245:
225:
134:
244:
31:
254:, this painting shows Yarhibol standing on a pedestal and wearing Roman military garb, with solar rays around his head and a sheaf of wheat in his hand. He is crowned by the goddess Victory, approaching from one direction, and an eagle from the other. Worshippers on either side burn incense on thymiaterias (incense burners). The man on horseback advancing from the left wears Palmyrene dress and is clearly a figure of importance.
224:
204:. It is assumed that in the cella of the Palmyrene temple of Bel, the northern niche contained the statues of the trinity of gods, including Yarhibol. The material confirmation of the local cult were found in form of olive votive lamps with his representations and relevant inscriptions, as well as temple
171:
In addition, Yarhibol also had his own triad, in which he is shown with various deities: above all with
Aglibol (always standing at his right hand) and with the goddess Arsu, thus creating the symbolic Sun-Moon-Earth cosmic group. He may also be accompanied by the goddess Belti (the female equivalent
120:
in Dura
Europos, Yarhibol is described as "good god". Being the custodian of a healing spring - a place special for the desert inhabitants, with time he also got the function of the supreme (divine) judge and acquired prophetic qualities (giving divinations), which was usually associated with the
211:
The caravan route contributed to a certain spread, or at least to transfer, of his cult further east, as evidenced by its finding in the sanctuary in Dura
Europos discovered by JH Breasted and F. Cumont. The dating of local frescoes shows that the cult of the Palmyrene triad in the Roman era was
160:. As a local tribal god, Yarhibol remained slightly against both of them. Although the Baalshamin triad was worshiped at Palmyra, this apparently did not prevent the same veneration of both supreme gods, and a telling testimony is the Ba'alay votive relief from the
208:, on which Yarhibol is featured, for example, with Aglibol and in the Bela triad. The popularity of this deity would also be emphasized by the use of his name as a proper name by the inhabitants of Palmyra, as evidenced in the discovered local inscriptions.
149:, with a palm branch in his hand - in a pacifist form. A different iconography is reflected in the canon of representations from the 1st-3rd century AD, when both group and individual images show him with armament and Roman military outfit.
338:
Eg, as a guardian deity accompanying a local warrior - as in the
Palmyrenian relief of the cult Shokai of Hairan's son from the 2nd century AD (Sztuka Palmyry ... , op. Cit., P. 43, cat. No. 32).
164:, showing the unusual combination of these deities from both triads. Jarhibol, in trinity with Baalshamin and Aglibol, appears (alongside local Parthian deities) also in Dura Europos, in the
347:
M. Gawlikowski, The Art of Syria , p. 227; "But while the worship of Bel was official and applied to all inhabitants, the sanctuary of
Baalshamin belonged to one of the tribes." - ibid.
93:
indicates an earlier connection with the lunar, not the solar, cult. His name translates as "the moon of Bel", and at the same time shows a connection with the North-Western
Semitic (
238:, made this as commanded." Thus, a Latin-named dedicant, who holds a Greek-titled office in the Roman army, records his offering to the Palmyrene god Yarhibol in Greek."
200:, who are considered the earliest known inhabitants of the area. Until a specific iconography of the deity was created, he was undoubtedly worshiped in the form of
161:
112:
Earlier
Yarhibol must have been a local deity of ancestors in a desert oasis, worshiped by the descendants of the first settlers and appeared in the form of a
599:
137:
Yarhibol (second from left) among other
Palmyrene deities (Bel, Aglibol, Baalshamin) on Ba'alay votive relief from AD 121 (Lyon Fine Arts Museum)
141:
In
Palmyra, Yarhibol generally never appears on bust reliefs. The oldest image on the local relief from the 1st century BC shows him in a Greek
121:
aspect characteristic of a solar deity. Over time, this was also reflected in his cult imaginations and ideological kinship with the Greek god
61:, a city in central Syria. He was depicted with a solar nimbus and styled "lord of the spring". He normally appears alongside
609:
392:
329:
Worshiped by the
Phoenicians and whose name (Jarah / Jerah / Jorah) has left an imprint on the geographical name "Jericho".
267:(2022) and van Rompaey (2011) note many resemblances regarding the names and artistic depictions of Yarhibol and the
251:
634:
133:
682:
Sztuka Palmyry ze zbiorów Arabskiej Republiki Syryjskiej. 50 lat polskich wykopalisk na Bliskim Wschodzie
231:
704:
356:
Eg the votive relief of Ahya and Jarhai shows him among the four deities - also with the goddess Arsu (
310:
94:
544:
17:
184:
or with the goddess Semia (juxtaposed with the Greek Athena). However, no common depictions with
382:
384:
The Religious Life of Palmyra: A Study of the Social Patterns of Worship in the Roman Period
196:
It seems that Yarhibol's cult was long entrenched in Palmyra, since he was worshiped by the
89:; it is known that his title was "Lord / Guardian of the Source". In general, however, his
152:
As a rule, however, Yarhibol appears in a triad, along with another ancient local deity -
8:
714:
709:
165:
117:
35:
570:
615:
605:
447:
J. Wais, Malakbela's Iconography Problems "Studia Palmyreńskie" IV (1970), p. 50; 59
388:
671:(Études préliminaires aux religions orientales dans l'Empire romain 79), Leiden 1979
719:
142:
595:
264:
173:
62:
619:
698:
465:
106:
30:
180:. Among the not uncommon multi-figure representations appears together with
300:
217:
102:
39:
234:. "The Greek inscription reads: " the god Iarhibol, Scribonius Moucianus,
78:
691:, "Journal of the American Oriental Society" t. 51/2 (1931), ss. 119-137
305:
278:
274:
90:
268:
235:
177:
157:
501:
The Art of Palmyra from the collection of the Arab Republic of Syria
290:
205:
201:
197:
185:
181:
146:
113:
54:
295:
212:
maintained there at least during the 2nd century AD (after 145).
153:
86:
66:
58:
122:
438:
J. Teixidor, The Pantheon of Palmyra , Leiden 1979, pp. 29-34.
271:
98:
407:
HJW Drijvers, The Religion of Palmyra , Leiden 1976, p. 13.
82:
601:
The Mandaean Rivers Scroll (Diwan Nahrawatha): an analysis
571:"Depinto Scene of Sacrifice - Yale University Art Gallery"
277:(also known as Yawar-Hibil when combined with the epithet
77:
It is believed that Yarhibol was originally the patronus/
156:(god of the moon), and accompanying the supreme deity -
521:
Art of Palmyra ... , op. Cit., P. 42, cat. Well. 26.
101:(Yariḫ). It is characteristic that on the stele in
387:. Franz Steiner Verlag. pp. 56, 72, and 107.
696:
534:, p. 254.; see M. Gawlikowski, op. cit., p. 254.
109:, it is additionally decorated with a crescent.
639:(Ph.D. thesis). Melbourne: La Trobe University.
545:"Altar Dedicated to the Palmyrene God Iarhibol"
588:
549:Institute for the Study of the Ancient World
632:
65:, who was a co-supreme god of Palmyra, and
657:, "Studia Palmyreńskie" V (1974), ss. 7-44
380:
374:
259:
250:Depinto Scene of Sacrifice. Found in the
594:
132:
57:god who was worshiped mainly in ancient
29:
664:(Iconography of religions), Leiden 1976
69:, one of the other top Palmyrene gods.
14:
697:
360:... , op. Cit ., P. 43, cat. No. 35).
512:E. Łukasiak, op. Cit., Fig. 1 and 8
34:Relief depicting Yarhibol from the
24:
689:The Palmyrene Gods at Dura-Europos
532:The Palmyrene Gods at Dura-Europos
470:The Palmyrene Gods at Dura-Europos
25:
731:
490:E. Łukasiak, op. Cit., Pp. 28 ff.
481:E. Łukasiak, op. Cit., Pp. 17-24.
105:(2nd century AD), apart from the
429:E. Łukasiak, op. Cit., Pp. 30-31
243:
223:
626:
563:
537:
524:
515:
506:
499:After K. Michałowski (Palmyra
493:
484:
475:
459:
456:J. Teixidor, op. Cit., P. 118f.
350:
341:
230:Altar of Yarhibol found in the
450:
441:
432:
423:
410:
401:
332:
323:
252:Temple of Artemis Azzanathkona
128:
13:
1:
367:
633:van Rompaey, Sandra (2011).
7:
284:
232:Temple of Bel, Dura-Europos
10:
736:
647:
311:List of angels in theology
72:
316:
216:Yarhibol artifacts from
669:The Pantheon of Palmyra
662:The Religion of Palmyra
191:
503:, Warsaw 1986, p. 19).
418:Jarhibol's iconography
260:Parallels in Mandaeism
172:of Bela, equated with
138:
43:
655:Ikonografia Jarhibola
636:Mandaean Symbolic Art
604:. London: Routledge.
162:Lyon Fine Arts Museum
136:
33:
674:Michał Gawlikowski,
116:. In a stele of the
660:H. J. W. Drijvers,
653:Elżbieta Łukasiak,
575:artgallery.yale.edu
551:. 23 September 2011
381:Ted Kaizer (2002).
166:Temple of the Gadde
118:Temple of the Gadde
36:Temple of the Gadde
358:The Art of Palmyra
139:
44:
705:West Semitic gods
667:Javier Teixidor,
611:978-0-367-33544-1
394:978-3-515-08027-9
16:(Redirected from
727:
641:
640:
630:
624:
623:
596:Nasoraia, Brikha
592:
586:
585:
583:
581:
567:
561:
560:
558:
556:
541:
535:
528:
522:
519:
513:
510:
504:
497:
491:
488:
482:
479:
473:
463:
457:
454:
448:
445:
439:
436:
430:
427:
421:
414:
408:
405:
399:
398:
378:
361:
354:
348:
345:
339:
336:
330:
327:
247:
227:
21:
735:
734:
730:
729:
728:
726:
725:
724:
695:
694:
687:Clark Hopkins,
684:, Warszawa 1986
678:, Warszawa 1976
650:
645:
644:
631:
627:
612:
593:
589:
579:
577:
569:
568:
564:
554:
552:
543:
542:
538:
530:Clark Hopkins,
529:
525:
520:
516:
511:
507:
498:
494:
489:
485:
480:
476:
464:
460:
455:
451:
446:
442:
437:
433:
428:
424:
415:
411:
406:
402:
395:
379:
375:
370:
365:
364:
355:
351:
346:
342:
337:
333:
328:
324:
319:
287:
262:
255:
248:
239:
228:
194:
131:
75:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
733:
723:
722:
717:
712:
707:
693:
692:
685:
679:
672:
665:
658:
649:
646:
643:
642:
625:
610:
587:
562:
536:
523:
514:
505:
492:
483:
474:
458:
449:
440:
431:
422:
409:
400:
393:
372:
371:
369:
366:
363:
362:
349:
340:
331:
321:
320:
318:
315:
314:
313:
308:
303:
298:
293:
286:
283:
261:
258:
257:
256:
249:
242:
240:
229:
222:
220:
193:
190:
130:
127:
81:of the source
74:
71:
42:, circa 150 BC
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
732:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
702:
700:
690:
686:
683:
680:
677:
673:
670:
666:
663:
659:
656:
652:
651:
638:
637:
629:
621:
617:
613:
607:
603:
602:
597:
591:
576:
572:
566:
550:
546:
540:
533:
527:
518:
509:
502:
496:
487:
478:
471:
467:
466:Clark Hopkins
462:
453:
444:
435:
426:
419:
416:E. Łukasiak,
413:
404:
396:
390:
386:
385:
377:
373:
359:
353:
344:
335:
326:
322:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
288:
282:
280:
276:
273:
270:
266:
253:
246:
241:
237:
233:
226:
221:
219:
215:
214:
213:
209:
207:
203:
199:
189:
187:
183:
179:
175:
169:
167:
163:
159:
155:
150:
148:
144:
135:
126:
124:
119:
115:
110:
108:
107:radiant crown
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
70:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
41:
37:
32:
19:
688:
681:
676:Sztuka Syrii
675:
668:
661:
654:
635:
628:
600:
590:
578:. Retrieved
574:
565:
553:. Retrieved
548:
539:
531:
526:
517:
508:
500:
495:
486:
477:
469:
461:
452:
443:
434:
425:
417:
412:
403:
383:
376:
357:
352:
343:
334:
325:
263:
218:Dura Europos
210:
195:
188:were found.
170:
151:
140:
111:
103:Dura Europos
76:
50:
46:
45:
40:Dura-Europos
580:20 December
555:20 December
129:Iconography
97:) moon god
79:genius loci
27:Aramean god
715:Lunar gods
710:Solar gods
699:Categories
620:1295213206
420:, fig. 19.
368:References
306:Hibil Ziwa
275:Hibil Ziwa
91:onomastics
472:, p. 254.
236:chiliarch
178:Atargatis
95:Canaanite
598:(2022).
291:Malakbel
285:See also
269:Mandaean
265:Nasoraia
206:tesserae
202:Baetylus
198:Amorites
186:Malakbel
182:Hercules
147:himation
114:Baetylus
51:Iarhibol
47:Yarhibol
18:Iarhibol
720:Palmyra
648:Sources
296:Almaqah
154:Aglibol
87:Palmyra
73:Origins
67:Aglibol
59:Palmyra
55:Aramean
618:
608:
391:
143:chiton
123:Apollo
53:is an
317:Notes
301:Mocha
279:Yawar
272:uthra
176:) or
174:Venus
99:Jarih
616:OCLC
606:ISBN
582:2021
557:2021
389:ISBN
192:Cult
145:and
83:Efqa
281:).
158:Bel
85:in
63:Bel
49:or
701::
614:.
573:.
547:.
468:,
168:.
125:.
38:,
622:.
584:.
559:.
397:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
