804:
822:
701:
489:
523:
834:
1414:
855:
505:
351:
1390:
1373:
551:), which is absent in braconids. Vein 1rs-m of the fore wing is absent in all ichneumonids, but is present in 85% of braconids. In the hind wing of ichneumonids, vein rs-m joins Rs apical to (or rarely opposite) the split between veins Rs and R1. In braconids, vein rs-m joins basal to this split. The taxa also differ in the structure of the metasoma: about 90% of ichneumonids have a flexible suture between tergites 2 and 3, whereas these tergites are fused in braconids (though the suture is secondarily flexible in
1402:
172:
792:
678:
577:
563:
587:
147:
119:
671:
either for hosts (female ichneumonids) or for emerging females (male ichneumonids). The parasitism pressure exerted by ichneumonids can be tremendous, and they are often one of the major regulators of invertebrate populations. It is quite common for 10-20% or more of a host's population to be parasitised (though reported parasitism rates often include non-ichneumonid parasitoids).
718:
742:
768:
670:
Adult ichneumonids feed on a diversity of foods, including plant sap and nectar; females of some species also feed on their hosts by sipping body fluids released during oviposition, or even stabbing host and non-host insects to imbibe their body fluids. They spend much of their active time searching,
1359:
I own that I cannot see as plainly as others do, and as I should wish to do, evidence of design and beneficence on all sides of us. There seems to me too much misery in the world. I cannot persuade myself that a beneficent and omnipotent God would have designedly created the
Ichneumonidae with the
724:
722:
719:
660:
Ichneumonids use both idiobiont and koinobiont strategies. Idiobionts paralyze their host and prevent it from moving or growing. Koinobionts allow their host to continue to grow and develop. In both strategies, the host typically dies after some weeks, after which the ichneumonid larva emerges and
862:
The taxonomy of the ichneumonids is still poorly known. The family is highly diverse, containing 24,000 described species. Approximately 60,000 species are estimated to exist worldwide, though some estimates place this number at over 100,000. They are severely undersampled, and studies of their
1589:
The wasps that are nicknamed 'the ichneumons' (or hunters), less in size, by the way, than the ordinary wasp, kill spiders and carry off the dead bodies to a wall or some such place with a hole in it; this hole they smear over with mud and lay their grubs inside it, and from the grubs come the
723:
745:
917:
In 1999, the extant ichneumonids were divided into 39 subfamilies, whose names and definitions have varied considerably. In 2019, combined morphological and molecular phylogenetic analysis of the family resulted in the following 41 subfamilies being recognized, in addition to the extinct
744:
749:
748:
743:
863:
diversity typically produce very high numbers of species which are represented by only a single individual. Due to the high diversity, the existence of numerous small and hard to identify species, and the majority of species being undiscovered, it has proven difficult to resolve the
750:
423:", c. 343 BC. Aristotle noted that the ichneumon preys upon spiders, is a wasp smaller than ordinary wasps, and carries its prey to a hole which they lay their larvae inside, and that they seal the hole with mud. Aristotle's writing, however, more accurately describes the
721:
773:
772:
769:
747:
774:
623:'s body or onto its surface, and this may require penetration of substrate around the host, as in wood-boring host larvae that live deep inside of tree trunks, requiring the ichneumon to drill its ovipositor through several centimeters of solid wood (e.g.,
893:, the lineage in which parasitoidism in Hymenoptera evolved, and some ichneumonids are thought to have been in stasis for millions of years and closely resemble the common ancestor in which parasitoidism evolved. This common ancestor was likely an
821:
606:
The distribution of ichneumonid species richness is subject to ongoing debate. Long believed to be rare in the tropics, and at its most species rich in the temperate region, the family became a classic textbook example of an 'exceptional'
2407:
Townes, H. K. (1971). "Genera of
Ichneumonidae, Part 4 (Cremastinae, Phrudinae, Tersilochinae, Ophioninae, Mesochorinae, Metopiinae, Anomalinae, Acaenitinae, Microleptinae, Orthopelmatinae, Collyriinae, Orthocentrinae, Diplazontinae)".
771:
803:
1346:
The perceived cruelty of the ichneumonids troubled philosophers, naturalists, and theologians in the 19th century, who found the parasitoid life cycle inconsistent with the notion of a world created by a loving and benevolent God.
1524:
Klopfstein, Seraina; Santos, Bernardo F.; Shaw, Mark R.; Alvarado, Mabel; Bennett, Andrew M. R.; Dal Pos, Davide; Giannotta, Madalene; Herrera Florez, Andres F.; Karlsson, Dave; Khalaim, Andrey I.; Lima, Alessandro R. (2019).
882:. Due to the taxonomic difficulties involved, however, their classifications and terminology are often confusingly contradictory. Several prominent authors have gone as far as to publish major reviews that defy the
1465:
Yu, D. S.; van
Achterberg, C.; Horstmann, K. (2016). Taxapad 2016. Ichneumonoidea 2015 (Biological and taxonomical information), Taxapad Interactive Catalogue Database on flash-drive. Nepean, Ottawa, Canada.
470:, ichneumonid females have an unmodified ovipositor which they use to lay eggs inside or on their host. Ichneumonids generally inject venom along with the egg, but only larger species (some in the genera
343:
insects and spiders, eventually killing their hosts. They thus fulfill an important role as regulators of insect populations, both in natural and semi-natural systems, making them promising agents for
889:
The large number of species in
Ichneumonidae may be due to the evolution of parasitoidism in Hymenoptera, which occurred approximately 247 million years ago. Ichneumonidae is the basal branch of
720:
1413:
1351:
found the example of the
Ichneumonidae so troubling that it contributed to his increasing doubts about the nature and existence of a Creator. In an 1860 letter to the American naturalist
746:
2918:
315:. They are one of the most diverse groups within the Hymenoptera with roughly 25,000 species described as of 2016. However, this likely represents less than a quarter of their true
504:
770:
2100:
Hawkins, Bradford A.; Cornell, Howard V.; Hochberg, Michael E. (October 1997). "Predators, parasitoids, and pathogens as mortality agents in phytophagous insect populations".
2429:
603:
Ichneumonids are found on all continents with the exception of
Antarctica. They inhabit virtually all terrestrial habitats, wherever there are suitable invertebrate hosts.
2467:
Peters, Ralph S.; Krogmann, Lars; Mayer, Christoph; Donath, Alexander; Gunkel, Simon; Meusemann, Karen; Kozlov, Alexey; Podsiadlowski, Lars; Petersen, Malte (2017-04-03).
2643:
Kopylov, D. S. (March 2010). "Ichneumonids of the subfamily
Tanychorinae (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) from the Lower Cretaceous of Transbaikalia and Mongolia".
1590:
hunter-wasps. ... The eagle and the snake are enemies, for the eagle lives on snakes; so are the ichneumon and the venom-spider, for the ichneumon preys upon the latter.
362:, since the family was thought to be at its most species-rich in the temperate zone instead of the tropics, but numerous new tropical species have now been discovered.
2518:
Heraty, John; Ronquist, Fredrik; Carpenter, James M.; Hawks, David; Schulmeister, Susanne; Dowling, Ashley P.; Murray, Debra; Munro, James; Wheeler, Ward C. (2011).
1389:
415:
The name is derived from Latin 'ichneumon', from
Ancient Greek ጰÏΜΔÏÎŒÏÎœ (ikhneĂșmĆn, "tracker"), from ጎÏÎœÎżÏ (Ăkhnos, "track, footstep"). The name first appeared in
2866:
Tereshkin, A. (2009): Illustrated key to the tribes of subfamilia
Ichneumoninae and genera of the tribe Platylabini of world fauna (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae).
1711:
2600:
Kopylov, D. S. (January 2009). "A new subfamily of ichneumonids from the Lower
Cretaceous of Transbaikalia and Mongolia (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)".
700:
2160:
488:
3708:
707:
3753:
1945:
1915:
1138:
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3483:
3426:
1163:
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oviposit inside the larvae of other ichneumonoids. The hosts of some species are agricultural pests, therefore ichneumons are sometimes valuable for
1758:"We Know Too Little about Parasitoid Wasp Distributions to Draw Any Conclusions about Latitudinal Trends in Species Richness, Body Size and Biology"
3718:
1220:
977:
4737:
4593:
3613:
1235:
1132:
1124:
653:, but the hosts of most species are unknown; host information has been reviewed and summarized by various researchers, e.g. Aubert, Perkins. and
833:
3781:
3743:
3658:
3503:
1179:
4632:
4003:
3763:
3728:
3618:
1226:
1202:
1046:
1003:
960:
883:
684:
1993:
Gauld, Ian D. (1988). "Evolutionary patterns of host utilization by ichneumonoid parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae and Braconidae)*".
4241:
1171:
3786:
2686:
Spasojevic, Tamara; Broad, Gavin R.; SÀÀksjÀrvi, Ilari E.; Schwarz, Martin; Ito, Masato; Korenko, Stanislav; Klopfstein, Seraina (2021).
995:
2817:
2341:
Townes, H. K. (1969a). "Genera of Ichneumonidae, Part 1 (Ephialtinae, Tryphoninae, Labiinae, Adelognathinae, Xoridinae, Agriotypinae)".
2065:
Vårkonyi, Gergely; Hanski, Ilkka; Rost, Martin; ItÀmies, Juhani (September 2002). "Host-Parasitoid Dynamics in Periodic Boreal Moths".
608:
359:
2740:
1507:
Broad, G. R.; Shaw, M. R.; Fitton, M. G. (2018). "Ichneumonid wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae): their classification and biology".
522:
2688:"Mind the Outgroup and Bare Branches in Total-Evidence Dating: a Case Study of Pimpliform Darwin Wasps (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae)"
1619:
Janzen, Daniel H. (1981-06-01). "The Peak in North American Ichneumonid Species Richness Lies Between 38 Degrees and 42 Degrees N".
4567:
482:) with relatively short ovipositors use the ovipositor in defense. Males do not possess stingers or ovipositors in either lineage.
4606:
4727:
2901:
1430:
2964:
1582:
629:
species). After hatching, the ichneumonid larva consumes its still living host. The most common hosts are larvae or pupae of
4611:
462:): ichneumonids typically possess 16 or more, while most other wasps have 13 or fewer. Unlike aculeate wasps, which have an
1886:
The West Palaearctic ichneumonids and their hosts. 3. Scolobatinae (= Ctenopelmatinae) and supplements to preceding volumes
2557:
Pennacchio, Francesco; Strand, Michael R. (2005-12-06). "Evolution of developmental strategies in parasitic Hymenoptera".
1475:
J. LaSalle; Ian David Gauld (1993). "Hymenoptera: Their Diversity, and Their Impact on the Diversity of Other Organisms".
619:
A very few ichneumonid species lay their eggs in the ground, but the vast majority inject eggs either directly into their
2166:
1882:
Les Ichneumonides ouest-paléarctiques et leurs hÎtes. 3. Scolobatinae (=Ctenopelmatinae) et suppl. aux volumes précédents
1300:
2049:
1484:
4694:
4546:
677:
1360:
express intention of their feeding within the living bodies of Caterpillars, or that a cat should play with mice.
4637:
4559:
2135:
Memmott, J.; Godfray, H.C.J.; Gauld, I.D. (July 1994). "The structure of a tropical host-parasitoid community".
2113:
1942:
Hymenoptera: Ichneumonoidea: Ichneumonidae, subfamilies Ichneumoninae 2, Alomyinae, Agriotypinae and Lycorininae
1526:
2906:
2385:
Townes, H. K. (1969c). "Genera of Ichneumonidae, Part 3 (Lycorininae, Banchinae, Scolobatinae, Porizontinae)".
1285:
17:
1401:
1372:
4619:
2926:
1280:
2182:"Freezing cold yet diverse: dissecting a high-Arctic parasitoid community associated with Lepidoptera hosts"
867:
of the ichneumonids. Even the relationships between subfamilies are unclear. The sheer diversity also means
1290:
171:
4476:
4463:
1419:
Morphology of the abdomen and processes of the thorax: (E) front wing; (F) leg III; (G) abdomen of female
548:
444:
1664:"Explaining the latitudinal gradient anomaly in ichneumonid species richness: Evidence from butterflies"
897:
woodwasp that parasitized wood-boring beetle larvae in trees. The family has existed since at least the
447:
on top of the head. Their size varies considerably from a few millimetres to seven or more centimetres.
392:
within the Ichneumonidae and thus can cause confusion. A group of ichneumonid specialists have proposed
4732:
2893:
1527:"Darwin wasps: a new name heralds renewed efforts to unravel the evolutionary history of Ichneumonidae"
909:(c. 181 mya), soon after the appearance of its major host groups. It diversified during the Oligocene.
570:
sp.). The presence of vein 2m-cu and absence of vein 1Rs+M distinguish the wing from that of braconids.
4686:
4481:
1858:] (in French). Paris & EDIFAT-OPIDA, Echauffour: Laboratoire d'Evolution des Etres Organises.
4699:
4647:
2957:
1705:
Veijalainen, A.; Wahlberg, N.; Broad, G. R.; Erwin, T. L.; Longino, J. T.; Saaksjarvi, I. E. (2012).
1668:
811:
2427:
Oehlke, J (1966). "Die westpalÀarktische Arte der Tribus Poemeniini (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) ".
1856:
The Western Palearctic ichneumon wasps and their hosts. 2. Banchinae and supplement to the Pimplinae
258:
791:
611:. Recently this belief has been questioned, after the discovery of numerous new tropical species.
547:
mainly on the basis of wing venation. The fore wing of 95% of ichneumonids has vein 2m-cu (in the
4454:
1305:
650:
344:
854:
4722:
4673:
4416:
1572:
1325:
4668:
4598:
2821:
512:
358:
The distribution of the ichneumonids was traditionally considered an exception to the common
4660:
2319:
Gauld, I. D. (1976). "The classification of the Anomaloninae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)".
1826:
The Western Palearctic ichneumon wasps and their hosts. 1. Pimplinae, Xoridinae, Acaenitinae
4515:
2950:
2737:
1771:
1315:
781:
731:
324:
319:
as reliable estimates are lacking, along with much of the most basic knowledge about their
2570:
1454:
The braconid and ichneumonid parasitoid wasps: biology, systematics, evolution and ecology
8:
1852:
Les Ichneumonides ouest-palearctiques et leurs hotes 2. Banchinae et Suppl. aux Pimplinae
1822:
Les Ichneumonides ouest-palearctiques et leurs hotes 1. Pimplinae, Xoridinae, Acaenitinae
1320:
1775:
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2687:
2668:
2625:
2255:
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2201:
2152:
2117:
2082:
2006:
1794:
1757:
1733:
1706:
1687:
1644:
1379:
1335:
1330:
879:
757:
654:
420:
331:. It is estimated that there are more species in this family than there are species of
166:
2889:
2221:"Variation in the diversity and richness of parasitoid wasps based on sampling effort"
2078:
878:
Extensive catalogues of the ichneumonids include those by Aubert, Gauld, Perkins, and
665:
4655:
4502:
4468:
3846:
3678:
3361:
2719:
2660:
2617:
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2279:
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2045:
2029:
2010:
1975:
1949:
1919:
1889:
1859:
1829:
1799:
1738:
1682:
1663:
1636:
1578:
1490:
1480:
1395:
Morphology of the head and its processes: (Đ) head capsule; (Đ) antenna; (ĐĄ) mandible
840:
339:
combined. Ichneumonid wasps, with very few exceptions, attack the immature stages of
2672:
2629:
2280:"The effectiveness and optimal use of Malaise traps for monitoring parasitoid wasps"
2205:
1295:
4099:
4031:
3831:
3388:
3139:
2797:
2709:
2699:
2652:
2609:
2566:
2531:
2490:
2480:
2291:
2250:
2232:
2193:
2144:
2109:
2074:
2037:
2002:
1789:
1779:
1728:
1720:
1677:
1628:
1548:
1538:
898:
316:
308:
304:
41:
580:
Ichneumonid hind wing. Vein rs-m joins Rs after the split between veins Rs and R1.
427:
than the true ichneumon wasps, which do not construct mud nests and do not sting.
4507:
4060:
3561:
3464:
3370:
3072:
3056:
2930:
2744:
2041:
1784:
1187:
1096:
1028:
919:
467:
4624:
2785:
2535:
590:
Braconid hind wing. Vein rs-m joins Rs before the split between veins Rs and R1.
4554:
4541:
4439:
4256:
4008:
3881:
3796:
3758:
3648:
3638:
3633:
3569:
3508:
3439:
3398:
3378:
3338:
3309:
3104:
2942:
2519:
1543:
1348:
1154:
935:
894:
620:
340:
243:
2936:
2656:
2613:
2485:
2468:
4716:
4373:
4337:
4329:
4013:
3836:
3816:
3776:
3748:
3408:
3383:
3346:
3131:
2704:
2664:
2621:
2578:
2305:
2246:
2014:
1979:
1953:
1923:
1893:
1863:
1833:
1640:
1310:
1244:
1078:
1072:
1055:
1037:
986:
440:
76:
2842:
1494:
466:
modified for prey capture and defense, and do not pass their eggs along the
4399:
4360:
4261:
4223:
4206:
3972:
3935:
3927:
3821:
3811:
3801:
3713:
3683:
3579:
3551:
3531:
3513:
3351:
3194:
3186:
3144:
3017:
2723:
2586:
2543:
2504:
2264:
1803:
1742:
1724:
1108:
951:
943:
868:
646:
541:
450:
The ichneumonids have more antennal segments than typical, aculeate wasps (
154:
2030:"Food needs of adult parasitoids: Behavioral adaptations and consequences"
350:
4580:
4448:
4246:
4228:
4133:
4112:
4086:
3998:
3985:
3917:
3909:
3899:
3891:
3733:
3723:
3703:
3653:
3643:
3603:
3546:
3523:
3498:
3488:
3454:
3403:
3165:
3088:
2974:
2802:
1707:"Unprecedented ichneumonid parasitoid wasp diversity in tropical forests"
1253:
1102:
1063:
1011:
927:
827:
Campoplegine pupa, with empty skin of caterpillar it parasitised above it
638:
630:
533:
312:
223:
51:
1972:
A catalogue and reclassification of the eastern Palearctic Ichneumonidae
1553:
871:
data is only available for a tiny fraction of the species, and detailed
576:
562:
4368:
4352:
4344:
4333:
4325:
4304:
4251:
4128:
4120:
4078:
4052:
3980:
3860:
3826:
3738:
3698:
3688:
3673:
3536:
3418:
3393:
3317:
3281:
3157:
3080:
2495:
2237:
2197:
2121:
2086:
1828:] (in French). Paris: Laboratoire d'Evolution des Etres Organises.
1691:
1648:
1146:
1116:
634:
625:
552:
544:
478:
463:
424:
401:
96:
61:
2843:"Letter 2814 â Darwin, C. R. to Gray, Asa, 22 May [1860]"
4585:
4528:
4494:
4321:
4317:
4271:
4236:
4162:
4154:
4141:
4091:
4065:
4023:
3993:
3873:
3868:
3841:
3806:
3791:
3693:
3668:
3623:
3595:
3541:
3493:
3449:
3444:
3431:
3236:
3228:
3207:
3005:
2993:
1568:
1261:
1211:
1193:
1087:
1019:
969:
872:
864:
642:
586:
455:
416:
328:
203:
183:
101:
4572:
4410:
2448:
Oehlke, J (1967). "WestpalÀarktische Ichneumonidae 1, Ephialtinae".
2363:
Townes, H. K. (1969b). "Genera of Ichneumonidae, Part 2 (Gelinae)".
2278:
Fraser, Sally E. M.; Dytham, Calvin; Mayhew, Peter J. (2008-02-01).
2181:
2156:
1632:
761:
laying eggs in dead wood, parasitising larvae of beetles or sawflies
516:. Ovipositor longer and more slender than stingers of aculeate wasps
4533:
4489:
4433:
4266:
4039:
3949:
3768:
3608:
3257:
3215:
3173:
3123:
3117:
3096:
3028:
3011:
1762:
1352:
906:
890:
690:
451:
409:
233:
158:
146:
91:
86:
71:
66:
56:
2923:
133:
118:
4196:
4042:(paper wasps, potter wasps, pollen wasps, yellowjackets, hornets)
3064:
2912:
2738:
Classification and Systematics of the Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera)
2148:
472:
459:
439:. They have a slender waist, two pairs of wings, a pair of large
396:
as a better vernacular name for the family. Less exact terms are
320:
127:
106:
81:
2758:
2685:
1974:. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute. Vol. 5.
4312:
3628:
2999:
2987:
2874:
2784:
Bennett, A.M.R.; Cardinal, S.; Gauld, I.D.; Wahl, D.B. (2021).
1749:
370:
336:
213:
193:
137:
45:
2907:
Ichneumonidae:Classification of afrotropical ichneumonid wasps
4681:
3471:
2786:"Phylogeny of the subfamilies of Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera)"
1704:
1607:
Hymenoptera of the World, an Identification Guide to Families
436:
386:
4520:
2517:
1912:
Ichneumonidae, key to subfamilies and Ichneumoninae â 1
1523:
4204:
2321:
Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Entomology
2114:
10.1890/0012-9658(1997)078[2145:PPAPAM]2.0.CO;2
408:
due to the extreme lengthening and curving of the abdomen (
332:
1609:, Agriculture Canada Research Branch Monograph No. 1894E.
1479:. Wallingford, Oxon, UK: C.A.B. International. p. 1.
4288:
4183:
4175:
2466:
2064:
1698:
1474:
2783:
1970:
Townes, Henry; Momoi, Setsuya; Townes, Marjorie (1965).
1712:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
858:
An ichneumonid caught in amber 15-20 million years ago.
2099:
1935:
1933:
1905:
1903:
2402:
2400:
1965:
1963:
1888:]. Litterae Zoologicae (in French). Vol. 5.
1875:
1873:
1845:
1843:
1815:
1813:
2915:
Comprehensive taxonomic resource and image database
2219:Saunders, Thomas E.; Ward, Darren F. (2018-04-05).
2134:
1930:
1900:
1509:
Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects
1075:(= Paxylommatinae) (sometimes placed in own family)
2397:
2277:
1960:
1946:Handbook for the Identification of British Insects
1916:Handbook for the Identification of British Insects
1870:
1840:
1810:
645:also parasitise spiders. Hyperparasitoids such as
1969:
4714:
2972:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2747:. Version of 1999-JUL-19. Retrieved 2008-JUN-18.
2556:
2027:
1519:
1517:
435:Adult ichneumonids superficially resemble other
373:in the family Ichneumonidae are commonly called
2410:Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute
2387:Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute
2365:Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute
2343:Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute
2028:Olson, D. M.; Takasu, K.; Lewis, W. J. (2005).
1341:
905:125 mya), but probably appeared already in the
2919:Images of Ichneumonidae species in New Zealand
2179:
1577:. Booklassic. p. section 87, chapter 20.
1250:(includes Neorhacodinae and part of Phrudinae)
2958:
2855:
2520:"Evolution of the hymenopteran megaradiation"
2380:
2378:
2358:
2356:
2336:
2334:
1514:
884:International Code of Zoological Nomenclature
2218:
2777:
2034:Plant-Provided Food for Carnivorous Insects
1271:
849:
2965:
2951:
2375:
2353:
2331:
1661:
875:studies require major computing capacity.
540:Ichneumonids are distinguished from their
145:
117:
2801:
2713:
2703:
2494:
2484:
2469:"Evolutionary History of the Hymenoptera"
2295:
2254:
2236:
2180:VĂĄrkonyi, Gergely; Roslin, Tomas (2013).
1995:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
1793:
1783:
1732:
1681:
1567:
1552:
1542:
1456:. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
1025:(= Gelinae, Hemitelinae, Phygadeuontinae)
360:latitudinal gradient in species diversity
2730:
1448:
1446:
853:
614:
585:
575:
561:
365:
349:
2642:
2599:
2384:
2362:
2340:
1939:
1909:
14:
4715:
2835:
2765:. The American Entomological Institute
2447:
2426:
2406:
1879:
1849:
1819:
1755:
1662:Sime, K. R.; Brower, A. V. Z. (1998).
1618:
1605:. In: Goulet, H. and J. Huber (eds.).
1431:Checklist of UK recorded Ichneumonidae
4415:
4414:
2946:
2810:
2756:
2571:10.1146/annurev.ento.51.110104.151029
2524:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
2318:
1992:
1443:
1241:(sometimes included in Microleptinae)
1160:(sometimes included in Microleptinae)
1043:(sometimes included in Microleptinae)
4738:Taxa named by Pierre André Latreille
4687:EC1E879E-FF85-5322-FF4D-FBF5FD366D9F
4648:884a0301-b94e-4799-b142-cd40402d0294
4560:f89c6db8-c279-48c4-8068-ea5b0673bd02
1301:Johann Ludwig Christian Gravenhorst
1069:(sometimes included in Tryphoninae)
24:
2759:"American Entomological Institute"
2007:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1988.tb00476.x
1276:Famous ichneumonologists include:
785:drinking from damaged edge of leaf
443:on the side of the head and three
25:
4749:
2883:
2284:Insect Conservation and Diversity
2079:10.1034/j.1600-0706.2002.980306.x
1850:Aubert, Jacques François (1978).
1223:(sometimes included in Phrudinae)
1217:(sometimes included in Pimplinae)
1208:(sometimes included in Pimplinae)
1135:(sometimes included in Banchinae)
1105:(sometimes included in Banchinae)
1052:(sometimes included in Pimplinae)
641:. Some species in the subfamily
400:(they are not closely related to
2297:10.1111/j.1752-4598.2007.00003.x
1683:10.1046/j.1365-2656.1998.00198.x
1412:
1400:
1388:
1371:
832:
820:
802:
790:
766:
740:
716:
699:
676:
666:Parasitoid § Basic concepts
521:
503:
487:
274:
170:
49:
4144:(sapygid, or club-horned wasps)
2790:Journal of Hymenoptera Research
2763:Genera Ichneumonorum Nearcticae
2750:
2679:
2636:
2593:
2550:
2511:
2460:
2441:
2420:
2312:
2271:
2212:
2173:
2128:
2093:
2058:
2021:
1986:
598:
2937:Genera Ichneumonorum Nearctica
1655:
1612:
1603:Family Braconidae, pp. 362-394
1595:
1561:
1501:
1468:
1459:
1286:Carl Gustav Alexander Brischke
1190:(previously part of Cryptinae)
983:(previously part of Phrudinae)
966:(previously part of Cryptinae)
912:
609:latitudinal diversity gradient
498:). Antennae with many segments
430:
385:can refer specifically to the
13:
1:
4728:Biological pest control wasps
4363:(mason bees, leafcutter bees)
2939:. Morphology of Ichneumonidae
1436:
1364:
902:
844:larvae feeding on caterpillar
412:are arachnids, not insects).
2042:10.1017/CBO9780511542220.006
1785:10.1371/journal.pone.0032101
1531:Entomological Communications
1477:Hymenoptera and biodiversity
1407:Morphology of the thorax (D)
1342:Darwin and the Ichneumonidae
1206:Smith & Shenefelt, 1955
7:
2913:Family Ichneumonidae at EOL
2559:Annual Review of Entomology
2536:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.04.003
1948:. Vol. 7 (part 2aii).
1424:
735:laying eggs in moth cocoons
10:
4754:
2909:. Extensive use of images.
1918:. Vol. 7 (part 2ai).
1544:10.37486/2675-1305.ec01006
663:
4423:
4394:
4287:
4195:
4174:
4153:
4111:
4077:
4051:
4022:
3971:
3948:
3926:
3908:
3890:
3859:
3578:
3560:
3522:
3463:
3417:
3369:
3360:
3337:
3308:
3279:
3256:
3227:
3206:
3185:
3156:
3130:
3116:
3055:
3051:
3026:
2982:
2757:Wahl, David; Gauld, Ian.
2657:10.1134/S0031030110020097
2614:10.1134/S0031030109010092
2486:10.1016/j.cub.2017.01.027
2186:The Canadian Entomologist
2137:Journal of Animal Ecology
1756:Quicke, D. L. J. (2012).
1669:Journal of Animal Ecology
1452:Quicke, D. L. J. (2015).
1230:Townes & Townes, 1949
812:Acrodactyla quadrisculpta
271:
266:
167:Scientific classification
165:
153:
144:
125:
116:
34:
2892:Many illustrations from
2450:Hymenopterorum Catalogus
2430:BeitrÀge zur Entomologie
1880:Aubert, Jacques (2000).
1820:Aubert, Jacques (1969).
1272:Famous ichneumonologists
1232:(excluding Notostilbops)
850:Taxonomy and systematics
3147:(web-spinning sawflies)
2890:Long Family Description
2645:Paleontological Journal
2602:Paleontological Journal
1940:Perkins, J. F. (1960).
1910:Perkins, J. F. (1959).
1601:Sharkey, M.J. (1993),
1306:Alexander Henry Haliday
651:biological pest control
566:Ichneumonid fore wing (
549:ComstockâNeedham system
4274:(thread-waisted wasps)
4102:(sierolomorphid wasps)
4034:(rhopalosomatid wasps)
3239:(parasitic wood wasps)
2705:10.1093/sysbio/syaa079
1725:10.1098/rspb.2012.1664
1574:The Complete Aristotle
1362:
1326:Thomas Ansell Marshall
859:
711:laying egg on a spider
591:
581:
571:
355:
4669:Paleobiology Database
2933:Images. Authority id.
2456:(new ed.): 1â49.
1357:
857:
615:Reproduction and diet
589:
579:
565:
513:Xanthopimpla punctata
366:Etymology and history
354:Male ichneumonid wasp
353:
4555:Fauna Europaea (new)
2868:Linzer biol. Beitr.
2803:10.3897/jhr.71.32375
2736:Wahl, David (1999):
2036:. pp. 137â147.
1316:August Emil Holmgren
1248:Schmiedeknecht, 1910
1167:Schmiedeknecht, 1910
782:Therion circumflexum
732:Itoplectis maculator
496:Ichneumon xanthorius
381:. However, the term
311:of the insect order
3083:(cimbicid sawflies)
1776:2012PLoSO...732101Q
1719:(1748): 4694â4698.
1321:Joseph Kriechbaumer
1084:(includes Alomyini)
815:parasitising spider
797:Mating ichneumonids
3168:(cedar wood wasps)
3091:(conifer sawflies)
2929:2019-02-15 at the
2897:British Entomology
2743:2008-07-25 at the
2692:Systematic Biology
2238:10.7717/peerj.4642
2198:10.4039/tce.2013.9
1380:Megarhyssa greenei
1336:Constantin Wesmael
1331:Henry Keith Townes
860:
758:Rhyssa persuasoria
592:
582:
572:
421:History of Animals
356:
345:biological control
4733:Apocrita families
4710:
4709:
4656:Open Tree of Life
4417:Taxon identifiers
4408:
4407:
4390:
4389:
4386:
4385:
4382:
4381:
4364:
4356:
4348:
4341:
4308:
4298:
4283:
4282:
4275:
4232:
4231:(cockroach wasps)
4217:
4187:
4166:
4145:
4137:
4124:
4103:
4100:Sierolomorphidae
4095:
4069:
4043:
4035:
4032:Rhopalosomatidae
3989:
3944:
3943:
3877:
3855:
3854:
3847:Trichogrammatidae
3772:
3709:Eutrichosomatidae
3679:Epichrysomallidae
3599:
3589:
3477:
3435:
3362:Proctotrupomorpha
3329:
3328:(ichneumon wasps)
3321:
3252:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3240:
3219:
3198:
3177:
3169:
3148:
3108:
3107:(common sawflies)
3100:
3099:(pergid sawflies)
3092:
3084:
3076:
3068:
2818:"Nonmoral Nature"
1584:978-963-525-370-8
841:Hercus fontinalis
775:
751:
725:
708:Zatypota albicoxa
596:
595:
293:ichneumonid wasps
281:
280:
262:
16:(Redirected from
4745:
4703:
4702:
4690:
4689:
4677:
4676:
4664:
4663:
4651:
4650:
4641:
4640:
4628:
4627:
4625:NBNSYS0000160220
4615:
4614:
4602:
4601:
4589:
4588:
4576:
4575:
4563:
4562:
4550:
4549:
4537:
4536:
4524:
4523:
4511:
4510:
4498:
4497:
4485:
4484:
4472:
4471:
4459:
4458:
4457:
4444:
4443:
4442:
4412:
4411:
4362:
4354:
4347:(plasterer bees)
4346:
4315:
4306:
4297:
4296:
4292:
4285:
4284:
4273:
4230:
4216:
4215:
4214:(sphecoid wasps)
4211:
4202:
4201:
4185:
4164:
4143:
4135:
4122:
4101:
4093:
4067:
4041:
4033:
3987:
3969:
3968:
3875:
3832:Tanaostigmatidae
3770:
3754:Melanosomellidae
3597:
3588:
3587:
3583:
3476:
3475:
3467:
3433:
3389:Neuroscelionidae
3367:
3366:
3327:
3319:
3306:
3305:
3277:
3276:
3238:
3217:
3196:
3175:
3167:
3146:
3140:Megalodontesidae
3106:
3098:
3090:
3082:
3074:
3073:Blasticotomidae
3067:(argid sawflies)
3066:
3053:
3052:
3049:
3048:
2967:
2960:
2953:
2944:
2943:
2877:
2864:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2849:
2839:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2829:
2820:. Archived from
2814:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2754:
2748:
2734:
2728:
2727:
2717:
2707:
2683:
2677:
2676:
2640:
2634:
2633:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2554:
2548:
2547:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2498:
2488:
2479:(7): 1013â1018.
2464:
2458:
2457:
2445:
2439:
2438:
2424:
2418:
2417:
2404:
2395:
2394:
2382:
2373:
2372:
2360:
2351:
2350:
2338:
2329:
2328:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2299:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2258:
2240:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2177:
2171:
2170:
2165:
2132:
2126:
2125:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2062:
2056:
2055:
2025:
2019:
2018:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1967:
1958:
1957:
1937:
1928:
1927:
1907:
1898:
1897:
1877:
1868:
1867:
1847:
1838:
1837:
1817:
1808:
1807:
1797:
1787:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1736:
1702:
1696:
1695:
1685:
1659:
1653:
1652:
1616:
1610:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1546:
1521:
1512:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1472:
1466:
1463:
1457:
1450:
1416:
1404:
1392:
1375:
1355:, Darwin wrote:
1266:
1258:
1249:
1240:
1231:
1216:
1207:
1198:
1184:
1176:
1168:
1159:
1151:
1143:
1139:Nesomesochorinae
1129:
1121:
1113:
1092:
1083:
1068:
1060:
1051:
1042:
1034:(= Scolobatinae)
1033:
1024:
1016:
1008:
1000:
992:(= Porizontinae)
991:
982:
974:
965:
956:
948:
940:
932:
904:
899:Early Cretaceous
836:
824:
806:
794:
777:
776:
753:
752:
727:
726:
703:
680:
558:
557:
525:
507:
491:
309:parasitoid wasps
257:
175:
174:
149:
121:
111:
48:
42:Early Cretaceous
38:Temporal range:
32:
31:
21:
4753:
4752:
4748:
4747:
4746:
4744:
4743:
4742:
4713:
4712:
4711:
4706:
4698:
4693:
4685:
4680:
4672:
4667:
4659:
4654:
4646:
4644:
4636:
4631:
4623:
4618:
4610:
4605:
4597:
4592:
4584:
4579:
4571:
4566:
4558:
4553:
4545:
4540:
4532:
4527:
4519:
4514:
4506:
4501:
4493:
4488:
4480:
4475:
4467:
4462:
4453:
4452:
4447:
4438:
4437:
4432:
4419:
4409:
4404:
4378:
4294:
4293:
4291:
4279:
4213:
4212:
4210:
4191:
4170:
4165:(scoliid wasps)
4149:
4107:
4073:
4068:(tiphiid wasps)
4061:Bradynobaenidae
4047:
4018:
3963:
3961:
3959:
3957:
3955:
3953:
3951:
3940:
3922:
3904:
3886:
3851:
3664:Cynipencyrtidae
3586:(chalcid wasps)
3585:
3584:
3582:
3574:
3562:Mymarommatoidea
3556:
3518:
3484:Proctorenyxidae
3469:
3468:
3465:Proctotrupoidea
3459:
3427:Austrocynipidae
3413:
3371:Platygastroidea
3356:
3333:
3299:
3297:
3295:
3293:
3291:
3289:
3287:
3285:
3283:
3271:
3269:
3267:
3265:
3263:
3261:
3259:
3244:
3223:
3218:(stem sawflies)
3202:
3181:
3152:
3126:
3112:
3105:Tenthredinidae
3075:(fern sawflies)
3057:Tenthredinoidea
3042:
3040:
3038:
3036:
3034:
3032:
3030:
3022:
2978:
2971:
2931:Wayback Machine
2886:
2881:
2880:
2865:
2856:
2847:
2845:
2841:
2840:
2836:
2827:
2825:
2816:
2815:
2811:
2782:
2778:
2768:
2766:
2755:
2751:
2745:Wayback Machine
2735:
2731:
2684:
2680:
2641:
2637:
2598:
2594:
2555:
2551:
2516:
2512:
2473:Current Biology
2465:
2461:
2446:
2442:
2425:
2421:
2405:
2398:
2383:
2376:
2361:
2354:
2339:
2332:
2317:
2313:
2276:
2272:
2217:
2213:
2178:
2174:
2163:
2133:
2129:
2098:
2094:
2063:
2059:
2052:
2026:
2022:
1991:
1987:
1968:
1961:
1938:
1931:
1908:
1901:
1878:
1871:
1848:
1841:
1818:
1811:
1754:
1750:
1703:
1699:
1660:
1656:
1633:10.2307/1937717
1617:
1613:
1600:
1596:
1585:
1566:
1562:
1522:
1515:
1511:, 7(12): 1-418.
1506:
1502:
1487:
1473:
1469:
1464:
1460:
1451:
1444:
1439:
1427:
1420:
1417:
1408:
1405:
1396:
1393:
1384:
1376:
1367:
1344:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1256:
1247:
1238:
1229:
1214:
1205:
1199:(= Ephialtinae)
1196:
1188:Phygadeuontinae
1182:
1174:
1166:
1164:Orthopelmatinae
1157:
1149:
1141:
1127:
1119:
1111:
1097:Labenopimplinae
1090:
1082:Latreille, 1802
1081:
1066:
1058:
1049:
1040:
1031:
1029:Ctenopelmatinae
1022:
1014:
1006:
998:
989:
980:
972:
963:
954:
946:
938:
930:
920:Labenopimplinae
915:
852:
845:
837:
828:
825:
816:
807:
798:
795:
786:
778:
767:
762:
754:
741:
736:
728:
717:
712:
704:
695:
681:
668:
617:
601:
536:
532:
526:
517:
508:
499:
492:
433:
398:ichneumon flies
383:ichneumon wasps
375:ichneumon wasps
368:
289:ichneumon wasps
256:
169:
112:
110:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
40:
39:
36:
35:Ichneumon wasps
28:
27:Family of wasps
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4751:
4741:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4708:
4707:
4705:
4704:
4691:
4678:
4665:
4652:
4642:
4629:
4616:
4603:
4590:
4577:
4564:
4551:
4542:Fauna Europaea
4538:
4525:
4512:
4499:
4486:
4473:
4460:
4445:
4429:
4427:
4421:
4420:
4406:
4405:
4403:
4402:
4395:
4392:
4391:
4388:
4387:
4384:
4383:
4380:
4379:
4377:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4358:
4350:
4342:
4338:stingless bees
4330:carpenter bees
4310:
4301:
4299:
4281:
4280:
4278:
4277:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4257:Pemphredonidae
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4226:
4220:
4218:
4199:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4189:
4180:
4178:
4172:
4171:
4169:
4168:
4159:
4157:
4151:
4150:
4148:
4147:
4139:
4136:(spider wasps)
4131:
4126:
4117:
4115:
4109:
4108:
4106:
4105:
4097:
4094:(flower wasps)
4089:
4083:
4081:
4075:
4074:
4072:
4071:
4063:
4057:
4055:
4049:
4048:
4046:
4045:
4037:
4028:
4026:
4020:
4019:
4017:
4016:
4011:
4009:Sclerogibbidae
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3988:(cuckoo wasps)
3983:
3977:
3975:
3966:
3946:
3945:
3942:
3941:
3939:
3938:
3932:
3930:
3924:
3923:
3921:
3920:
3914:
3912:
3906:
3905:
3903:
3902:
3896:
3894:
3888:
3887:
3885:
3884:
3882:Gasteruptiidae
3879:
3876:(ensign wasps)
3871:
3865:
3863:
3857:
3856:
3853:
3852:
3850:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3797:Pelecinellidae
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3766:
3761:
3759:Metapelmatidae
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3719:Hetreulophidae
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3649:Chrysolampidae
3646:
3641:
3639:Chalcedectidae
3636:
3634:Cerocephalidae
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3592:
3590:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3572:
3570:Mymarommatidae
3566:
3564:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3528:
3526:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3516:
3511:
3509:Proctotrupidae
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3480:
3478:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3440:Diplolepididae
3437:
3429:
3423:
3421:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3399:Platygastridae
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3379:Geoscelionidae
3375:
3373:
3364:
3358:
3357:
3355:
3354:
3349:
3343:
3341:
3339:Ceraphronoidea
3335:
3334:
3332:
3331:
3326:Ichneumonidae
3323:
3314:
3312:
3310:Ichneumonoidea
3303:
3274:
3254:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3242:
3233:
3231:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3221:
3212:
3210:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3200:
3191:
3189:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3179:
3171:
3162:
3160:
3154:
3153:
3151:
3150:
3142:
3136:
3134:
3128:
3127:
3122:
3120:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3110:
3102:
3094:
3086:
3078:
3070:
3061:
3059:
3046:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3020:
3014:
3008:
3002:
2996:
2990:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2970:
2969:
2962:
2955:
2947:
2941:
2940:
2934:
2921:
2916:
2910:
2904:
2902:Fauna Europaea
2899:
2885:
2884:External links
2882:
2879:
2878:
2854:
2834:
2809:
2776:
2749:
2729:
2698:(2): 322â339.
2678:
2651:(2): 180â187.
2635:
2592:
2565:(1): 233â258.
2549:
2510:
2459:
2440:
2419:
2396:
2374:
2352:
2330:
2311:
2270:
2211:
2192:(2): 193â218.
2172:
2127:
2108:(7): 2145â52.
2092:
2057:
2050:
2020:
2001:(4): 351â377.
1985:
1959:
1929:
1899:
1869:
1839:
1809:
1748:
1697:
1654:
1627:(3): 532â537.
1611:
1594:
1583:
1560:
1513:
1500:
1485:
1467:
1458:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1433:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1421:
1418:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1387:
1385:
1377:
1370:
1366:
1363:
1349:Charles Darwin
1343:
1340:
1339:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1296:Arnold Förster
1293:
1288:
1283:
1281:Jacques Aubert
1273:
1270:
1268:
1267:
1265:Shuckard, 1840
1259:
1257:Shuckard, 1840
1251:
1242:
1233:
1224:
1221:Sisyrostolinae
1218:
1209:
1200:
1191:
1185:
1177:
1169:
1161:
1155:Orthocentrinae
1152:
1150:Shuckard, 1840
1144:
1142:Ashmead, 1905
1136:
1130:
1122:
1114:
1106:
1100:
1094:
1085:
1076:
1070:
1061:
1053:
1044:
1035:
1026:
1017:
1009:
1007:Cushman, 1924
1001:
993:
984:
978:Brachycyrtinae
975:
967:
958:
957:(= Anomalinae)
949:
941:
936:Adelognathinae
933:
924:
914:
911:
895:Ectoparasitoid
851:
848:
847:
846:
838:
831:
829:
826:
819:
817:
808:
801:
799:
796:
789:
787:
779:
765:
763:
755:
739:
737:
729:
715:
713:
705:
698:
696:
682:
675:
616:
613:
600:
597:
594:
593:
583:
573:
538:
537:
527:
520:
518:
509:
502:
500:
493:
486:
432:
429:
406:scorpion wasps
367:
364:
341:holometabolous
287:also known as
285:Ichneumonidae,
279:
278:
269:
268:
264:
263:
251:
247:
246:
244:Ichneumonoidea
241:
237:
236:
231:
227:
226:
221:
217:
216:
211:
207:
206:
201:
197:
196:
191:
187:
186:
181:
177:
176:
163:
162:
151:
150:
142:
141:
123:
122:
114:
113:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
37:
26:
18:Ichneumon wasp
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4750:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4723:Ichneumonidae
4721:
4720:
4718:
4701:
4696:
4692:
4688:
4683:
4679:
4675:
4670:
4666:
4662:
4657:
4653:
4649:
4643:
4639:
4634:
4630:
4626:
4621:
4617:
4613:
4608:
4604:
4600:
4595:
4591:
4587:
4582:
4578:
4574:
4569:
4565:
4561:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4543:
4539:
4535:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4517:
4513:
4509:
4504:
4500:
4496:
4491:
4487:
4483:
4478:
4474:
4470:
4469:Ichneumonidae
4465:
4461:
4456:
4455:Ichneumonidae
4450:
4446:
4441:
4435:
4431:
4430:
4428:
4426:
4425:Ichneumonidae
4422:
4418:
4413:
4401:
4397:
4396:
4393:
4375:
4374:Stenotritidae
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4361:Megachilidae
4359:
4357:
4351:
4349:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4290:
4286:
4276:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4221:
4219:
4209:
4208:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4194:
4188:
4182:
4181:
4179:
4177:
4173:
4167:
4161:
4160:
4158:
4156:
4152:
4146:
4140:
4138:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4123:(velvet ants)
4119:
4118:
4116:
4114:
4110:
4104:
4098:
4096:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4084:
4082:
4080:
4076:
4070:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4058:
4056:
4054:
4050:
4044:
4038:
4036:
4030:
4029:
4027:
4025:
4021:
4015:
4014:Scolebythidae
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3978:
3976:
3974:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3947:
3937:
3934:
3933:
3931:
3929:
3928:Trigonaloidea
3925:
3919:
3916:
3915:
3913:
3911:
3907:
3901:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3893:
3889:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3866:
3864:
3862:
3858:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3837:Tetracampidae
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3817:Signiphoridae
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3777:Neanastatidae
3775:
3773:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3749:Megastigmidae
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3614:Baeomorphidae
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3581:
3577:
3571:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3563:
3559:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3529:
3527:
3525:
3521:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3481:
3479:
3473:
3466:
3462:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3416:
3410:
3409:Sparasionidae
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3384:Janzenellidae
3382:
3380:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3372:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3359:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3347:Ceraphronidae
3345:
3344:
3342:
3340:
3336:
3330:
3324:
3322:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3311:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3301:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3255:
3241:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3230:
3226:
3220:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3209:
3205:
3199:
3195:Xiphydriidae
3193:
3192:
3190:
3188:
3187:Xiphydrioidea
3184:
3178:
3172:
3170:
3164:
3163:
3161:
3159:
3155:
3149:
3145:Pamphiliidae
3143:
3141:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3132:Pamphilioidea
3129:
3125:
3121:
3119:
3115:
3109:
3103:
3101:
3095:
3093:
3087:
3085:
3079:
3077:
3071:
3069:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3044:
3025:
3019:
3015:
3013:
3009:
3007:
3003:
3001:
2997:
2995:
2991:
2989:
2985:
2984:
2981:
2976:
2968:
2963:
2961:
2956:
2954:
2949:
2948:
2945:
2938:
2935:
2932:
2928:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2914:
2911:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2876:
2873:: 1317-1608.
2872:
2869:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2844:
2838:
2824:on 2015-11-17
2823:
2819:
2813:
2804:
2799:
2795:
2791:
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2764:
2760:
2753:
2746:
2742:
2739:
2733:
2725:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2682:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2639:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2596:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2553:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2514:
2506:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2463:
2455:
2451:
2444:
2436:
2432:
2431:
2423:
2415:
2411:
2403:
2401:
2392:
2388:
2381:
2379:
2370:
2366:
2359:
2357:
2348:
2344:
2337:
2335:
2326:
2322:
2315:
2307:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2274:
2266:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2215:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2176:
2168:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2143:(3): 521â40.
2142:
2138:
2131:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2096:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2073:(3): 421â30.
2072:
2068:
2061:
2053:
2051:9780521819411
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2024:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1989:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1966:
1964:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1936:
1934:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1906:
1904:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1876:
1874:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1846:
1844:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1816:
1814:
1805:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1770:(2): e32101.
1769:
1765:
1764:
1759:
1752:
1744:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1713:
1708:
1701:
1693:
1689:
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1679:
1675:
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1670:
1665:
1658:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1615:
1608:
1604:
1598:
1591:
1586:
1580:
1576:
1575:
1570:
1564:
1555:
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1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1520:
1518:
1510:
1504:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1486:9780851988306
1482:
1478:
1471:
1462:
1455:
1449:
1447:
1442:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1415:
1410:
1403:
1398:
1391:
1386:
1382:
1381:
1374:
1369:
1368:
1361:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1311:Gerd Heinrich
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1291:Peter Cameron
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1277:
1263:
1260:
1255:
1252:
1246:
1245:Tersilochinae
1243:
1237:
1236:Tatogastrinae
1234:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1213:
1210:
1204:
1201:
1197:Wesmael, 1845
1195:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1183:Porter, 1998
1181:
1178:
1175:Thomson, 1883
1173:
1170:
1165:
1162:
1158:Förster, 1869
1156:
1153:
1148:
1145:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1133:Neorhacodinae
1131:
1128:Townes, 1958
1126:
1125:Microleptinae
1123:
1120:Forster, 1869
1118:
1115:
1112:Forster, 1869
1110:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1089:
1086:
1080:
1079:Ichneumoninae
1077:
1074:
1073:Hybrizontinae
1071:
1065:
1062:
1059:Viereck, 1918
1057:
1056:Diplazontinae
1054:
1050:Townes, 1965
1048:
1045:
1039:
1038:Cylloceriinae
1036:
1032:Förster, 1869
1030:
1027:
1021:
1018:
1015:Förster, 1869
1013:
1010:
1005:
1002:
997:
994:
990:Förster, 1869
988:
987:Campopleginae
985:
981:Viereck, 1919
979:
976:
971:
968:
962:
959:
955:Viereck, 1918
953:
950:
945:
942:
939:Thomson, 1888
937:
934:
929:
926:
925:
923:
921:
910:
908:
900:
896:
892:
887:
885:
881:
876:
874:
870:
866:
856:
843:
842:
835:
830:
823:
818:
814:
813:
805:
800:
793:
788:
784:
783:
764:
760:
759:
738:
734:
733:
714:
710:
709:
702:
697:
693:
692:
687:
686:
679:
674:
673:
672:
667:
662:
658:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
627:
622:
612:
610:
604:
588:
584:
578:
574:
569:
564:
560:
559:
556:
554:
550:
546:
543:
535:
530:
524:
519:
515:
514:
506:
501:
497:
490:
485:
484:
483:
481:
480:
475:
474:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
448:
446:
442:
441:compound eyes
438:
428:
426:
422:
418:
413:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
363:
361:
352:
348:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
277:
276:
270:
265:
260:
255:
254:Ichneumonidae
252:
249:
248:
245:
242:
240:Superfamily:
239:
238:
235:
232:
229:
228:
225:
222:
219:
218:
215:
212:
209:
208:
205:
202:
199:
198:
195:
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182:
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173:
168:
164:
160:
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152:
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143:
139:
135:
131:
129:
124:
120:
115:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
47:
43:
33:
30:
19:
4424:
4400:Unicalcarida
4355:(sweat bees)
4307:(mason bees)
4262:Philanthidae
4229:Ampulicidae
4224:Ammoplanidae
4207:Spheciformes
4205:
3986:Chrysididae
3973:Chrysidoidea
3936:Trigonalidae
3910:Megalyroidea
3892:Stephanoidea
3822:Spalangiidae
3812:Pteromalidae
3802:Perilampidae
3782:Neodiparidae
3771:(fairyflies)
3744:Macromesidae
3714:Herbertiidae
3684:Eucharitidae
3659:Coelocybidae
3580:Chalcidoidea
3552:Monomachidae
3532:Austroniidae
3514:Vanhorniidae
3504:Peradeniidae
3434:(gall wasps)
3352:Megaspilidae
3325:
3280:
3197:(wood wasps)
3166:Anaxyelidae
3089:Diprionidae
3027:
3018:Holometabola
3016:Superorder:
3010:Infraclass:
2975:Hymenopteran
2896:
2870:
2867:
2846:. Retrieved
2837:
2826:. Retrieved
2822:the original
2812:
2793:
2789:
2779:
2767:. Retrieved
2762:
2752:
2732:
2695:
2691:
2681:
2648:
2644:
2638:
2608:(1): 83â93.
2605:
2601:
2595:
2562:
2558:
2552:
2530:(1): 73â88.
2527:
2523:
2513:
2476:
2472:
2462:
2453:
2449:
2443:
2434:
2428:
2422:
2413:
2409:
2390:
2386:
2368:
2364:
2346:
2342:
2324:
2320:
2314:
2290:(1): 22â31.
2287:
2283:
2273:
2228:
2224:
2214:
2189:
2185:
2175:
2149:10.2307/5219
2140:
2136:
2130:
2105:
2101:
2095:
2070:
2066:
2060:
2033:
2023:
1998:
1994:
1988:
1971:
1941:
1911:
1885:
1881:
1855:
1851:
1825:
1821:
1767:
1761:
1751:
1716:
1710:
1700:
1673:
1667:
1657:
1624:
1620:
1614:
1606:
1602:
1597:
1588:
1573:
1563:
1554:10141/622809
1534:
1530:
1508:
1503:
1476:
1470:
1461:
1453:
1378:
1358:
1345:
1275:
1215:Morley, 1913
1180:Pedunculinae
1109:Mesochorinae
1093:(= Labiinae)
1091:Ashmead,1900
1067:Seyrig, 1934
999:Porter, 1998
973:Townes, 1951
964:Townes, 1970
952:Anomaloninae
947:Haliday,1838
944:Agriotypinae
931:Townes, 1950
916:
888:
877:
869:DNA sequence
861:
839:
810:
780:
756:
730:
706:
689:
683:
669:
659:
647:Mesochorinae
624:
618:
605:
602:
599:Distribution
567:
542:sister group
539:
528:
511:
495:
477:
471:
449:
434:
414:
405:
397:
394:Darwin wasps
393:
389:
382:
379:ichneumonids
378:
374:
369:
357:
325:distribution
301:Darwin wasps
300:
297:ichneumonids
296:
292:
288:
284:
282:
272:
267:Subfamilies
253:
155:Anomaloninae
126:
29:
4581:iNaturalist
4449:Wikispecies
4353:Halictidae
4345:Colletidae
4334:orchid bees
4326:cuckoo bees
4305:Andrenidae
4247:Crabronidae
4184:Formicidae
4176:Formicoidea
4134:Pompilidae
4121:Mutillidae
4113:Pompiloidea
4087:Chyphotidae
4004:Plumariidae
3999:Embolemidae
3918:Megalyridae
3900:Stephanidae
3764:Moranilidae
3734:Leucospidae
3729:Idioporidae
3724:Heydeniidae
3704:Eurytomidae
3654:Cleonymidae
3644:Chalcididae
3619:Boucekiidae
3604:Aphelinidae
3598:(fig wasps)
3547:Maamingidae
3524:Diaprioidea
3499:Pelecinidae
3489:Roproniidae
3455:Liopteridae
3404:Scelionidae
3320:(braconids)
3318:Braconidae
3176:(horntails)
3081:Cimbicidae
2894:John Curtis
2496:2434/801122
1537:: ec01006.
1254:Tryphoninae
1227:Stilbopinae
1203:Poemeniinae
1103:Lycorininae
1064:Eucerotinae
1047:Diacritinae
1041:Wahl, 1990
1023:Kirby, 1837
1012:Cremastinae
1004:Collyriinae
961:Ateleutinae
928:Acaenitinae
913:Subfamilies
694:caterpillar
685:Phytodietus
639:Hymenoptera
631:Lepidoptera
534:Oxfordshire
531:sp., female
431:Description
425:mud daubers
313:Hymenoptera
224:Hymenoptera
4717:Categories
4398:See also:
4369:Melittidae
4322:bumblebees
4318:honey bees
4289:Anthophila
4272:Sphecidae
4252:Mellinidae
4242:Bembicidae
4163:Scoliidae
4155:Scolioidea
4142:Sapygidae
4129:Myrmosidae
4092:Thynnidae
4079:Thynnoidea
4066:Tiphiidae
4053:Tiphioidea
3981:Bethylidae
3874:Evaniidae
3861:Evanioidea
3827:Systasidae
3769:Mymaridae
3739:Lyciscidae
3699:Eupelmidae
3689:Eulophidae
3674:Encyrtidae
3596:Agaonidae
3537:Diapriidae
3432:Cynipidae
3419:Cynipoidea
3394:Nixoniidae
3237:Orussidae
3229:Orussoidea
3174:Siricidae
3158:Siricoidea
3004:Subclass:
2994:Arthropoda
2848:2011-04-05
2828:2011-04-05
2437:: 881â892.
1676:(3): 387.
1437:References
1365:Morphology
1239:Wahl, 1990
1172:Oxytorinae
1147:Ophioninae
1117:Metopiinae
664:See also:
635:Coleoptera
626:Megarhyssa
553:Aphidiinae
545:Braconidae
464:ovipositor
402:true flies
230:Suborder:
204:Arthropoda
4237:Astatidae
4040:Vespidae
4024:Vespoidea
3994:Dryinidae
3869:Aulacidae
3842:Torymidae
3807:Pirenidae
3792:Ormyridae
3787:Ooderidae
3694:Eunotidae
3669:Diparidae
3624:Calesidae
3542:Ismaridae
3494:Heloridae
3450:Ibaliidae
3445:Figitidae
3216:Cephidae
3208:Cephoidea
3118:Xyeloidea
3097:Pergidae
3006:Pterygota
2986:Kingdom:
2924:W.Rutkies
2796:: 1â156.
2665:0031-0301
2622:0031-0301
2579:0066-4170
2306:1752-4598
2247:2167-8359
2231:: e4642.
2015:0024-4066
1980:669390657
1954:316445110
1924:704042974
1894:716442080
1864:461814920
1834:773541612
1641:1939-9170
1571:(2015) .
1569:Aristotle
1262:Xoridinae
1212:Rhyssinae
1194:Pimplinae
1099:(extinct)
1088:Labeninae
1020:Cryptinae
996:Claseinae
970:Banchinae
873:cladistic
865:phylogeny
809:Larva of
688:, egg on
661:pupates.
643:Pimplinae
568:Syzecteus
529:Lissonota
456:Vespoidea
417:Aristotle
410:scorpions
390:Ichneumon
329:evolution
259:Latreille
190:Kingdom:
184:Eukaryota
4490:BugGuide
4440:Q1138186
4434:Wikidata
4267:Psenidae
3609:Azotidae
3124:Xyelidae
3065:Argidae
3012:Neoptera
2992:Phylum:
2988:Animalia
2977:families
2927:Archived
2769:9 August
2741:Archived
2724:33057674
2673:83902440
2630:83827172
2587:16332211
2544:21540117
2505:28343967
2416:: 1â372.
2393:: 1â307.
2371:: 1â537.
2349:: 1â300.
2327:: 1â135.
2265:29632746
2206:86014193
1804:22355411
1763:PLoS ONE
1743:23034706
1495:28576921
1425:See also
1353:Asa Gray
907:Jurassic
891:Apocrita
691:Pococera
452:Aculeata
317:richness
303:, are a
250:Family:
234:Apocrita
200:Phylum:
194:Animalia
180:Domain:
159:Tanzania
4197:Apoidea
3000:Insecta
2998:Class:
2973:Extant
2715:7875445
2256:5889912
2167:4125431
2122:2265951
2102:Ecology
2087:3547182
1795:3280234
1772:Bibcode
1734:3497088
1692:2647379
1649:1937717
1621:Ecology
510:Female
473:Netelia
468:stinger
460:Apoidea
371:Insects
337:mammals
321:ecology
220:Order:
214:Insecta
210:Class:
128:Diphyus
4700:989425
4661:769762
4645:NZOR:
4612:153360
4599:104465
4534:1ICHNF
4313:Apidae
4295:(bees)
4186:(ants)
3629:Ceidae
3472:s.str.
2722:
2712:
2671:
2663:
2628:
2620:
2585:
2577:
2542:
2503:
2304:
2263:
2253:
2245:
2204:
2164:
2155:
2120:
2085:
2048:
2013:
1978:
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1922:
1892:
1862:
1832:
1802:
1792:
1741:
1731:
1690:
1647:
1639:
1581:
1493:
1483:
1383:female
880:Townes
655:Townes
494:Head (
479:Ophion
445:ocelli
404:) and
327:, and
305:family
261:, 1802
138:France
46:Recent
4695:WoRMS
4682:Plazi
4674:71480
4594:IRMNG
4586:47199
4547:11277
2669:S2CID
2626:S2CID
2225:PeerJ
2202:S2CID
2161:INIST
2153:JSTOR
2118:JSTOR
2083:JSTOR
2067:Oikos
1884:[
1854:[
1824:[
1688:JSTOR
1645:JSTOR
437:wasps
387:genus
377:, or
333:birds
299:, or
275:below
134:RhĂŽne
4638:7408
4633:NCBI
4607:ITIS
4573:3512
4568:GBIF
4529:EPPO
4477:BOLD
2871:41/2
2771:2017
2720:PMID
2661:ISSN
2618:ISSN
2583:PMID
2575:ISSN
2540:PMID
2501:PMID
2302:ISSN
2261:PMID
2243:ISSN
2157:5219
2046:ISBN
2011:ISSN
1976:OCLC
1950:OCLC
1920:OCLC
1890:OCLC
1860:OCLC
1830:OCLC
1800:PMID
1739:PMID
1637:ISSN
1579:ISBN
1491:OCLC
1481:ISBN
637:and
621:host
476:and
458:and
419:'s "
335:and
283:The
273:See
52:Preê
4620:NBN
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4516:EoL
4508:BCL
4503:CoL
4495:150
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4464:AFD
2875:PDF
2798:doi
2710:PMC
2700:doi
2653:doi
2610:doi
2567:doi
2532:doi
2491:hdl
2481:doi
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2251:PMC
2233:doi
2194:doi
2190:145
2145:doi
2110:doi
2075:doi
2038:doi
2003:doi
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1780:doi
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