709:, p. 110 also claimed that "the demonstration of the possibility of theories of hidden variables may serve in a more general philosophical sense to remind us of the unreliability of conclusions based on the assumption of the complete universality of certain features of a given theory, however general their domain of validity seems to be." Another aspect of Bohm's motivation had been to point out a confusion he perceived to exist in quantum theory. On the dominant approaches in quantum theory, he said: "...we wish merely to point out that this whole line of approach re-establishes at the abstract level of statistical potentialities the same kind of analysis into separate and autonomous components in interaction that is denied at the more concrete level of individual objects" (
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course, to make possible such constancy it is also necessary that this content be organized, not only through relatively fixed association but also with the aid of the rules of logic, and of our basic categories of space, time, causality, universality, etc. ... there will be a strong background of recurrent, stable, and separable features, against which the transitory and changing aspects of the unbroken flow of experience will be seen as fleeting impressions that tend to be arranged and ordered mainly in terms of the vast totality of the relatively static and fragmented content of .
560:. On this, Bohm noted of prevailing views among physicists that "the world is assumed to be constituted of a set of separately existent, indivisible, and unchangeable 'elementary particles', which are the fundamental 'building blocks' of the entire universe ... there seems to be an unshakable faith among physicists that either such particles, or some other kind yet to be discovered, will eventually make possible a complete and coherent explanation of everything" (
70:, he used these notions to describe how the appearance of such phenomena might appear differently, or might be characterized by, varying principal factors, depending on contexts such as scales. The implicate (also referred to as the "enfolded") order is seen as a deeper and more fundamental order of reality. In contrast, the explicate or "unfolded" order includes the abstractions that humans normally perceive. As he wrote:
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665:, pp. 156–167 argued: "... in sufficiently broad contexts such analytic descriptions cease to be adequate ... 'the law of the whole' will generally include the possibility of describing the 'loosening' of aspects from each other, so that they will be relatively autonomous in limited contexts ... however, any form of relative
648:...in relativity, movement is continuous, causally determinate and well defined, while in quantum mechanics it is discontinuous, not causally determinate and not well-defined. Each theory is committed to its own notions of essentially static and fragmentary modes of existence (relativity to that of separate events connectible by
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instruments. With respect to implicate order, however, Bohm asked us to consider the possibility instead "that physical law should refer primarily to an order of undivided wholeness of the content of description similar to that indicated by the hologram rather than to an order of analysis of such content into separate parts...".
599:, p. 11, said: "The new form of insight can perhaps best be called Undivided Wholeness in Flowing Movement. This view implies that flow is in some sense prior to that of the ‘things’ that can be seen to form and dissolve in this flow." According to Bohm, a vivid image of this sense of analysis of the whole is afforded by
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652:, and quantum mechanics to a well-defined quantum state). One thus sees that a new kind of theory is needed which drops these basic commitments and at most recovers some essential features of the older theories as abstract forms derived from a deeper reality in which what prevails is unbroken wholeness.
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In another analogy, Bohm asks us to consider a pattern produced by making small cuts in a folded piece of paper and then, literally, unfolding it. Widely separated elements of the pattern are, in actuality, produced by the same original cut in the folded piece of paper. Here, the cuts in the folded
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One may indeed say that our memory is a special case of the process described above, for all that is recorded is held enfolded within the brain cells and these are part of matter in general. The recurrence and stability of our own memory as a relatively independent sub-totality is thus brought about
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As in our discussion of matter in general, it is now necessary to go into the question of how in consciousness the explicate order is what is manifest ... the manifest content of consciousness is based essentially on memory, which is what allows such content to be held in a fairly constant form. Of
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There is the germ of a new notion of order here. This order is not to be understood solely in terms of a regular arrangement of objects (e.g., in rows) or as a regular arrangement of events (e.g., in a series). Rather, a total order is contained, in some implicit sense, in each region of space and
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with the structure of the implicate pre-space and with how an explicate order of space and time emerges from it, rather than with movements of physical entities, such as particles and fields. (This is a kind of extension of what is done in general relativity, which deals primarily with geometry and
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of the substance. In this example, the droplet becomes a thread, which in turn eventually becomes invisible. However, by rotating the substance in the reverse direction, the droplet can essentially reform. When it is invisible, according to Bohm, the order of the ink droplet as a pattern can be
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Bohm also claimed that "as with consciousness, each moment has a certain explicate order, and in addition it enfolds all the others, though in its own way. So the relationship of each moment in the whole to all the others is implied by its total content: the way in which it 'holds' all the others
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The notion of implicate and explicate orders emphasizes the primacy of structure and process over individual objects. The latter are seen as mere approximations of an underlying process. In this approach, quantum particles and other objects are understood to have only a limited degree of stability
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in these essential respects, and that a new concept of order should begin with that toward which both theories point: undivided wholeness. This should not be taken to mean that he advocated such powerful theories be discarded. He argued that each was relevant in a certain context—i.e., a set of
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are no longer the dominant factors determining the relationships of dependence or independence of different elements. Rather, an entirely different sort of basic connection of elements is possible, from which our ordinary notions of space and time, along with those of separately existent material
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might both be understood, in the sense that it is proposed that both matter and consciousness: (i) enfold the structure of the whole within each region, and (ii) involve continuous processes of enfoldment and unfoldment. For example, in the case of matter, entities such as atoms may represent
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In this view of order, laws represent invariant relationships between explicate entities and structures, and thus Bohm maintained that, in physics, the explicate order generally reveals itself within well-constructed experimental contexts as, for example, in the sensibly observable results of
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This view of order necessarily departs from any notion which entails signalling, and therefore causality. The correlation of observables does not imply a causal influence, and in Bohm's schema, the latter represents 'relatively' independent events in spacetime; and therefore explicate order.
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within a continuous flow, but such an analysis does not imply that the flow patterns have any sharp division, or that they are literally separate and independently existent entities; rather, they are most fundamentally undivided. Thus, according to Bohm’s view, the whole is in continuous
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entities, such as quantum states. Whatever their nature and character, according to Bohm, these parts are considered in terms of the whole, and in such terms, they constitute relatively separate and independent "sub-totalities." The implication of the view is, therefore, that nothing is
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interrelated conditions within the explicate order—rather than having unlimited scope, and that apparent contradictions stem from attempts to overgeneralize by superposing the theories on one another, implying greater generality or broader relevance than is ultimately warranted. Thus,
705:, p. 81 said, "... it should be kept in mind that before this proposal was made there had existed the widespread impression that no conception of any hidden variable at all, not even if it were abstract and hypothetical, could possibly be consistent with the quantum theory."
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particles, are abstracted as forms derived from the deeper order. These ordinary notions in fact appear in what is called the "explicate" or "unfolded" order, which is a special and distinguished form contained within the general totality of all the implicate orders (
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as part of the very same process that sustains the recurrence and stability in the manifest order of matter in general. It follows, then, that the explicate and manifest order of consciousness is not ultimately distinct from that of matter in general.
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continuous enfoldment and unfoldment which manifests as a relatively stable and autonomous entity that can be observed to follow a relatively well-defined path in spacetime. In the case of consciousness, Bohm pointed toward evidence presented by
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In Bohm's conception of order, primacy is given to the undivided whole, and the implicate order inherent within the whole, rather than to parts of the whole, such as particles, quantum states, and continua. This whole encompasses all things,
314:. The signal, screen, and television electronics in this analogy represent the implicate order, while the image produced represents the explicate order. He also uses an example in which an ink droplet can be introduced into a highly
572:, abstractions, and processes, including processes that result in (relatively) stable structures as well as those that involve a metamorphosis of structures or things. In this view, parts may be entities normally regarded as
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Bohm believed that the weirdness of the behavior of quantum particles is caused by unobserved forces, maintaining that space and time might actually be derived from an even deeper level of objective reality. In the words of
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during the early 1980s. They are used to describe two different frameworks for understanding the same phenomenon or aspect of reality. In particular, the concepts were developed in order to explain the bizarre behaviors of
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time. Now, the word 'implicit' is based on the verb 'to implicate'. This means 'to fold inward' ... so we may be led to explore the notion that in some sense each region contains a total structure 'enfolded' within it".
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plate in which a hologram is observable contains within it the whole three-dimensional image, which can be viewed from a range of perspectives. That is, each region contains a whole and undivided image. In Bohm's words:
105:, Bohm considered that what we take for reality are "surface phenomena, explicate forms that have temporarily unfolded out of an underlying implicate order." That is, the implicate order is the ground from which reality
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enfolded within it." Bohm characterises consciousness as a process in which at each moment, content that was previously implicate is presently explicate, and content which was previously explicate has become implicate.
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all arise from an order in such pre-space. A. M. Frescura and Hiley suggested that an implicate order could be carried by an algebra, with the explicate order being contained in the various
17:
411:. They refer, for instance, to earlier notes which reverberate when listening to music, or various resonances of words and images which are perceived when reading or hearing poetry.
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Bohm and Peat emphasize the role of orders of varying complexity, which influence the perception of a work of art as a whole. They note that implicate orders are accessible to human
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is a particularly happy choice here, not only because its common meaning is suitable for what is needed, but also because its mathematical meaning as a projection operation,
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A hydrogen atom and its constituent particles: an example of an over-simplified way of looking at a small collection of posited building blocks of the universe
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to characterise processes in which the explicate order becomes relevant (or "relevated"). Bohm likens unfoldment also to the decoding of a television
404:(Bohm and Peat, 1987), examples of implicate orders in science are laid out, as well as implicate orders which relate to painting, poetry and music.
214:, then a possible candidate for farthest galaxy from Earth known to humans), manifestations of the implicate order. Within quantum theory, there is
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In proposing this new notion of order, Bohm explicitly challenged a number of tenets that he believed are fundamental to much scientific work:
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Systems-Scientific Research on Natural and Cognitive Systems Volume 2: On Complementarity and Beyond
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or any other situation (other than a distinction between relatively separate entities valid in the sense of explicate order); and
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of entities which seem separated by great distances in the explicate order (such as a particular electron here on Earth and an
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discussed his work in person with Bohm, and pointed out connections among his work and Bohm's notion of an implicate order in
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of particles, or more generally to any static (i.e., unchanging) entities, whether separate events in
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rather than being localized (for example, in particular regions of the brain, cells, or atoms).
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The Little Book of
Consciousness: Pribram's Holonomic Brain Theory and Bohm's Implicate Order,
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paper represent the implicate order, and the unfolded pattern represents the explicate order.
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itself as part of an explicate order that is connected to an implicate order that they called
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I propose that each moment of time is a projection from the total implicate order. The term
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only secondarily with the entities that are described within this geometry.)
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My attitude is that the mathematics of the quantum theory deals
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Knowledge Perception Institute Implicate Order Page
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The implicate order represents the proposal of a general
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The function of measurement in modern physical science
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Cognition, the implicate order and rainforest realism
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Implicate and
Explicate Order according to David Bohm
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Bohm features as a fictional character in the novel
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226:A common grounding for consciousness and matter
1321:, Futura, vol. 31, no. 2/2012, pp. 74–83.
1032:Physics and the Ultimate Significance of Time
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438:Challenges to some generally prevailing views
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1205:At Home in the Universe
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814:Transcendental idealism
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510:between reality and
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117:Bohm, his co-worker
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1105:The Nature of Order
959:Process and Reality
866:, Routledge, 1980 (
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518:and observed in an
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889:arXiv:1405.4772v3
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41:concepts for
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1230:
1219:, paperback
1207:. New York:
1204:
1201:Kauffman, S.
1184:
1181:Hiley, B. J.
1157:
1147:Bibliography
1135:
1129:
1103:
1098:
1086:
1074:
1062:
1050:
1031:
1027:
1026:David Bohm:
1022:
1003:
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998:David Bohm:
994:
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971:
970:David Bohm:
966:
958:
953:
941:
928:
908:
901:
896:
884:
879:
863:
862:David Bohm:
858:
839:
833:
789:Quantum mind
686:
684:
655:
647:
627:
618:holomovement
595:
590:
566:
551:reductionism
544:
507:
475:mathematical
470:
441:
427:
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418:
413:
406:
399:
398:In the work
397:
388:
385:
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374:photographic
363:
336:
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299:
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277:
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256:Karl Pribram
243:metaphysical
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216:entanglement
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63:
34:
30:
29:
1408:Dichotomies
1177:Bohm, David
1154:Bohm, David
1121:, cited on
1044:pp. 192–193
840:On Dialogue
754:Indra's net
749:Implicature
739:Hermeticism
699:possibility
555:ontological
508:distinction
501:curvilinear
479:statistical
330:said to be
204:observables
151:nonlocality
131:pregeometry
119:Basil Hiley
39:ontological
1403:Meditation
1387:Categories
1372:David Bohm
1293:, Trans.).
1237:Kuhn, T.S.
945:See also:
821:References
799:String-net
769:Monadology
671:heteronomy
576:, such as
570:structures
520:experiment
409:experience
346:See also:
300:unfoldment
174:projection
139:pre-space.
64:In Bohm's
50:David Bohm
45:coined by
1374:'s ideas.
1291:J. Berman
1287:D. Derman
1091:Bohm 1980
1079:Bohm 1980
1067:Bohm 1980
1055:Bohm 1980
764:Mereology
711:Bohm 1980
707:Bohm 1980
703:Bohm 1980
663:Bohm 1980
642:Bohm 1980
597:Bohm 1980
562:Bohm 1980
527:principle
495:that the
460:spacetime
456:behaviour
332:implicate
327:diffusion
323:glycerine
321:(such as
319:substance
289:Analogies
190:primarily
135:spacetime
129:or other
85:Bohm 1980
1413:Ontology
1275:citation
1254:(1995),
1239:(1961).
1203:(1995).
1183:(1993),
1156:(1980),
779:Noumenon
717:See also
675:holonomy
667:autonomy
609:patterns
586:abstract
574:physical
547:paradigm
516:observer
428:The Wave
366:hologram
260:memories
147:locality
92:Overview
1370:, with
1289:, Ed.;
724:Brahman
650:signals
512:thought
486:reality
316:viscous
127:algebra
107:emerges
1418:Holism
1332:
1309:(1991)
1264:
1223:
1215:
1191:
1166:
1123:p. 323
1113:
1038:
1016:p. 189
1010:
988:p. 183
982:
916:
870:
846:
804:Taoism
605:stream
601:vortex
558:holism
490:domain
370:region
312:screen
304:signal
247:matter
166:moment
57:which
826:Notes
669:(and
636:with
578:atoms
372:of a
310:on a
308:image
264:brain
258:that
76:space
1330:ISBN
1281:link
1262:ISBN
1245:ISIS
1221:ISBN
1213:ISBN
1189:ISBN
1164:ISBN
1111:ISBN
1036:ISBN
1008:ISBN
980:ISBN
914:ISBN
868:ISBN
844:ISBN
614:flux
452:laws
450:and
350:and
249:and
149:and
141:The
80:time
78:and
37:are
33:and
640:.
632:of
580:or
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1299:.
1277:}}
1273:{{
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1285:(
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178:P
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