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to maximize the packaging of petro-hydraulic hybrid components in the vehicle. All bulky hydraulic components are integrated into the chassis of the car. One design has claimed to return 130 mpg in tests by using a large hydraulic accumulator which is also the structural chassis of the car. The small hydraulic driving motors are incorporated within the wheel hubs driving the wheels and reversing to claw-back kinetic braking energy. The hub motors eliminate the need for friction brakes, mechanical transmissions, driveshafts, and U-joints, reducing costs and weight. Hydrostatic drive with no friction brakes is used in industrial vehicles. The aim is 170 mpg in average driving conditions. The energy created by shock absorbers and kinetic braking energy that normally would be wasted assists in charging the accumulator. A small fossil-fuelled piston engine sized for average power use charges the accumulator. The accumulator is sized at running the car for 15 minutes when fully charged. The aim is a fully charged accumulator that will produce a 0-60 mph acceleration speed of under 5 seconds using four wheel drive.
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may require dedicated equipment and a connection installation for home or public units. The optimum charging window for lithium-ion batteries is 3â4.2 V. Recharging with a 120-volt household outlet takes several hours, a 240-volt charger takes 1â4 hours, and a quick charge takes approximately 30 minutes to achieve 80% charge. Three important factorsâdistance on charge, cost of charging, and time to charge In order for hybrids to run on electrical power, the car must perform the action of braking in order to generate some electricity. The electricity then gets discharged most effectively when the car accelerates or climbs up an incline. In 2014, hybrid electric car batteries can run on solely electricity for 70â130 miles (110â210 km) on a single charge. Hybrid battery capacity currently ranges from 4.4 kWh to 85 kWh on a fully electric car. On a hybrid car, the battery packs currently range from 0.6 kWh to 2.4 kWh representing a large difference in use of electricity in hybrid cars.
1769:) made a breakthrough introducing an electronically controlled hydraulic motor/pump, the Digital DisplacementÂź motor/pump. The pump is highly efficient at all speed ranges and loads, giving feasibility to small applications of petro-hydraulic hybrids. The company converted a BMW car as a test bed to prove viability. The BMW 530i gave double the mpg in city driving compared to the standard car. This test was using the standard 3,000 cc engine, with a smaller engine the figures would have been more impressive. The design of petro-hydraulic hybrids using well sized accumulators allows downsizing an engine to average power usage, not peak power usage. Peak power is provided by the energy stored in the accumulator. A smaller more efficient constant speed engine reduces weight and liberates space for a larger accumulator.
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46:
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vehicles in an attempt to gauge how quickly the vehicle stock could be hybridized and/or electrified in the United States. The analogs are (1) the electric motors in US factories in the early 20th century, (2) diesel-electric locomotives on US railways in the 1920â1945 period, (3) a range of new automotive features/technologies introduced in the US over the past fifty years, and 4) e-bike purchases in China over the past few years. These analogs collectively suggest it would take at least 30 years for hybrid and electric vehicles to capture 80% of the US passenger vehicle stock.
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2020:
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that recycling them and disposing of them safely is difficult. In general various soluble and insoluble nickel compounds, such as nickel chloride and nickel oxide, have known carcinogenic effects in chick embryos and rats. The main nickel compound in NiMH batteries is nickel oxyhydroxide (NiOOH), which is used as the positive electrode. However Nickel Metal
Hydride Batteries have fallen out of favour in hybrid vehicles as various lithium-ion chemistries have become more mature to market.
73:
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678:
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higher output (boosting vehicle power), higher efficiency (avoiding wasteful use of electricity), and provides excellent durability, compared with the life of the battery being roughly equivalent to the life of the vehicle. Additionally, the use of lithium-ion batteries reduces the overall weight of the vehicle and also achieves improved fuel economy of 30% better than petro-powered vehicles with a consequent reduction in CO
866:
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1713:(EPA) testing. The charging engine needs only to be sized for average usage with acceleration bursts using the stored energy in the hydraulic accumulator, which is charged when in low energy demanding vehicle operation. The charging engine runs at optimum speed and load for efficiency and longevity. Under tests undertaken by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), a hydraulic hybrid
1652:, has designed and has running models of a petro-air hybrid engine car. The system does not use air motors to drive the vehicle, being directly driven by a hybrid engine. The engine uses a mixture of compressed air and gasoline injected into the cylinders. A key aspect of the hybrid engine is the "active chamber", which is a compartment heating air via fuel doubling the energy output.
1000:-Diesel hybrid trains in January 2015. The train has a 1400 hp engine which uses fumigation technology. The first of these trains is set to run on the 81 km long Rewari-Rohtak route. CNG is less-polluting alternative for diesel and petrol and is popular as an alternative fuel in India. Already many transport vehicles such as auto-rickshaws and buses run on CNG fuel.
1082:. RTG cranes are typically used for loading and unloading shipping containers onto trains or trucks in ports and container storage yards. The energy used to lift the containers can be partially regained when they are lowered. Diesel fuel and emission reductions of 50â70% are predicted by Railpower engineers. First systems are expected to be operational in 2007.
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that emit more. 2025 target: The commission is required to propose a further emissions reduction target by the end-2015 to take effect in 2025. This target will be in line with the EU's long-term climate goals. Super credits for low-emission vehicles: The
Regulation will give manufacturers additional incentives to produce cars with CO
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HEVs were twice as likely to be involved in a pedestrian crash than ICEVs. For crashes involving cyclists or pedestrians, there was a higher incident rate for HEVs than ICEVs when a vehicle was turning a corner. However, there was no statistically significant difference between the types of vehicles when they were driving straight.
2379:; (part of the reason that SUVs get such bad fuel economy is the drag on the car. A box-shaped car or truck has to exert more force to move through the air causing more stress on the engine making it work harder). Improving the shape and aerodynamics of a car is a good way to help better the fuel economy and also improve
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generally not the case for electricity, which is taxed uniformly for the domestic customer, however that person uses it. Some electricity suppliers also offer price benefits for off-peak night users, which may further increase the attractiveness of the plug-in option for commuters and urban motorists.
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emissions of 50 g/km or less (which will be electric or plug-in hybrid cars). Each of these vehicles will be counted as two vehicles in 2020, 1.67 in 2021, 1.33 in 2022, and then as one vehicle from 2023 onwards. These super credits will help manufacturers further reduce the average emissions of
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The lithium-ion batteries are appealing because they have the highest energy density of any rechargeable batteries and can produce a voltage more than three times that of nickelâmetal hydride battery cell while simultaneously storing large quantities of electricity as well. The batteries also produce
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The toxicity levels and environmental impact of nickel metal hydride batteriesâthe type previously used in hybridsâare much lower than batteries like lead acid or nickel cadmium according to one source. Another source claims nickel metal hydride batteries are much more toxic than lead batteries, also
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Current vehicle bodies are designed around the mechanicals of existing engine/transmission setups. It is restrictive and far from ideal to install petro-hydraulic mechanicals into existing bodies not designed for hydraulic setups. One research project's goal is to create a blank paper design new car,
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is driven by an electric motor, functioning as an electric vehicle while the battery pack energy supply is sufficient, with an engine tuned for running as a generator when the battery pack is insufficient. There is typically no mechanical connection between the engine and the wheels, and the primary
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Research is underway in large corporations and small companies. The focus has now switched to smaller vehicles. The system components were expensive which precluded installation in smaller trucks and cars. A drawback was that the power driving motors were not efficient enough at part load. A British
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Developing an infrastructure for battery electric vehicles would provide the advantage of virtually unrestricted highway range. Since many destinations are within 100 km of a major highway, this technology could reduce the need for expensive battery systems. However, private use of the existing
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More optimistic views as of 2006 include predictions that hybrids would dominate new car sales in the US and elsewhere over the next 10 to 20 years. Another approach, taken by Saurin Shah, examines the penetration rates (or S-curves) of four analogs (historical and current) to hybrid and electrical
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vehicles (ICEV). The findings showed that, in certain road situations, HEVs are more dangerous for those on foot or bicycle. For accidents where a vehicle was slowing or stopping, backing up, entering, or leaving a parking space (when the sound difference between HEVs and ICEVs is most pronounced),
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In
January 2011 industry giant Chrysler announced a partnership with the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to design and develop an experimental petro-hydraulic hybrid powertrain suitable for use in large passenger cars. In 2012 an existing production minivan was adapted to the new hydraulic
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The petro-hydraulic hybrid system has a faster and more efficient charge/discharge cycling than petro-electric hybrids and is also cheaper to build. The accumulator vessel size dictates total energy storage capacity and may require more space than an electric battery set. Any vehicle space consumed
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The Boeing Fuel Cell
Demonstrator Airplane has a Proton-Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cell/lithium-ion battery hybrid system to power an electric motor, which is coupled to a conventional propeller. The fuel cell provides all power for the cruise phase of flight. During takeoff and climb, the flight
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In the 1990s, engineers at EPA's
National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory developed a petro-hydraulic powertrain for a typical American sedan car. The test car achieved over 80 mpg on combined EPA city/highway driving cycles. Acceleration was 0-60 mph in 8 seconds, using a 1.9-liter
907:
drives an electric generator or hydraulic pump, which powers electric/hydraulic motorsâstrictly an electric/hydraulic transmission (not a hybrid), unless it can accept power from outside. With large vehicles, conversion losses decrease and the advantages in distributing power through wires or pipes
745:, for instance, the electric motor is more efficient at producing torque, or turning power, while the combustion engine is better for maintaining high speed. Improved efficiency, lower emissions, and reduced running costs relative to non-hybrid vehicles are three primary benefits of hybridization.
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Hybrid car companies have a long time to go if they expect to really go green. According to
Harvard business professor Theodore Levitt states "managing products" and "meeting customers' needs", "you must adapt to consumer expectations and anticipation of future desires." This means people buy what
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Power can come from either the engine, motor, or both depending on driving circumstances. Additional power to assist the engine in accelerating or climbing might be provided by the electric motor. Or more commonly, a smaller electric motor provides all of the power for low-speed driving conditions
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There are two different levels of charging in plug-in hybrids. Level one charging is the slower method as it uses a 120 V/15 A single-phase grounded outlet. Level two is a faster method; existing Level 2 equipment offers charging from 208 V or 240 V (at up to 80 A, 19.2 kW). It
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Although petro-hydraulic hybrid technology has been known for decades and used in trains as well as very large construction vehicles, the high costs of the equipment precluded the systems from lighter trucks and cars. In the modern sense, an experiment proved the viability of small petro-hydraulic
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with an internal combustion generator set providing the electric power; Porsche's hybrid set two-speed records. While liquid fuel/electric hybrids date back to the late 19th century, the braking regenerative hybrid was invented by David
Arthurs, an electrical engineer from Springdale, Arkansas, in
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The demonstrator aircraft is a Dimona motor glider, built by
Diamond Aircraft Industries of Austria, which also carried out structural modifications to the aircraft. With a wingspan of 16.3 meters (53 feet), the airplane will be able to cruise at about 100 km/h (62 mph) on power from the
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Since these engines typically need extra weight for traction purposes anyway the battery pack's weight is a negligible penalty. The diesel generator and batteries are normally built on an existing "retired" "yard" locomotive's frame. The existing motors and running gear are all rebuilt and reused.
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emissions from new cars to 95 g/km from 2020, as proposed by the commission. This is a 40% reduction from the mandatory 2015 target of 130 g/km. The target is an average for each manufacturer's new car fleet; it allows OEMs to build some vehicles that emit less than the average and some
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and others are investing in hybrid delivery vehiclesâparticularly for city use where hybrid technology may pay off first. As of
December 2013 FedEx is trialling two delivery trucks with Wrightspeed electric motors and diesel generators; the retrofit kits are claimed to pay for themselves in a few
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While the adoption rate for hybrids in the US is small today (2.2% of new car sales in 2011), this compares with a 17.1% share of new car sales in Japan in 2011, and it has the potential to be very large over time as more models are offered and incremental costs decline due to learning and scale
1415:). The vehicle's batteries are recharged by this processâon the highwayâand can then be used normally on other roads until the battery is discharged. For example, some of the battery-electric locomotives used for maintenance trains on the London Underground are capable of this mode of operation.
1101:
Hybrid systems are regularly in use for trucks, buses and other heavy highway vehicles. Small fleet sizes and installation costs are compensated by fuel savings, with advances such as higher capacity, lowered battery cost, etc. Toyota, Ford, GM and others are introducing hybrid pickups and SUVs.
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On the open road, the primary power source is the internal combustion engine. When maximum power is required, for example, to overtake, the traction electric motor is used to assist. This increases the available power for a short period, giving the effect of having a larger engine than actually
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In the 1990s, a team of engineers working at EPA's
National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory succeeded in developing a revolutionary type of petro-hydraulic hybrid powertrain that would propel a typical American sedan car. The test car achieved over 80 mpg on combined EPA city/highway
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which is the "unjustified appropriation of environmental virtue." Temma Ehrenfeld explained in an article by Newsweek. Hybrids may be more efficient than many other gasoline motors as far as gasoline consumption is concerned but as far as being green and good for the environment is completely
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In a parallel hybrid vehicle, an electric motor and an internal combustion engine are coupled such that they can power the vehicle either individually or together. Most commonly the internal combustion engine, the electric motor and gearbox are coupled by automatically controlled clutches. For
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For some users, this type of vehicle may also be financially attractive so long as the electrical energy being used is cheaper than the petrol/diesel that they would have otherwise used. Current tax systems in many European countries use mineral oil taxation as a major income source. This is
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When describing cars, the battery of a series-hybrid is usually charged by being plugged inâbut a series-hybrid may also allow for a battery to only act as a buffer (and for regeneration purposes), and for the electric motor's power to be supplied constantly by a supporting engine. Series
1046:(Pba) batteries and 1000 to 2000 hp electric motors, and a new clean-burning â160 hp diesel generator. No fuel is wasted for idling: â60â85% of the time for these types of locomotives. It is unclear if regenerative braking is used; but in principle, it is easily utilized.
2893:. "Our claim is based on the fact that customers never have to charge the battery of their vehicle, as it is recharged during the vehicle use. There is no intention to mislead customers, on the contrary: the point is to clearly explain the difference with plug-in hybrid vehicles."
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type of body. PSA Although the car was ready for production and was proven and feasible delivering the claimed results, Peugeot Citroën were unable to attract a major manufacturer to share the high development costs and are shelving the project until a partnership can be arranged.
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Fuel savings of 40â60% and up to 80% pollution reductions are claimed over a "typical" older switching/yard engine. The advantages hybrid cars have for frequent starts and stops and idle periods apply to typical switching yard use. "Green Goat" locomotives have been purchased by
2837:, "cold economics shows that in real dollars, except for a brief spike in the 1970s, gas prices have remained remarkably steady and cheap. Fuel continues to represent a small part of the overall cost of owning and operating a personal vehicle". Other marketing tactics include
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The plug-in-electric-vehicle (PEV) is becoming more and more common. It has the range needed in locations where there are wide gaps with no services. The batteries can be plugged into house (mains) electricity for charging, as well being charged while the engine is running.
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William H. Patton filed a patent application for a gasoline-electric hybrid rail-car propulsion system in early 1889, and for a similar hybrid boat propulsion system in mid 1889. There is no evidence that his hybrid boat met with any success, but he built a prototype hybrid
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Brown, Matthew. But Daniel thinks "Energy debate heats up: the high gas prices of last summer fueled the energy debate that continues today." State Legislatures 32.2 (February 2006): 12(5). Expanded Academic ASAP. Gale. Bentley Upper School Library (BAISL). 14 October 2009
1640:(compressed gas) drive units. In most cases the engine is detached from the drivetrain, serving solely to charge the energy accumulator. The transmission is seamless. Regenerative braking can be used to recover some of the supplied drive energy back into the accumulator.
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they want, if they want a fuel efficient car they buy a Hybrid without thinking about the actual efficiency of the product. This "green myopia" as Ottman calls it, fails because marketers focus on the greenness of the product and not on the actual effectiveness.
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in the world come from China, and many analysts believe that an overall increase in Chinese electronics manufacturing will consume this entire supply by 2012. In addition, export quotas on Chinese rare-earth elements have resulted in an unknown amount of supply.
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are very different from petroleum or diesel and cannot be used in the same tanks, so it would be challenging to build an (LPG or NG) flexible fuel system. Instead vehicles are built with two, parallel, fuel systems feeding one engine. For example, some Chevrolet
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and pedaling while stationary. In 1995 Thomas Muller designed and built a "Fahrrad mit elektromagnetischem Antrieb" for his 1995 diploma thesis. In 1996 JĂŒrg Blatter and Andreas Fuchs of Berne University of Applied Sciences built an SHB and in 1998 modified a
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driving cycles. Acceleration was 0-60 mph in 8 seconds, using a 1.9 L diesel engine. No lightweight materials were used. The EPA estimated that produced in high volumes the hydraulic components would add only $ 700 to the base cost of the vehicle.
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Hybrid vehicle emissions today are getting close to or even lower than the recommended level set by the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). The recommended levels they suggest for a typical passenger vehicle should be equated to 5.5 metric tons of
1912:
developing 152 kW (204 hp) paired with a 20 kW (27 hp) electric motor, positioned between the engine and the gearbox, for a combined output of 170 kW (228 hp). The vehicle has a fuel consumption rate of 24â26 km/L
2438:, set the standards even higher by producing 4.1, 3.5, and 3.5 tons showing a major improvement in carbon dioxide emissions. Hybrid vehicles can reduce air emissions of smog-forming pollutants by up to 90% and cut carbon dioxide emissions in half.
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their new car fleet. However, to prevent the scheme from undermining the environmental integrity of the legislation, there will be a 2.5 g/km cap per manufacturer on the contribution that super credits can make to their target in any year.
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In 2005, sales went beyond 200,000 Hybrids, but in retrospect that only reduced the global use for gasoline consumption by 200,000 gallons per dayâa tiny fraction of the 360 million gallons used per day. According to Bradley Berman author of
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can effortlessly switch between petroleum and natural gas, offering a range of over 1000 km (650 miles). While the duplicated tanks cost space in some applications, the increased range, decreased cost of fuel, and flexibility where
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with Range Extender is a production series-hybrid. It operates as an electric vehicle until the battery charge is low, and then activates an engine-powered generator to maintain power, and is also available without the range extender. The
1984:
In a power-split hybrid electric drive train, there are two motors: a traction electric motor and an internal combustion engine. The power from these two motors can be shared to drive the wheels via a power split device, which is a simple
1787:. The vehicle uses nitrogen gas compressed by energy harvested from braking or deceleration to power a hydraulic drive which supplements power from its conventional gasoline engine. The hydraulic and electronic components were supplied by
2828:
Hybrid car companies like Toyota, Honda, Ford, and BMW have pulled together to create a movement of Hybrid vehicle sales pushed by Washington lobbyists to lower the world's emissions and become less reliant on our petroleum consumption.
2650:. The main goal within many of these companies is to combat disinformation about the nature of lithium batteries, primarily that they are not recyclable, which primarily stem from articles discussing the difficulties of recycling.
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a distance that depends on the battery size and its mechanical layout (series or parallel). It may be connected to mains electricity supply at the end of the journey to avoid charging using the on-board internal combustion engine.
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These types use a generally compact electric motor (usually <20 kW) to provide auto-stop/start features and to provide extra power assist during the acceleration, and to generate on the deceleration phase (also known as
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2763:
The electric motor normally converts electricity into physical motion. Used in reverse as a generator, it can also convert physical motion into electricity. This both slows the car (braking) and recharges (regenerates) the
2906:, a long-time skeptic of hybrids, indicated he expects hybrids "will never comprise more than 10% of the US auto market." Other sources also expect hybrid penetration rates in the US will remain under 10% for many years.
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This concept is attractive to those seeking to minimize on-road emissions by avoidingâor at least minimizingâthe use of ICE during daily driving. As with pure electric vehicles, the total emissions saving, for example in
2338:
Relying on both the engine and the electric motors for peak power needs, resulting in a smaller engine size more for average usage rather than peak power usage. A smaller engine can have fewer internal losses and lower
1697:
Petro-hydraulic configurations have been common in trains and heavy vehicles for decades. The auto industry recently focused on this hybrid configuration as it now shows promise for introduction into smaller vehicles.
908:
rather than mechanical elements become more prominent, especially when powering multiple drivesâe.g. driven wheels or propellers. Until recently most heavy vehicles had little secondary energy storage, e.g. batteries/
3185:
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Researchers and analysts say people are drawn to the new technology, as well as the convenience of fewer fill-ups. Secondly, people find it rewarding to own the better, newer, flashier, and so-called greener car.
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of India assessed the design phase towards full production for the Indian market and moved into "completing detailed development of the compressed air engine into specific vehicle and stationary applications".
3706:
3636:"Manned airplane powered by fuel cell makes flight tests. (metals/polymers/ceramics)." Advanced Materials & Processes. 165.6 (June 2007): 9(1). Expanded Academic ASAP. Gale. Gale Document Number:A166034681
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are reduced, particularly at idling and low operating speeds, in comparison to conventional engine vehicles. For continuous high-speed highway use, these features are much less useful in reducing emissions.
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can be recharged while the user drives. Such a vehicle establishes contact with an electrified rail, plate, or overhead wires on the highway via an attached conducting wheel or other similar mechanisms (see
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2777:
It automatically shuts off the engine when the vehicle comes to a stop and restarts it when the accelerator is pressed down. This automation is much simpler with an electric motor. Also, see dual power
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1996:
have a second electric motor/generator connected to the planetary gear. In cooperation with the traction motor/generator and the power-split device, this provides a continuously variable transmission.
785:
human and motor torques are mechanically coupled at the pedal or one of the wheels, e.g. using a hub motor, a roller pressing onto a tire, or a connection to a wheel using a transmission element. Most
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stations in place. Rising gas prices may push consumers to purchase these vehicles. In 2013 when gas prices traded around US$ 1.1 per litre ($ 4.0/US gal), the price of gasoline was US$ 95.5 per
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Powering the a/c, power steering, and other auxiliary pumps electrically as and when needed; this reduces mechanical losses when compared with driving them continuously with traditional engine belts.
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to a petro-hydraulic hybrid with off-the shelf components. A car rated at 32 mpg was returning 75 mpg with the 60 hp engine replaced by a 16 hp engine, and reached 70 mph.
1122:
diesel engine. No lightweight materials were used. The EPA estimated that produced in high volumes the hydraulic components would add only $ 700 to the cost. Under EPA testing, a hydraulic hybrid
1989:
set. The ratio can be from 100% for the combustion engine to 100% for the traction electric motor, or anything in between. The combustion engine can act as a generator charging the batteries.
1394:
1978â79. His home-converted Opel GT was reported to return as much as 75 mpg with plans still sold to this original design, and the "Mother Earth News" modified version on their website.
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drive system and lightweight housing, altogether weighing less than 4.5 kg. Active cooling keeps plastic parts from softening. The prototype uses a regular electric bicycle charge port.
726:
is one that uses two or more distinct types of power, such as submarines that use diesel when surfaced and batteries when submerged. Other means to store energy include pressurized fluid in
1894:
electric driving, the clutch between the internal combustion engine is open while the clutch to the gearbox is engaged. While in combustion mode the engine and motor run at the same speed.
808:) the user pedals a generator, charging a battery or feeding the motor, which delivers all of the torque required. They are commercially available, being simple in theory and manufacturing.
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The lithium-ion battery has become a market leader in this segment due to its high energy density, stability, and cost when compared to other technologies. A market leader in this area is
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5687:
1419:
electrical system is almost universally prohibited. Besides, the technology for such electrical infrastructure is largely outdated and, outside some cities, not widely distributed (see
2590:
Though hybrid cars consume less fuel than conventional cars, there is still an issue regarding the environmental damage of the hybrid car battery. Today, most hybrid car batteries are
2448:
emissions have been understated when comparing certification cycles to real-world driving. In one study using real-world driving data, it was shown they use on average 120 g of CO
3761:
812:
The first published prototype of an SHB is by Augustus Kinzel (US Patent 3'884'317) in 1975. In 1994 Bernie Macdonalds conceived the Electrilite SHB with power electronics allowing
1705:
rate is high and therefore the system is more efficient than electric battery charged hybrids using the current electric battery technology, demonstrating a 60% to 70% increase in
1478:") using the same engine to be hybrids, although to avoid confusion with hybrids as described above and to use correctly the terms, these are perhaps more correctly described as
4724:
Giansoldati, Marco; Rotaris, Lucia; Scorrano, Mariangela; Danielis, Romeo (March 2020). "Does electric car knowledge influence car choice? Evidence from a hybrid choice model".
1568:), compared to natural gas's $ 13.6/MWh ($ 4.00 per million British thermal units). On a per unit of energy comparative basis, this makes natural gas much cheaper than gasoline.
916:, one of the oldest production hybrids, running on diesel while surfaced and batteries when submerged. Both series and parallel setups were used in World War II-era submarines.
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emissions to zero throughout the entire life cycle of a product, starting from procurement of raw materials, manufacturing, and transportation to use, recycling, and disposal.
1556:
infrastructure is incomplete may be a significant incentive to purchase. While the US Natural gas infrastructure is partially incomplete, it is increasing and in 2013 had 2600
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2825:
Automakers spend around $ US8 million in marketing Hybrid vehicles each year. With combined effort from many car companies, the Hybrid industry has sold millions of Hybrids.
4989:
Dunnick JK, et al. (November 1995). "Comparative carcinogenic effects of nickel subsulfide, nickel oxide, or nickel sulfate hexahydrate chronic exposures in the lung".
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2441:
An increase in fossil fuels is needed to build hybrid vehicles versus conventional cars. This increase is more than offset by reduced emissions when running the vehicle.
5048:
2397:, once again making the engine work harder, consuming more fuel. Hybrid cars may use special tires that are more inflated than regular tires and stiffer or by choice of
955:
for service in France is diesel/electric motors, using 1500 or 25,000 V on different rail systems. It was tested in Rotterdam, the Netherlands with Railfeeding, a
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Ottman, Jacquelyn A., Edwin R. Stafford, and Cathy L. Hartman. "Avoiding Green Marketing Myopia." Environment 48.5 (2006): 22,36,2. ProQuest. Web. 25 January 2014.
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1315:
5246:
Yilmaz, M.; Krein, P. T. (May 2013). "Review of Battery Charger Topologies, Charging Power Levels, and Infrastructure for Plug-In Electric and Hybrid Vehicles".
2093:, as the electric generator and driving motor replaced a mechanical transmission. The vehicle could not move unless the internal combustion engine was running.
829:. In 1999 Harald Kutzke described an "active bicycle": the aim is to approach the ideal bicycle weighing nothing and having no drag by electronic compensation.
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2913:
The EPA expects the combined market share of new gasoline hybrid light-duty vehicles to reach 13.6% for the 2023 model year from 10.2% in the 2022 model year.
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4251:
1319:
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2266:(EVs) travelling at low speeds. Their purpose is to make pedestrians, cyclists, the blind, and others aware of the vehicle's presence while operating in
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2408:
These features make a hybrid vehicle particularly efficient for city traffic where there are frequent stops, coasting, and idling periods. In addition
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structure and rubber compound have lower rolling resistance while retaining acceptable grip, and so improving fuel economy whatever the power source.
1323:
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4632:
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1074:
Railpower Technologies engineers working with TSI Terminal Systems are testing a hybrid dieselâelectric power unit with battery storage for use in
841:) is powered by pedals, batteries, a petrol generator, or plug-in chargerâproviding flexibility and range enhancements over electric-only bicycles.
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2000:
installed. In most applications, the combustion engine is switched off when the car is slow or stationary thereby reducing curbside emissions.
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3964:
EPA Announces Partnership to Demonstrate World's First Full Hydraulic Hybrid Urban Delivery Vehicle | Modeling, Testing, and Research | US EPA
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2183:. The plug-in hybrid is usually a general fuel-electric (parallel or serial) hybrid with increased energy storage capacity, usually through a
5729:
5176:
4227:
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1439:). Updating the required electrical and infrastructure costs could perhaps be funded by toll revenue or by dedicated transportation taxes.
709:
2334:(ICEVs), resulting in fewer emissions being generated. These savings are primarily achieved by three elements of a typical hybrid design:
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5824:
5318:
2605:
There are many types of batteries. Some are far more toxic than others. Lithium-ion is the least toxic of the batteries mentioned above.
1210:
Hybrid FanWings have been designed. A FanWing is created by two engines with the capability to autorotate and landing like a helicopter.
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Berman, Bradley. "Driving change--one hybrid at a time." Business Perspectives Spring 2005: 30+. Academic OneFile. Web. 25 January 2014.
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reduces vehicle speed by converting some of its kinetic energy into electricity, depending upon the power rating of the motor/generator;
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Having significant battery storage capacity to store and reuse recaptured energy, especially in stop-and-go traffic typical of the city
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is another rare earth metal which is a crucial ingredient in high-strength magnets that are found in permanent magnet electric motors.
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4352:"Mercedes-Benz introducing diesel E 300 BlueTEC HYBRID with fuel economy of 56 mpg US; gasoline-engined E 400 HYBRID model to follow"
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2393:(tires were often made to give a quiet, smooth ride, high grip, etc., but efficiency was a lower priority). Tires cause mechanical
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hybrid road vehicles in 1978. A group of students at Minneapolis, Minnesota's Hennepin Vocational Technical Center, converted a
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AllianceBernstein, "The Emergence of Hybrid Vehicles: Ending Oil's Stranglehold on Transportation and the Economy," June 2006.
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became prevalent in advertising, though cars referred to by this name do not offer any different functionality than a standard
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by a larger size of accumulator vessel may be offset by the need for a smaller sized charging engine, in HP and physical size.
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The European Parliament, Council, and European Commission have reached an agreement which is aimed at reducing the average CO
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design, where each of the two front wheels was powered by a separate motor. This arrangement was sometimes referred to as an
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There is an impending increase in the costs of many rare materials used in the manufacture of hybrid cars. For example, the
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pioneering processes to recycle lithium-ion batteries; this is also being chased by various other large companies, such as
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1194:. Towing kites can fly at heights several times higher than the tallest ship masts, capturing stronger and steadier winds.
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1753:) with the 60 hp engine replaced by a 16 hp engine. The experimental car reached 70 mph (110 km/h).
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Other techniques that are not necessarily 'hybrid' features, but that are frequently found on hybrid vehicles include:
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Environmental Activities. (2009). Retrieved December 01, 2009, from Lithium-ion battery for Hybrid Electric Vehicles:
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in Australia are currently under development; however, the barriers to entry are high and require years to go online.
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4156:"EPA and Chrysler to Take Latest Hybrid Technology from Lab to Street/Partnership to adapt fuel efficient technology"
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As of 2022, there are 550 ships with an average of 1.6 MWh of batteries. The average was 500 kWh in 2016.
2753:. The key areas for efficiency or performance gains are regenerative braking, dual power sources, and less idling.
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702:
139:
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4516:"Incidence of Pedestrian and Bicyclist Crashes by Hybrid Electric Passenger Vehicles at Journalist's Resource.org"
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Kenworth Truck Company recently introduced the Kenworth T270 Class 6 that for city usage seems to be competitive.
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effectively invented this arrangement in speed-record-setting racing cars in the early 20th century, such as the
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Other types of green vehicles include other vehicles that go fully or partly on alternative energy sources than
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of 40 mi (64 km), though this car also has a mechanical connection between the engine and drivetrain.
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Some vehicles have been modified to use another fuel source if it is available, such as cars modified to run on
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provides. The only self-charging effect is in energy recovery via regenerative braking, which is also true of
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Another form of a hybrid vehicle are the human-powered electric vehicles. These include such vehicles as the
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concept that offers automated on-demand non-stop transportation, on a network of specially built guideways.
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Ehrenfeld, Temma. "Green, or Greenwash? Newsweek 14 July 2008: 56. Academic OneFile. Web. 25 January 2014.
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released in 2012 only in European markets is a very rare mass-produced diesel hybrid vehicle powered by a
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use an engine or regenerative braking (or both) to charge a pressure accumulator to drive the wheels via
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3376:"Railpower to supply TSI Terminal Systems Inc. with hybrid power plants for rubber tyred gantry cranes"
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3352:"RailPower To Supply TSI Terminal Systems Inc. with hybrid power plants for rubber tyred gantry cranes"
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and the rider's muscles. Early prototype motorcycles in the late 19th century used the same principle.
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purpose of the range extender is to charge the battery. Series-hybrids have also been referred to as
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passenger car emissions to 95 g/km by 2020, according to a European Commission press release.
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4248:"A Pair of Peugeots Debuts in Paris: One Prescient (and Possibly Good for 118 mpg), One Practical"
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2801:) in conventional fossil fuel-based vehicles, making them go partly on renewable energy sources.
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The hybrid vehicle typically achieves greater fuel economy and lower emissions than conventional
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car to run as a petro-hydraulic hybrid using off-the-shelf components. A car rated at 32 mpg
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Recapturing significant amounts of energy during braking that are normally wasted as heat. This
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to power the vehicle. The energy is stored in the fuel of the internal combustion engine and an
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returned 32 mpg (7.4 L/100 km) City, and 22 mpg (11 L/100 km) highway.
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In 1978 students at Minneapolis, Minnesota's Hennepin Vocational Technical Center, converted a
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Gelani, S; M. Morano (1980). "Congenital abnormalities in nickel poisoning in chick embryos".
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3186:"Australian man builds the first ever hybrid petrol/electric bicycle using UP Mini 3D printer"
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3832:"What is the energy of gasoline compared to the same cost of other fuels in BTUs per dollar?"
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Shutting down the engine during traffic stops or while coasting or during other idle periods.
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segment that requires the most power, the system draws on lightweight lithium-ion batteries.
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Hybrid powertrains are designed to switch from one power source to another to maximize both
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4034:"Lift Trucks: 15 ways the lift truck is evolving - Article from Modern Materials Handling"
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accidents that involved pedestrians and cyclists and compared them to accidents involving
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4316:"Mercedes-Benz E 300 BlueTEC HYBRID: The world's most fuel-efficient luxury-class model"
3810:
3418:"Kenworth Unveils T270 Class 6 Hybrid Truck Targeted at Municipal, Utility Applications"
2686:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
2054:, range-extended electric vehicle, or electric vehicle-extended range (EREV/REEV/EVER).
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locomotive upgraded with batteries, a 200 kW diesel generator, and four AC motors.
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4556:"Critical Pedestrian Safety Legislation Moves to White House for President's Signature"
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Environmental impact of hybrid car battery. (2008). Retrieved December 09, 2009 from
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4228:"Peugeot Announces Plans to Release a Hybrid Car That Runs on Compressed Air by 2016"
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Nissan Note e-power is an example of a series hybrid technology since 2016 in Japan.
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The first mass-production parallel hybrid sold outside Japan was the 1st generation
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terms, is dependent upon the energy source of the electricity generating company.
1502:). In principle, this could be combined with a battery subsystem to create a true
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1176:. This runs on batteries when submerged and the batteries can be recharged by the
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tricycle (European patent EP 1165188). Until 2005 they built several prototype SH
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5017:"Global lithium-ion battery capacity may rise five-fold by 2030 - Wood Mackenzie"
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1474:, some also consider vehicles that use distinct energy sources or input types ("
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A SHEPB prototype made by David Kitson in Australia in 2014 used a lightweight
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Hybrid Cars. (2006). Retrieved December 9, 2009 from Hybrid Battery Toxicity,
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trolleybus, although as of 2006, no such design seems to have been announced.
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5049:"Tesla for $ 25,000? New Panasonic battery set to cut cost of electric cars"
4334:"Not-For-U.S. Mercedes-Benz E300 BlueTec Hybrid Headed to Detroit Auto Show"
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The First Hybrid Evaluating locomotive was designed by rail research center
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5177:"Mercedes-Benz to build battery recycling plant with Australia's Neometals"
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According to the release, the key details of the agreement are as follows:
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2004:
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4132:"Chrysler announces development of hydraulic hybrid technology for cars"
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7125:
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6887:
6726:
6708:
6619:
6581:
6556:
4911:
4877:"How Do Hybrid Vehicles Impact the Environment? | Physics 139 eck"
4473:
3685:, Patton, W. H., "Motor for Street Cars", issued 1889-08-13
2734:
2707:
2518: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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1946:
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3791:"Bi-Fuel Silverado 2500HD Can Switch Between Gasoline And Natural Gas"
2398:
2238:
A 2009 National Highway Traffic Safety Administration report examined
1721:) City, and 22 miles per US gallon (11 L/100 km; 26 mpg
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7135:
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Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis
3229:"The World's First Hybrid Train Officially Enters Commercial Service"
2715:
2613:
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1633:
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450:
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199:
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The Future of Flight (Obese Pelicans to Shape-Shifting Switchblades)
5706:. Emagazine.credit-suisse.com (2010-07-23). Retrieved on 2012-04-18.
5436:
5352:
5077:"Panasonic Said to Scout US Sites for New 4680 Battery Cell Factory"
4943:
3541:
3539:
2493:
1717:
returned 32 miles per US gallon (7.4 L/100 km; 38 mpg
677:
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6235:
5035:"Panasonic Energy CEO Shares Info About Tesla's 4680 Battery Cells"
3420:(Press release). Kenworth Truck Company. 2007-03-21. Archived from
2745:
Hybrids-Electric vehicles (HEVs) combine the advantage of gasoline
2096:
In 1997 Toyota released the first series-hybrid bus sold in Japan.
2008:
1521:
1513:
1470:
In addition to vehicles that use two or more different devices for
1401:
1191:
1035:
877:
822:
590:
475:
470:
124:
119:
89:
34:
generator power and battery power or concurrent configuration, see
5762:
4723:
4603:"Hybrid, electric vehicles to become louder for pedestrian safety"
1617:
981:
Japan's first hybrid train with significant energy storage is the
895:
to power railway locomotives, buses, heavy goods vehicles, mobile
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5904:
5611:"Norway tells Toyota to stop calling hybrid cars "self-charging""
5063:"Panasonic readies new battery Tesla sees as key to $ 25,000 EVs"
4078:"INGOCAR from Valentin Tech shatters the way we think about cars"
3536:
3485:"Try a Hydraulic Drive Train: This Car of the Future Gets 75 MPG"
2952:
2798:
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which constitute the bulk of petrol car starter batteries today.
1583:
1572:
1517:
1463:
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612:
570:
306:
289:
5219:"It's time to get serious about recycling lithium-ion batteries"
3620:"Huge increase in European hybrid and electric vessels expected"
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6190:
5813:
5319:"Electric-Car Battery Use: Already Higher Than Hybrids' Total?"
4701:
2886:
2878:
2455:
2225:
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were an early form of a hybrid vehicle. Another example is the
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967:
930:
818:
301:
4391:"Toyota debuts power-hybrid bus | The Japan Times Online"
4203:"Peugeot's Hybrid Air: the car of the future that runs on air"
3458:"FedEx's New Electric Trucks Get a Boost From Diesel Turbines"
2797:. Another option is to use alternative fuel composition (i.e.
7057:
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6481:
4553:
4497:. Electric Auto Association â Plug in Hybrid Electric Vehicle
2890:
2477:
2390:
1817:
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can use a mixture of input fuels mixed in one tankâtypically
1424:
1223:
1103:
951:(AGC or high-capacity railcar) built by the Canadian company
790:
758:
536:
5421:"Rare earth elements critical resources for high technology"
4530:"TMC to Sell Approaching Vehicle Audible System for 'Prius'"
3915:"MDI's air engine technology tested on Tata Motors vehicles"
2325:
2273:
Vehicles in the market with such safety devices include the
1834:
5694:. Motorauthority.com (2008-04-07). Retrieved on 2012-04-18.
5430:. Fact Sheet. Reston, VA: United States Geological Survey.
5163:"Audi and BMW team up with Umicore on EV battery recycling"
4635:. Idaho Department of Environmental Quality. Archived from
3031:
2916:
2639:
2085:. Porsche named his arrangement "System Mixt" and it was a
1729:
currently has two trucks in service using this technology.
1475:
1432:
1363:
1330:
and others. A petroleum-electric hybrid most commonly uses
1162:
1130:
currently has two trucks in service using this technology.
1055:
873:
634:
4942:
Kasprzak, KS; Sunderman, FW; Salnikow, K (December 2003).
4778:"Does hybrid car production waste offset hybrid benefits?"
4658:"Does hybrid car production waste offset hybrid benefits?"
2452:
per km instead of the 44 g per km in official tests.
1783:
exhibited an experimental "Hybrid Air" engine at the 2013
7217:
6787:
6675:
6512:
6210:
4941:
4805:
Warner, John T. (2019), "Lithium-ion battery operation",
4532:(Press release). Toyota Motor. 2010-08-24. Archived from
4417:"Electro-Shock Therapy â The Atlantic (July/August 2008)"
3864:
3378:(Press release). RailPower Technologies Corp. 2006-10-10.
2635:
2124:
they claim up to 150 mpg in a series-hybrid arrangement.
1557:
1553:
1459:
1334:
engines (using a variety of fuels, generally gasoline or
997:
3940:"Tata Motors enters second phase of air-car development"
3917:(Press release). Tata Motors. 2012-05-07. Archived from
3762:"Electric Car Conversion: The Amazing 75-MPG Hybrid Car"
2902:
benefits. However, forecasts vary widely. For instance,
2877:
In January 2020, using this term has been prohibited in
2207:
1979:
5418:
5380:
Interview: Japan urges China to ease rare metals supply
3575:"Military hybrid vehicles could boost safety, mobility"
5091:
Life Cycle Testing of Electric Vehicle Battery Modules
4892:
Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology
4471:
3704:, Patton, W. H., "Boat", issued 1890-04-01
3325:
2931:
Emissions target: The agreement will reduce average CO
2630:
Lithium-ion batteries are also safer to recycle, with
1807:
1145:
and have found them to deliver faster acceleration, a
1085:
753:
5734:
Plug-In Electrical Vehicles: What Role for Washington
5730:"2 Electrification of Transport and Oil Displacement"
3487:. Mother Earth News. MarchâApril 1978. Archived from
1218:
5763:
US Environmental Protection Agency (December 2023).
5149:"BMW Group to Take EV Battery Recycling Rate to 96%"
4800:
4798:
3479:
3477:
3309:"GE's Hybrid Locomotive: Around The World on Brakes"
2948:
2740:
1358:, which offer varying advantages and disadvantages.
30:
For a vehicle that combines the electric motor with
5351:. Herndon, VA, US: The Anchor House. Archived from
1621:
French MDI petro-air hybrid car developed with Tata
1186:Newer hybrid ship-propulsion schemes include large
1153:, near silent operation, and greater fuel economy.
5791:"EU agrees deal on 2020 car emissions regulations"
5349:"Rare earth innovation: the silent shift to china"
4672:"Plug-in hybrids are a 'wolf in sheep's clothing'"
4577:"S. 841 Pedestrian Safety Enhancement Act of 2010"
2714:and battery systems in hybrid propulsion systems.
2130:
1019:) battery storage. They expect â„10% fuel economy.
4795:
4697:"hree HEVs equal one BEV in CO2 reduction effect"
4056:"Hybrid Hydraulic Drive Vehicle Promises 170 MPG"
3984:"Our Technology | Artemis Intelligent Power"
3857:"Learn everything about the compressed air cars!"
3474:
2662:
2254:designed to alert pedestrians to the presence of
7567:
5650:. IntegrityExports.com. Retrieved on 2012-04-18.
5637:. IntegrityExports.com. Retrieved on 2012-04-18.
4633:"Air Quality: Vehicle Emissions and Air Quality"
4579:. Legislative Digest. 2010-12-15. Archived from
3594:"The US Army Bought a GMC Hummer EV for Testing"
2771:and is augmented by the engine at higher speeds.
2066:was the first series-hybrid production vehicle.
1791:. Mileage was estimated to be about 118 mpg
1402:Continuously outboard recharged electric vehicle
38:. For other types of hybrid transportation, see
5205:"The Truth About Lithium Ion Battery Recycling"
4889:
4298:"PSA puts Hybrid Air technology on back burner"
4274:"Compressing Gas for a Cheaper, Simpler Hybrid"
3561:EPA unveils hydraulic hybrid UPS delivery truck
3556:
3554:
3204:"Van Hool presents the ExquiCity Design Mettis"
2729:A few non-Chinese sources such as the advanced
849:from an aerial drone and small hand-tool sized
3449:
3128:"Greetings Ecological Transportation Futurist"
2710:is required to fabricate many of the advanced
1348:types of petroleum-electric hybrid drivetrains
6497:
5864:
5850:
5372:
5370:
3811:"Alternative Fueling Station Counts by State"
3700:
3681:
2782:
2627:emissions helping to prevent global warming.
2120:in a converted Saturn Vue SUV vehicle. Using
2104:series plug-in hybrid in 2010, aiming for an
1676:Peugeot 2008 HYbrid air/hydraulic concept car
1138:Since 1985, the US military has been testing
1133:
876:, a dieselâelectric hybrid driving system by
769:are a simple form of a hybrid, powered by an
703:
5233:"Lithium batteries' big unanswered question"
4554:American Council of the Blind (2010-12-16).
3551:
2458:states that three Hybrid vehicles equal one
1107:years. The diesel engines run at a constant
6284:Hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicle
5662:. Marketwatch.com. Retrieved on 2012-04-18.
5245:
4225:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3507:
3505:
3357:(Press release). 2006-10-10. Archived from
2416:
1799:) on the Euro test cycle if installed in a
1579:that has not been processed into biodiesel.
1377:developed the world's first petro-electric
49:World's first mass-produced hybrid vehicle
6504:
6490:
5857:
5843:
5675:. Online.wsj.com. Retrieved on 2012-04-18.
5367:
2598:and is more environmentally friendly than
2478:Environmental impact of hybrid car battery
2426:. The three most popular hybrid vehicles,
2179:Another subtype of hybrid vehicles is the
2011:400h, RX450h, GS450h, LS600h, and CT200h.
1442:
710:
696:
71:
5435:
5376:
4745:
4265:
4053:
3548:. AutoblogGreen. Retrieved on 2012-04-18.
2853:
2578:Learn how and when to remove this message
2326:Fuel consumption and emissions reductions
1862:
1835:Hybrid vehicle power train configurations
1690:Peugeot 2008 HYbrid air/hydraulic cutaway
1660:
6908:Cabriolet / Convertible / Drophead coupe
5457:
5455:
5316:
4194:
3759:
3645:
3617:
3502:
2917:European Union 2020 regulation standards
2211:
2150:
2134:
2018:
1881:
1867:
1853:
1616:
1613:Chrysler minivan, petro-hydraulic hybrid
1608:
1446:
1236:
1222:
1089:
996:Indian railway launched one of its kind
929:
864:
835:series hybrid electricâpetroleum bicycle
44:
7254:Homogeneous charge compression ignition
5419:Haxel, G; J. Hedrick; J. Orris (2002).
5342:
5340:
5338:
4988:
4522:
4414:
4036:. Modern Materials Handling. 2011-08-01
3572:
3434:
3060:
2594:, which has higher energy density than
2320:
2187:, which allows the vehicle to drive on
1924:
1262:. These encompass such vehicles as the
27:Vehicle using two or more power sources
14:
7568:
5412:
5248:IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics
4804:
4630:
4600:
4129:
4075:
3455:
3401:
3306:
3157:"Welcome to the electronic cycle site"
3100:. Future Bike Switzerland, J. Hölzle.
2733:project in northern Canada as well as
205:List of low-energy building techniques
6485:
5838:
5608:
5452:
4594:
4271:
4200:
3747:English Mechanic and World of Science
3618:Wingrove, Martyn (24 February 2022).
3326:RailPower Technologies (2006-07-12).
3254:"Japan to launch first hybrid trains"
3093:
2208:Road safety for cyclists, pedestrians
2007:, Ford Escape and Fusion, as well as
1980:Power-split or series-parallel hybrid
1598:
970:in 1999 and built in 2000. It was an
5727:
5461:
5335:
4726:Research in Transportation Economics
4569:
3966:. Epa.gov. Retrieved on 2012-04-18.
3563:. Autoblog. Retrieved on 2012-04-18.
2666:
2516:adding citations to reliable sources
2487:
2003:Passenger car installations include
1749:(3.1 L/100 km; 90 mpg
1741:(7.4 L/100 km; 38 mpg
5765:"2023 EPA Automotive Trends Report"
5346:
5317:Voelcker, John (4 September 2014).
4547:
4474:"All About Plug-In Hybrids (PHEVs)"
3591:
3404:"Hybrid Truck Unveiled by Kenworth"
2835:Driving ChangeâOne Hybrid at a time
2332:internal combustion engine vehicles
1992:Modern versions such as the Toyota
1889:, with a series-parallel drivetrain
1808:Electric-human power hybrid vehicle
1795:(2 L/100 km; 142 mpg
1643:
1258:is used, it most often refers to a
1086:Road transport, commercial vehicles
754:Two-wheeled and cycle-type vehicles
24:
5646:Tuesday, Stephen On. (2012-04-10)
5535:"Hybrid Cars Technology Overviews"
5409:. (PDF) . Retrieved on 2012-04-18.
4815:10.1016/b978-0-12-814778-8.00003-x
3829:
3281:"CNG-Diesel train launch in India"
2369:engines for improved fuel economy.
1849:
1219:Hybrid electric-petroleum vehicles
1190:manufactured by companies such as
1180:when the craft is on the surface.
25:
7607:
6918:Coupé de Ville / Sedanca de Ville
6091:Electric motorcycles and scooters
5806:
5633:Friday, Stephen On. (2012-04-06)
5586:"What is a self-charging hybrid?"
4476:. International Humanities Center
3760:Marshall, Robert W. (July 1979).
3546:Capturing the power of hydraulics
3435:Hetzner, Christian (2007-11-12),
3328:"GG Series: Hybrid Yard Switcher"
2741:How hybrid-electric vehicles work
2470:viewpoint which means reducing CO
2258:such as hybrid electric vehicle,
2228:'s Vehicle Sound for Pedestrians.
2070:arrangements have been common in
1830:Electric motorcycles and scooters
919:
5812:
5783:
5756:
5721:
5709:
5697:
5678:
5665:
5653:
5640:
5627:
5609:Coren, Michael J. (2020-01-26).
5602:
5578:
5569:
5560:
5551:
5527:
5508:
5393:
5377:Nishiyama, George (2007-11-08),
5310:
5290:
4054:Proefrock, Philip (2010-03-25).
3311:. Ecotality Life. Archived from
2965:
2951:
2896:
2671:
2492:
2260:plug-in hybrid electric vehicles
2047:series- or serial-hybrid vehicle
2014:
1701:In petro-hydraulic hybrids, the
1683:
1669:
860:
748:
676:
663:
662:
140:Energy efficiency implementation
6138:Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle
5239:
5225:
5211:
5197:
5183:
5169:
5155:
5141:
5123:
5104:
5083:
5069:
5055:
5041:
5027:
5009:
4982:
4935:
4883:
4869:
4857:
4838:
4807:Lithium-Ion Battery Chemistries
4770:
4717:
4689:
4664:
4650:
4624:
4508:
4487:
4465:
4447:
4433:
4408:
4383:
4362:
4344:
4326:
4308:
4290:
4240:
4226:Marc Carter (25 January 2013).
4219:
4173:
4148:
4123:
4094:
4069:
4047:
4026:
4001:
3976:
3957:
3932:
3907:
3878:
3849:
3823:
3803:
3783:
3753:
3735:
3713:
3694:
3675:
3661:
3639:
3630:
3611:
3585:
3566:
3428:
3410:
3395:
3382:
3368:
3344:
3319:
3300:
3067:(in German). Moby-Dick-Verlag.
2874:and battery electric vehicles.
2503:needs additional citations for
2291:Nissan Fuga Hybrid/Infiniti M35
2252:electric vehicle warning sounds
2234:Electric vehicle warning sounds
2181:plug-in hybrid electric vehicle
2131:Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle
2116:battery bank have been used by
2052:extended range electric vehicle
2035:extended range electric vehicle
1711:Environmental Protection Agency
1575:and diesels modified to run on
1391:motor-in-wheel-hub arrangements
396:Ocean thermal energy conversion
40:Hybrid vehicle (disambiguation)
7555:Template:EC car classification
6511:
6020:Battery electric multiple unit
3573:Komarow, Steven (2006-02-13).
3273:
3246:
3221:
3196:
3178:
3149:
3120:
3087:
3054:
2663:Raw materials increasing costs
2596:nickelâmetal hydride batteries
1490:can switch between an onboard
1213:
51:Toyota Prius NHW10 (1997â2000)
13:
1:
6121:Neighborhood Electric Vehicle
3456:Golson, Jordan (2014-09-30).
3402:Thomas, Justin (2007-03-27).
3048:
3012:Human-electric hybrid vehicle
2250:Several automakers developed
1566:million British thermal units
1498:depending on conditions (see
1161:Ships with both mast-mounted
225:Passive solar building design
6410:Who Killed the Electric Car?
6206:Common ethanol fuel mixtures
5732:. In Sandalow, David (ed.).
4968:10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2003.08.021
4809:, Elsevier, pp. 43â77,
4738:10.1016/j.retrec.2020.100826
4601:Dignan, Larry (2010-12-16).
4558:(Press release). PR Newswire
4472:California Cars Initiative.
4415:Stossel, Sage (2008-05-06).
4250:. 2014-10-02. Archived from
4076:Turpen, Aaron (2012-02-15).
3731:(10): 513â514. October 1891.
3646:Namowitz, Dan (2011-12-20).
3163:. 2015-05-06. Archived from
2815:
2616:with their partnership with
2159:is a plug-in hybrid with an
1582:Power-assist mechanisms for
1060:Kansas City Southern Railway
7:
6424:Revenge of the Electric Car
6015:Battery-electric locomotive
4272:Jolly, David (2013-03-01).
4181:"Hydraulic Hybrid Research"
4162:(Press release). 2011-01-19
4130:Hanlon, Mike (2011-01-26).
3592:Day, Lewin (20 July 2022).
3438:Hard sell for hybrid trucks
3307:Shabna, John (2007-10-25).
2944:
2872:fuel cell electric vehicles
2820:
2653:
2163:of 21 mi (34 km).
2147:of 25 mi (40 km).
2083:LohnerâPorsche Mixte Hybrid
1777:powertrain for assessment.
1745:) was returning 75 mpg
1197:
847:brushless DC electric motor
683:Renewable energy portal
401:Renewable energy transition
10:
7612:
7244:Gasoline / petrol
7008:Roadster / Spider / Spyder
3725:The Street Railway Journal
2789:Green vehicle § Types
2786:
2783:Alternative green vehicles
2481:
2244:internal combustion engine
2231:
2172:
2166:
1910:Mercedes-Benz OM651 engine
1841:Hybrid vehicle drivetrains
1838:
1602:
1452:Ford Escape Plug-in Hybrid
1421:Conduit current collection
1413:conduit current collection
1247:
1134:Military off-road vehicles
1024:diesel electric locomotive
949:Autorail à grande capacité
935:East Japan Railway Company
923:
851:internal combustion engine
771:internal combustion engine
29:
7540:
7464:
7384:(engine / drive)
7378:
7350:
7297:
7149:
7071:
6863:
6801:
6760:
6707:
6674:
6646:
6618:
6580:
6529:
6520:
6433:
6417:What Is the Electric Car?
6401:
6328:
6292:
6264:Hydrogen-powered aircraft
6244:
6168:
6000:
5970:
5913:
5890:
5872:
5866:Alternative fuel vehicles
5825:Hybrid Taxi Pilot Program
5736:. Brookings Institution.
5671:Buss, Dale. (2010-09-12)
5268:10.1109/TPEL.2012.2212917
5131:"Battery recycling plant"
4207:The Observer The Guardian
4201:Lewis, Tim (2013-03-23).
3441:, Reuters, archived from
3017:Hybrid vehicle drivetrain
3002:Global Hybrid Cooperation
2804:Other approaches include
2680:This article needs to be
1976:with micro hybrid drive.
1937:On-road examples include
1767:Artemis Intelligent Power
1630:pneumatic hybrid vehicles
1496:overhead electrical power
1408:battery electric vehicles
1069:
245:Sustainable refurbishment
7023:Sedan delivery/Panel van
6126:Plug-in electric vehicle
6106:Gyro flywheel locomotive
6084:Battery electric vehicle
5728:Shah, Saurin D. (2009).
5469:. London. Archived from
5464:"Great western minerals"
4106:Valentintechnologies.com
3749:(1713): 524. 1898-01-21.
3669:"Fuel Saving Calculator"
3519:"Demonstration Vehicles"
3262:. AP digital. 2007-07-29
3061:Neupert, Hannes (1997).
2775:Automatic start/shutoff.
2484:Electric vehicle battery
2460:battery electric vehicle
2417:Hybrid vehicle emissions
2175:Plug-in electric vehicle
1957:, BMW 7 Series hybrids,
1288:Toyota Highlander Hybrid
1156:
743:hybrid electric vehicles
230:Sustainable architecture
185:Glass in green buildings
175:Environmental technology
105:Compact fluorescent lamp
7284:Liquified petroleum gas
7096:Driverless (autonomous)
6346:Hybrid electric vehicle
6310:Liquid nitrogen vehicle
6305:Hybrid electric vehicle
6111:Hybrid electric vehicle
6074:Electric platform truck
5819:Hybrid-powered vehicles
5462:Lunn, J. (2006-10-03).
5446:2027/uc1.31822030852149
5428:USGS Fact Sheet: 087-02
4944:"Nickel carcinogenesis"
4395:Search.japantimes.co.jp
3094:Fuchs, Andreas (1999).
3022:List of hybrid vehicles
2864:hybrid electric vehicle
2256:electric drive vehicles
2240:hybrid electric vehicle
1590:are also included (see
1536:Liquified petroleum gas
1443:Hybrid fuel (dual mode)
1260:Hybrid electric vehicle
1250:Hybrid electric vehicle
1011:made a locomotive with
912:âexcepting non-nuclear
783:parallel hybrid bicycle
551:Human-powered transport
255:Tropical green building
190:Green building and wood
36:Hybrid electric vehicle
7189:Compressed natural gas
7116:Personal rapid transit
6471:Zero-emissions vehicle
5987:Compressed-air vehicle
5928:Solar-powered aircraft
5539:www.green-vehicles.com
5496:Cite journal requires
4898:(1). Springer: 17â22.
4370:"Honda IMA technology"
3886:"MDI's active chamber"
3743:"The Patton Motor Car"
2982:Alternative propulsion
2883:misleading advertising
2854:Misleading advertising
2806:personal rapid transit
2466:reduction effect from
2229:
2164:
2148:
2042:
1890:
1879:
1877:series-parallel hybrid
1865:
1661:Petro-hydraulic hybrid
1622:
1614:
1588:human-powered vehicles
1510:Flexible-fuel vehicles
1467:
1316:Hyundai Elantra Hybrid
1245:
1234:
1098:
1040:Railpower Technologies
1036:switching/yard engines
1013:sodiumânickel chloride
940:
910:hydraulic accumulators
880:
767:electric kick scooters
647:Personal rapid transit
389:Tidal stream generator
250:Thermal energy storage
170:Environmental planning
53:
7596:Fossil fuel phase-out
7591:Hybrid electric buses
7455:Dual motor-four-wheel
7053:Town (Coupé de Ville)
6341:Flexible-fuel vehicle
6269:Hydrogen-powered ship
6221:Flexible-fuel vehicle
6096:Electric kick scooter
5093:, SAE International,
4461:on December 29, 2008.
3259:Sydney Morning Herald
3037:Solid oxide fuel cell
2810:public transportation
2299:Hyundai Sonata Hybrid
2264:all-electric vehicles
2215:
2154:
2138:
2091:electric transmission
2022:
1885:
1871:
1857:
1620:
1612:
1458:capability to run on
1450:
1381:automobile. In 1900,
1312:Hyundai Sonata Hybrid
1240:
1226:
1111:for peak efficiency.
1093:
987:lithium-ion batteries
957:Genesee & Wyoming
933:
868:
798:series hybrid bicycle
491:Sustainable transport
436:Floating wind turbine
265:Zero heating building
180:Fossil fuel phase-out
48:
7466:Engine configuration
6466:Wind-powered vehicle
6050:Battery electric bus
5821:at Wikimedia Commons
5648:IntegrityExports.com
5635:IntegrityExports.com
5193:. 26 September 2018.
5137:. 19 September 2023.
5135:www.volkswagenag.com
5099:10.4271/j2288_199701
4340:. December 22, 2011.
4183:. US EPA. 2010-10-18
3768:. US. Archived from
2992:Efficient energy use
2860:self-charging hybrid
2759:Regenerative braking
2600:lead-based batteries
2512:improve this article
2351:regenerative braking
2321:Environmental issues
2222:plug-in electric car
1994:Hybrid Synergy Drive
1932:regenerative braking
1925:Mild parallel hybrid
1906:E 300 BlueTEC HYBRID
1863:mild parallel hybrid
1826:electric skateboards
1344:electric battery set
1308:Hyundai Ioniq Hybrid
985:, with roof-mounted
814:regenerative braking
625:Personal transporter
520:Wind-powered vehicle
364:Marine current power
270:Zero-energy building
130:Efficient energy use
7472:internal combustion
7274:Internal combustion
7081:All-terrain vehicle
7003:Retractable hardtop
6315:Natural gas vehicle
5260:2013ITPE...28.2151Y
4960:2003MRFMM.533...67K
4904:1980ArECT...9...17G
4678:. 16 September 2020
4631:Garcia, J. (2008).
2723:rare-earth elements
2365:engines instead of
2307:Toyota Camry Hybrid
2185:lithium-ion battery
1951:Honda Accord Hybrid
1781:PSA Peugeot Citroën
1577:waste vegetable oil
1332:internal combustion
1320:Kia Sportage Hybrid
1276:Toyota Camry Hybrid
1076:Rubber Tyred Gantry
897:hydraulic machinery
312:Carbon-neutral fuel
240:Sustainable habitat
95:Building insulation
83:Energy conservation
59:Part of a series on
5982:Compressed-air car
5948:List of prototypes
5690:2010-11-08 at the
5685:Motorauthority.com
5521:2011-02-12 at the
5405:2011-07-08 at the
5165:. 29 October 2018.
5117:2009-12-20 at the
4912:10.1007/bf01055496
4879:. 4 December 2012.
4851:2011-12-17 at the
4356:Green Car Congress
4278:The New York Times
3970:2011-08-09 at the
3721:"The Patton Motor"
3097:Velomobile Seminar
2705:rare-earth element
2388:rolling resistance
2230:
2165:
2161:all-electric range
2157:Ford Fusion Energi
2149:
2145:all-electric range
2141:Toyota Prius Prime
2106:all-electric range
2043:
1939:Honda Civic Hybrid
1904:The Mercedes-Benz
1891:
1887:Ford Escape Hybrid
1880:
1866:
1648:A French company,
1623:
1615:
1605:Compressed-air car
1599:Fluid power hybrid
1545:Silverado 2500 HDs
1468:
1328:Kia Sorento Hybrid
1296:Honda Civic Hybrid
1284:Ford Fusion Hybrid
1280:Ford Escape Hybrid
1246:
1235:
1099:
1038:built by Canada's
941:
881:
787:motorized bicycles
327:Geothermal heating
155:Energy saving lamp
65:Sustainable energy
54:
7586:Electric vehicles
7563:
7562:
6859:
6858:
6628:Compact executive
6479:
6478:
6388:Electric aircraft
6254:Fuel cell vehicle
6101:Fuel cell vehicle
6025:Electric aircraft
5957:Electric aircraft
5882:Fuel cell vehicle
5817:Media related to
5771:. OAR. p. 57
5743:978-0-8157-0305-1
5704:Credit-suisse.com
5323:Green Car Reports
5298:"Plug-in Hybrids"
4824:978-0-12-814778-8
3830:Halber, Deborah.
3766:Mother Earth News
3650:. Thomas A. Horne
3107:978-3-9520694-1-7
3074:978-3-89595-123-7
2987:Bivalent (engine)
2858:In 2019 the term
2701:
2700:
2588:
2587:
2580:
2562:
2468:carbon neutrality
2383:at the same time.
2295:Hyundai ix35 FCEV
2287:Honda FCX Clarity
2268:all-electric mode
2189:all-electric mode
2079:Ferdinand Porsche
2033:, also called an
1822:electric bicycles
1789:Robert Bosch GmbH
1785:Geneva Motor Show
1735:Volkswagen Beetle
1592:Motorized bicycle
1383:Ferdinand Porsche
1368:hybrid locomotive
1366:and sold a small
1346:. There are many
1151:thermal signature
1116:Volkswagen Beetle
1095:Cadillac Escalade
870:Bus rapid transit
806:chainless bicycle
793:are of this type.
763:electric bicycles
739:energy efficiency
728:hydraulic hybrids
720:
719:
317:Geothermal energy
16:(Redirected from
7603:
7475:
7434:Front-four-wheel
7385:
7248:direct injection
7159:Alternative fuel
6973:Multi-stop truck
6527:
6526:
6506:
6499:
6492:
6483:
6482:
6279:Hydrogen vehicle
6259:Hydrogen economy
6226:Methanol economy
6079:Electric vehicle
6030:Electric bicycle
6002:Electric battery
5900:Electric bicycle
5859:
5852:
5845:
5836:
5835:
5816:
5801:
5800:
5798:
5797:
5787:
5781:
5780:
5778:
5776:
5760:
5754:
5753:
5751:
5750:
5725:
5719:
5713:
5707:
5701:
5695:
5682:
5676:
5669:
5663:
5657:
5651:
5644:
5638:
5631:
5625:
5624:
5622:
5621:
5606:
5600:
5599:
5597:
5596:
5582:
5576:
5573:
5567:
5564:
5558:
5555:
5549:
5548:
5546:
5545:
5531:
5525:
5514:Livergood, Reed
5512:
5506:
5505:
5499:
5494:
5492:
5484:
5482:
5481:
5475:
5468:
5459:
5450:
5449:
5439:
5425:
5416:
5410:
5397:
5391:
5390:
5389:
5388:
5374:
5365:
5363:
5361:
5360:
5344:
5333:
5332:
5330:
5329:
5314:
5308:
5307:
5305:
5304:
5294:
5288:
5287:
5254:(5): 2151â2169.
5243:
5237:
5236:
5229:
5223:
5222:
5215:
5209:
5208:
5207:. 31 March 2022.
5201:
5195:
5194:
5191:"Sustainability"
5187:
5181:
5180:
5179:. 14 March 2022.
5173:
5167:
5166:
5159:
5153:
5152:
5145:
5139:
5138:
5127:
5121:
5108:
5102:
5101:
5087:
5081:
5080:
5073:
5067:
5066:
5065:. 14 March 2022.
5059:
5053:
5052:
5051:. 11 March 2022.
5045:
5039:
5038:
5031:
5025:
5024:
5023:. 22 March 2022.
5013:
5007:
5006:
4986:
4980:
4979:
4939:
4933:
4931:
4887:
4881:
4880:
4873:
4867:
4861:
4855:
4842:
4836:
4835:
4802:
4793:
4792:
4790:
4789:
4774:
4768:
4767:
4749:
4721:
4715:
4714:
4712:
4711:
4693:
4687:
4686:
4684:
4683:
4668:
4662:
4661:
4654:
4648:
4647:
4645:
4644:
4628:
4622:
4621:
4619:
4618:
4609:. Archived from
4598:
4592:
4591:
4589:
4588:
4573:
4567:
4566:
4564:
4563:
4551:
4545:
4544:
4542:
4541:
4526:
4520:
4519:
4512:
4506:
4505:
4503:
4502:
4491:
4485:
4484:
4482:
4481:
4469:
4463:
4462:
4457:. Archived from
4455:"afstrinity.com"
4451:
4445:
4444:
4437:
4431:
4430:
4428:
4427:
4412:
4406:
4405:
4403:
4402:
4387:
4381:
4380:
4378:
4377:
4366:
4360:
4359:
4348:
4342:
4341:
4330:
4324:
4323:
4312:
4306:
4305:
4294:
4288:
4287:
4285:
4284:
4269:
4263:
4262:
4260:
4259:
4244:
4238:
4237:
4235:
4234:
4223:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4213:
4198:
4192:
4191:
4189:
4188:
4177:
4171:
4170:
4168:
4167:
4160:Yosemite.epa.gov
4152:
4146:
4145:
4143:
4142:
4127:
4121:
4120:
4118:
4117:
4108:. Archived from
4098:
4092:
4091:
4089:
4088:
4073:
4067:
4066:
4064:
4063:
4051:
4045:
4044:
4042:
4041:
4030:
4024:
4023:
4021:
4020:
4011:. Archived from
4005:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3995:
3986:. Archived from
3980:
3974:
3961:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3951:
3936:
3930:
3929:
3927:
3926:
3911:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3901:
3892:. Archived from
3890:Thefuture.net.nz
3882:
3876:
3875:
3873:
3872:
3863:. Archived from
3853:
3847:
3846:
3844:
3843:
3834:. Archived from
3827:
3821:
3820:
3818:
3817:
3807:
3801:
3800:
3798:
3797:
3787:
3781:
3780:
3778:
3777:
3757:
3751:
3750:
3739:
3733:
3732:
3717:
3711:
3710:
3709:
3705:
3698:
3692:
3691:
3690:
3686:
3679:
3673:
3672:
3665:
3659:
3658:
3656:
3655:
3643:
3637:
3634:
3628:
3627:
3615:
3609:
3608:
3606:
3604:
3589:
3583:
3582:
3570:
3564:
3558:
3549:
3543:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3530:
3515:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3496:
3481:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3468:
3453:
3447:
3446:
3432:
3426:
3425:
3414:
3408:
3407:
3399:
3393:
3386:
3380:
3379:
3372:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3356:
3348:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3333:. Archived from
3332:
3323:
3317:
3316:
3304:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3294:
3277:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3267:
3250:
3244:
3243:
3241:
3240:
3225:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3215:
3206:. Archived from
3200:
3194:
3193:
3188:. Archived from
3182:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3172:
3153:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3143:
3134:. Archived from
3124:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3114:
3091:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3081:
3058:
2997:Electric vehicle
2975:
2970:
2969:
2968:
2961:
2956:
2955:
2696:
2693:
2687:
2675:
2674:
2667:
2632:Volkswagen Group
2583:
2576:
2572:
2569:
2563:
2561:
2527:"Hybrid vehicle"
2520:
2496:
2488:
2381:vehicle handling
2112:combined with a
1953:, Mercedes Benz
1945:2nd generation,
1917:; 67â74 mpg
1687:
1673:
1644:Petro-air hybrid
1626:Hydraulic hybrid
1052:Canadian Pacific
1009:General Electric
712:
705:
698:
685:
681:
680:
671:
666:
665:
503:Electric vehicle
352:Run-of-the-river
337:Hydroelectricity
322:Geothermal power
283:Renewable energy
235:Sustainable city
210:Low-energy house
150:Energy recycling
75:
56:
55:
21:
7611:
7610:
7606:
7605:
7604:
7602:
7601:
7600:
7576:Hybrid vehicles
7566:
7565:
7564:
7559:
7536:
7507:Single-cylinder
7469:
7468:
7460:
7448:Rear-four-wheel
7399:Front mid-front
7383:
7382:
7374:
7352:Engine position
7346:
7293:
7279:Liquid nitrogen
7145:
7073:
7067:
6855:
6797:
6756:
6703:
6689:Crossover (CUV)
6670:
6642:
6614:
6576:
6516:
6510:
6480:
6475:
6456:Wave power ship
6446:Ram air turbine
6429:
6397:
6336:Bi-fuel vehicle
6324:
6288:
6240:
6164:
6004:
5996:
5973:
5972:Compressed-air
5966:
5909:
5886:
5868:
5863:
5809:
5804:
5795:
5793:
5789:
5788:
5784:
5774:
5772:
5761:
5757:
5748:
5746:
5744:
5726:
5722:
5714:
5710:
5702:
5698:
5692:Wayback Machine
5683:
5679:
5670:
5666:
5660:Marketwatch.com
5658:
5654:
5645:
5641:
5632:
5628:
5619:
5617:
5607:
5603:
5594:
5592:
5590:DrivingElectric
5584:
5583:
5579:
5574:
5570:
5565:
5561:
5556:
5552:
5543:
5541:
5533:
5532:
5528:
5523:Wayback Machine
5513:
5509:
5497:
5495:
5486:
5485:
5479:
5477:
5473:
5466:
5460:
5453:
5437:10.3133/fs08702
5423:
5417:
5413:
5407:Wayback Machine
5398:
5394:
5386:
5384:
5375:
5368:
5358:
5356:
5347:Cox, C (2008).
5345:
5336:
5327:
5325:
5315:
5311:
5302:
5300:
5296:
5295:
5291:
5244:
5240:
5231:
5230:
5226:
5217:
5216:
5212:
5203:
5202:
5198:
5189:
5188:
5184:
5175:
5174:
5170:
5161:
5160:
5156:
5147:
5146:
5142:
5129:
5128:
5124:
5119:Wayback Machine
5109:
5105:
5089:
5088:
5084:
5075:
5074:
5070:
5061:
5060:
5056:
5047:
5046:
5042:
5033:
5032:
5028:
5015:
5014:
5010:
4991:Cancer Research
4987:
4983:
4940:
4936:
4888:
4884:
4875:
4874:
4870:
4862:
4858:
4853:Wayback Machine
4843:
4839:
4825:
4803:
4796:
4787:
4785:
4776:
4775:
4771:
4722:
4718:
4709:
4707:
4695:
4694:
4690:
4681:
4679:
4670:
4669:
4665:
4656:
4655:
4651:
4642:
4640:
4629:
4625:
4616:
4614:
4607:SmartPlanet.com
4599:
4595:
4586:
4584:
4575:
4574:
4570:
4561:
4559:
4552:
4548:
4539:
4537:
4528:
4527:
4523:
4514:
4513:
4509:
4500:
4498:
4493:
4492:
4488:
4479:
4477:
4470:
4466:
4453:
4452:
4448:
4439:
4438:
4434:
4425:
4423:
4413:
4409:
4400:
4398:
4389:
4388:
4384:
4375:
4373:
4368:
4367:
4363:
4350:
4349:
4345:
4332:
4331:
4327:
4314:
4313:
4309:
4296:
4295:
4291:
4282:
4280:
4270:
4266:
4257:
4255:
4246:
4245:
4241:
4232:
4230:
4224:
4220:
4211:
4209:
4199:
4195:
4186:
4184:
4179:
4178:
4174:
4165:
4163:
4154:
4153:
4149:
4140:
4138:
4128:
4124:
4115:
4113:
4100:
4099:
4095:
4086:
4084:
4074:
4070:
4061:
4059:
4052:
4048:
4039:
4037:
4032:
4031:
4027:
4018:
4016:
4007:
4006:
4002:
3993:
3991:
3982:
3981:
3977:
3972:Wayback Machine
3962:
3958:
3949:
3947:
3938:
3937:
3933:
3924:
3922:
3913:
3912:
3908:
3899:
3897:
3884:
3883:
3879:
3870:
3868:
3855:
3854:
3850:
3841:
3839:
3828:
3824:
3815:
3813:
3809:
3808:
3804:
3795:
3793:
3789:
3788:
3784:
3775:
3773:
3758:
3754:
3741:
3740:
3736:
3719:
3718:
3714:
3707:
3699:
3695:
3688:
3680:
3676:
3667:
3666:
3662:
3653:
3651:
3644:
3640:
3635:
3631:
3616:
3612:
3602:
3600:
3590:
3586:
3571:
3567:
3559:
3552:
3544:
3537:
3528:
3526:
3517:
3516:
3503:
3494:
3492:
3483:
3482:
3475:
3466:
3464:
3454:
3450:
3433:
3429:
3416:
3415:
3411:
3400:
3396:
3387:
3383:
3374:
3373:
3369:
3361:
3354:
3350:
3349:
3345:
3337:
3330:
3324:
3320:
3305:
3301:
3292:
3290:
3279:
3278:
3274:
3265:
3263:
3252:
3251:
3247:
3238:
3236:
3227:
3226:
3222:
3213:
3211:
3202:
3201:
3197:
3184:
3183:
3179:
3170:
3168:
3155:
3154:
3150:
3141:
3139:
3126:
3125:
3121:
3112:
3110:
3108:
3092:
3088:
3079:
3077:
3075:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3046:
3027:Multifuel stove
2971:
2966:
2964:
2957:
2950:
2947:
2939:
2934:
2924:
2919:
2899:
2868:plug-in hybrids
2856:
2823:
2818:
2791:
2785:
2743:
2721:Nearly all the
2712:electric motors
2697:
2691:
2688:
2685:
2676:
2672:
2665:
2656:
2626:
2584:
2573:
2567:
2564:
2521:
2519:
2509:
2497:
2486:
2480:
2473:
2465:
2451:
2447:
2425:
2419:
2410:noise emissions
2328:
2323:
2236:
2210:
2199:
2177:
2171:
2133:
2122:supercapacitors
2110:Supercapacitors
2100:introduced the
2087:wheel hub motor
2072:diesel-electric
2017:
1982:
1955:S400 BlueHYBRID
1927:
1920:
1916:
1913:(56â62 mpg
1852:
1850:Parallel hybrid
1847:
1839:Main articles:
1837:
1810:
1798:
1794:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1724:
1720:
1715:Ford Expedition
1703:energy recovery
1695:
1694:
1693:
1692:
1691:
1688:
1679:
1678:
1677:
1674:
1663:
1646:
1607:
1601:
1532:Bi-fuel vehicle
1445:
1404:
1340:electric motors
1324:Kia Niro Hybrid
1252:
1221:
1216:
1200:
1171:dieselâelectric
1159:
1136:
1124:Ford Expedition
1088:
1072:
1018:
1006:
995:
980:
965:
946:
928:
922:
899:, and ships. A
889:dieselâelectric
863:
756:
751:
735:fuel efficiency
716:
675:
674:
661:
654:
653:
493:
483:
482:
285:
275:
274:
260:Waste-to-energy
215:Microgeneration
145:Energy recovery
85:
43:
28:
23:
22:
18:Hybrid vehicles
15:
12:
11:
5:
7609:
7599:
7598:
7593:
7588:
7583:
7578:
7561:
7560:
7558:
7557:
7552:
7547:
7541:
7538:
7537:
7535:
7534:
7529:
7524:
7519:
7514:
7509:
7504:
7499:
7494:
7489:
7484:
7478:
7476:
7462:
7461:
7459:
7458:
7451:
7444:
7441:Mid-four-wheel
7437:
7430:
7423:
7416:
7409:
7402:
7395:
7388:
7386:
7376:
7375:
7373:
7372:
7367:
7362:
7356:
7354:
7348:
7347:
7345:
7344:
7339:
7334:
7329:
7324:
7319:
7314:
7309:
7303:
7301:
7295:
7294:
7292:
7291:
7286:
7281:
7276:
7271:
7266:
7256:
7251:
7241:
7236:
7231:
7226:
7221:
7211:
7205:
7196:
7191:
7186:
7181:
7176:
7171:
7166:
7161:
7155:
7153:
7147:
7146:
7144:
7143:
7138:
7133:
7128:
7123:
7118:
7113:
7108:
7103:
7098:
7093:
7088:
7083:
7077:
7075:
7069:
7068:
7066:
7065:
7060:
7055:
7050:
7045:
7040:
7035:
7030:
7028:Shooting brake
7025:
7020:
7018:Saloon / Sedan
7015:
7010:
7005:
7000:
6995:
6990:
6985:
6980:
6975:
6970:
6965:
6960:
6955:
6950:
6945:
6940:
6935:
6930:
6925:
6920:
6915:
6910:
6905:
6900:
6895:
6890:
6885:
6880:
6875:
6869:
6867:
6861:
6860:
6857:
6856:
6854:
6853:
6848:
6843:
6838:
6833:
6828:
6823:
6818:
6813:
6807:
6805:
6799:
6798:
6796:
6795:
6790:
6785:
6780:
6775:
6770:
6764:
6762:
6758:
6757:
6755:
6754:
6749:
6744:
6739:
6734:
6729:
6724:
6719:
6713:
6711:
6705:
6704:
6702:
6701:
6696:
6691:
6686:
6680:
6678:
6672:
6671:
6669:
6668:
6663:
6658:
6652:
6650:
6644:
6643:
6641:
6640:
6635:
6630:
6624:
6622:
6616:
6615:
6613:
6612:
6607:
6602:
6597:
6592:
6586:
6584:
6578:
6577:
6575:
6574:
6569:
6564:
6559:
6554:
6549:
6544:
6539:
6533:
6531:
6524:
6522:Classification
6518:
6517:
6509:
6508:
6501:
6494:
6486:
6477:
6476:
6474:
6473:
6468:
6463:
6458:
6453:
6448:
6443:
6437:
6435:
6431:
6430:
6428:
6427:
6420:
6413:
6405:
6403:
6399:
6398:
6396:
6395:
6390:
6385:
6384:
6383:
6378:
6368:
6366:Plug-in hybrid
6363:
6358:
6356:Hybrid vehicle
6353:
6348:
6343:
6338:
6332:
6330:
6326:
6325:
6323:
6322:
6317:
6312:
6307:
6302:
6296:
6294:
6290:
6289:
6287:
6286:
6281:
6276:
6274:Hydrogen train
6271:
6266:
6261:
6256:
6250:
6248:
6242:
6241:
6239:
6238:
6233:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6177:
6175:
6166:
6165:
6163:
6162:
6161:
6160:
6155:
6150:
6140:
6135:
6134:
6133:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6093:
6088:
6087:
6086:
6076:
6071:
6069:Electric truck
6066:
6065:
6064:
6054:
6053:
6052:
6042:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6011:
6009:
5998:
5997:
5995:
5994:
5989:
5984:
5978:
5976:
5968:
5967:
5965:
5964:
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5808:
5807:External links
5805:
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5451:
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4997:(22): 5251â6.
4981:
4954:(1â2): 67â97.
4934:
4882:
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4865:Hybridcars.com
4856:
4846:Hybridcars.com
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3473:
3448:
3427:
3424:on 2009-03-01.
3409:
3394:
3381:
3367:
3364:on 2008-02-28.
3343:
3340:on 2009-03-20.
3318:
3315:on 2009-02-28.
3299:
3286:Times of India
3272:
3245:
3220:
3195:
3192:on 2015-08-22.
3177:
3148:
3119:
3106:
3086:
3073:
3064:Das Power bike
3052:
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3009:
3007:Global warming
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2973:Ecology portal
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2363:Atkinson cycle
2355:
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2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2313:, and all the
2279:Chevrolet Volt
2232:Main article:
2224:equipped with
2220:was the first
2209:
2206:
2197:
2169:Plug-in hybrid
2167:Main article:
2132:
2129:
2024:Chevrolet Volt
2016:
2013:
1987:planetary gear
1981:
1978:
1970:Suzuki Wagon R
1966:Suzuki S-Cross
1959:General Motors
1926:
1923:
1918:
1914:
1851:
1848:
1836:
1833:
1809:
1806:
1796:
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1707:energy economy
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1645:
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1600:
1597:
1596:
1595:
1580:
1569:
1529:
1507:
1504:plug-in hybrid
1444:
1441:
1403:
1400:
1336:Diesel engines
1256:hybrid vehicle
1254:When the term
1248:Main article:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1199:
1196:
1158:
1155:
1149:mode with low
1135:
1132:
1097:hybrid version
1087:
1084:
1071:
1068:
1066:among others.
1016:
938:HB-E300 series
924:Main article:
921:
920:Rail transport
918:
905:turbine engine
893:turbo-electric
862:
859:
843:
842:
810:
809:
794:
775:electric motor
755:
752:
750:
747:
724:hybrid vehicle
718:
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630:Rail transport
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621:
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603:Roller skating
600:
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583:
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576:Cycle rickshaw
573:
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558:
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541:
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532:Human-electric
527:Hybrid vehicle
524:
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406:Renewable heat
403:
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195:Green building
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165:Energy storage
162:
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132:
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26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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7525:
7523:
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7508:
7505:
7503:
7502:Reciprocating
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7442:
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7420:Rear mid-rear
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7033:Station wagon
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6926:
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6923:Coupé utility
6921:
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6766:
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6759:
6753:
6750:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6740:
6738:
6737:Sport compact
6735:
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6725:
6723:
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6715:
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6712:
6710:
6706:
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6679:
6677:
6673:
6667:
6664:
6662:
6659:
6657:
6654:
6653:
6651:
6649:
6648:Minivan / MPV
6645:
6639:
6636:
6634:
6631:
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6626:
6625:
6623:
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6617:
6611:
6608:
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6502:
6500:
6495:
6493:
6488:
6487:
6484:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6462:
6461:Windmill ship
6459:
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6447:
6444:
6442:
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6432:
6426:
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6421:
6419:
6418:
6414:
6412:
6411:
6407:
6406:
6404:
6402:Documentaries
6400:
6394:
6393:Electric boat
6391:
6389:
6386:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6373:
6372:
6371:Solar vehicle
6369:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6333:
6331:
6329:Multiple-fuel
6327:
6321:
6318:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6306:
6303:
6301:
6298:
6297:
6295:
6291:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6251:
6249:
6247:
6243:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6231:Methanol fuel
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6178:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6167:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6146:
6145:
6144:
6143:Solar vehicle
6141:
6139:
6136:
6132:
6129:
6128:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6085:
6082:
6081:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6063:
6060:
6059:
6058:
6055:
6051:
6048:
6047:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6040:Electric boat
6038:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6012:
6010:
6008:
6003:
5999:
5993:
5992:Tesla turbine
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5979:
5977:
5975:
5969:
5963:
5962:Electric boat
5960:
5958:
5955:
5949:
5946:
5945:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5925:
5924:
5923:Solar vehicle
5921:
5920:
5918:
5916:
5912:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5897:
5895:
5893:
5889:
5883:
5880:
5879:
5877:
5875:
5871:
5867:
5860:
5855:
5853:
5848:
5846:
5841:
5840:
5837:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5820:
5815:
5811:
5810:
5792:
5786:
5770:
5766:
5759:
5745:
5739:
5735:
5731:
5724:
5718:
5712:
5705:
5700:
5693:
5689:
5686:
5681:
5674:
5668:
5661:
5656:
5649:
5643:
5636:
5630:
5616:
5612:
5605:
5591:
5587:
5581:
5572:
5563:
5554:
5540:
5536:
5530:
5524:
5520:
5517:
5511:
5503:
5490:
5476:on 2013-06-04
5472:
5465:
5458:
5456:
5447:
5443:
5438:
5433:
5429:
5422:
5415:
5408:
5404:
5401:
5396:
5382:
5381:
5373:
5371:
5355:on 2008-04-21
5354:
5350:
5343:
5341:
5339:
5324:
5320:
5313:
5299:
5293:
5285:
5281:
5277:
5273:
5269:
5265:
5261:
5257:
5253:
5249:
5242:
5234:
5228:
5220:
5214:
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5192:
5186:
5178:
5172:
5164:
5158:
5150:
5144:
5136:
5132:
5126:
5120:
5116:
5113:
5107:
5100:
5096:
5092:
5086:
5078:
5072:
5064:
5058:
5050:
5044:
5036:
5030:
5022:
5018:
5012:
5004:
5000:
4996:
4992:
4985:
4977:
4973:
4969:
4965:
4961:
4957:
4953:
4949:
4945:
4938:
4929:
4925:
4921:
4917:
4913:
4909:
4905:
4901:
4897:
4893:
4886:
4878:
4872:
4866:
4860:
4854:
4850:
4847:
4841:
4834:
4830:
4826:
4820:
4816:
4812:
4808:
4801:
4799:
4783:
4782:HowStuffWorks
4779:
4773:
4765:
4761:
4757:
4753:
4748:
4747:11368/2965242
4743:
4739:
4735:
4731:
4727:
4720:
4705:
4703:
4698:
4692:
4677:
4673:
4667:
4660:. 2010-12-06.
4659:
4653:
4639:on 2010-01-17
4638:
4634:
4627:
4613:on 2010-12-19
4612:
4608:
4604:
4597:
4583:on 2010-12-22
4582:
4578:
4572:
4557:
4550:
4536:on 2010-08-27
4535:
4531:
4525:
4518:. 2011-03-07.
4517:
4511:
4496:
4490:
4475:
4468:
4460:
4456:
4450:
4443:. 2010-10-11.
4442:
4436:
4422:
4418:
4411:
4396:
4392:
4386:
4372:. Honda Motor
4371:
4365:
4357:
4353:
4347:
4339:
4335:
4329:
4321:
4320:marsMediaSite
4317:
4311:
4303:
4299:
4293:
4279:
4275:
4268:
4254:on 2015-09-05
4253:
4249:
4243:
4229:
4222:
4208:
4204:
4197:
4182:
4176:
4161:
4157:
4151:
4137:
4133:
4126:
4112:on 2013-04-21
4111:
4107:
4103:
4097:
4083:
4079:
4072:
4057:
4050:
4035:
4029:
4015:on 2015-05-25
4014:
4010:
4004:
3990:on 2013-10-17
3989:
3985:
3979:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3960:
3945:
3941:
3935:
3921:on 2013-05-09
3920:
3916:
3910:
3896:on 2011-05-07
3895:
3891:
3887:
3881:
3867:on 2013-05-20
3866:
3862:
3858:
3852:
3838:on 2013-04-06
3837:
3833:
3826:
3812:
3806:
3792:
3786:
3772:on 2009-05-08
3771:
3767:
3763:
3756:
3748:
3744:
3738:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3716:
3703:
3697:
3684:
3678:
3670:
3664:
3649:
3648:"AOPA ONLINE"
3642:
3633:
3625:
3621:
3614:
3599:
3595:
3588:
3580:
3576:
3569:
3562:
3557:
3555:
3547:
3542:
3540:
3524:
3520:
3514:
3512:
3510:
3508:
3506:
3491:on 2012-10-25
3490:
3486:
3480:
3478:
3463:
3459:
3452:
3445:on 2014-09-03
3444:
3440:
3439:
3431:
3423:
3419:
3413:
3406:. TreeHugger.
3405:
3398:
3392:
3385:
3377:
3371:
3360:
3353:
3347:
3336:
3329:
3322:
3314:
3310:
3303:
3288:
3287:
3282:
3276:
3261:
3260:
3255:
3249:
3234:
3230:
3224:
3210:on 2013-06-05
3209:
3205:
3199:
3191:
3187:
3181:
3167:on 2015-10-16
3166:
3162:
3158:
3152:
3138:on 2005-11-10
3137:
3133:
3129:
3123:
3109:
3103:
3099:
3098:
3090:
3076:
3070:
3066:
3065:
3057:
3053:
3043:
3042:Triple-hybrid
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2974:
2963:
2960:
2959:Energy portal
2954:
2949:
2942:
2929:
2926:
2914:
2911:
2907:
2905:
2897:Adoption rate
2894:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2875:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2840:
2836:
2830:
2826:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2802:
2800:
2796:
2790:
2776:
2773:
2769:
2766:
2762:
2760:
2756:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2749:and electric
2748:
2738:
2736:
2732:
2727:
2724:
2719:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2706:
2695:
2692:February 2014
2683:
2678:
2669:
2668:
2660:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2644:Mercedes-Benz
2641:
2637:
2633:
2628:
2620:
2619:
2615:
2610:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2582:
2579:
2571:
2560:
2557:
2553:
2550:
2546:
2543:
2539:
2536:
2532:
2529: â
2528:
2524:
2523:Find sources:
2517:
2513:
2507:
2506:
2501:This section
2499:
2495:
2490:
2489:
2485:
2475:
2469:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2433:
2432:Honda Insight
2429:
2414:
2411:
2403:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2389:
2385:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2371:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2359:
2358:
2352:
2348:
2345:
2344:driving cycle
2341:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2318:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2271:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2248:
2245:
2241:
2235:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2214:
2205:
2201:
2193:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2176:
2170:
2162:
2158:
2153:
2146:
2142:
2137:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2094:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2073:
2067:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2053:
2048:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2031:series hybrid
2029:
2025:
2021:
2015:Series hybrid
2012:
2010:
2006:
2001:
1997:
1995:
1990:
1988:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1943:Honda Insight
1940:
1935:
1933:
1922:
1911:
1907:
1902:
1900:
1899:Honda Insight
1895:
1888:
1884:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1864:
1860:
1859:Honda Insight
1856:
1846:
1842:
1832:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1805:
1802:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
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1762:
1758:
1754:
1736:
1730:
1728:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1699:
1686:
1672:
1658:
1655:
1651:
1641:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1619:
1611:
1606:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1578:
1574:
1573:autogas (LPG)
1570:
1567:
1564:($ 28.00 per
1563:
1562:megawatt-hour
1559:
1555:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1501:
1500:dual-mode bus
1497:
1493:
1492:diesel engine
1489:
1485:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1456:flexible fuel
1453:
1449:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1429:electric rail
1426:
1422:
1416:
1414:
1409:
1399:
1395:
1392:
1388:
1387:series-hybrid
1384:
1380:
1376:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1300:Lexus RX 400h
1297:
1293:
1292:Honda Insight
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1251:
1244:
1239:
1233:
1230:
1225:
1211:
1208:
1204:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1178:diesel engine
1175:
1172:
1168:
1167:steam engines
1164:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1141:
1140:serial hybrid
1131:
1129:
1125:
1119:
1117:
1112:
1110:
1105:
1096:
1092:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1067:
1065:
1064:Union Pacific
1061:
1057:
1053:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1014:
1010:
1005:
1004:North America
1001:
999:
994:
990:
988:
984:
979:
975:
973:
969:
964:
960:
958:
954:
950:
945:
939:
936:
932:
927:
917:
915:
911:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
879:
875:
871:
867:
861:Heavy vehicle
858:
856:
852:
848:
840:
836:
832:
831:
830:
828:
824:
820:
815:
807:
804:) (a kind of
803:
799:
795:
792:
788:
784:
780:
779:
778:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
749:Vehicle types
746:
744:
740:
736:
731:
729:
725:
713:
708:
706:
701:
699:
694:
693:
691:
690:
684:
679:
673:
670:
660:
659:
658:
657:
648:
645:
644:
643:
642:Rapid transit
640:
636:
633:
632:
631:
628:
626:
623:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
608:Skateboarding
606:
604:
601:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
568:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
553:
552:
549:
545:
542:
538:
535:
534:
533:
530:
529:
528:
525:
521:
518:
516:
515:Solar vehicle
513:
509:
506:
505:
504:
501:
500:
499:
498:Green vehicle
496:
495:
492:
487:
486:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
423:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
379:Tidal barrage
377:
376:
375:
372:
370:
369:Marine energy
367:
365:
362:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
334:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
296:
293:
292:
291:
288:
287:
284:
279:
278:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
220:Passive house
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
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173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
158:
156:
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151:
148:
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143:
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138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
126:
123:
121:
118:
116:
113:
111:
108:
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103:
101:
98:
96:
93:
91:
88:
87:
84:
79:
78:
74:
70:
69:
66:
63:
62:
58:
57:
52:
47:
41:
37:
33:
19:
7342:Twelve-wheel
7299:Drive wheels
7072:Specialized
6993:Pickup truck
6898:Cabrio coach
6742:Sports sedan
6717:Grand tourer
6422:
6415:
6408:
6355:
6351:Hybrid train
6216:Ethanol fuel
6196:Butanol fuel
6181:Alcohol fuel
6116:Hybrid train
6057:Electric car
6045:Electric bus
5794:. Retrieved
5785:
5773:. Retrieved
5768:
5758:
5747:. Retrieved
5733:
5723:
5711:
5699:
5680:
5667:
5655:
5642:
5629:
5618:. Retrieved
5614:
5604:
5593:. Retrieved
5589:
5580:
5571:
5562:
5553:
5542:. Retrieved
5538:
5529:
5510:
5489:cite journal
5478:. Retrieved
5471:the original
5427:
5414:
5395:
5385:, retrieved
5379:
5357:. Retrieved
5353:the original
5326:. Retrieved
5322:
5312:
5301:. Retrieved
5292:
5251:
5247:
5241:
5227:
5213:
5199:
5185:
5171:
5157:
5143:
5134:
5125:
5106:
5090:
5085:
5071:
5057:
5043:
5029:
5020:
5011:
4994:
4990:
4984:
4951:
4947:
4937:
4895:
4891:
4885:
4871:
4859:
4840:
4806:
4786:. Retrieved
4784:. 2010-12-06
4781:
4772:
4729:
4725:
4719:
4708:. Retrieved
4706:. 2021-09-08
4700:
4691:
4680:. Retrieved
4675:
4666:
4652:
4641:. Retrieved
4637:the original
4626:
4615:. Retrieved
4611:the original
4606:
4596:
4585:. Retrieved
4581:the original
4571:
4560:. Retrieved
4549:
4538:. Retrieved
4534:the original
4524:
4510:
4499:. Retrieved
4495:"Prius PHEV"
4489:
4478:. Retrieved
4467:
4459:the original
4449:
4435:
4424:. Retrieved
4421:The Atlantic
4420:
4410:
4399:. Retrieved
4397:. 1997-08-22
4394:
4385:
4374:. Retrieved
4364:
4355:
4346:
4337:
4328:
4319:
4310:
4301:
4292:
4281:. Retrieved
4277:
4267:
4256:. Retrieved
4252:the original
4242:
4231:. Retrieved
4221:
4210:. Retrieved
4206:
4196:
4185:. Retrieved
4175:
4164:. Retrieved
4159:
4150:
4139:. Retrieved
4135:
4125:
4114:. Retrieved
4110:the original
4105:
4096:
4085:. Retrieved
4081:
4071:
4060:. Retrieved
4049:
4038:. Retrieved
4028:
4017:. Retrieved
4013:the original
4003:
3992:. Retrieved
3988:the original
3978:
3959:
3948:. Retrieved
3946:. 2013-05-07
3943:
3934:
3923:. Retrieved
3919:the original
3909:
3898:. Retrieved
3894:the original
3889:
3880:
3869:. Retrieved
3865:the original
3860:
3851:
3840:. Retrieved
3836:the original
3825:
3814:. Retrieved
3805:
3794:. Retrieved
3785:
3774:. Retrieved
3770:the original
3765:
3755:
3746:
3737:
3728:
3724:
3715:
3696:
3677:
3663:
3652:. Retrieved
3641:
3632:
3623:
3613:
3601:. Retrieved
3597:
3587:
3578:
3568:
3527:. Retrieved
3525:. 2012-10-18
3522:
3493:. Retrieved
3489:the original
3465:. Retrieved
3461:
3451:
3443:the original
3437:
3430:
3422:the original
3412:
3397:
3391:Galegroup.co
3384:
3370:
3359:the original
3346:
3335:the original
3321:
3313:the original
3302:
3291:. Retrieved
3289:. 2015-01-15
3284:
3275:
3264:. Retrieved
3257:
3248:
3237:. Retrieved
3235:. 2007-10-24
3232:
3223:
3212:. Retrieved
3208:the original
3198:
3190:the original
3180:
3169:. Retrieved
3165:the original
3160:
3151:
3140:. Retrieved
3136:the original
3131:
3122:
3111:. Retrieved
3096:
3089:
3078:. Retrieved
3063:
3056:
2930:
2927:
2920:
2912:
2908:
2900:
2876:
2859:
2857:
2848:
2844:
2842:inaccurate.
2839:greenwashing
2834:
2831:
2827:
2824:
2803:
2792:
2774:
2767:
2757:
2750:
2746:
2744:
2728:
2720:
2702:
2689:
2681:
2657:
2629:
2621:
2611:
2607:
2604:
2589:
2574:
2565:
2555:
2548:
2541:
2534:
2522:
2510:Please help
2505:verification
2502:
2454:
2443:
2440:
2436:Toyota Prius
2420:
2407:
2377:aerodynamics
2356:
2329:
2315:Prius family
2311:Lexus CT200h
2303:Honda Fit EV
2283:Fisker Karma
2272:
2249:
2237:
2202:
2194:
2178:
2126:
2095:
2090:
2068:
2064:Fisker Karma
2056:
2046:
2044:
2038:
2034:
2005:Toyota Prius
2002:
1998:
1991:
1983:
1974:Smart fortwo
1936:
1928:
1903:
1896:
1892:
1873:Toyota Prius
1811:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1731:
1700:
1696:
1647:
1636:(liquid) or
1624:
1488:trolleybuses
1469:
1417:
1405:
1396:
1385:developed a
1375:Henri Pieper
1372:
1360:
1351:
1272:Toyota Yaris
1268:Toyota Prius
1255:
1253:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1188:towing kites
1185:
1182:
1160:
1137:
1120:
1113:
1100:
1073:
1048:
1026:include the
1021:
1003:
1002:
992:
991:
977:
976:
962:
961:
943:
942:
926:Hybrid train
885:power trains
882:
844:
838:
834:
827:quadricycles
811:
801:
797:
782:
757:
732:
723:
721:
581:Kick scooter
566:Land vehicle
526:
135:Energy audit
100:Cogeneration
7492:Four-stroke
7392:Front-front
7332:Eight-wheel
7307:Front-wheel
7239:Natural gas
7224:Fossil fuel
7179:Biogasoline
6865:Body styles
6793:Vintage car
6201:Biogasoline
5915:Solar power
5892:Human power
5775:12 December
5769:www.epa.gov
5717:Calcars.org
5112:Hitachi.com
4058:. Inhabitat
2795:fossil fuel
2768:Dual power.
2731:Hoidas Lake
2592:Lithium-ion
2428:Honda Civic
2305:, the 2012
2275:Nissan Leaf
2218:Nissan Leaf
2118:AFS Trinity
2114:lithium-ion
2077:and ships.
2075:locomotives
1962:BAS Hybrids
1814:Sinclair C5
1725:) highway.
1654:Tata Motors
1540:natural gas
1356:Mild hybrid
1352:Full hybrid
1243:Optare Solo
1214:Engine type
1207:fuel cell.
1007:In the US,
765:, and even
586:Quadracycle
441:Forecasting
374:Tidal power
357:Small hydro
342:Micro hydro
295:Sustainable
160:Energy Star
7570:Categories
7517:Two-stroke
7413:Front-rear
7406:Rear-front
7322:Four-wheel
7312:Rear-wheel
7151:Propulsion
7141:Voiturette
7126:Flying car
7121:Police car
7086:Amphibious
6998:Quad coupé
6888:Berlinetta
6605:Street rod
6547:Subcompact
5796:2015-05-30
5749:2011-08-11
5620:2020-10-22
5595:2019-04-17
5544:2015-11-16
5480:2013-04-30
5387:2013-04-30
5359:2008-03-18
5328:2015-05-30
5303:2015-05-30
4788:2020-04-04
4732:: 100826.
4710:2021-11-10
4682:2020-11-11
4643:2009-11-22
4617:2010-12-17
4587:2010-12-17
4562:2010-12-17
4540:2010-08-25
4501:2012-01-14
4480:2013-05-01
4426:2009-10-17
4401:2009-10-17
4376:2009-05-01
4283:2013-03-02
4258:2015-06-30
4233:2015-05-30
4212:2013-03-25
4187:2013-04-22
4166:2013-04-22
4141:2013-04-22
4136:Gizmag.com
4116:2013-04-22
4087:2013-04-22
4062:2013-04-22
4040:2013-04-22
4019:2015-05-30
3994:2013-10-17
3950:2013-04-22
3944:Gizmag.com
3925:2013-04-22
3900:2010-12-12
3871:2013-04-30
3861:Aircars.tk
3842:2013-03-31
3816:2013-03-31
3796:2013-03-31
3776:2012-04-18
3654:2018-05-10
3529:2013-04-22
3495:2013-04-22
3467:2014-10-01
3293:2015-04-22
3266:2013-04-30
3239:2012-01-13
3214:2012-06-05
3171:2013-04-22
3161:bluewin.ch
3142:2013-04-30
3113:2006-01-11
3080:2007-02-27
3049:References
2764:batteries.
2735:Mount Weld
2708:dysprosium
2538:newspapers
2386:Using low
2375:Improving
2367:Otto cycle
2173:See also:
2102:Chevy Volt
1947:Honda CR-Z
1919:‑imp
1801:Citroën C3
1797:‑imp
1751:‑imp
1743:‑imp
1723:‑imp
1719:‑imp
1603:See also:
1586:and other
1526:biobutanol
1482:vehicles:
1472:propulsion
1437:third rail
1389:using two
1264:Saturn Vue
1028:Green Goat
953:Bombardier
914:submarines
855:3D printed
618:Watercraft
596:Velomobile
556:Helicopter
384:Tidal farm
347:Pico hydro
332:Hydropower
115:Eco-cities
7427:Rear-rear
7337:Ten-wheel
7327:Six-wheel
7317:Two-wheel
7229:Fuel cell
7169:Biodiesel
7136:Tow truck
7111:Pedal car
7091:Connected
7063:Vis-Ă -vis
7038:Targa top
6983:Panel van
6978:Notchback
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2654:Charging
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1514:gasoline
1433:trolleys
1232:Metrobus
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