385:
196:
372:
25:
183:
606:
survived long enough to go extinct at the close of the
Miocene. Traditionally, this has been attributed to competition with carnivorans, but no formal examination of the correlation between the decline of hyaenodonts and the expansion of carnivorans has been recorded, and the latter may simply have
1225:
Solé F. (2010) "Les premiers placentaires carnassiers européens (Oxyaenodonta, Hyaenodontida et
Carnivora): origine, évolution, paléoécologie et paléobiogéographie; apport des faunes de l'Eocène inférieur du Bassin de Paris." Paris: Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle. 703
463:. However, some hyaenodonts possessed as many as three sequential pairs of carnassials or carnassial-like molar teeth in their jaws. Hyaenodonts, like all creodonts, lacked post-carnassial crushing molar teeth, such as those found in many carnivoran families, especially the
484:
show that juveniles took 3 to 4 years in the last stage of tooth eruption, implying a very long adolescent phase. In North
American forms, the first upper premolar erupts before the first upper molar, while European forms show an earlier eruption of the first upper molar.
1249:
Solé, F.; Lhuillier, J.; Adaci, M.; Bensalah, M.; Mahboubi, M.; Tabuce, R. (2013-07-16). "The hyaenodontidans from the Gour Lazib area (?Early Eocene, Algeria): implications concerning the systematics and the origin of the
Hyainailourinae and Teratodontinae".
1109:"Hyainailourine and teratodontine cranial material from the late Eocene of Egypt and the application of parsimony and Bayesian methods to the phylogeny and biogeography of Hyaenodonta (Placentalia, Mammalia)"
527:
They were important hypercarnivores in
Eurasia, Africa, and North America during the Oligocene, but declined towards the end of the epoch, with almost the entire order becoming extinct by the close of the
455:
or smaller felids of today while the larger forms functioned as apex predators focusing on larger prey, wielding their mighty jaws as their principal weapon as they lacked grasping forelimbs. The
432:), which may have been as large as 1.4 m high at the shoulder, 3.0 m long and weighed about 330 kg. Most hyaenodonts, however, were in the 5–15 kg range, equivalent to a mid-sized
392:
Hyaenodonts are characterized by long, often disproportionately large skulls, slender jaws, and slim bodies. They generally ranged in size from 30 to 140 cm at the shoulder. While
1762:"Dental topographic and three-dimensional geometric morphometric analysis of carnassialization in different clades of carnivorous mammals (Dasyuromorphia, Carnivora, Hyaenodonta)"
1704:"Dispersals of placental carnivorous mammals (Carnivoramorpha, Oxyaenodonta & Hyaenodontida) near the Paleocene-Eocene boundary: a climatic and almost worldwide story"
447:
or semidigitigrade. Because of their size range, it is probable that different species hunted in different ways, which allowed them to fill many different predatory
1235:
Morlo, M., Gunnell, G. F. and Polly, P. D. (2009). "What, if not nothing, is a creodont? Phylogeny and classification of
Hyaenodontida and other former creodonts."
1941:
Morlo, M.; Gunnell, G.; Polly, P. D. (2009). "What, if not nothing, is a creodont? Phylogeny and classification of
Hyaenodontida and other former creodonts".
2487:
2397:
1641:
Laudet, V.; Grohé, C.; Morlo, M.; Chaimanee, Y.; Blondel, C.; Coster, P.; Valentin, X.; Salem, M.; Bilal, A. A.; Jaeger, J. J.; Brunet, M. (2012-11-21).
436:. The anatomy of their skulls show that they had a particularly acute sense of smell, while their teeth were adapted for shearing, rather than crushing.
1021:
1160:"The first hyaenodont from the late Oligocene Nsungwe Formation of Tanzania: Paleoecological insights into the Paleogene-Neogene carnivore transition"
3293:
3285:
3018:
2437:
2389:
999:
988:
1216:
Van Valen, L. (1967). "New
Paleocene insectivores and insectivore classification." Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 135(5):217-284
3429:
3399:
3309:
3301:
2679:
2421:
1032:
1010:
1643:"New Apterodontinae (Hyaenodontida) from the Eocene Locality of Dur At-Talah (Libya): Systematic, Paleoecological and Phylogenetical Implications"
3437:
2954:
2924:
2898:
2792:
2445:
2301:
939:
4129:
4007:
3616:
3325:
3277:
3057:
2838:
2776:
2705:
2578:
2540:
2471:
2357:
1054:
977:
867:
847:
680:
4145:
4023:
3999:
3815:
3499:
3469:
3383:
3142:
3002:
2429:
2413:
2381:
2325:
764:
1864:"Introduction. Evolution of South American Mammalian Predators During the Cenozoic: Paleobiogeographic and Paleoenvironmental Contingencies"
1548:
Wang, Xiaoming; and
Tedford, Richard H. (2008). "Dogs: Their Fossil Relatives and Evolutionary History." New York: Columbia University Press
4176:
4015:
3959:
3799:
3507:
3317:
3242:
3188:
3065:
2916:
2908:
2745:
2405:
2235:
2219:
1043:
691:
582:
1969:"Evolution of the hypercarnivorous dentition in mammals (Metatheria, Eutheria) and its bearing on the development of tribosphenic molars."
3640:
3234:
3212:
3026:
2994:
2946:
2503:
2373:
2365:
2205:
2197:
1287:"A New Large Hyainailourine from the Bartonian of Europe and Its Bearings on the Evolution and Ecology of Massive Hyaenodonts (Mammalia)"
3919:
3847:
3807:
3791:
3445:
3196:
3172:
2737:
2721:
2495:
1729:
2986:
2962:
2641:
2594:
2556:
2309:
910:
1983:"The hyaenodonts (Mammalia) from the French locality of Aumelas (Hérault), with possible new representatives from the late Ypresian"
3689:
1717:"Hyaenodonts and carnivorans from the early Oligocene to early Miocene Xianshuihe Formation, Lanzhou Basin, Gansu Provinnce, China"
1468:, gen. et sp. nov. (Hyainailourinae, Hyaenodonta, 'Creodonta,' Mammalia), a gigantic carnivore from the earliest Miocene of Kenya"
1355:, gen. et sp. nov. (Hyainailourinae, Hyaenodonta, 'Creodonta,' Mammalia), a gigantic carnivore from the earliest Miocene of Kenya"
3096:
2031:
721:
406:, which have much smaller skulls for their body size. Other large hyaenodonts include two close and later-surviving relatives of
1450:
68:
50:
1703:
1563:"Deciduous dentition and dental eruption of Hyainailouroidea (Hyaenodonta, "Creodonta," Placentalia, Mammalia)"
35:
1562:
1804:
1515:"Body Mass Estimates in Extinct Mammals from Limb Bone Dimensions: the Case of North American Hyaenodontids"
2024:
195:
384:
478:
in that they replaced their deciduous dentition slower in development than carnivorans. Studies on
516:, implying close biogeographical connections between these areas. Afterwards, they dispersed into
1982:
1601:(Hyaenodontidae, Mammalia) and new information on the ontogenetic development of its dentition".
1597:
Bastl, Katharina Anna (2013). "First evidence of the tooth eruption sequence of the upper jaw in
46:
4267:
1863:
4202:
2017:
1730:""New Remains of Hyaenodontidae (Creodonta, Mammalia) From the Oligocene of Central Mongolia""
4262:
4240:
1906:
gen. et comb. nov. and the cladisitic relationships of
Hyaenodontidae (Eutheria, Mammalia)".
1463:
1350:
1078:
402:
in size), this estimate is suspect due to being based on skull-body size ratios derived from
1968:
1736:
4290:
4249:
1654:
1479:
1366:
1298:
1171:
651:
containing two unrelated clades assumed to be closely related (or ancestral) to Carnivora.
8:
3894:
3876:
624:, the other clade of mammals originally classified along with the hyaenodonts as part of
1658:
1483:
1370:
1302:
1175:
2568:
1923:
1840:
1716:
1677:
1642:
1618:
1495:
1407:, a middle and late Miocene proviverrine creodont (Mammalia) from Pakistan and Kenya".
1382:
1321:
1286:
1267:
1194:
1159:
1135:
1108:
877:
377:
293:
190:
2878:
2870:
1845:
1827:
1682:
1499:
1446:
1386:
1326:
1199:
1140:
648:
42:
1999:
1927:
1622:
1271:
2606:
1994:
1954:
1950:
1919:
1915:
1888:
1884:
1835:
1819:
1783:
1773:
1672:
1662:
1610:
1574:
1526:
1487:
1420:
1416:
1374:
1316:
1306:
1259:
1189:
1179:
1130:
1120:
920:
448:
337:
1491:
1378:
1285:
Solé, F.; Amson, E.; Borths, M.; Vidalenc, D.; Morlo, M.; Bastl, K. (2015-09-23).
4225:
3577:
3565:
2978:
2691:
2616:
2281:
2134:
2009:
1667:
1311:
1263:
1184:
930:
806:
171:
422:(the latter likely being the largest in the group), and the much earlier-living
4165:
3489:
3373:
2936:
2804:
2713:
2661:
2649:
2291:
2077:
948:
816:
534:
489:
471:, and thus lacked dental versatility for processing any foods other than meat.
418:
1788:
1614:
4284:
3823:
3752:
3162:
2830:
2586:
2461:
2333:
2125:
2113:
2041:
1831:
825:
787:
546:
521:
460:
412:
351:. Hyaenodonts were important mammalian predators that arose during the early
344:
260:
124:
1531:
1514:
388:
Comparison of carnassial teeth of wolf and typical hyaenodontid and oxyaenid
4119:
4107:
4097:
4069:
4035:
3985:
3975:
3831:
3744:
3515:
3407:
3391:
3204:
2862:
2854:
2784:
2729:
1849:
1686:
1330:
1203:
1144:
645:
576:
570:
564:
371:
1760:
Lang, Andreas Johann; Engler, Thomas; and Martin, Thomas (November 2021).
628:. In 2015 phylogenetic analysis of Paleogene mammals, by Halliday et al.,
4234:
3927:
3721:
3697:
3600:
3477:
3461:
2970:
2548:
2341:
2317:
2227:
2092:
2071:
898:
588:
444:
440:
398:
may have been up to 1,500 kg (3,300 lb) (surpassing the modern
340:
99:
4137:
4061:
4053:
4045:
3946:
3886:
3869:
3713:
3662:
3652:
3632:
3419:
3363:
3350:
3265:
3010:
2846:
2822:
2753:
2511:
2479:
2176:
2086:
1778:
1761:
1125:
969:
621:
598:
552:
540:
456:
452:
399:
394:
144:
109:
1823:
620:
Hyaenodonts were considerably more widespread and successful than the
4085:
4077:
3858:
3760:
3624:
3537:
3527:
3224:
3180:
2814:
2671:
2349:
1088:
796:
641:
637:
629:
625:
607:
moved into vacant niches after the extinction of hyaenodont species.
558:
529:
509:
480:
475:
428:
352:
207:
161:
149:
93:
4196:
1107:
Borths, Matthew R.; Holroyd, Patricia A.; Seiffert, Erik R. (2016).
53:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
4219:
3839:
3768:
3705:
3119:
3073:
2059:
742:
702:
227:
139:
134:
119:
114:
104:
532:. Several representatives of this order, including hyainailourids
4254:
3608:
3453:
3150:
1579:
775:
468:
464:
403:
360:
333:
165:
154:
129:
1803:
Halliday, Thomas J. D.; Upchurch, Paul; Goswami, Anjali (2015).
459:
in a hyaenodonts are generally the second upper and third lower
182:
3935:
3250:
2065:
2053:
505:
356:
237:
217:
602:, survived into or evolved during the Miocene, of which, only
2098:
1083:
633:
513:
493:
348:
329:
247:
1981:
Solé, Floréal; Marandat, Bernard; Lihoreau, Fabrice (2020).
1805:"Resolving the relationships of Paleocene placental mammals"
451:, with small or medium-sized forms filling roles similar to
517:
1875:
Polly, P. D. (1994). "What, if anything, is a creodont?".
1248:
1640:
433:
1715:
Wang, Xiaoming; Qiu, Zhanxiang and Wang, Banyue (2005).
1237:
Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology Program and Abstracts
1802:
1284:
632:
of Creodonta was supported and was placed in the clade
1106:
644:. However, order Creodonta is now considered to be a
1980:
1796:
1719:
Palaeontologia Electronica Vol. 8, Issue 1; 6A: 14p.
2039:
1974:
1940:
4282:
1862:Prevosti, F. J., & Forasiepi, A. M. (2018).
1759:
512:, hyaenodonts soon after spread into Africa and
1895:
1868:
610:
2289:
1934:
1561:Borths, Matthew R.; Stevens, Nancy J. (2017).
1556:
1554:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1349:Borths, Matthew R.; Stevens, Nancy J. (2019).
1158:Borths, Matthew R.; Stevens, Nancy J. (2017).
2025:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1592:
1590:
1560:
1461:
1348:
1157:
443:, but the later, larger forms were generally
3983:
2124:
1698:
1696:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1278:
1100:
1702:Solé, Floréal & Smith, Thierry (2013).
1551:
1544:
1542:
1427:
1398:
1396:
488:At least one hyaenodont lineage, subfamily
3361:
2032:
2018:
1971:Evolution & Development, 19(2), 56–68.
1629:
1587:
1455:
520:from either Europe or India, and finally,
181:
1998:
1839:
1787:
1777:
1693:
1676:
1666:
1578:
1530:
1337:
1320:
1310:
1193:
1183:
1134:
1124:
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
1539:
1393:
383:
370:
1506:
1242:
174:origin, but unconfirmed by fossils yet)
4283:
1902:Polly, P. D. (1996). "The skeleton of
1462:Borths, M. R.; Stevens, N. J. (2019).
1445:Facts on File Publications, New York.
1059:(McCrea, Pemberton & Currie, 2004)
1026:(McCrea, Pemberton & Currie, 2004)
4201:
4200:
3563:
3347:
2261:
2111:
2013:
1901:
1874:
1596:
1402:
1967:Solé, F. & Ladevèze, S. (2017).
1443:The Field Guide to Prehistoric Life.
1439:Lambert, David and the Diagram Group
18:
3564:
1512:
1252:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
13:
1943:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1908:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1877:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1472:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1409:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1359:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
592:and the youngest species of genus
366:
14:
4302:
3348:
2112:
359:and persisted well into the late
2262:
426:(the largest species from genus
194:
97:
23:
2000:10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a13
1961:
1856:
1753:
1722:
1709:
1706:Geologica Belgica 16/4: 254–261
1015:(Sarjeant & Langston, 1994)
747:(Gingerich & Deutsch, 1989)
707:(Gingerich & Deustch, 1989)
492:, was specialised for aquatic,
1955:10.1080/02724634.2009.10411818
1920:10.1080/02724634.1996.10011318
1889:10.1080/02724634.1994.10011592
1421:10.1080/02724634.1988.10011682
1229:
1219:
1210:
1151:
1:
1492:10.1080/02724634.2019.1570222
1379:10.1080/02724634.2019.1570222
1094:
993:(Sarjeant & Wilson, 1988)
439:Hyaenodonts were ancestrally
1668:10.1371/journal.pone.0049054
1603:Paläontologische Zeitschrift
1312:10.1371/journal.pone.0135698
1264:10.1080/14772019.2013.795196
1185:10.1371/journal.pone.0185301
615:
611:Classification and phylogeny
524:from either Europe or Asia.
7:
1072:
654:
49:the claims made and adding
10:
4307:
1567:Palaeontologia Electronica
474:Hyaenodonts differed from
4209:
4163:
4117:
4095:
4033:
3993:
3973:
3945:
3910:
3884:
3868:
3857:
3785:
3778:
3735:
3672:
3650:
3594:
3587:
3576:
3572:
3559:
3525:
3487:
3417:
3371:
3357:
3343:
3264:
3222:
3160:
3129:
3106:
3083:
3051:
3044:
2934:
2896:
2802:
2763:
2699:
2689:
2659:
2624:
2614:
2604:
2566:
2534:
2525:
2459:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2257:
2213:
2195:
2174:
2153:
2133:
2120:
2107:
2048:
1615:10.1007/s12542-013-0207-z
299:
292:
288:
283:
191:Scientific classification
189:
180:
85:
499:
16:Extinct order of mammals
1532:10.1111/1475-4983.00189
1466:Simbakubwa kutokaafrika
1353:Simbakubwa kutokaafrika
395:Simbakubwa kutokaafrika
1949:(Supplement 3): 152A.
1403:Barry, J. C. (1988). "
389:
381:
4263:Paleobiology Database
3911:other representatives
3045:other representatives
1904:Gazinocyon vulpeculus
1883:(Supplement 3): 42A.
1766:Journal of Morphology
1079:Mammal classification
387:
374:
1659:2012PLoSO...749054G
1513:Egi, Naoko (2001).
1484:2019JVPal..39E0222B
1371:2019JVPal..39E0222B
1303:2015PLoSO..1035698S
1176:2017PLoSO..1285301B
1037:(Ellenberger, 1980)
586:, the teratodontid
2569:Indohyaenodontidae
1812:Biological Reviews
1789:20.500.11811/10981
1779:10.1002/jmor.21429
1126:10.7717/peerj.2639
982:(Santamaria, 1989)
878:Indohyaenodontidae
841:Afro-Arabian clade
769:(Gheerbrant, 2006)
580:, the prionogalid
504:Having evolved in
390:
382:
378:Hyaenodon horridus
34:possibly contains
4278:
4277:
4203:Taxon identifiers
4194:
4193:
4190:
4189:
4186:
4185:
4159:
4158:
4155:
4154:
3969:
3968:
3906:
3905:
3902:
3901:
3731:
3730:
3555:
3554:
3551:
3550:
3547:
3546:
3339:
3338:
3335:
3334:
3260:
3259:
3040:
3039:
3036:
3035:
2892:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2521:
2520:
2488:Minimovellentodon
2455:
2454:
2398:Paracynohyaenodon
2253:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2040:Mammals of clade
1824:10.1111/brv.12242
1070:
1069:
1004:(Demathieu, 1984)
963:
962:
829:(Schlosser, 1886)
667:(Van Valen, 1967)
649:wastebasket taxon
343:mammals of clade
323:
322:
279:
175:
79:
78:
71:
36:original research
4298:
4271:
4270:
4258:
4257:
4245:
4244:
4243:
4230:
4229:
4228:
4198:
4197:
3991:
3990:
3981:
3980:
3866:
3865:
3783:
3782:
3592:
3591:
3585:
3584:
3574:
3573:
3561:
3560:
3369:
3368:
3359:
3358:
3345:
3344:
3049:
3048:
2697:
2696:
2622:
2621:
2612:
2611:
2607:Hyainailouroidea
2532:
2531:
2287:
2286:
2277:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2259:
2258:
2131:
2130:
2122:
2121:
2109:
2108:
2034:
2027:
2020:
2011:
2010:
2005:
2004:
2002:
1978:
1972:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1872:
1866:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1843:
1809:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1791:
1781:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1747:
1741:
1735:. Archived from
1734:
1726:
1720:
1713:
1707:
1700:
1691:
1690:
1680:
1670:
1638:
1627:
1626:
1594:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1558:
1549:
1546:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1459:
1453:
1440:
1436:
1425:
1424:
1400:
1391:
1390:
1346:
1335:
1334:
1324:
1314:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1246:
1240:
1233:
1227:
1223:
1217:
1214:
1208:
1207:
1197:
1187:
1170:(10): e0185301.
1155:
1149:
1148:
1138:
1128:
1104:
1060:
1049:
1048:(Sarjeant, 2002)
1038:
1027:
1022:Sarjeantipodidae
1016:
1005:
994:
983:
972:of Hyaenodonta:
953:
944:
935:
926:
921:Hyainailouroidea
915:
904:
882:
873:
853:
830:
821:
812:
801:
792:
781:
770:
748:
726:
708:
697:
686:
673:
672:
668:
659:
658:
338:hypercarnivorous
317:
311:
305:
277:
272:
199:
198:
185:
169:
159:
96:
89:Temporal range:
83:
82:
74:
67:
63:
60:
54:
51:inline citations
27:
26:
19:
4306:
4305:
4301:
4300:
4299:
4297:
4296:
4295:
4281:
4280:
4279:
4274:
4266:
4261:
4253:
4248:
4239:
4238:
4233:
4224:
4223:
4218:
4205:
4195:
4182:
4151:
4113:
4091:
4029:
3965:
3951:Carnivoraformes
3950:
3941:
3898:
3880:
3861:
3853:
3774:
3727:
3668:
3646:
3580:
3578:Carnivoraformes
3568:
3566:Carnivoramorpha
3543:
3521:
3483:
3413:
3353:
3331:
3294:Sarcotherichnus
3286:Dischidodacylus
3268:
3256:
3218:
3156:
3125:
3102:
3079:
3032:
3019:Paratritemnodon
2979:Ekweeconfractus
2930:
2884:
2798:
2759:
2692:Hyainailourinae
2685:
2655:
2617:Hyainailouridae
2600:
2562:
2527:
2517:
2451:
2438:Protoproviverra
2390:Paenoxyaenoides
2282:Hyaenodontoidea
2267:
2241:
2209:
2191:
2170:
2149:
2144:Carnivoramorpha
2135:Carnivoramorpha
2116:
2103:
2044:
2038:
2008:
1993:(13): 185–214.
1979:
1975:
1966:
1962:
1939:
1935:
1900:
1896:
1873:
1869:
1861:
1857:
1807:
1801:
1797:
1758:
1754:
1745:
1743:
1739:
1732:
1728:
1727:
1723:
1714:
1710:
1701:
1694:
1639:
1630:
1595:
1588:
1559:
1552:
1547:
1540:
1511:
1507:
1478:(1): e1570222.
1460:
1456:
1438:
1437:
1428:
1401:
1394:
1365:(1): e1570222.
1347:
1338:
1297:(9): e0135698.
1283:
1279:
1247:
1243:
1234:
1230:
1224:
1220:
1215:
1211:
1156:
1152:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1075:
1058:
1047:
1036:
1025:
1014:
1003:
1000:Sarcotherichnus
992:
989:Dischidodacylus
981:
966:
951:
943:(Morales, 2008)
942:
934:(Pilgrim, 1932)
933:
931:Hyainailouridae
924:
914:(Crochet, 1988)
913:
903:(Matthew, 1906)
902:
880:
872:(Crochet, 2001)
871:
851:
828:
819:
810:
807:Hyaenodontoidea
799:
791:(Wortman, 1902)
790:
779:
768:
746:
724:
706:
695:
684:
669:
666:
657:
618:
613:
502:
424:Hyaenodon gigas
369:
367:Characteristics
315:
314:Proviverroidea
309:
308:Hyaenodontidae
303:
278:Van Valen, 1967
276:
270:
193:
176:
172:Late Cretaceous
168:
158:
157:
152:
147:
142:
137:
132:
127:
122:
117:
112:
107:
102:
91:
90:
87:
75:
64:
58:
55:
40:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4304:
4294:
4293:
4276:
4275:
4273:
4272:
4259:
4246:
4231:
4215:
4213:
4207:
4206:
4192:
4191:
4188:
4187:
4184:
4183:
4181:
4180:
4171:
4169:
4166:Incertae sedis
4161:
4160:
4157:
4156:
4153:
4152:
4150:
4149:
4141:
4133:
4124:
4122:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4111:
4102:
4100:
4098:Ictidopappinae
4093:
4092:
4090:
4089:
4081:
4073:
4065:
4057:
4049:
4040:
4038:
4031:
4030:
4028:
4027:
4019:
4011:
4003:
3994:
3988:
3978:
3971:
3970:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3963:
3954:
3952:
3943:
3942:
3940:
3939:
3931:
3923:
3914:
3912:
3908:
3907:
3904:
3903:
3900:
3899:
3892:
3890:
3882:
3881:
3874:
3872:
3863:
3855:
3854:
3852:
3851:
3843:
3835:
3827:
3819:
3811:
3803:
3795:
3786:
3780:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3772:
3764:
3756:
3748:
3739:
3737:
3733:
3732:
3729:
3728:
3726:
3725:
3717:
3709:
3701:
3693:
3684:
3682:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3666:
3657:
3655:
3648:
3647:
3645:
3644:
3636:
3628:
3620:
3612:
3604:
3595:
3589:
3582:
3570:
3569:
3557:
3556:
3553:
3552:
3549:
3548:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3541:
3532:
3530:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3519:
3511:
3503:
3494:
3492:
3490:Palaeonictinae
3485:
3484:
3482:
3481:
3473:
3465:
3457:
3449:
3441:
3433:
3430:Argillotherium
3424:
3422:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3411:
3403:
3400:Isphanatherium
3395:
3387:
3378:
3376:
3374:Machaeroidinae
3366:
3355:
3354:
3341:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3329:
3321:
3313:
3310:Hyaenodontipus
3305:
3302:Zanclonychopus
3297:
3289:
3281:
3272:
3270:
3269:of Hyaenodonta
3262:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3254:
3246:
3238:
3229:
3227:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3216:
3208:
3200:
3192:
3184:
3176:
3167:
3165:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3154:
3146:
3137:
3135:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3123:
3114:
3112:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3100:
3091:
3089:
3081:
3080:
3078:
3077:
3069:
3061:
3052:
3046:
3042:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3030:
3022:
3014:
3006:
2998:
2990:
2982:
2974:
2966:
2958:
2950:
2941:
2939:
2937:Teratodontinae
2932:
2931:
2929:
2928:
2920:
2912:
2903:
2901:
2894:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2882:
2874:
2866:
2858:
2850:
2842:
2834:
2826:
2818:
2809:
2807:
2805:Hyainailourini
2800:
2799:
2797:
2796:
2788:
2780:
2771:
2769:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2757:
2749:
2741:
2733:
2725:
2717:
2714:Megistotherium
2709:
2700:
2694:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2683:
2680:Quasiapterodon
2675:
2666:
2664:
2662:Apterodontinae
2657:
2656:
2654:
2653:
2650:Orienspterodon
2645:
2636:
2634:
2631:Orienspterodon
2619:
2609:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2598:
2590:
2582:
2573:
2571:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2560:
2552:
2544:
2535:
2529:
2523:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2515:
2507:
2499:
2491:
2483:
2475:
2466:
2464:
2457:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2449:
2441:
2433:
2425:
2422:Prodissopsalis
2417:
2409:
2401:
2393:
2385:
2377:
2369:
2361:
2353:
2345:
2337:
2329:
2321:
2313:
2305:
2296:
2294:
2292:Hyaenodontidae
2284:
2269:
2268:
2255:
2254:
2251:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2239:
2231:
2223:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2202:
2200:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2189:
2181:
2179:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2160:
2158:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2147:
2139:
2137:
2128:
2118:
2117:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2101:
2095:
2089:
2080:
2078:Laurasiatheria
2074:
2068:
2062:
2056:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2037:
2036:
2029:
2022:
2014:
2007:
2006:
1973:
1960:
1933:
1914:(2): 303–319.
1894:
1867:
1855:
1818:(1): 521–550.
1795:
1752:
1721:
1708:
1692:
1653:(11): e49054.
1628:
1609:(4): 481–494.
1586:
1550:
1538:
1525:(3): 497–528.
1505:
1454:
1426:
1392:
1336:
1277:
1258:(3): 303–322.
1241:
1228:
1218:
1209:
1150:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1066:
1065:
1064:
1063:
1062:
1061:
1050:
1039:
1033:Hyaenodontipus
1019:Ichnofamily: †
1017:
1011:Zanclonychopus
1006:
995:
984:
965:
964:
961:
960:
959:
958:
957:
956:
955:
954:
952:(Savage, 1965)
949:Teratodontidae
945:
936:
925:(Borths, 2016)
918:Superfamily: †
916:
907:
906:
905:
885:
884:
883:
874:
854:
835:
834:
833:
832:
831:
822:
817:Hyaenodontidae
804:Superfamily: †
802:
793:
784:
783:
782:
771:
751:
750:
749:
729:
728:
727:
709:
698:
687:
656:
653:
617:
614:
612:
609:
535:Megistotherium
501:
498:
496:-like habits.
490:Apterodontinae
419:Megistotherium
368:
365:
347:from mirorder
332:teeth") is an
321:
320:
319:
318:
312:
306:
302:Hyaenodontida
297:
296:
290:
289:
286:
285:
281:
280:
268:
264:
263:
258:
251:
250:
245:
241:
240:
235:
231:
230:
225:
221:
220:
215:
211:
210:
205:
201:
200:
187:
186:
178:
177:
153:
148:
143:
138:
133:
128:
123:
118:
113:
108:
103:
98:
92:63.8–8.8
88:
77:
76:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4303:
4292:
4289:
4288:
4286:
4269:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4251:
4247:
4242:
4236:
4232:
4227:
4221:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4199:
4179:
4178:
4173:
4172:
4170:
4168:
4167:
4162:
4148:
4147:
4142:
4140:
4139:
4134:
4132:
4131:
4126:
4125:
4123:
4121:
4116:
4110:
4109:
4104:
4103:
4101:
4099:
4094:
4088:
4087:
4082:
4080:
4079:
4074:
4072:
4071:
4066:
4064:
4063:
4058:
4056:
4055:
4050:
4048:
4047:
4042:
4041:
4039:
4037:
4032:
4026:
4025:
4020:
4018:
4017:
4012:
4010:
4009:
4004:
4002:
4001:
3996:
3995:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3976:Viverravoidea
3972:
3962:
3961:
3956:
3955:
3953:
3948:
3944:
3938:
3937:
3932:
3930:
3929:
3924:
3922:
3921:
3916:
3915:
3913:
3909:
3896:
3891:
3889:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3871:
3867:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3850:
3849:
3844:
3842:
3841:
3836:
3834:
3833:
3828:
3826:
3825:
3824:Procynodictis
3820:
3818:
3817:
3812:
3810:
3809:
3804:
3802:
3801:
3796:
3794:
3793:
3788:
3787:
3784:
3781:
3777:
3771:
3770:
3765:
3763:
3762:
3757:
3755:
3754:
3753:Palaearctonyx
3749:
3747:
3746:
3741:
3740:
3738:
3734:
3724:
3723:
3718:
3716:
3715:
3710:
3708:
3707:
3702:
3700:
3699:
3694:
3692:
3691:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3676:
3671:
3665:
3664:
3659:
3658:
3656:
3654:
3653:Quercygalidae
3649:
3643:
3642:
3637:
3635:
3634:
3629:
3627:
3626:
3621:
3619:
3618:
3613:
3611:
3610:
3605:
3603:
3602:
3597:
3596:
3593:
3590:
3586:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3562:
3558:
3540:
3539:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3529:
3524:
3518:
3517:
3512:
3510:
3509:
3504:
3502:
3501:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3491:
3486:
3480:
3479:
3474:
3472:
3471:
3466:
3464:
3463:
3458:
3456:
3455:
3450:
3448:
3447:
3442:
3440:
3439:
3438:Dipsalidictis
3434:
3432:
3431:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3416:
3410:
3409:
3404:
3402:
3401:
3396:
3394:
3393:
3388:
3386:
3385:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3375:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3346:
3342:
3328:
3327:
3322:
3320:
3319:
3314:
3312:
3311:
3306:
3304:
3303:
3298:
3296:
3295:
3290:
3288:
3287:
3282:
3280:
3279:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3253:
3252:
3247:
3245:
3244:
3239:
3237:
3236:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3226:
3221:
3215:
3214:
3209:
3207:
3206:
3201:
3199:
3198:
3193:
3191:
3190:
3185:
3183:
3182:
3177:
3175:
3174:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3164:
3163:Limnocyonidae
3159:
3153:
3152:
3147:
3145:
3144:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3128:
3122:
3121:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3105:
3099:
3098:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3082:
3076:
3075:
3070:
3068:
3067:
3062:
3060:
3059:
3054:
3053:
3050:
3047:
3043:
3029:
3028:
3023:
3021:
3020:
3015:
3013:
3012:
3007:
3005:
3004:
2999:
2997:
2996:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2983:
2981:
2980:
2975:
2973:
2972:
2967:
2965:
2964:
2959:
2957:
2956:
2955:Brychotherium
2951:
2949:
2948:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2933:
2927:
2926:
2925:Thereutherium
2921:
2919:
2918:
2913:
2911:
2910:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2899:Prionogalidae
2895:
2881:
2880:
2875:
2873:
2872:
2867:
2865:
2864:
2859:
2857:
2856:
2851:
2849:
2848:
2843:
2841:
2840:
2835:
2833:
2832:
2831:Hyainailouros
2827:
2825:
2824:
2819:
2817:
2816:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2801:
2795:
2794:
2793:Ischnognathus
2789:
2787:
2786:
2781:
2779:
2778:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2762:
2756:
2755:
2750:
2748:
2747:
2742:
2740:
2739:
2734:
2732:
2731:
2726:
2724:
2723:
2718:
2716:
2715:
2710:
2708:
2707:
2702:
2701:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2688:
2682:
2681:
2676:
2674:
2673:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2658:
2652:
2651:
2646:
2644:
2643:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2628:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2603:
2597:
2596:
2591:
2589:
2588:
2587:Indohyaenodon
2583:
2581:
2580:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2565:
2559:
2558:
2553:
2551:
2550:
2545:
2543:
2542:
2537:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2526:†Afro‑Arabian
2524:
2514:
2513:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2500:
2498:
2497:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2484:
2482:
2481:
2476:
2474:
2473:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2462:Proviverridae
2458:
2448:
2447:
2446:Quercytherium
2442:
2440:
2439:
2434:
2432:
2431:
2426:
2424:
2423:
2418:
2416:
2415:
2410:
2408:
2407:
2402:
2400:
2399:
2394:
2392:
2391:
2386:
2384:
2383:
2378:
2376:
2375:
2370:
2368:
2367:
2362:
2360:
2359:
2354:
2352:
2351:
2346:
2344:
2343:
2338:
2336:
2335:
2334:Cynohyaenodon
2330:
2328:
2327:
2322:
2320:
2319:
2314:
2312:
2311:
2306:
2304:
2303:
2302:Alienetherium
2298:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2260:
2256:
2238:
2237:
2232:
2230:
2229:
2224:
2222:
2221:
2216:
2215:
2212:
2208:
2207:
2201:
2199:
2194:
2187:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2173:
2166:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2152:
2145:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2126:Pan-Carnivora
2123:
2119:
2115:
2114:Pan-Carnivora
2110:
2106:
2100:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2088:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2075:
2073:
2069:
2067:
2063:
2061:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2050:
2047:
2043:
2042:Pan-Carnivora
2035:
2030:
2028:
2023:
2021:
2016:
2015:
2012:
2001:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1987:Geodiversitas
1984:
1977:
1970:
1964:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1937:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1898:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1871:
1865:
1859:
1851:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1806:
1799:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1772:(5): 91–108.
1771:
1767:
1763:
1756:
1742:on 2010-05-08
1738:
1731:
1725:
1718:
1712:
1705:
1699:
1697:
1688:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1593:
1591:
1581:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1557:
1555:
1545:
1543:
1533:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1519:Palaeontology
1516:
1509:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1467:
1458:
1452:
1451:0-8160-1125-7
1448:
1444:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1399:
1397:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1354:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1332:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1281:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1245:
1238:
1232:
1222:
1213:
1205:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1154:
1146:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1103:
1099:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1057:
1056:
1052:Ichnogenus: †
1051:
1046:
1045:
1041:Ichnogenus: †
1040:
1035:
1034:
1030:Ichnogenus: †
1029:
1028:
1024:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1012:
1008:Ichnogenus: †
1007:
1002:
1001:
997:Ichnogenus: †
996:
991:
990:
986:Ichnogenus: †
985:
980:
979:
975:Ichnogenus: †
974:
973:
971:
968:
967:
950:
946:
941:
940:Prionogalidae
937:
932:
928:
927:
923:
922:
917:
912:
908:
901:
900:
895:
894:
893:
891:
887:(unranked): †
886:
879:
875:
870:
869:
864:
863:
862:
860:
859:Indohyaenodon
856:(unranked): †
855:
850:
849:
844:
843:
842:
839:(unranked): †
838:
837:
836:
827:
826:Proviverridae
823:
820:(Leidy, 1869)
818:
814:
813:
811:(Leidy, 1869)
809:
808:
803:
798:
794:
789:
788:Limnocyoninae
785:
778:
777:
772:
767:
766:
761:
760:
759:
757:
753:(unranked): †
752:
745:
744:
739:
738:
737:
735:
731:(unranked): †
730:
723:
719:
718:
717:
715:
711:(unranked): †
710:
705:
704:
699:
696:(Polly, 1996)
694:
693:
688:
683:
682:
677:
676:
675:
674:
671:
670:
665:
661:
660:
652:
650:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
608:
605:
601:
600:
595:
591:
590:
585:
584:
579:
578:
573:
572:
567:
566:
561:
560:
555:
554:
549:
548:
547:Hyainailouros
543:
542:
537:
536:
531:
525:
523:
522:North America
519:
515:
511:
507:
497:
495:
491:
486:
483:
482:
477:
472:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
437:
435:
431:
430:
425:
421:
420:
415:
414:
413:Hyainailouros
409:
405:
401:
397:
396:
386:
380:
379:
373:
364:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
345:Pan-Carnivora
342:
339:
335:
331:
327:
316:(Morlo, 2009)
313:
310:(Leidy, 1869)
307:
301:
300:
298:
295:
291:
287:
282:
275:
269:
266:
265:
262:
261:Pan-Carnivora
259:
256:
253:
252:
249:
246:
243:
242:
239:
236:
233:
232:
229:
226:
223:
222:
219:
216:
213:
212:
209:
206:
203:
202:
197:
192:
188:
184:
179:
173:
167:
163:
156:
151:
146:
141:
136:
131:
126:
121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
95:
84:
81:
73:
70:
62:
59:November 2023
52:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
21:
20:
4210:
4175:
4164:
4144:
4136:
4130:Simpsonictis
4128:
4120:Viverravinae
4108:Ictidopappus
4106:
4084:
4076:
4070:Pristinictis
4068:
4060:
4052:
4044:
4036:Didymictinae
4022:
4014:
4008:Pappictidops
4006:
3998:
3986:Viverravidae
3958:
3934:
3926:
3918:
3885:
3846:
3838:
3832:Prodaphaenus
3830:
3822:
3814:
3806:
3798:
3790:
3767:
3759:
3751:
3745:Dormaalocyon
3743:
3720:
3712:
3704:
3696:
3688:
3678:
3674:
3661:
3639:
3631:
3623:
3617:Simamphicyon
3615:
3607:
3599:
3536:
3528:Tytthaeninae
3516:Palaeonictis
3514:
3506:
3498:
3476:
3468:
3460:
3452:
3444:
3436:
3428:
3408:Machaeroides
3406:
3398:
3392:Diegoaelurus
3390:
3382:
3351:Oxyaenodonta
3326:Sarjeantipes
3324:
3316:
3308:
3300:
3292:
3284:
3278:Creodontipus
3276:
3249:
3241:
3233:
3211:
3205:Prolimnocyon
3203:
3195:
3187:
3179:
3171:
3149:
3141:
3131:
3118:
3108:
3095:
3085:
3072:
3064:
3058:Eoproviverra
3056:
3025:
3017:
3009:
3001:
2993:
2985:
2977:
2969:
2961:
2953:
2945:
2923:
2915:
2907:
2877:
2869:
2863:Isohyaenodon
2861:
2855:Sivapterodon
2853:
2845:
2839:Parapterodon
2837:
2829:
2821:
2813:
2791:
2785:Hemipsalodon
2783:
2777:Akhnatenavus
2775:
2766:Akhnatenavus
2765:
2752:
2744:
2736:
2730:Metapterodon
2728:
2720:
2712:
2706:Leakitherium
2704:
2678:
2670:
2648:
2640:
2630:
2626:
2593:
2585:
2579:Glibzegdouia
2577:
2555:
2547:
2541:Parvavorodon
2539:
2510:
2502:
2494:
2486:
2478:
2472:Allopterodon
2470:
2444:
2436:
2428:
2420:
2412:
2404:
2396:
2388:
2380:
2372:
2364:
2358:Leonhardtina
2356:
2348:
2340:
2332:
2324:
2316:
2308:
2300:
2264:
2234:
2226:
2218:
2204:
2186:Oxyaenodonta
2185:
2177:Oxyaenodonta
2164:
2155:
2143:
2091:Grandorder:
2082:
2076:Superorder:
2070:Infraclass:
1990:
1986:
1976:
1963:
1946:
1942:
1936:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1897:
1880:
1876:
1870:
1858:
1815:
1811:
1798:
1769:
1765:
1755:
1744:. Retrieved
1737:the original
1724:
1711:
1650:
1646:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1580:10.26879/776
1570:
1566:
1522:
1518:
1508:
1475:
1471:
1465:
1457:
1442:
1415:(1): 25–45.
1412:
1408:
1404:
1362:
1358:
1352:
1294:
1290:
1280:
1255:
1251:
1244:
1239:, 2009:152A.
1236:
1231:
1221:
1212:
1167:
1163:
1153:
1116:
1112:
1102:
1055:Sarjeantipes
1053:
1042:
1031:
1020:
1009:
998:
987:
978:Creodontipus
976:
919:
897:
889:
888:
881:(Solé, 2013)
868:Glibzegdouia
866:
858:
857:
852:(Solé, 2013)
848:Parvavorodon
846:
840:
805:
800:(Solé, 2013)
780:(Solé, 2009)
774:
763:
755:
754:
741:
733:
732:
725:(Solé, 2014)
713:
712:
701:
690:
685:(Solé, 2014)
681:Eoproviverra
679:
663:
646:polyphyletic
636:, closer to
619:
603:
597:
593:
587:
581:
577:Isohyaenodon
575:
571:Metapterodon
569:
565:Sivapterodon
563:
557:
551:
545:
539:
533:
526:
503:
487:
479:
473:
438:
427:
423:
417:
411:
407:
393:
391:
376:
325:
324:
304:(Solé, 2010)
273:
254:
80:
65:
56:
33:
4291:Hyaenodonts
4241:Hyaenodonta
4235:Wikispecies
4211:Hyaenodonta
4146:Viverriscus
4024:Variviverra
4000:Orientictis
3928:Dawsonicyon
3862:(Clade "E")
3816:Neovulpavus
3722:Paroodectes
3698:Gracilocyon
3675:Gracilocyon
3601:Messelogale
3581:(Clade "A")
3500:Ambloctonus
3478:Sarkastodon
3470:Protopsalis
3462:Patriofelis
3384:Apataelurus
3143:Boualitomus
3003:Masrasector
2971:Dissopsalis
2549:Tritemnodon
2430:Propterodon
2414:Preregidens
2382:Oxyaenoides
2342:Eurotherium
2326:Consobrinus
2318:Cartierodon
2265:Hyaenodonta
2228:Altacreodus
2198:Wyolestidae
2165:Hyaenodonta
2156:Hyaenodonta
2093:Ferungulata
2072:Placentalia
1405:Dissopsalis
899:Tritemnodon
890:Tritemnodon
765:Boualitomus
664:Hyaenodonta
604:Dissopsalis
589:Dissopsalis
508:during the
457:carnassials
445:digitigrade
441:plantigrade
326:Hyaenodonta
274:Hyaenodonta
170:(Suspected
86:Hyaenodonta
4177:Ravenictis
4138:Viverravus
4062:Intyrictis
4054:Didymictis
4046:Bryanictis
4016:Preonictis
3960:Falcatipes
3895:Feliformia
3887:Feliformia
3877:Caniformia
3870:Caniformia
3800:Harpalodon
3714:Paramiacis
3663:Quercygale
3633:Xinyuictis
3508:Dipsalodon
3420:Oxyaeninae
3364:Oxyaenidae
3318:Quiritipes
3243:Prototomus
3189:Oxyaenodon
3066:Gazinocyon
3011:Metasinopa
2917:Prionogale
2909:Namasector
2847:Sectisodon
2823:Falcatodon
2754:Simbakubwa
2746:Paroxyaena
2512:Proviverra
2480:Lesmesodon
2406:Praecodens
2236:Tinerhodon
2220:Simidectes
2097:Mirorder:
2087:Scrotifera
1746:2008-05-04
1573:(3): 55A.
1095:References
1044:Quiritipes
911:Koholiidae
692:Gazinocyon
599:H. weilini
583:Prionogale
553:Sectisodon
541:Simbakubwa
408:Simbakubwa
400:polar bear
284:Subgroups
244:Mirorder:
43:improve it
4226:Q22286707
4086:Raphictis
4078:Protictis
3947:ichnotaxa
3859:Carnivora
3779:Clade "D"
3761:Vassacyon
3736:Clade "C"
3641:Zodiocyon
3625:Uintacyon
3588:Clade "B"
3538:Tytthaena
3266:ichnotaxa
3235:Acarictis
3225:Sinopidae
3213:Thinocyon
3181:Limnocyon
3027:Teratodon
2995:Kyawdawia
2947:Anasinopa
2815:Exiguodon
2672:Apterodon
2504:Parvagula
2374:Neosinopa
2366:Matthodon
2350:Hyaenodon
2206:Wyolestes
2052:Kingdom:
1832:1464-7931
1599:Hyaenodon
1500:145972918
1387:145972918
1119:: e2639.
1089:Creodonta
970:ichnotaxa
947:Family: †
938:Family: †
929:Family: †
909:Family: †
876:Family: †
824:Family: †
815:Family: †
797:Sinopidae
795:Family: †
786:Family: †
720:Family: †
642:Carnivora
638:Pholidota
630:monophyly
626:Creodonta
622:oxyaenids
616:Relations
594:Hyaenodon
559:Exiguodon
530:Oligocene
510:Paleocene
481:Hyaenodon
476:Carnivora
453:mustelids
429:Hyaenodon
375:Skull of
353:Paleocene
341:placental
336:order of
214:Kingdom:
208:Eukaryota
162:Paleocene
47:verifying
4285:Category
4255:47442608
4220:Wikidata
3920:Africtis
3848:Walshius
3840:Tapocyon
3808:Lycarion
3792:Ceruttia
3769:Vulpavus
3706:Oodectes
3679:Oodectes
3446:Malfelis
3197:Prolaena
3173:Iridodon
3120:Galecyon
3109:Galecyon
3074:Pyrocyon
2879:Pterodon
2871:Kerberos
2738:Pakakali
2722:Mlanyama
2496:Morlodon
2066:Mammalia
2060:Chordata
2058:Phylum:
2054:Animalia
1928:84853339
1850:28075073
1687:23185292
1647:PLOS ONE
1623:85304920
1441:(1985):
1331:26398622
1291:PLOS ONE
1272:84475034
1204:29020030
1164:PLOS ONE
1145:27867761
1073:See also
896:Genus: †
865:Genus: †
845:Genus: †
743:Galecyon
740:Genus: †
734:Galecyon
722:Arfiidae
703:Pyrocyon
700:Genus: †
689:Genus: †
678:Genus: †
662:Order: †
655:Taxonomy
640:than to
294:Synonyms
238:Mammalia
228:Chordata
224:Phylum:
218:Animalia
204:Domain:
164:to late
3609:Miocyon
3454:Oxyaena
3151:Lahimia
3132:Lahimia
2987:Furodon
2963:Buhakia
2642:Maocyon
2627:Maocyon
2595:Yarshea
2557:Koholia
2310:Boritia
2188:below ↓
2167:below ↓
2146:below ↓
2064:Class:
1841:6849585
1678:3504055
1655:Bibcode
1480:Bibcode
1367:Bibcode
1322:4580617
1299:Bibcode
1195:5636082
1172:Bibcode
1136:5111901
776:Lahimia
756:Lahimia
469:Ursidae
465:Canidae
361:Miocene
334:extinct
267:Order:
234:Class:
166:Miocene
41:Please
4268:327693
3936:Miacis
3690:Eogale
3251:Sinopa
1926:
1848:
1838:
1830:
1685:
1675:
1621:
1498:
1449:
1385:
1329:
1319:
1270:
1202:
1192:
1143:
1133:
574:, and
506:Europe
461:molars
449:niches
404:felids
357:Europe
160:early
3893:(See
3875:(See
3681:clade
3134:clade
3111:clade
3097:Arfia
3088:clade
3086:Arfia
2768:clade
2633:clade
2528:clade
2099:Ferae
2083:Clade
1924:S2CID
1808:(PDF)
1740:(PDF)
1733:(PDF)
1619:S2CID
1496:S2CID
1383:S2CID
1268:S2CID
1113:PeerJ
1084:Ferae
892:clade
861:clade
758:clade
736:clade
716:clade
714:Arfia
634:Ferae
514:India
500:Range
494:otter
349:Ferae
330:hyena
255:Clade
248:Ferae
2184:See
2163:See
2142:See
1846:PMID
1828:ISSN
1683:PMID
1447:ISBN
1327:PMID
1200:PMID
1141:PMID
518:Asia
467:and
416:and
100:PreꞒ
4250:EoL
1995:doi
1951:doi
1916:doi
1885:doi
1836:PMC
1820:doi
1784:hdl
1774:doi
1770:283
1673:PMC
1663:doi
1611:doi
1575:doi
1527:doi
1488:doi
1417:doi
1375:doi
1317:PMC
1307:doi
1260:doi
1190:PMC
1180:doi
1131:PMC
1121:doi
434:dog
355:in
45:by
4287::
4265::
4252::
4237::
4222::
3949:of
2085::
1991:42
1989:.
1985:.
1947:29
1945:.
1922:.
1912:16
1910:.
1881:14
1879:.
1844:.
1834:.
1826:.
1816:92
1814:.
1810:.
1782:.
1768:.
1764:.
1695:^
1681:.
1671:.
1661:.
1649:.
1645:.
1631:^
1617:.
1607:88
1605:.
1589:^
1571:20
1569:.
1565:.
1553:^
1541:^
1523:44
1521:.
1517:.
1494:.
1486:.
1476:39
1474:.
1470:.
1429:^
1413:48
1411:.
1395:^
1381:.
1373:.
1363:39
1361:.
1357:.
1339:^
1325:.
1315:.
1305:.
1295:10
1293:.
1289:.
1266:.
1256:12
1254:.
1226:p.
1198:.
1188:.
1178:.
1168:12
1166:.
1162:.
1139:.
1129:.
1115:.
1111:.
596:,
568:,
562:,
556:,
550:,
544:,
538:,
410:,
363:.
328:("
257::
150:Pg
94:Ma
4174:†
4143:†
4135:†
4127:†
4118:†
4105:†
4096:†
4083:†
4075:†
4067:†
4059:†
4051:†
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