
7427:Alfalfa
7389:Shawnee
7309:Ardmore
7291:Western
7206:Central
7193:Regions
7163:Economy
7148:Culture
7131:Society
7117:Symbols
7052:History
6936:Wyandot
6931:Wichita
6926:Shawnee
6866:Koasati
6851:Choctaw
6816:Arapaho
6811:Alabama
6786:Wichita
6776:Tonkawa
6766:Shawnee
6641:Choctaw
6481:writers
6456:artists
6378:Florida
6363:Arizona
6315:English
5665:Pow wow
5645:Fashion
5577:Culture
5454:Slavery
5376:History
5297:(1930s)
5285:(1920s)
5244:(1890s)
5098:Commons
4848:Insular
4825:Insular
4775:Wyoming
4751:Alaska
4746:Montana
4740:Arizona
4622:Florida
4610:Alabama
4582:Orleans
4576:Indiana
4390:at the
4216:"Modoc"
3963:170β173
3802:May 18,
3772:June 7,
3741:June 7,
3369:less.")
2788:Tonkawa
2765:cholera
2757:measles
2692:Arapaho
2504:nomadic
2496:travois
2378:British
2221:, then
2137:Shawnee
2104:in 1915
2060:Florida
1956:Ardmore
1844:Koasati
1840:Alabama
1832:Natchez
1820:Choctaw
1615:herds.
1609:nomadic
1585:drought
1454:+117.6%
1451:392,060
1440:180,182
1384:phrase
1382:Choctaw
1355:section
1333:Arapaho
1285:schools
1076:Wyoming
1072:Montana
914:Choctaw
814:Detroit
810:Chicago
806:Indiana
796:at the
715:History
609:in 1907
543:Choctaw
450:Wyoming
445:Montana
227:β’
214:History
189:Choctaw
127:Capital
66:Choctaw
7747:Rogers
7712:Pawnee
7707:Ottawa
7682:Nowata
7667:Murray
7577:Hughes
7567:Harper
7562:Harmon
7542:Garvin
7517:Custer
7502:Cotton
7467:Carter
7447:Blaine
7437:Beaver
7379:Owasso
7369:Norman
7349:Lawton
7339:Edmond
7334:Duncan
7281:Texoma
7112:Sports
7107:People
7071:, and
7007:Topics
6921:Seneca
6916:Quapaw
6901:Pawnee
6896:Ottawa
6826:Cayuga
6746:Quapaw
6736:Peoria
6731:Pawnee
6726:Ottawa
6616:Apache
6598:tribes
6533:Portal
6461:actors
6425:Oregon
6383:Hawaii
6358:Alaska
6202:groups
5369:topics
5326:(2005)
5309:(1995)
5303:(1931)
5291:(1921)
5279:(1917)
5273:(1909)
5267:(1907)
5261:(1905)
5232:(1868)
5220:(1858)
5203:(1833)
4781:Hawaii
4728:Dakota
4716:Nevada
4704:Kansas
4663:Oregon
4345:online
3969:
3469:
3252:
3242:
2891:Oregon
2798:, the
2741:Pawnee
2506:. The
2435:, and
2409:Kansas
2382:Canada
2358:Mohawk
2354:Oneida
2346:Cayuga
2342:Seneca
2316:Quapaw
2306:, and
2296:Kansas
2223:Kansas
2213:, and
2197:, and
2191:Ojibwe
2178:, and
2151:, and
2145:Lenape
1964:slaves
1945:Wewoka
1926:Durant
1881:Apache
1879:, and
1846:, and
1826:, and
1764:was a
1725:Quapaw
1719:, and
1717:Apache
1665:, and
1518:, and
1497:Tribes
1167:, and
1114:Kansas
997:, and
991:Kansas
952:, and
924:. The
836:France
684:. The
506:after
410:Kansas
217:
149:Wewoka
76:
62:
7797:Woods
7777:Tulsa
7767:Texas
7717:Payne
7702:Osage
7677:Noble
7647:Mayes
7637:Major
7627:Logan
7607:Kiowa
7557:Greer
7552:Grant
7547:Grady
7532:Ellis
7527:Dewey
7512:Creek
7507:Craig
7457:Caddo
7452:Bryan
7432:Atoka
7422:Adair
7404:Yukon
7399:Tulsa
7364:Moore
7319:Bixby
7153:Crime
7095:radio
7015:Index
6983:State
6941:Yuchi
6906:Ponca
6891:Osage
6821:Caddo
6741:Ponca
6716:Osage
6706:Modoc
6701:Miami
6696:Kiowa
6621:Caddo
6444:Lists
5625:Music
5419:Trade
4922:Civil
4734:Idaho
3792:(PDF)
3167:(PDF)
3160:(PDF)
2999:Tejas
2993:Spain
2811:Kiowa
2717:Numic
2578:Noble
2560:Ponca
2523:Kiowa
2446:Tipis
2195:Odawa
2149:Miami
2083:1834.
1952:Tulsa
1864:South
1836:Yuchi
1729:Osage
1713:Kiowa
1675:Caddo
1647:Caddo
1624:maize
1613:bison
1558:Caddo
1393:humma
1351:title
1317:Kiowa
1296:lies"
1055:Sioux
900:When
551:Creek
180:Osage
171:Creek
7632:Love
7492:Coal
7344:Enid
7073:1895
7069:1893
7065:1892
7061:1891
7044:list
6676:Iowa
6388:Iowa
6353:List
5675:Wars
5630:Film
5620:Food
4808:Guam
4692:Utah
4657:Iowa
4476:2016
4451:2016
4251:2017
4228:2017
4044:2017
3967:ISBN
3804:2020
3774:2006
3743:2006
3713:2007
3588:2012
3467:ISBN
3448:link
3434:2024
3338:2011
3276:link
3272:link
3268:link
3250:OCLC
3240:ISBN
3037:and
2912:, a
2908:The
2843:The
2832:The
2809:The
2786:The
2763:and
2739:The
2703:The
2690:The
2666:The
2651:The
2607:and
2605:Otoe
2595:The
2558:The
2538:The
2525:and
2508:tipi
2394:Ohio
2372:and
2332:The
2282:The
2225:and
2219:Iowa
2185:The
2123:The
2054:The
2035:The
1993:The
1886:The
1760:The
1727:and
1634:and
1618:The
1599:and
1572:and
1544:, a
1448:1900
1437:1890
1426:Pop.
1422:Year
1387:okla
1331:and
1319:and
1306:The
1231:The
1092:and
1074:and
1063:and
989:The
812:and
746:, a
734:The
254:1836
244:1802
118:The
7597:Kay
6985:of
6681:Kaw
6584:in
5615:Art
3120:,"
2663:.)
2619:in
2540:Kaw
2271:in
2100:in
1912:Ada
1810:or
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1954:,
1943:β
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1920:β
1906:β
1897:β
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