110:. Berry and Wood looked at every field-goal attempt made in the 2002 and 2003 NFL seasons, including playoffs, and concluded that, for "pressure kicks" – those made with 3 minutes or less remaining in the game or overtime period which would tie the game or put the kicking team in the lead – in the 40–55 yard range, icing the kicker caused the percentage of successful attempts to drop by about ten percent for an average kicker on a sunny day. On shorter kicks, the effect was found to be negligible. However, the statistical significance of the difference found – which amounted to four kicks out of 39 attempts – has been questioned, and an examination by Nick Stamms of
86:, is to call time out from the sidelines just before the ball is snapped. This prevents the kicking team from realizing the kick will not count until after the play is over. However, this has the potential to provide the reverse of the intended result: the invalid first kick could miss or be blocked, only to be followed by a successful second kick, or—if the kick is particularly risky—it could give the kicker a "practice kick" that, if successful, could give the kicker even more confidence, as was the case with a 64-yard
1022:
127:. A team may call a timeout just before the opposing team's free-throw shooter is given the ball on the final free throw, in an attempt to disrupt the shooter, typically if a missed free throw allows for the calling team to either have a chance to win the game with a successful field goal, or allows the calling team to preserve a lead.
67:
just as the kicker is about to attempt field goal. This is intended to either stop the kick immediately as the kicker is mentally prepared, or allow for the kicker to kick immediately after the timeout so that the initial kick does not count, in an attempt to mentally disrupt the kicker for the
114:
found that "pressure kicks" (defined as above except within two minutes, not three) in the NFL regular season from 1991 to 2005 showed an insignificant difference between non-iced kicks (457 out of 637, or 71.7%) and iced kicks (152 out of 211, or 72.0%).
106:, and Craig Wood, a biostatistician, life-long Pittsburgh Steelers fan, who won the Inaugural Henry Hood Center for Health Research Pillar Award, was published in 2004 in the journal
75:
In the NFL, each team can only call one timeout the same two plays. In contrast, repeated icing in college football is legal provided a team has multiple timeouts remaining.
201:
332:
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47:. The intent is to throw the kicker off of his routine and force him to feel pressure for a longer amount of time. The tactic is used at the
325:
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40:
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102:
A study was undertaken by Scott Berry, a statistician and the former chairman of the
Statistics in Sports section of the
901:
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103:
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72:. Should the kicker make the subsequent kick, then the attempt to ice the kicker is considered unsuccessful.
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In order to ice a kicker, either a player or a coach on the defending team will call a
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202:"Video: UFL's Jake Bates Kicks 64-Yard Game-Winning FG for Panthers vs. Battlehawks"
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actual kick. If the tactic is successful, the kicker will miss the kick due to
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157:"How rules for icing kickers differ in college and the NFL"
123:
A similar tactic is also common in basketball, known as
224:
Berry, S., and C. Wood. 2004. The cold-foot effect.
55:, although its effectiveness has not been proven.
78:One variant of this tactic, attributed to former
1038:
183:"Icing Kicker: New Tactic Has Drawn Double Take"
268:(November 15, 2004) Archived 2004-11-17 at the
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43:in order to disrupt the process of kicking a
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333:
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16:Timeout before a kick in gridiron football
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282:And (sic) old 'icing the kicker' study
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94:unsuccessfully tried to ice in 2024.
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104:American Statistical Association
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1:
155:Kirshner, Alex (2017-10-20).
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1047:American football strategy
342:American football strategy
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39:immediately prior to the
35:is the act of calling a
92:St. Louis Battlehawks
1008:Resting the starters
902:Defensive formations
799:Offensive formations
286:Sabermetric Research
263:The Iced Foot Effect
90:field goal that the
53:professional levels
33:freezing the kicker
709:Defensive strategy
305:(January 21, 2005)
297:Zimmerman, Paul. "
244:2009-03-02 at the
237:Peterson, Ivars. "
187:The New York Times
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1033:
793:
792:
704:
703:
650:Statue of Liberty
299:Icing on the cake
288:(January 6, 2008)
280:Birnbaum, Phil. "
261:Peterson, Ivars.
190:, 21 October 2007
125:icing the shooter
25:Canadian football
21:American football
19:In the sports of
1054:
1024:
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775:Icing the kicker
713:
712:
691:Clock management
645:Hook and lateral
580:Play-action pass
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252:(September 2005)
239:Icing the Kicker
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200:Kasabian, Paul.
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29:icing the kicker
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925:Seattle Cover 3
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887:Minnesota shift
847:Single set back
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675:Tackle-eligible
655:Halfback option
610:Fake field goal
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427:Run-pass option
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270:Wayback Machine
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206:Bleacher Report
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80:Denver Broncos
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444:Run and shoot
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432:Triple option
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98:Effectiveness
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84:Mike Shanahan
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27:, the act of
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992:8-in-the-box
774:
749:Bump and run
635:Fumblerooski
630:Flea flicker
407:Buck-lateral
366:Play calling
293:
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276:
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233:
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220:
209:. Retrieved
205:
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164:. Retrieved
161:SBNation.com
160:
150:
137:Gamesmanship
124:
122:
107:
101:
77:
74:
62:
32:
28:
18:
867:Pistol-Flex
827:Single-wing
640:Hidden ball
590:Double pass
572:Trick plays
552:Stop-and-go
397:Air Coryell
361:Two-platoon
356:One-platoon
112:STATS, Inc.
82:head coach
882:Jump shift
832:Short punt
723:Man-to-man
660:Hard count
620:Fake spike
595:End-around
459:West Coast
449:Smashmouth
375:Offensive
211:2024-04-01
166:2022-09-26
143:References
88:Jake Bates
49:collegiate
45:field goal
920:Miami 4–3
742:Coverages
615:Fake punt
439:Pro-style
1041:Category
1026:Category
857:Flexbone
852:Wishbone
487:Crossing
417:Multiple
412:Hurry-up
402:Air raid
377:strategy
266:MathTrek
242:Archived
131:See also
59:Overview
987:Prevent
972:7–1–2–1
910:2-level
877:Wildcat
842:Pro set
837:Shotgun
812:Split-T
733:Tampa 2
665:Pyramid
605:Spinner
600:Reverse
349:Systems
70:choking
65:timeout
37:timeout
982:Nickel
862:Pistol
754:Double
716:Scheme
547:Sluggo
532:Screen
482:Corner
469:Routes
454:Spread
422:Option
385:Scheme
303:Si.com
226:Chance
108:Chance
1001:Other
967:7–2–2
937:3–3–5
872:Trips
780:Stunt
768:Other
684:Other
562:Wheel
557:Swing
542:Slant
477:Chair
977:Dime
759:Zone
728:Zone
585:Draw
537:Seam
527:Post
517:Jerk
502:Flat
497:Drag
492:Curl
392:A-11
250:Muse
51:and
41:snap
962:6–2
957:5–3
952:5–2
942:4–4
932:3–4
915:4–3
785:Spy
522:Out
512:Hot
507:Fly
31:or
23:or
1043::
947:46
301:"
284:"
248:"
204:.
175:^
159:.
822:A
817:I
807:T
334:e
327:t
320:v
214:.
169:.
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