293:"… all public utilities that own, operate or control interstate transmission facilities to offer network and point-to- point transmission services (and ancillary services) to all eligible buyers and sellers in wholesale bulk power markets, and to take transmission service for their own uses under the same rates, terms and conditions offered to others. In other words, it requires non-discriminatory (comparable) treatment for all eligible users of the monopolists' transmission facilities. The non-discriminatory services required by Order No. 888, known as open access services, are reflected in a pro forma open access tariff contained in the Rule. The Rule also requires functional separation of the utilities' transmission and power marketing functions (also referred to as functional unbundling) and the adoption of an electric transmission system information network."
407:"The PJM, New England and New York ISOs were established on the platform of existing tight power pools. It appears that the principal motivation for creating ISOs in these situations was the Order No. 888 requirement that there be a single systemwide transmission tariff for tight pools. In contrast, the establishment of the California ISO and the ERCOT ISO was the direct result of mandates by state governments. The Midwest ISO, which is not yet operational, is unique. It was neither required by government nor based on an existing institution. Two states in the region subsequently required utilities in their states to participate in either a Commission-approved ISO (Illinois and Wisconsin), or sell their transmission assets to an independent transmission company that would operate under a regional ISO (Wisconsin)."
329:"Under this final rule, each public utility (or its agent) that owns, controls, or operates facilities used for the transmission of electric energy in interstate commerce will be required to create or participate in an OASIS that will provide open access transmission customers and potential open access transmission customers with information, provided by electronic means, about available transmission capacity, prices, and other information that will enable them to obtain open access non-discriminatory transmission service. This final rule requires (1) each public utility subject to the rule to implement standards of conduct to functionally separate transmission and wholesale power merchant functions and (2) the creation of a basic OASIS system."
220:"Independent System Operators grew out of Orders Nos. 888/889 where the Commission suggested the concept of an Independent System Operator as one way for existing tight power pools to satisfy the requirement of providing non-discriminatory access to transmission. Subsequently, in Order No. 2000, the Commission encouraged the voluntary formation of Regional Transmission Organizations to administer the transmission grid on a regional basis throughout North America (including Canada). Order No. 2000 delineated twelve characteristics and functions that an entity must satisfy in order to become a Regional Transmission Organization."
350:"The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (Commission) is amending its regulations under the Federal Power Act (FPA) to advance the formation of Regional Transmission Organizations (RTOs). The regulations require that each public utility that owns, operates, or controls facilities for the transmission of electric energy in interstate commerce make certain filings with respect to forming and participating in an RTO. The Commission also codifies minimum characteristics and functions that a transmission entity must satisfy in order to be considered an RTO."
1569:
424:, which overlays the entire FERC footprint and includes a Mexican utility and several Canadian utilities. As such, international reciprocity is commonplace, and rules or recommendations introduced by FERC often are voluntarily accepted by NERC members outside of FERC's jurisdiction. Therefore, one Canadian Province is a member of a US-based RTO, while two others function as an Electric System Operator (ESO), an organization essentially equal to a US-based ISO.
2148:
270:"The legal and policy cornerstone of these rules is to remedy undue discrimination in access to the monopoly owned transmission wires that control whether and to whom electricity can be transported in interstate commerce. A second critical aspect of the rules is to address recovery of the transition costs of moving from a monopoly-regulated regime to one in which all sellers can compete on a fair basis and in which electricity is more competitively priced."
370:"In the Final Rule, we noted that the characteristics and functions could be satisfied by different organizational forms, such as ISOs, transcos, combinations of the two, or even new organizational forms not yet discussed in the industry or proposed to the Commission. Likewise, the Commission did not propose a "cookie cutter" organizational format for regional transmission institutions or the establishment of fixed or specific regional boundaries"
925:
31:
913:, formed the Northern Tier Transmission Group (NTTG), a nascent effort open to evolution but initially focused on inexpensive and relatively easy improvements to grid management, including area control error (ACE) diversity interchange, currently underway; transparent methodologies for calculating available transmission capacity; and planning, as required by FERC Order 890.
361:
Issued by the FERC on
December 29, 1999, Order No. 2000 codified what it means to be an RTO including its minimum characteristics, functions and ratemaking policy. The order also stated its commitment toward open architecture with a stated goal that an RTO "...be designed so that they can evolve over
253:
Order No. 888 is often cited as the "Deregulation" of the electric industry. Deregulation, however, is not an accurate term. In actuality, the electricity industry is still regulated, depending on the region, by a series of federal, state, and local agencies and various public commissions. Order No.
889:
State public utilities and two investor-owned utilities, wanted an organization with more limited functions and no independent ability to change. ColumbiaGrid performs single-utility transmission planning and expansion via an open and transparent process and is also establishing a multi-system OASIS
880:
ColumbiaGrid, a nonprofit corporation, is not a regional transmission organization (RTO) and has no plans to become one, but instead seeks to achieve many of the benefits of an RTO through incremental additions to its functions. ColumbiaGrid was formed after some of its members chose not to continue
785:
ISO/RTOs provide non-discriminatory transmission access, facilitating competition among wholesale suppliers to improve transmission service and provide fair electricity prices. Across large regions, they schedule the use of transmission lines; manage the interconnection of new generation and monitor
741:
as operated through the RTOs is in fact raising prices beyond what would obtain in a truly competitive situation, and that the organizations themselves add a needless layer of bureaucracy. While the original intention was for the RTOs to remain an independent, non-profit organization and were given
308:
It is important to note that Order No. 888 was not met without objection among the public, academics and industry participants. Requests for rehearing and/or clarification were filed by 137 entities after the order's issuance. The majority agreed with the FERC's assertion for the need to harness the
205:
In short, an ISO operates a region's electricity grid, administers the region's wholesale electricity markets, and provides reliability planning for the region's bulk electricity system. Today's RTOs do the same thing with an added component of greater responsibility for the transmission network, as
244:
Order No. 888 addressed "Promoting
Wholesale Competition Through Open Access Non-discriminatory Transmission Services by Public Utilities; Recovery of Stranded Costs by Public Utilities and Transmitting Utilities." and Order No. 889 added and amended existing rules "...establishing and governing an
237:
issued two orders that changed the landscape of how electricity is generated, transmitted, and distributed throughout the North
America. Prior to these rulings, generated power and the subsequent energy provided to customers by local service providers was owned and controlled by single entities who
789:
Today's power industry is far more than a collection of power plants and transmission lines. Maintaining an effective grid requires management of three different but related sets of flows – the flow of energy across the grid; the exchange of information about power flows and the equipment it moves
762:
and their federal and state regulators began forming independent transmission operators that would ensure equal access to the power grid for non-utility firms, enhance the reliability of the transmission system and operate wholesale electricity markets. Today, seven of these grid operators, either
647:
utilities. As such, international reciprocity is commonplace, and rules or recommendations introduced by FERC often are voluntarily accepted by NERC members outside of FERC's jurisdiction. Therefore, one
Canadian Province is a member of a U.S.-based RTO, while two others function as an Electric
283:
Through negotiation, collaboration and legal challenges, the first ISOs to emerge included
California ISO, PJM Interconnection, New York ISO and New England ISO. Each proposed a slightly different market design according to their collaborative results. In order to facilitate competitive wholesale
555:
An RTO is an organization formed at the approval of the
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC). In the areas where an RTO is established, it coordinates, controls and monitors the operation of the electrical power system, usually within a single US State, but sometimes encompassing multiple
279:
In addressing #1 above, Order No. 888 defined the fundamental purpose of an ISO to "…operate the transmission systems of public utilities in a manner that is independent of any business interest in sales or purchases of electric power by those utilities." The order did not mandate or require the
452:
There are regions of the United States where ISOs do not exist. Consequently, the utilities do not engage in wholesale power markets. The
Pacific Northwest, and states east of California and west of the Dakotas, Nebraska, Kansas and Texas largely do not participate. The majority of Southeastern
304:
In addressing #2 above, the original order (and subsequent clarification by the FERC) allows utilities, under certain defined circumstances, to seek extra-contractual recovery of stranded costs. The FERC continues to receive rehearing petitions regarding stranded cost recovery as it has clearly
733:
RTOs ensure three key free marketer drivers: 1) open access and non-discriminatory services, 2) the continued reliability of a system unequaled anywhere else, and 3) multiple transmission charges that will not negate the savings to the end-use customer. Critics of RTOs counter that the
280:
establishment of ISOs. Rather, in an attempt to comply with the FERC's order, groups of participants (or "Power Pools" composed of generators, transmission providers and utilities) partnered, and proposed to the FERC, for the right to establish designs of independent system operations.
238:
often owned the entire generation, transmission, and distribution assets. Because these companies controlled the retail delivery of the energy from generation through their own power lines, consumers had little to no choice regarding whose electricity they were buying.
419:
Electric utilities that are located within the United States and engage in interstate commerce fall under FERC authority. Not all utilities are members of ISOs. All utilities and ISOs are responsible to meet the compliance of a larger organization called the
556:
states. The official definition for an RTO: "An entity that is independent from all generation and power marketing interests and has exclusive responsibility for grid operations, short-term reliability, and transmission service within a region."
616:
OASIS and Total
Transmission Capability (TTC) and Available Transmission Capability (ATC) – an RTO must be the single OASIS site administrator for all transmission facilities under its control and independently calculate TTC and
742:
nearly autonomous control of their service area. The primary committees, and a majority of participant committees are almost entirely represented by investor owned utilities and have eroded States power and
Federal authority.
749:
and transmission and elimination of pancaked rates, and it encourages a diverse membership including public power. Wider membership contributes to the establishment of an entity with the size necessary to function as an RTO.
574:
Operational authority – an RTO must have the authority to control its transmission facilities (e.g. switching elements in and out of service, monitoring and controlling voltage) and must be the security coordinator for its
763:
independent system operators (ISOs) or RTOs, coordinate the power grid to ensure the reliable delivery of two-thirds of the electricity used in the United States to two-thirds of its population. Most are overseen by FERC.
706:
with a transmission system designed to serve its own customers worked extremely well for decades. As dependence on a reliable supply of electricity grew and electricity was transported over increasingly greater distances,
65:(FERC). The voluntary creation of RTOs was initiated by FERC in December 1999. The purpose of the RTO is to promote economic efficiency, reliability, and non-discriminatory practices while reducing government oversight.
726:. RTOs were conceived as a way to handle the vastly increased number of transactions that take place in a competitive environment. About a dozen states decided to deregulate, but some pulled back following the
699:(FERC) as a way to handle the challenges associated with the operation of multiple interconnected independent power supply companies. FERC describes this as a voluntary system. The traditional model of the
599:
Tariff administration and design – in order to ensure non-discriminatory transmission service, an RTO must be the sole provider of transmission service and sole administrator of its own open access tariff.
415:
Similar to an RTO, the primary difference is that ISOs either do not meet the minimum requirements specified by FERC to hold the designation of RTO or that the ISO has not petitioned FERC for the status.
623:
Planning and expansion – an RTO must have ultimate responsibility for both transmission planning and expansion within its region that will enable it to provide efficient, reliable and non-discriminatory
612:
Ancillary services – an RTO must serve as the supplier of last resort for all ancillary services and determine if the minimum amount of ancillary services have been supplied according to FERC Order No.
559:
The designation of an RTO is largely one of scope. An organization wanting to achieve RTO status must petition the FERC for approval, and meet 4 minimum characteristics and 8 minimum functions:
2172:
881:
in efforts to form Grid West, a
Northwest evolutionary structure with the ability to add functions and to move toward independent grid management. The ColumbiaGrid members, including the
676:
FERC Orders 888 and 889 defined how independent power producers (IPPs) and power marketers would be allowed fair access to transmission systems, and mandated the implementation of the
453:
states do not participate in wholesale markets. While these regions must conform to open access as mandated by FERC, the power exchanges between utilities is mostly facilitated through
790:
across; and the flow of money between producers, marketers, transmission owners, buyers and others. ISO/RTOs play an essential role in managing and enhancing all three of these flows.
786:
the markets to ensure fairness and neutrality for all participants. Providing these services regionally is more efficient than providing them on a smaller-scale, utility by utility.
961:
362:
time." The order still, however, does not mandate that a new entity called an RTO be created, nor does it mandate that an entity call itself an RTO to comply with the FERC's order.
241:
In economic terms, this structure constituted an impediment for new providers who would want to generate power, move energy, or provide retail electricity to individual consumers.
1379:
76:) is similarly an organization formed at the recommendation of FERC. In the areas where an ISO is established, it coordinates, controls, and monitors the operation of the
321:(formerly real-time information networks) and prescribed standards of conduct for its use and access. Subsequent orders provided clarifications, standards and protocols.
133:"...coordinates, controls and monitors an electricity transmission grid that is larger with much higher voltages than the typical power company's distribution grid..."
770:
in balance. The grid operators forecast load and schedule generation to assure that sufficient generation and back-up power is available in case demand rises or a
571:
Scope and regional configuration – the region for an RTO should be chosen to achieve the necessary regulatory, reliability, operational, and competitive benefits.
342:
Where as Order No. 888 provided for an entity (an ISO) to facilitate open access, it was not written with the intent to establish one. FERC Order No. 2000 was:
431:. ERCOT falls under the authority of NERC and operates a reliability function, separate from its market function, in order to comply with NERC requirements.
61:. The transfer of electricity between states is considered interstate commerce, and electric grids spanning multiple states are therefore regulated by the
636:
421:
609:
Parallel path flow – an RTO must develop and implement procedures to address parallel path flow issues within its region and with other regions.
1420:
91:. The delineation between an ISO and an RTO is subtle to some and quite specific to others, as the similarities in the table below illustrate:
766:
ISOs and RTOs coordinate generation and transmission across wide geographic regions, matching generation to the load instantaneously to keep
778:
is lost. They also operate wholesale electricity markets that enable participants to buy and sell electricity on a day-ahead or a real-time
2093:
84:
state, but sometimes encompassing multiple states. RTOs typically perform the same functions as ISOs, but cover a larger geographic area.
181:"... for electric transmission grid operations, short-term electric reliability and transmission services within a multi-state region..."
17:
782:
basis. These markets provide electricity suppliers with more options for meeting consumer needs for power at the lowest possible cost.
1014:
893:
The former Grid West participants who had argued for an eventual RTO, mainly investor-owned utilities and state representatives from
568:
Independence – an RTO should be independent from its market participants in financial interests, decision-making, and tariff-setting.
820:
677:
491:
318:
284:
markets, Order No. 888 specified the unbundling of a utility's operations separating generation and transmission and distribution.
245:
Open Access Same-time Information System (OASIS) (formerly real-time information networks) and prescribing standards of conduct."
839:
521:
938:
808:
814:
485:
428:
2151:
1568:
696:
680:(OASIS) to facilitate the fair handling of transactions between electric power transmission suppliers and their customers.
388:
234:
62:
1990:
578:
Short-term reliability – an RTO must ensure the region meets the NERC reliability standards or alert FERC if it does not.
126:"...a neutral party responsible for the management and control of the electric transmission grid in a state or region..."
2098:
1413:
943:
620:
Market monitoring – an RTO must monitor market behavior and report market power abuses and market design flaws to FERC.
758:
In the 1990s, as states and regions in the United States established wholesale competition for electricity, groups of
1718:
802:
258:
An acknowledgment that barriers to competitive wholesale markets may exist and that those barriers must be removed
1881:
1806:
1677:
882:
2053:
1985:
1975:
1851:
1751:
1406:
727:
1906:
1866:
1443:
955:
427:
Within the United States one ISO, and its participating utilities, does not fall under FERC authority: The
54:
2133:
2128:
1846:
1821:
1811:
1787:
1782:
1488:
392:
88:
77:
51:
602:
Congestion management – an RTO must ensure the development and operation of market mechanisms to manage
391:. In the areas where an ISO is established, it coordinates, controls and monitors the operation of the
2048:
1766:
1736:
1513:
712:
2103:
1592:
1553:
1200:
719:
117:"...designated by the to direct operation of the regional electric transmission grid in its area..."
1149:
2078:
1886:
1826:
1483:
1249:
978:
767:
458:
1170:
1117:
2017:
2007:
1997:
603:
1092:
1064:
261:
Permit utilities to recover stranded costs associated with providing open access to transmission
1938:
1801:
1584:
1473:
1025:
746:
254:
888 is substantial in scope. Relative to this article, however, it defined two key elements:
2073:
1841:
1836:
1816:
1336:
1225:
1051:
700:
305:
placed the importance on remedying what it terms as "undue discrimination" at the forefront.
718:
In the last decade of the 20th century, some policy makers and academics projected that the
1667:
1429:
851:
503:
190:"...for the purpose of providing open access to retail and wholesale markets for supply..."
87:
The two are similar, with an RTO being more clearly defined and born out of the concept of
149:"...coordinates power generation and transmission within an integrated regional market..."
8:
2038:
1871:
1771:
1746:
1699:
1508:
1498:
1463:
845:
509:
1912:
1523:
1263:
886:
857:
738:
660:
627:
Interregional coordination – an RTO must coordinate its activities with other regions.
454:
58:
2063:
1943:
1548:
2012:
1953:
1657:
1652:
1629:
1538:
1478:
759:
715:
developed. Transactions were relatively few and generally planned well in advance.
703:
2043:
2002:
1980:
1861:
1831:
1796:
1756:
1558:
997:
826:
2068:
2058:
1856:
1468:
1314:
449:
using governance models approved by FERC and/or regional or local commissions.
1337:"Regional Transmission Organizations (RTO)/Independent System Operators (ISO)"
648:
System Operator (ESO), an organization essentially equal to a U.S.-based ISO.
2166:
2088:
1876:
1761:
1741:
1672:
1662:
1619:
1503:
1458:
930:
663:
632:
396:
81:
47:
2108:
2083:
1948:
1917:
1731:
1533:
723:
1933:
1901:
1694:
1682:
1602:
1528:
1518:
1448:
779:
771:
670:
652:
446:
435:
197:"...serve as the independent operator of the regional electric market..."
110:"...an organization formed at the direction or recommendation of the ..."
1896:
1891:
1704:
1687:
1543:
1398:
973:
775:
708:
57:(TSO) that coordinates, controls, and monitors a multi-state electric
1612:
1607:
1493:
1453:
735:
667:
656:
525:
443:
439:
142:"...operates an electric-transmission system that it does not own..."
387:
is an organization formed at the direction or recommendation of the
1726:
1288:
1647:
1637:
962:
European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity
924:
906:
902:
529:
635:
fall under FERC authority, but a larger organization called the
174:"...ensure the safety and reliability of the electric system..."
1642:
894:
684:
644:
640:
533:
497:
30:
798:
As of 2023 there are ten ISO/RTOs operating in North America:
639:(NERC) overlays the entire FERC footprint and also includes a
442:
power, resulting from FERC order No. 888. Most are set up as
2173:
Electric power transmission system operators in North America
1022:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY COMMISSION
898:
832:
550:
479:
473:
1597:
910:
540:
515:
317:
Order No. 889 amended rules establishing and governing the
1361:
1315:"Rethinking Grid Governance for the Climate Change Era"
422:
North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC)
378:
920:
631:
Only electric utilities that are located within the
399:State, but sometimes encompassing multiple states.
512:– Pennsylvania-New Jersey-Maryland Interconnection
158:"...an independent, Federally regulated entity..."
2164:
319:Open Access Same-time Information System (OASIS)
1226:"Order No. 2000A, Order on Rehearing, FERC.gov"
637:North American Electric Reliability Corporation
687:cross state and provincial borders like RTOs.
522:Independent Electricity System Operator (IESO)
95:Various definitions from web-based glossaries
1414:
486:Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT)
429:Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT)
309:benefits of competitive electricity markets.
228:
745:The RTO concept provides for separation of
673:using governance models developed by FERC.
389:Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC)
235:Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC)
1421:
1407:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1150:"Order No. 888-A, Reaffirmation, FERC.gov"
551:Regional transmission organizations (RTOs)
469:There are nine ISOs within North America:
543:) was dissolved when New Brunswick's new
34:ISOs and RTOs of North America as of 2024
1428:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1134:
821:Midcontinent Independent System Operator
678:Open Access Same-Time Information System
492:Midcontinent Independent System Operator
29:
1218:
1184:
1087:
1085:
1065:"FERC: Landmark Orders – Order No. 888"
1015:"Docket No. RM99-2-000; Order No. 2000"
840:Independent Electricity System Operator
666:of the late 1990s. Most are set up as
14:
2165:
1312:
1163:
1110:
1047:
1045:
939:North American power transmission grid
809:California Independent System Operator
1402:
1171:"Order No. 889, Final Rule, FERC.gov"
1131:
1118:"Order No. 888, Final Rule, FERC.gov"
815:Electric Reliability Council of Texas
488:; also a Regional Reliability Council
165:"...an independent governing body..."
1281:
1082:
1057:
1009:
1007:
864:Non-RTO transmission organizations:
833:New York Independent System Operator
697:Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
63:Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
1042:
1024:. December 20, 1999. Archived from
539:The New Brunswick System Operator (
379:Independent system operators (ISOs)
24:
2099:Renewable energy commercialization
944:Energy policy of the United States
690:
562:
547:went into effect in October 2013.
518:– Alberta Electric System Operator
337:
40:regional transmission organization
25:
2184:
1250:"California ISO – Opening access"
1201:"FERC: Industries – Major Orders"
1004:
768:supply and demand for electricity
651:Some ISOs and RTOs also act as a
2147:
2146:
1567:
923:
871:Northern Tier Transmission Group
803:Alberta Electric System Operator
395:system, usually within a single
312:
248:
80:system, usually within a single
1372:
1354:
1329:
1306:
1256:
1242:
883:Bonneville Power Administration
875:
793:
464:
1313:Welton, Shelley (2021-02-01).
990:
13:
1:
2094:Renewable Energy Certificates
2054:Cost of electricity by source
1976:Arc-fault circuit interrupter
1852:High-voltage shore connection
1093:"FERC: Landmark Orders – Gas"
984:
728:California electricity crisis
210:
2109:Spark/Dark/Quark/Bark spread
1907:Transmission system operator
1867:Mains electricity by country
1444:Automatic generation control
956:Transmission system operator
722:would ultimately experience
659:power, especially since the
582:
55:transmission system operator
7:
2134:List of electricity sectors
2129:Electric energy consumption
1847:High-voltage direct current
1822:Electric power transmission
1812:Electric power distribution
1489:Energy return on investment
1264:"Bill 39 – Electricity Act"
916:
89:electrical grid reliability
70:independent system operator
18:Independent system operator
10:
2189:
2049:Carbon offsets and credits
1767:Three-phase electric power
1054:, Updated: August 20, 2009
753:
27:Electric power coordinator
2142:
2117:
2104:Renewable Energy Payments
2027:
1964:
1926:
1780:
1717:
1628:
1593:Fossil fuel power station
1583:
1576:
1565:
1436:
1052:RTO/ISO Section, FERC.gov
720:electrical power industry
695:RTOs were created by the
459:power purchase agreements
404:
367:
347:
326:
290:
267:
229:FERC Orders 888 & 889
217:
102:
99:
1887:Single-wire earth return
1827:Electrical busbar system
1484:Energy demand management
979:Electricity distribution
206:established by the FERC.
2018:Residual-current device
2008:Power system protection
1998:Generator interlock kit
604:transmission congestion
1802:Distributed generation
1474:Electric power quality
528:transmission grid for
506:– Southwest Power Pool
35:
2074:Fossil fuel phase-out
1842:Electricity retailing
1837:Electrical substation
1817:Electric power system
1319:California Law Review
701:vertically integrated
33:
1430:Electricity delivery
998:"16 U.S. Code § 824"
852:Southwest Power Pool
643:utility and several
2039:Availability factor
1991:Sulfur hexafluoride
1872:Overhead power line
1772:Virtual power plant
1747:Induction generator
1700:Sustainable biofuel
1509:Home energy storage
1499:Grid energy storage
1464:Droop speed control
846:PJM Interconnection
823:, Inc. (MISO) – RTO
455:bilateral contracts
233:In April 1996, the
96:
1913:Transmission tower
1524:Nameplate capacity
858:Western Power Pool
739:electricity market
730:of 2000 and 2001.
661:electricity market
494:– Midcontinent ISO
94:
36:
2160:
2159:
2064:Environmental tax
1944:Cascading failure
1713:
1712:
1549:Utility frequency
500:– ISO New England
413:
412:
409:
376:
375:
372:
356:
355:
352:
335:
334:
331:
299:
298:
295:
276:
275:
272:
226:
225:
222:
203:
202:
199:
192:
183:
176:
167:
160:
151:
144:
135:
128:
119:
112:
16:(Redirected from
2180:
2150:
2149:
2059:Energy subsidies
2013:Protective relay
1954:Rolling blackout
1581:
1580:
1571:
1539:Power-flow study
1479:Electrical fault
1423:
1416:
1409:
1400:
1399:
1394:
1393:
1391:
1390:
1380:"NYISO Archives"
1376:
1370:
1369:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1289:"PJM – Training"
1285:
1279:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1246:
1240:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1230:
1222:
1216:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1197:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1167:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1146:
1129:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1089:
1080:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1061:
1055:
1049:
1040:
1039:
1037:
1036:
1030:
1019:
1011:
1002:
1001:
994:
933:
928:
927:
713:interconnections
711:were formed and
704:electric utility
595:
594:
590:
476:– California ISO
405:
402:
401:
393:electrical power
368:
365:
364:
348:
345:
344:
327:
324:
323:
291:
288:
287:
268:
265:
264:
218:
215:
214:
195:
188:
179:
172:
163:
156:
147:
140:
131:
124:
115:
108:
97:
93:
78:electrical power
21:
2188:
2187:
2183:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2178:
2177:
2163:
2162:
2161:
2156:
2138:
2122:
2120:
2113:
2044:Capacity factor
2032:
2030:
2023:
2003:Numerical relay
1981:Circuit breaker
1969:
1967:
1960:
1922:
1862:Load management
1832:Electrical grid
1797:Demand response
1790:
1785:
1776:
1757:Microgeneration
1709:
1624:
1572:
1563:
1559:Vehicle-to-grid
1432:
1427:
1397:
1388:
1386:
1378:
1377:
1373:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1345:
1343:
1335:
1334:
1330:
1311:
1307:
1297:
1295:
1287:
1286:
1282:
1272:
1270:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1248:
1247:
1243:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1209:
1207:
1199:
1198:
1185:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1168:
1164:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1147:
1132:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1115:
1111:
1101:
1099:
1091:
1090:
1083:
1073:
1071:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1050:
1043:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1017:
1013:
1012:
1005:
996:
995:
991:
987:
929:
922:
919:
878:
827:ISO New England
796:
756:
693:
691:History of RTOs
596:
592:
588:
586:
585:
565:
563:Characteristics
553:
545:Electricity Act
524:; operates the
467:
381:
358:
340:
338:FERC Order 2000
315:
301:
285:
278:
251:
231:
213:
207:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2186:
2176:
2175:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2154:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2136:
2131:
2125:
2123:
2119:Statistics and
2118:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2069:Feed-in tariff
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2035:
2033:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2021:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1988:
1978:
1972:
1970:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1930:
1928:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1857:Interconnector
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1807:Dynamic demand
1804:
1799:
1793:
1791:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1737:Combined cycle
1734:
1729:
1723:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1691:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1634:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1622:
1617:
1616:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1589:
1587:
1578:
1574:
1573:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1514:Load-following
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1469:Electric power
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1433:
1426:
1425:
1418:
1411:
1403:
1396:
1395:
1371:
1353:
1328:
1305:
1280:
1255:
1241:
1217:
1183:
1162:
1130:
1109:
1081:
1056:
1041:
1003:
988:
986:
983:
982:
981:
976:
965:
964:
959:
950:International:
947:
946:
941:
935:
934:
918:
915:
877:
874:
873:
872:
869:
862:
861:
855:
849:
843:
836:
835:(NYISO) – RTO
830:
829:(ISO-NE) – RTO
824:
818:
812:
806:
795:
792:
755:
752:
692:
689:
629:
628:
625:
621:
618:
614:
610:
607:
600:
584:
581:
580:
579:
576:
572:
569:
564:
561:
552:
549:
537:
536:
519:
513:
507:
501:
495:
489:
483:
482:– New York ISO
477:
466:
463:
434:ISOs act as a
411:
410:
380:
377:
374:
373:
354:
353:
339:
336:
333:
332:
314:
311:
297:
296:
274:
273:
263:
262:
259:
250:
247:
230:
227:
224:
223:
212:
209:
201:
200:
193:
185:
184:
177:
169:
168:
161:
153:
152:
145:
137:
136:
129:
121:
120:
113:
105:
104:
101:
52:electric power
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2185:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2153:
2145:
2144:
2141:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2116:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2089:Pigouvian tax
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2026:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1986:Earth-leakage
1984:
1983:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1963:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1927:Failure modes
1925:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1877:Power station
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1762:Rankine cycle
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1742:Cooling tower
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1627:
1621:
1618:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1585:Non-renewable
1582:
1579:
1575:
1570:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1504:Grid strength
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1459:Demand factor
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1424:
1419:
1417:
1412:
1410:
1405:
1404:
1401:
1385:
1381:
1375:
1367:
1363:
1357:
1342:
1338:
1332:
1325:(1): 209–275.
1324:
1320:
1316:
1309:
1294:
1290:
1284:
1269:
1265:
1259:
1251:
1245:
1227:
1221:
1206:
1202:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1172:
1166:
1151:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1119:
1113:
1098:
1094:
1088:
1086:
1070:
1066:
1060:
1053:
1048:
1046:
1031:on 2016-12-21
1027:
1023:
1016:
1010:
1008:
999:
993:
989:
980:
977:
975:
972:
971:
970:
969:
963:
960:
957:
954:
953:
952:
951:
945:
942:
940:
937:
936:
932:
931:Energy portal
926:
921:
914:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
891:
888:
884:
870:
868:Columbia Grid
867:
866:
865:
859:
856:
853:
850:
847:
844:
841:
837:
834:
831:
828:
825:
822:
819:
817:(ERCOT) – ISO
816:
813:
811:(CAISO) – ISO
810:
807:
804:
801:
800:
799:
791:
787:
783:
781:
777:
773:
769:
764:
761:
751:
748:
743:
740:
737:
731:
729:
725:
721:
716:
714:
710:
705:
702:
698:
688:
686:
681:
679:
674:
672:
669:
665:
664:restructuring
662:
658:
654:
649:
646:
642:
638:
634:
633:United States
626:
622:
619:
615:
611:
608:
605:
601:
598:
597:
591:
577:
573:
570:
567:
566:
560:
557:
548:
546:
542:
535:
531:
527:
523:
520:
517:
514:
511:
508:
505:
502:
499:
496:
493:
490:
487:
484:
481:
478:
475:
472:
471:
470:
462:
460:
456:
450:
448:
445:
441:
437:
432:
430:
425:
423:
417:
408:
403:
400:
398:
394:
390:
386:
371:
366:
363:
359:
351:
346:
343:
330:
325:
322:
320:
313:Order No. 889
310:
306:
302:
294:
289:
286:
281:
271:
266:
260:
257:
256:
255:
249:Order No. 888
246:
242:
239:
236:
221:
216:
208:
198:
194:
191:
187:
186:
182:
178:
175:
171:
170:
166:
162:
159:
155:
154:
150:
146:
143:
139:
138:
134:
130:
127:
123:
122:
118:
114:
111:
107:
106:
98:
92:
90:
85:
83:
79:
75:
71:
66:
64:
60:
56:
53:
49:
48:United States
45:
41:
32:
19:
2084:Net metering
2031:and policies
1949:Power outage
1918:Utility pole
1882:Pumped hydro
1788:distribution
1783:Transmission
1732:Cogeneration
1534:Power factor
1387:. Retrieved
1383:
1374:
1365:
1362:"isorto.org"
1356:
1344:. Retrieved
1340:
1331:
1322:
1318:
1308:
1296:. Retrieved
1292:
1283:
1271:. Retrieved
1267:
1258:
1244:
1232:. Retrieved
1220:
1208:. Retrieved
1205:www.ferc.gov
1204:
1174:. Retrieved
1165:
1153:. Retrieved
1121:. Retrieved
1112:
1100:. Retrieved
1097:www.ferc.gov
1096:
1072:. Retrieved
1069:www.ferc.gov
1068:
1059:
1033:. Retrieved
1026:the original
1021:
992:
967:
966:
949:
948:
892:
879:
876:ColumbiaGrid
863:
842:(IESO) – ISO
805:(AESO) – ISO
797:
794:Current RTOs
788:
784:
765:
757:
744:
732:
724:deregulation
717:
694:
682:
675:
671:corporations
650:
630:
558:
554:
544:
538:
468:
465:Current ISOs
451:
447:corporations
438:operator in
433:
426:
418:
414:
406:
384:
382:
369:
360:
357:
349:
341:
328:
316:
307:
303:
300:
292:
282:
277:
269:
252:
243:
240:
232:
219:
204:
196:
189:
180:
173:
164:
157:
148:
141:
132:
125:
116:
109:
86:
73:
69:
67:
43:
39:
37:
2079:Load factor
1934:Black start
1902:Transformer
1603:Natural gas
1554:Variability
1529:Peak demand
1519:Merit order
1449:Backfeeding
1384:RTO Insider
1293:www.pjm.com
860:(SPP) - RTO
854:(SPP) – RTO
848:(PJM) – RTO
780:spot market
772:power plant
709:power pools
653:marketplace
436:marketplace
2121:production
1966:Protective
1897:Super grid
1892:Smart grid
1719:Generation
1653:Geothermal
1544:Repowering
1389:2024-04-05
1366:isorto.org
1268:www.gnb.ca
1035:2016-11-18
985:References
974:Energy law
887:Washington
885:, several
776:power line
747:generation
211:Background
2029:Economics
1752:Micro CHP
1630:Renewable
1613:Petroleum
1608:Oil shale
1494:Grid code
1454:Base load
760:utilities
736:wholesale
668:nonprofit
657:wholesale
583:Functions
526:Hydro One
444:nonprofit
440:wholesale
46:) in the
2167:Category
2152:Category
1939:Brownout
1727:AC power
1437:Concepts
1341:ferc.gov
968:General:
917:See also
890:portal.
838:Ontario
683:TSOs in
645:Canadian
624:service.
1968:devices
1678:Thermal
1673:Osmotic
1668:Current
1648:Biomass
1638:Biofuel
1620:Nuclear
1577:Sources
907:Wyoming
903:Montana
754:Purpose
641:Mexican
575:region.
530:Ontario
1663:Marine
1643:Biogas
1298:14 May
1273:14 May
1234:14 May
1210:14 May
1176:14 May
1155:14 May
1123:14 May
1102:14 May
1074:14 May
895:Oregon
685:Europe
587:": -->
534:Canada
498:ISO-NE
50:is an
2020:(GFI)
1909:(TSO)
1695:Solar
1683:Tidal
1658:Hydro
1346:8 Apr
1229:(PDF)
1029:(PDF)
1018:(PDF)
958:(TSO)
899:Idaho
480:NYISO
474:CAISO
1786:and
1705:Wind
1688:Wave
1598:Coal
1348:2014
1300:2017
1275:2017
1236:2017
1212:2017
1178:2017
1157:2017
1125:2017
1104:2017
1076:2017
911:Utah
909:and
617:ATC.
613:888.
589:edit
541:NBSO
516:AESO
457:and
103:RTO
100:ISO
59:grid
1323:109
774:or
655:in
510:PJM
504:SPP
385:ISO
383:An
74:ISO
68:An
44:RTO
2169::
1382:.
1364:.
1339:.
1321:.
1317:.
1291:.
1266:.
1203:.
1186:^
1133:^
1095:.
1084:^
1067:.
1044:^
1020:.
1006:^
905:,
901:,
897:,
532:,
461:.
397:US
82:US
38:A
1422:e
1415:t
1408:v
1392:.
1368:.
1350:.
1302:.
1277:.
1252:.
1238:.
1214:.
1180:.
1159:.
1127:.
1106:.
1078:.
1038:.
1000:.
606:.
593:]
72:(
42:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
