3777:
3770:
139:
2572:
3756:
2590:
3784:
2584:
3941:
3763:
2579:
3749:
112:
552:
were complex and rather weak. At the close of the
Devonian, forms with progressively stronger legs and vertebrae evolved, and the later groups lacked functional gills as adults. As adults, the animals would have been heavy and clumsy on land, and would probably appear more as fish that occasionally
595:(the closest relative of tetrapods known to have retained paired fins rather than feet). Under this use, the number of known Devonian tetrapods have increased dramatically, so that the group now contain 12
842:
Anderson, J.S.; Reisz, R.R.; Scott, D.; Fröbisch, N.B.; Sumida, S.S. (2008). "A stem batrachian from the Early
Permian of Texas and the origin of frogs and salamanders".
536:
The
Ichthyostegalians were large to medium-sized, with an adult size form most genera on the order of a meter or more. Their heads were flat and massive, with a host of
1433:
Daeschler, Edward B.; Clack, Jennifer A.; Shubin, Neil H. (1 May 1009). "Late
Devonian tetrapod remains from Red Hill, Pennsylvania, USA: how much diversity?".
599:: Most of the newer finds are redescriptions of very fragmentary finds, usually just the lower jaw. These were thought to have been from fish when found, but
1889:
2481:
260:, or possibly in the middle Devonian. They continued to thrive as denizens of swampland and tidal channels throughout the period. They gave rise to the
2236:
2014:
378:
2302:
2229:
2215:
1899:
829:
Uppsala
University (2010, January 8). Fossil footprints give land vertebrates a much longer history. ScienceDaily. Retrieved January 8, 2010, from
739:
308:
4008:
2450:
2288:
1919:
1829:
1779:
420:
2839:
2501:
2148:
2063:
2021:
392:
364:
2409:
2222:
2071:
2035:
1949:
1909:
1749:
553:
went ashore rather than proper land animals. All were however predominately aquatic and some spent all or nearly all their lives in water.
2177:
1849:
434:
2124:
1979:
1552:
1460:
Zhu, Min; Ahlberg, Per E.; Zhao, Wenjin; Jia, Liantao (19 December 2002). "Palaeontology: First
Devonian tetrapod from Asia".
723:
1580:
544:
and probably mainly ate fish, but may also have fed on washed-up carcasses of fish and other marine life, and hunted unwary
3913:
1515:
from the Early
Famennian (Devonian) of Russia and palaeoecological remarks on the Late Devonian tetrapod habitats".
1164:"A new genus of Devonian tetrapod from North-East Greenland, with new information on the lower jaw of Ichthyostega"
4054:
3769:
3776:
4059:
3903:
1545:
1382:
Daeschler, EB; Shubin, NH; Thomson, KS; Amaral, WW (Jul 29, 1994). "A devonian tetrapod from north america".
138:
4064:
529:
in all forms with more than the usual five digits for tetrapods and were paddle-like. The tail bore true
198:
1266:
Campbell, K.S.W.; Bell, M.V. (1977). "A primitive amphibian from the Late
Devonian of New South Wales".
3999:
3755:
2578:
581:). While Ichthyostegalia in principle contain the most basal of animals with toes rather than fins,
4049:
3944:
3783:
1538:
1131:"New Fossils Of Extremely Primitive 4-Legged Creatures Close The Gap Between Fish And Land Animals"
3762:
2583:
3748:
3718:
1130:
830:
494:
shows that they also had more than 5 digits to each foot, in fact the whole foot being fin-like.
245:. While the group are recognized as having feet rather than fins, most, if not all, had internal
4026:
1339:
Ahlberg, P. E. (1991). "Tetrapod or near-tetrapod fossils from the Upper
Devonian of Scotland".
753:
3961:
3898:
3682:
2589:
1650:
4021:
4013:
607:, though whether they actually had feet rather than fins is unknown. In order of discovery:
1739:
1469:
1391:
1348:
1305:
1074:
1021:
927:
851:
788:
777:
Niedźwiedzki (2010). "Tetrapod trackways from the early Middle
Devonian period of Poland".
2571:
8:
3918:
3098:
1473:
1395:
1352:
1309:
1078:
1063:
Coates, M. I.; Clack, J. A. (1990). "Polydactyly in the earliest known tetrapod limbs".
1025:
931:
855:
792:
3840:
3314:
2966:
2402:
2162:
1493:
1415:
1364:
1321:
1090:
1045:
988:
963:
943:
875:
812:
733:
249:
in adulthood and lived primarily as shallow water fish and spent minimal time on land.
238:
133:
1247:
Lebedev, O.A. (1984). "The first find of a Devonian tetrapod vertebrate in the USSR".
916:
Coates, M.I.; Clack, J.A. (1990). "Polydactyly in the earliest known tetrapod limbs".
3846:
3425:
3085:
2816:
2279:
2248:
2102:
1485:
1446:
1407:
1213:
1196:
1180:
1163:
1037:
980:
879:
867:
804:
719:
582:
322:
992:
3852:
3109:
1497:
1477:
1442:
1419:
1399:
1368:
1356:
1325:
1313:
1275:
1208:
1197:"Taxonomic revision of the Late Devonian tetrapod Ichthyostega from East Greenland"
1175:
1094:
1082:
1065:
1049:
1029:
1012:
972:
961:
Ruta, M; Coates, MI; Quicke, DLJ (2003). "Early tetrapod relationships revisited".
947:
935:
918:
859:
816:
796:
779:
549:
537:
499:
491:
1530:
3830:
3554:
3446:
3283:
3058:
3033:
3006:
2832:
2434:
2423:
2416:
2264:
2170:
2155:
2139:
1712:
1699:
1662:
1561:
1403:
1296:
Ahlberg, Per E. (1995). "Elginerpeton pancheni and the earliest tetrapod clade".
1228:
Jarvik, E. (1952). "On the fish‐like tail in the ichthyostegid stegocephalians".
647:
596:
406:
343:
335:
294:
280:
253:
226:
530:
483:
3984:
3908:
3882:
3877:
3835:
3825:
3700:
3671:
3595:
3563:
3540:
3519:
3498:
3462:
3439:
3418:
3391:
3350:
3276:
3269:
3147:
3067:
2387:
2337:
2116:
1859:
1799:
586:
1279:
976:
4043:
3665:
3641:
3634:
3577:
3570:
3512:
3484:
3253:
3242:
3229:
3215:
3201:
3118:
3074:
2936:
2896:
2721:
2660:
2471:
2344:
2295:
2086:
1635:
1610:
1138:
633:
548:
and other invertebrate life along the tidal channels of the coal swamps. The
471:
384:
300:
265:
261:
68:
3872:
3867:
3816:
3811:
3688:
3605:
3533:
3491:
3262:
3208:
3047:
2956:
2886:
2825:
2701:
2680:
2670:
2650:
2607:
2522:
2395:
2207:
2192:
1993:
1963:
1869:
1789:
1601:
1489:
1411:
1041:
984:
871:
808:
711:
668:
640:
619:
612:
571:
518:
495:
458:
356:
328:
314:
286:
120:
1459:
1432:
3993:
3505:
3329:
3185:
3171:
3125:
2916:
2876:
2372:
2330:
2323:
2316:
2185:
2109:
2095:
2049:
2042:
2007:
1972:
1819:
1759:
1619:
1108:
526:
43:
1381:
1033:
863:
800:
3627:
3476:
3469:
3409:
3361:
2986:
2906:
2792:
2762:
2731:
2711:
2691:
2491:
2380:
2365:
2309:
2056:
1879:
1809:
1729:
682:
661:
654:
626:
577:
545:
522:
426:
412:
370:
349:
230:
88:
53:
1161:
3857:
3620:
3612:
3526:
3302:
3194:
3156:
3040:
3020:
2996:
2976:
2782:
2751:
2741:
2613:
2528:
2511:
2461:
2358:
2199:
1939:
1769:
1360:
1317:
1086:
939:
675:
600:
591:
541:
398:
150:
93:
34:
25:
3955:
1481:
3978:
3656:
3454:
3377:
3370:
3342:
3164:
2857:
2772:
2631:
2028:
1986:
1929:
1592:
257:
234:
180:
170:
83:
78:
63:
58:
48:
111:
3724:
3432:
3384:
2946:
2926:
2351:
1839:
98:
73:
498:, later found in the same locations, appears to have had a soft
2802:
2000:
1586:
689:
440:
160:
831:
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/01/100107114420.htm
474:, in that it combines a flat, heavily armoured stegocephalian
1010:(2003) A uniquely specialized ear in a very early tetrapod".
475:
242:
207:
125:
1162:
Clack, J.A.; Ahlberg, P.E.; Blom, H.; Finney, S.M. (2012).
507:
479:
467:
246:
841:
2606:
3588:
3551:
3406:
3326:
3298:
3226:
3182:
3144:
3017:
3002:
2992:
2982:
2972:
2962:
2952:
2942:
2932:
2922:
2912:
2902:
2892:
2882:
2872:
2813:
2798:
2788:
2778:
2768:
2758:
2747:
2737:
2727:
2717:
2707:
2697:
2687:
2676:
2666:
2656:
2646:
2507:
2497:
2487:
2477:
2467:
2457:
2446:
2276:
2260:
2136:
2083:
1960:
1945:
1935:
1925:
1915:
1905:
1895:
1885:
1875:
1865:
1855:
1845:
1835:
1825:
1815:
1805:
1795:
1785:
1775:
1765:
1755:
1745:
1735:
1725:
718:(6th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders College Pub.
1560:
565:, and contained until the 1980s only three genera (
1265:
264:and then disappeared during the transition to the
703:
4041:
960:
456:As first described, the order's sole member was
1291:
1289:
1710:
1111:(1996). "The Devonian tetrapod Ichthyostega".
603:analyses indicate they are more advanced than
1546:
1634:
1286:
776:
738:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1062:
915:
1553:
1539:
561:The order Ichthyostegalia was erected for
110:
1212:
1179:
1157:
1155:
893:Jarvik, E (1996). "The Devonian tetrapod
589:uses it for all finds more advanced than
1510:
1338:
1295:
1246:
709:
462:, from which the group takes its name.
4042:
1511:Lebedev, O.L. (2004). "A new tetrapod
1227:
1152:
1107:
892:
3960:
3959:
3799:
2605:
1697:
1579:
1534:
1504:
1005:
16:Paraphyletic group of tetrapodomorphs
1194:
1698:
13:
3800:
14:
4076:
466:was seen as transitional between
271:
3940:
3939:
3782:
3775:
3768:
3761:
3754:
3747:
2588:
2582:
2577:
2570:
1447:10.1111/j.1463-6395.2008.00361.x
1214:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2004.00435.x
1181:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2011.01117.x
137:
41:
1453:
1426:
1375:
1332:
1259:
1240:
1221:
1188:
1123:
1101:
1056:
754:"Fossil Record of the Amphibia"
1251:. Palaeontology (in Russian).
999:
954:
909:
886:
835:
823:
770:
746:
506:possessed functional internal
451:
1:
3904:Polydactyly in stem-tetrapods
1517:Acta Universitatis Tatviensis
696:
513:The feet are only known from
1404:10.1126/science.265.5172.639
233:, representing the earliest
7:
1195:BLOM, H. (1 January 2005).
10:
4081:
1249:Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR
533:like those found in fish.
3968:
3935:
3891:
3810:
3806:
3795:
3745:
3699:
3664:
3651:
3587:
3550:
3405:
3360:
3337:
3325:
3297:
3252:
3237:
3225:
3181:
3143:
3108:
3093:
3084:
3057:
3028:
3016:
2868:
2853:
2812:
2642:
2630:
2626:
2601:
2567:
2521:
2442:
2433:
2275:
2256:
2247:
2135:
2082:
1959:
1721:
1706:
1693:
1661:
1643:
1630:
1575:
1280:10.1080/03115517708527771
977:10.1017/s1464793102006103
556:
213:
206:
134:Scientific classification
132:
118:
109:
23:
1230:Meddelelser om Grønland
252:The group evolved from
237:. The group is thus an
104:Possibly emerged 395 Ma
3899:Evolution of tetrapods
235:landliving vertebrates
4055:Tetrapodomorph orders
4022:Paleobiology Database
1006:Clack, J.A. (2003). "
712:Alfred Sherwood Romer
4060:Paleozoic amphibians
1513:Jakubsonia livnensis
1113:Fossils & Strata
899:Fossils & Strata
714:, Thomas S. (1986).
538:labyrinthodont teeth
4065:Paraphyletic groups
3919:Zachelmie trackways
3099:Pseudophlegethontia
1474:2002Natur.420..760Z
1396:1994Sci...265..639D
1353:1991Natur.354..298A
1310:1995Natur.373..420A
1079:1990Natur.347...66C
1034:10.1038/nature01904
1026:2003Natur.425...65C
932:1990Natur.347...66C
864:10.1038/nature06865
856:2008Natur.453..515A
801:10.1038/nature08623
793:2010Natur.463...43N
716:The vertebrate body
525:, but appear to be
490:and other Devonian
3841:Megalichthyiformes
2403:Platycephalichthys
964:Biological Reviews
239:evolutionary grade
4037:
4036:
3962:Taxon identifiers
3953:
3952:
3931:
3930:
3927:
3926:
3847:Tristichopteridae
3791:
3790:
3743:
3742:
3739:
3738:
3735:
3734:
3401:
3400:
3293:
3292:
3139:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3086:Phlegethontioidea
2849:
2848:
2817:Elginerpetontidae
2597:
2596:
2565:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2482:Parapanderichthys
2280:Tristichopteridae
2249:Eotetrapodiformes
1689:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1468:(6917): 760–761.
1347:(6351): 298–301.
1304:(6513): 420–425.
850:(7194): 515–518.
758:ucmp.berkeley.edu
725:978-0-03-910754-3
323:Elginerpetontidae
256:fish in the late
220:
219:
202:
194:"Ichthyostegalia"
4072:
4030:
4029:
4017:
4016:
4004:
4003:
4002:
3989:
3988:
3987:
3957:
3956:
3943:
3942:
3853:Labyrinthodontia
3808:
3807:
3797:
3796:
3786:
3780:
3779:
3773:
3772:
3766:
3765:
3759:
3758:
3751:
3708:
3704:
3670:
3662:
3661:
3654:
3593:
3590:
3553:
3408:
3335:
3334:
3328:
3300:
3235:
3234:
3228:
3184:
3146:
3110:Phlegethontiidae
3091:
3090:
3026:
3025:
3019:
3004:
2994:
2984:
2974:
2964:
2954:
2944:
2934:
2924:
2914:
2904:
2894:
2884:
2874:
2866:
2865:
2862:
2856:
2815:
2800:
2790:
2780:
2770:
2760:
2749:
2739:
2729:
2719:
2709:
2699:
2689:
2678:
2668:
2658:
2648:
2640:
2639:
2636:
2628:
2627:
2621:
2612:
2603:
2602:
2592:
2586:
2581:
2575:
2574:
2536:
2527:
2509:
2499:
2489:
2479:
2469:
2459:
2448:
2440:
2439:
2278:
2262:
2254:
2253:
2138:
2085:
1962:
1947:
1937:
1927:
1917:
1907:
1897:
1887:
1877:
1867:
1857:
1847:
1837:
1827:
1817:
1807:
1797:
1787:
1777:
1767:
1757:
1747:
1737:
1727:
1719:
1718:
1708:
1707:
1695:
1694:
1641:
1640:
1632:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1577:
1576:
1569:
1565:
1562:Tetrapodomorpha
1555:
1548:
1541:
1532:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1457:
1451:
1450:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1390:(5172): 639–42.
1379:
1373:
1372:
1361:10.1038/354298a0
1336:
1330:
1329:
1318:10.1038/373420a0
1293:
1284:
1283:
1263:
1257:
1256:
1244:
1238:
1237:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1192:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1159:
1150:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1127:
1121:
1120:
1105:
1099:
1098:
1087:10.1038/347066a0
1060:
1054:
1053:
1003:
997:
996:
958:
952:
951:
940:10.1038/347066a0
913:
907:
906:
890:
884:
883:
839:
833:
827:
821:
820:
774:
768:
767:
765:
764:
750:
744:
743:
737:
729:
707:
502:and both it and
486:. Later work on
277:Ichthyostegalia
254:elpistostegalian
197:
192:
142:
141:
114:
103:
40:
37:
30:Temporal range:
21:
20:
4080:
4079:
4075:
4074:
4073:
4071:
4070:
4069:
4050:Stegocephalians
4040:
4039:
4038:
4033:
4025:
4020:
4012:
4007:
4000:Ichthyostegalia
3998:
3997:
3992:
3983:
3982:
3977:
3970:Ichthyostegalia
3964:
3954:
3949:
3923:
3887:
3863:Ichthyostegalia
3831:Osteolepiformes
3815:
3802:
3787:
3774:
3767:
3760:
3753:
3731:
3706:
3702:
3701:Reptiliomorpha
3695:
3668:
3655:
3652:
3647:
3591:
3583:
3555:Gephyrostegidae
3546:
3447:Carbonoherpeton
3397:
3356:
3321:
3289:
3284:Palaeomolgophis
3248:
3221:
3177:
3131:
3104:
3080:
3059:Oestocephalidae
3053:
3034:Andersonerpeton
3012:
3007:Tantallognathus
2860:
2854:
2845:
2833:Obruchevichthys
2808:
2634:
2622:
2616:
2610:
2593:
2569:
2549:
2531:
2525:
2517:
2435:Elpistostegalia
2429:
2424:Tristichopterus
2271:
2265:Palaeospondylus
2243:
2237:Sterropterygion
2171:Ectosteorhachis
2156:Cladarosymblema
2140:Megalichthyidae
2131:
2078:
2015:Propycnoctenion
1955:
1715:
1713:Tetrapodomorpha
1702:
1700:Tetrapodomorpha
1677:
1663:Tetrapodomorpha
1657:
1626:
1582:
1581:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1529:
1528:
1509:
1505:
1482:10.1038/420760a
1458:
1454:
1431:
1427:
1380:
1376:
1337:
1333:
1294:
1287:
1264:
1260:
1245:
1241:
1226:
1222:
1193:
1189:
1160:
1153:
1143:
1141:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1106:
1102:
1073:(6288): 66–67.
1061:
1057:
1020:(6953): 65–69.
1004:
1000:
959:
955:
926:(6288): 66–67.
914:
910:
891:
887:
840:
836:
828:
824:
787:(7277): 43–48.
775:
771:
762:
760:
752:
751:
747:
731:
730:
726:
708:
704:
699:
648:Obruchevichthys
559:
492:Labyrinthodonts
472:Stegocephalians
454:
407:Tulerpetontidae
379:Metaxygnathidae
344:Ichthyostegidae
336:Obruchevichthys
295:Crassigyrinidae
281:Acanthostegidae
274:
223:Ichthyostegalia
199:Säve-Söderbergh
196:
190:
136:
105:
102:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
39:
38:
32:
31:
28:
24:Ichthyostegalia
17:
12:
11:
5:
4078:
4068:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4035:
4034:
4032:
4031:
4018:
4005:
3990:
3974:
3972:
3966:
3965:
3951:
3950:
3948:
3947:
3936:
3933:
3932:
3929:
3928:
3925:
3924:
3922:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3895:
3893:
3889:
3888:
3886:
3885:
3883:Anthracosauria
3880:
3878:Phyllospondyli
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3844:
3838:
3836:Osteolepididae
3833:
3828:
3826:Stem tetrapoda
3822:
3820:
3804:
3803:
3801:Related topics
3793:
3792:
3789:
3788:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3740:
3737:
3736:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3729:
3728:
3727:
3721:
3719:Reptiliomorpha
3712:
3710:
3697:
3696:
3694:
3693:
3692:
3691:
3685:
3676:
3674:
3672:Batrachomorpha
3659:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3645:
3638:
3631:
3624:
3617:
3609:
3601:
3599:
3585:
3584:
3582:
3581:
3574:
3567:
3564:Bruktererpeton
3559:
3557:
3548:
3547:
3545:
3544:
3541:Spondylerpeton
3537:
3530:
3523:
3520:Proterogyrinus
3516:
3509:
3502:
3499:Palaeoherpeton
3495:
3488:
3481:
3473:
3466:
3463:Diplovertebron
3459:
3450:
3443:
3440:Calligenethlon
3436:
3429:
3422:
3419:Anthracosaurus
3414:
3412:
3403:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3395:
3392:Megalocephalus
3388:
3381:
3374:
3366:
3364:
3358:
3357:
3355:
3354:
3351:Spathicephalus
3347:
3338:
3332:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3319:
3318:
3317:
3308:
3306:
3295:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3287:
3280:
3277:Dolichopareias
3273:
3270:Adelospondylus
3266:
3258:
3256:
3254:Adelogyrinidae
3250:
3249:
3247:
3246:
3238:
3232:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3219:
3212:
3205:
3198:
3190:
3188:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3175:
3168:
3161:
3152:
3150:
3148:Whatcheeriidae
3141:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3129:
3122:
3114:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3102:
3094:
3088:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3078:
3071:
3068:Coloraderpeton
3063:
3061:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3051:
3044:
3037:
3029:
3023:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3010:
3000:
2990:
2980:
2970:
2960:
2950:
2940:
2930:
2920:
2910:
2900:
2890:
2880:
2869:
2863:
2851:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2843:
2836:
2829:
2821:
2819:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2806:
2796:
2786:
2776:
2766:
2756:
2745:
2735:
2725:
2715:
2705:
2695:
2685:
2674:
2664:
2654:
2643:
2637:
2624:
2623:
2599:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2547:
2546:
2545:
2539:
2537:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2515:
2505:
2495:
2485:
2475:
2465:
2455:
2443:
2437:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2427:
2420:
2413:
2406:
2399:
2392:
2388:Marsdenichthys
2384:
2377:
2369:
2362:
2355:
2348:
2341:
2338:Eusthenopteron
2334:
2327:
2320:
2313:
2306:
2303:Callistipterus
2299:
2292:
2284:
2282:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2269:
2257:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2241:
2233:
2230:Sengoerichthys
2226:
2219:
2216:Palatinichthys
2212:
2204:
2196:
2189:
2182:
2174:
2167:
2159:
2152:
2144:
2142:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2129:
2121:
2117:Marsdenichthys
2113:
2106:
2099:
2091:
2089:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2076:
2068:
2060:
2053:
2046:
2039:
2032:
2025:
2018:
2011:
2004:
1997:
1990:
1983:
1976:
1968:
1966:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1953:
1943:
1933:
1923:
1913:
1903:
1900:Platyethmoidia
1893:
1883:
1873:
1863:
1860:Megadonichthys
1853:
1843:
1833:
1823:
1813:
1803:
1800:Harajicadectes
1793:
1783:
1773:
1763:
1753:
1743:
1733:
1722:
1716:
1711:
1704:
1703:
1691:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1675:
1674:
1673:
1667:
1665:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1655:
1654:
1653:
1644:
1638:
1628:
1627:
1623:
1622:
1613:
1604:
1595:
1589:
1573:
1572:
1558:
1557:
1550:
1543:
1535:
1527:
1526:
1503:
1452:
1435:Acta Zoologica
1425:
1374:
1331:
1285:
1274:(4): 369–381.
1258:
1239:
1220:
1207:(1): 111–134.
1187:
1151:
1122:
1100:
1055:
998:
971:(2): 251–345.
953:
908:
885:
834:
822:
769:
745:
724:
701:
700:
698:
695:
694:
693:
686:
679:
672:
665:
658:
651:
644:
637:
630:
623:
616:
558:
555:
470:and the early
453:
450:
449:
448:
447:
446:
445:
444:
432:
431:
430:
418:
417:
416:
404:
403:
402:
390:
389:
388:
376:
375:
374:
362:
361:
360:
353:
341:
340:
339:
332:
320:
319:
318:
309:Densignathidae
306:
305:
304:
292:
291:
290:
273:
272:Classification
270:
241:rather than a
218:
217:
211:
210:
204:
203:
188:
184:
183:
178:
174:
173:
168:
164:
163:
158:
154:
153:
148:
144:
143:
130:
129:
124:, the nominal
116:
115:
107:
106:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
42:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4077:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4047:
4045:
4028:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4010:
4006:
4001:
3995:
3991:
3986:
3980:
3976:
3975:
3973:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3958:
3946:
3938:
3937:
3934:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3890:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3848:
3845:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3798:
3794:
3785:
3781:
3778:
3771:
3764:
3757:
3750:
3726:
3722:
3720:
3716:
3715:
3714:
3713:
3711:
3709:
3698:
3690:
3686:
3684:
3683:Temnospondyli
3680:
3679:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3673:
3667:
3666:Temnospondyli
3663:
3660:
3658:
3650:
3644:
3643:
3642:Termonerpeton
3639:
3637:
3636:
3635:Silvanerpeton
3632:
3630:
3629:
3625:
3623:
3622:
3618:
3615:
3614:
3610:
3608:
3607:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3596:anthracosaurs
3586:
3580:
3579:
3578:Gephyrostegus
3575:
3573:
3572:
3571:Eusauropleura
3568:
3566:
3565:
3561:
3560:
3558:
3556:
3549:
3543:
3542:
3538:
3536:
3535:
3531:
3529:
3528:
3524:
3522:
3521:
3517:
3515:
3514:
3513:Pholiderpeton
3510:
3508:
3507:
3503:
3501:
3500:
3496:
3494:
3493:
3489:
3487:
3486:
3485:Leptophractus
3482:
3479:
3478:
3474:
3472:
3471:
3467:
3465:
3464:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3451:
3449:
3448:
3444:
3442:
3441:
3437:
3435:
3434:
3430:
3428:
3427:
3423:
3421:
3420:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3411:
3404:
3394:
3393:
3389:
3387:
3386:
3382:
3380:
3379:
3375:
3373:
3372:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3359:
3353:
3352:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3340:
3339:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3324:
3316:
3312:
3311:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3296:
3286:
3285:
3281:
3279:
3278:
3274:
3272:
3271:
3267:
3265:
3264:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3251:
3245:
3244:
3243:Acherontiscus
3240:
3239:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3230:Adelospondyli
3224:
3218:
3217:
3216:Pholidogaster
3213:
3211:
3210:
3206:
3204:
3203:
3202:Deltaherpeton
3199:
3197:
3196:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3187:
3180:
3174:
3173:
3169:
3167:
3166:
3162:
3159:
3158:
3154:
3153:
3151:
3149:
3142:
3128:
3127:
3123:
3121:
3120:
3119:Phlegethontia
3116:
3115:
3113:
3111:
3107:
3101:
3100:
3096:
3095:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3075:Oestocephalus
3072:
3070:
3069:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3060:
3056:
3050:
3049:
3045:
3043:
3042:
3038:
3036:
3035:
3031:
3030:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3015:
3009:
3008:
3001:
2999:
2998:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2981:
2979:
2978:
2971:
2969:
2968:
2961:
2959:
2958:
2951:
2949:
2948:
2941:
2939:
2938:
2937:Ichthyerpeton
2931:
2929:
2928:
2921:
2919:
2918:
2911:
2909:
2908:
2901:
2899:
2898:
2897:Crassigyrinus
2891:
2889:
2888:
2881:
2879:
2878:
2871:
2870:
2867:
2864:
2859:
2852:
2842:
2841:
2837:
2835:
2834:
2830:
2828:
2827:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2811:
2805:
2804:
2797:
2795:
2794:
2787:
2785:
2784:
2777:
2775:
2774:
2767:
2765:
2764:
2757:
2754:
2753:
2746:
2744:
2743:
2736:
2734:
2733:
2726:
2724:
2723:
2722:Metaxygnathus
2716:
2714:
2713:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2696:
2694:
2693:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2675:
2673:
2672:
2665:
2663:
2662:
2661:Brittagnathus
2655:
2653:
2652:
2645:
2644:
2641:
2638:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2619:
2615:
2609:
2604:
2600:
2591:
2587:
2585:
2580:
2573:
2543:
2542:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2524:
2520:
2514:
2513:
2506:
2504:
2503:
2496:
2494:
2493:
2486:
2484:
2483:
2476:
2474:
2473:
2472:Panderichthys
2466:
2464:
2463:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2451:Howittichthys
2445:
2444:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2421:
2419:
2418:
2414:
2412:
2411:
2407:
2405:
2404:
2400:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2385:
2383:
2382:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2370:
2368:
2367:
2363:
2361:
2360:
2356:
2354:
2353:
2349:
2347:
2346:
2345:Heddleichthys
2342:
2340:
2339:
2335:
2333:
2332:
2328:
2326:
2325:
2321:
2319:
2318:
2314:
2312:
2311:
2307:
2305:
2304:
2300:
2298:
2297:
2296:Cabonnichthys
2293:
2291:
2290:
2289:Bruehnopteron
2286:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2274:
2267:
2266:
2259:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2246:
2239:
2238:
2234:
2232:
2231:
2227:
2225:
2224:
2220:
2218:
2217:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2197:
2195:
2194:
2190:
2188:
2187:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2173:
2172:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2160:
2158:
2157:
2153:
2151:
2150:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2134:
2127:
2126:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2114:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2098:
2097:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2087:Canowindridae
2081:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2061:
2059:
2058:
2054:
2052:
2051:
2047:
2045:
2044:
2040:
2038:
2037:
2033:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2019:
2017:
2016:
2012:
2010:
2009:
2005:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1975:
1974:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1944:
1942:
1941:
1934:
1932:
1931:
1924:
1922:
1921:
1920:Thaumatolepis
1914:
1912:
1911:
1904:
1902:
1901:
1894:
1892:
1891:
1884:
1882:
1881:
1874:
1872:
1871:
1864:
1862:
1861:
1854:
1852:
1851:
1844:
1842:
1841:
1834:
1832:
1831:
1830:Lamprotolepis
1824:
1822:
1821:
1814:
1812:
1811:
1804:
1802:
1801:
1794:
1792:
1791:
1784:
1782:
1781:
1780:Greiserolepis
1774:
1772:
1771:
1764:
1762:
1761:
1754:
1752:
1751:
1744:
1742:
1741:
1734:
1732:
1731:
1724:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1696:
1692:
1671:
1670:
1669:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1660:
1652:
1651:Gnathostomata
1648:
1647:
1646:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1636:Gnathostomata
1633:
1629:
1621:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1611:Sarcopterygii
1608:
1605:
1603:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1583:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:Pan-Tetrapoda
1556:
1551:
1549:
1544:
1542:
1537:
1536:
1533:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1507:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1456:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1429:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1378:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1335:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1292:
1290:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1262:
1254:
1250:
1243:
1235:
1231:
1224:
1215:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1201:Palaeontology
1198:
1191:
1182:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1168:Palaeontology
1165:
1158:
1156:
1140:
1139:Science Daily
1136:
1132:
1126:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1104:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1067:
1059:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1014:
1009:
1002:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
965:
957:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
920:
912:
904:
900:
896:
889:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
838:
832:
826:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
781:
773:
759:
755:
749:
741:
735:
727:
721:
717:
713:
706:
702:
692:
691:
687:
685:
684:
680:
678:
677:
673:
671:
670:
666:
664:
663:
659:
657:
656:
652:
650:
649:
645:
643:
642:
638:
636:
635:
634:Metaxygnathus
631:
629:
628:
624:
622:
621:
617:
615:
614:
610:
609:
608:
606:
602:
598:
594:
593:
588:
584:
580:
579:
574:
573:
568:
564:
554:
551:
547:
543:
539:
534:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
511:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
482:tail bearing
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
460:
443:
442:
438:
437:
436:
433:
429:
428:
424:
423:
422:
421:Ventastegidae
419:
415:
414:
410:
409:
408:
405:
401:
400:
396:
395:
394:
391:
387:
386:
385:Metaxygnathus
382:
381:
380:
377:
373:
372:
368:
367:
366:
363:
359:
358:
354:
352:
351:
347:
346:
345:
342:
338:
337:
333:
331:
330:
326:
325:
324:
321:
317:
316:
312:
311:
310:
307:
303:
302:
301:Crassigyrinus
298:
297:
296:
293:
289:
288:
284:
283:
282:
279:
278:
276:
275:
269:
267:
266:Carboniferous
263:
262:Temnospondyli
259:
255:
250:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
216:
212:
209:
205:
200:
195:
189:
186:
185:
182:
179:
176:
175:
172:
169:
166:
165:
162:
159:
156:
155:
152:
149:
146:
145:
140:
135:
131:
127:
123:
122:
117:
113:
108:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
36:
33:368–329
27:
22:
19:
3969:
3892:Other topics
3873:Holospondyli
3868:Lepospondyli
3862:
3817:Polyphyletic
3812:Paraphyletic
3752:
3689:Lissamphibia
3640:
3633:
3626:
3619:
3611:
3606:Caerorhachis
3604:
3576:
3569:
3562:
3539:
3534:Seroherpeton
3532:
3525:
3518:
3511:
3504:
3497:
3492:Neopteroplax
3490:
3483:
3475:
3468:
3461:
3453:
3445:
3438:
3431:
3424:
3417:
3390:
3383:
3376:
3369:
3349:
3341:
3282:
3275:
3268:
3263:Adelogyrinus
3261:
3241:
3214:
3209:Greererpeton
3207:
3200:
3193:
3170:
3163:
3155:
3124:
3117:
3097:
3073:
3066:
3048:Ophiderpeton
3046:
3039:
3032:
3005:
2995:
2985:
2975:
2965:
2957:Mesanerpeton
2955:
2945:
2935:
2925:
2915:
2905:
2895:
2887:Aytonerpeton
2885:
2875:
2840:Webererpeton
2838:
2831:
2826:Elginerpeton
2824:
2801:
2791:
2781:
2771:
2761:
2750:
2740:
2730:
2720:
2710:
2702:Ichthyostega
2700:
2690:
2681:Elpistostege
2679:
2671:Densignathus
2669:
2659:
2651:Acanthostega
2649:
2617:
2608:Stegocephali
2576:
2532:
2523:Stegocephali
2510:
2502:Rubrognathus
2500:
2490:
2480:
2470:
2460:
2449:
2422:
2415:
2408:
2401:
2396:Notorhizodon
2394:
2386:
2379:
2371:
2364:
2357:
2350:
2343:
2336:
2329:
2322:
2315:
2308:
2301:
2294:
2287:
2263:
2235:
2228:
2221:
2214:
2208:Megistolepis
2206:
2198:
2193:Megalichthys
2191:
2184:
2176:
2169:
2161:
2154:
2149:Askerichthys
2147:
2123:
2115:
2108:
2101:
2094:
2070:
2064:Thysanolepis
2062:
2055:
2048:
2041:
2034:
2027:
2022:Pycnoctenion
2020:
2013:
2006:
1999:
1994:Gooloogongia
1992:
1985:
1978:
1971:
1964:Rhizodontida
1948:
1938:
1928:
1918:
1908:
1898:
1888:
1878:
1870:Muranjilepis
1868:
1858:
1848:
1838:
1828:
1818:
1808:
1798:
1790:Gyroptychius
1788:
1778:
1768:
1758:
1748:
1738:
1728:
1615:
1606:
1602:Osteichthyes
1597:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1506:
1465:
1461:
1455:
1438:
1434:
1428:
1387:
1383:
1377:
1344:
1340:
1334:
1301:
1297:
1271:
1267:
1261:
1255:: 1470–1473.
1252:
1248:
1242:
1233:
1229:
1223:
1204:
1200:
1190:
1174:(1): 73–86.
1171:
1167:
1142:. Retrieved
1135:Science News
1134:
1125:
1116:
1112:
1103:
1070:
1064:
1058:
1017:
1011:
1007:
1001:
968:
962:
956:
923:
917:
911:
902:
898:
895:Ichthyostega
894:
888:
847:
843:
837:
825:
784:
778:
772:
761:. Retrieved
757:
748:
715:
705:
688:
681:
674:
669:Densignathus
667:
660:
653:
646:
641:Elginerpeton
639:
632:
625:
620:Acanthostega
618:
613:Ichthyostega
611:
604:
590:
576:
572:Acanthostega
570:
567:Ichthyostega
566:
563:Ichthyostega
562:
560:
540:. They were
535:
519:Acanthostega
515:Ichthyostega
514:
512:
504:Ichthyostega
503:
496:Acanthostega
488:Ichthyostega
487:
464:Ichthyostega
463:
459:Ichthyostega
457:
455:
439:
425:
411:
397:
393:Sinostegidae
383:
369:
365:Jakubsonidae
357:Ichthyostega
355:
348:
334:
329:Elginerpeton
327:
315:Densignathus
313:
299:
287:Acanthostega
285:
251:
222:
221:
214:
193:
177:Superclass:
121:Ichthyostega
119:
18:
3994:Wikispecies
3909:Romer's gap
3705:Pan-Amniota
3653:Crown group
3506:Papposaurus
3330:Baphetoidea
3186:Colosteidae
3172:Whatcheeria
3126:Sillerpeton
2917:Doragnathus
2877:Antlerpeton
2410:Spodichthys
2373:Litoptychus
2331:Eusthenodon
2324:Edenopteron
2317:Devonosteus
2223:Rhizodopsis
2186:Mahalalepis
2163:Cryptolepis
2110:Koharalepis
2096:Beelarongia
2072:Vorobjevaia
2050:Screbinodus
2043:Sauripterus
2036:Rossichthys
2008:Letognathus
1973:Archichthys
1950:Viluichthys
1820:Litoptychus
1760:Glyptopomus
1740:Chrysolepis
1620:Rhipidistia
1441:: 306–317.
1144:28 February
542:carnivorous
510:as adults.
452:Description
229:of extinct
4044:Categories
3628:Eoherpeton
3477:Eoherpeton
3470:Eobaphetes
3410:Embolomeri
3362:Baphetidae
2987:Perittodus
2907:Diploradus
2793:Ventastega
2763:Tulerpeton
2732:Parmastega
2712:Jakubsonia
2692:Hynerpeton
2618:sensu lato
2544:see below↓
2533:sensu lato
2492:Qikiqtania
2381:Mandageria
2366:Langlieria
2310:Canningius
2103:Canowindra
2057:Strepsodus
1910:Shirolepis
1880:Osteolepis
1810:Kenichthys
1750:Geptolepis
1730:Bogdanovia
1672:see below↓
1268:Alcheringa
1109:Jarvik, E.
763:2022-10-03
697:References
683:Jakubsonia
662:Hynerpeton
655:Ventastega
627:Tulerpeton
578:Tulerpeton
546:arthropods
527:polydactyl
523:Tulerpeton
427:Ventastega
413:Tulerpeton
371:Jakubsonia
350:Hynerpeton
231:amphibians
3858:Rachitomi
3723:includes
3687:includes
3657:Tetrapoda
3621:Eldeceeon
3613:Casineria
3527:Pteroplax
3315:Nectridea
3303:Nectridea
3195:Colosteus
3157:Ossinodus
3041:Lethiscus
3021:Aistopoda
2997:Sigournea
2977:Ossirarus
2783:Umzantsia
2752:Tiktaalik
2742:Sinostega
2614:Tetrapoda
2529:Tetrapoda
2512:Tiktaalik
2462:Livoniana
2359:Jarvikina
2200:Megapomus
1940:Tungsenia
1890:Peregrina
1770:Gogonasus
1585:Kingdom:
880:205212809
734:cite book
710:Parsons,
676:Sinostega
605:Tiktaalik
601:cladistic
592:Tiktaalik
550:vertebrae
500:operculum
399:Sinostega
215:See text
181:Tetrapoda
157:Kingdom:
151:Eukaryota
3985:Q3364269
3979:Wikidata
3945:Category
3914:Timeline
3455:Cricotus
3426:Archeria
3378:Kyrinion
3371:Baphetes
3343:Eucritta
3165:Pederpes
2967:Occidens
2858:Devonian
2773:Tutusius
2632:Devonian
2178:Lohsania
2029:Rhizodus
1987:Barameda
1930:Thursius
1850:Medoevia
1593:Chordata
1591:Phylum:
1587:Animalia
1523:: 79–98.
1490:12490937
1412:17752761
1119:: 1–213.
1042:12955140
1008:& al
993:31298396
985:12803423
905:: 1–213.
872:18497824
809:20054388
531:fin rays
484:fin rays
480:fishlike
435:Ymeridae
258:Devonian
171:Chordata
167:Phylum:
161:Animalia
147:Domain:
3725:Amniota
3433:Aversor
3385:Loxomma
2947:Koilops
2927:Gaiasia
2417:Tinirau
2352:Hyneria
2125:Owensia
1980:Aztecia
1840:Latvius
1498:4420615
1470:Bibcode
1420:2835592
1392:Bibcode
1384:Science
1369:4364221
1349:Bibcode
1326:4344655
1306:Bibcode
1236:: 1–90.
1095:4319165
1075:Bibcode
1050:4411060
1022:Bibcode
948:4319165
928:Bibcode
852:Bibcode
817:4428903
789:Bibcode
587:Ahlberg
478:with a
187:Order:
4027:150284
3819:groups
2803:Ymeria
2001:Hongyu
1496:
1488:
1462:Nature
1418:
1410:
1367:
1341:Nature
1324:
1298:Nature
1093:
1066:Nature
1048:
1040:
1013:Nature
991:
983:
946:
919:Nature
878:
870:
844:Nature
815:
807:
780:Nature
722:
690:Ymeria
597:genera
557:Genera
521:, and
441:Ymeria
225:is an
208:Genera
201:, 1932
4014:10385
4009:IRMNG
3592:Other
2855:Post-
1616:Clade
1607:Clade
1598:Clade
1494:S2CID
1416:S2CID
1365:S2CID
1322:S2CID
1091:S2CID
1046:S2CID
989:S2CID
944:S2CID
876:S2CID
813:S2CID
583:Clack
508:gills
476:skull
247:gills
243:clade
227:order
126:genus
3717:see
3681:see
3313:see
2861:taxa
2635:taxa
1649:see
1486:PMID
1408:PMID
1146:2012
1038:PMID
981:PMID
868:PMID
805:PMID
740:link
720:ISBN
585:and
575:and
468:fish
44:PreꞒ
1521:679
1478:doi
1466:420
1443:doi
1400:doi
1388:265
1357:doi
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