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traditionally entertainers who offered cultural shows as well as sexual services to local kings, religious leaders and landlords. Trafficker gangs capitalized on this local tradition and incorporated the Badi community into a cross-border sex trafficking ring. Patriarchal social norms, values, attitudes and behaviors encourage trafficking and make women and girls vulnerable. For instance, women have fewer opportunities for education, job training, and employment than men in Nepal; families value boys as assets but view girls as financial burdens because girls will eventually be married off to serve another family, and the parents have to give a dowry in addition. Poor families in these situations might sell their daughters to traffickers or send them off at a young age to work and send remittances back to the family. Tradition, economic needs, and the low status of women work to continue the practice of trafficking. Tolerance of domestic and sexual violence create immense obstacles for victims to leave abusive circumstances or seek effective legal recourse. Furthermore, women who are divorced, abandoned, victims of rape, or sex workers face enormous levels of stigma and are ostracized by their families and communities, making them vulnerable to trafficking.
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and even parents. Studies show that trafficking are conducted by networks of traffickers, with the network extending from village to working places to the destination. Traffickers have cooperations with politicians, officials, the police, customs, overseas recruiters/agents, transport agencies, adoption agencies etc. Researchers believe the routes, methods and activities of trafficking are becoming increasingly more organized. Traffickers often obtain authentic legal documents for the victims they traffic, but withhold them from the victims after borders are crossed
Besides using false promises of well-paying employment, false love, and marriage, traffickers also play the role of "guardians" for girls and women, often under the guise of helping them seek medical treatment or guiding them to reach their husband or relatives in India." In Nepal, the large majority of traffickers are in the age range of 26â35 years, and around 95 percent of traffickers are married. An overwhelmingly majority of traffickers are only literate (84%), without secondary education. For their occupation, most traffickers were involved in agriculture before, followed by wage labor. Traffickers also come from non-agricultural industries including business and service.
479:. Nepal also has three domestic laws in place that address girl trafficking and forced child labor, including the Labor Act of 1992, the Human Trafficking Control Act of Nepal of 1986, and the National Human Rights Commission Act of 1993. The Human Trafficking Control Act of Nepal of 1986 explicitly criminalizes the selling and buying of human beings and established provisions for rehabilitation and integration for victims. It defines human trafficking as anything that includes i) selling or buying of a person for any purpose; ii) forcing someone into prostitution with or without taking profit; iii) illegal dismembering of human organs and iv) engaging in prostitution. Those found guilty would be sentenced to up 20 years in prison. However, recruitment by deception for the purposes of bonded labor was not criminalized in this act unless it is for prostitution. The act is also criticized for equating sex trafficking with sex work, and for inadequate provisions for compensation and effective protection for plaintiffs who file cases against traffickers. Nepal has not adopted the international
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limited reach in the rural communities where many victims and the vulnerable reside. Secondly, moralistic ideology can play a large role behind the services offered to the victims, with some NGOs equating sex trafficking with sex work and migration: after brothel raids, sex workers are sometimes forcibly repatriated, even when they are willingly there. Thirdly, some NGOs are accused of limiting the freedom of movement for women as many NGOs often encourage girls to stay in villages and try to restrict voluntary migration, which can be patronizing and limiting to young women's futures. The quality of NGO leaders, and training of counselors have also been questioned. Furthermore, in researcher interviews, survivors in NGO-run shelters were highly critical of the traditional skills training that is offered to them such as sewing and garment-making, which they complain are not sufficient to support themselves in the local economy. Instead the survivors report wanting types of support that they perceive as enabling them to compete in the global market and to have sustainable livelihoods.
500:(UNIFEM) which found that in 70% of trafficking cases, the police submit the investigation report to the Government attorney on the last day of the submission of the investigation report in court â making it delay in the investigation by the Government attorney. The same study identified that 23% of reported trafficking cases of the Government attorney did not appear during the hearing. At the trial level, the cases are delayed by insufficient evidence, excessive delay in court process and non-execution of judgment. In addition, there is gross lacking of awareness on gender issues, lack of conceptual clarity on trafficking issues, lack of skilled human resources, corruption, political pressure and lack of coordination among police and Government attorney. Another explanation to underreporting is that after trafficking raids in India, many women are immediately deported to their homelands before they can give evidence against traffickers. Finally, Nepal's courts also have no jurisdiction over brothel owners in India, who are one of the main drivers of trafficking.
366: Years of schooling refers to the number of years an individual has spent in formal education. When individuals are deprived of sufficient access to education, it can have far-reaching consequences that extend beyond just economic poverty. While the lack of education limits their economic prospects, it also heavily diminishes individuals' awareness of their rights and restricts their ability to make informed decisions to safeguard themselves against exploitation. Limited educational opportunities are a heavy contributor but not the only cause of the lack of education. As Nixon explains, âMany Nepalis, particularly in rural areas, hold fast to the concept that education is unimportant for femalesâ (8). The belief that education is unimportant for females preserves cycles of gender inequality and reinforces discriminatory practices. In an uneducated society, the desire of parents to see their children educated also contributes to the trafficking of children.
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resulting in easy passage. With rules and regulations in place, the border becomes an easy pass with falsified documents and paperwork. Consequently, it is easy for traffickers to lure Nepali women and children and transport them across the border into India. This largely unsupervised boundary facilitates human trafficking, with India serving as both a transit and destination country for victims of this inhumane crime. According to Aengst, quoted by Anila
Shrestha, â is estimated that between 7,000 and 10,000 girls, between the ages of 9-16, are trafficked each year from Nepal to Indiaâ (9). This alarming statistic not only highlights the grave reality of human trafficking in the region, particularly affecting young girls â but also provides compelling evidence of how the open border immensely contributes to the trafficking of Nepali women and children.
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India. Nepali girls are especially desirable as prostitutes in India because they are considered more attractive due to their lighter complexion, and because Nepali virgins are believed to be able to cure AIDS. Victims are also trafficked for labor in circuses, agriculture, and manufacturing sectors. The 1850 kilometers of open, porous border between Nepal and India make trafficking simple and difficult to catch. In addition, there is no immigration control for
Nepalese migrating to India or Indians coming into Nepal under the 1950 Peace and Friendship Treaty between India and Nepal. In addition to being a destination, India is also a transit country for Nepalese and Bangladeshi women trafficked to Pakistan, Western Asia, and the Middle East and for women trafficked from the Russian Federation to Thailand.
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areas, force individuals or families to migrate to more urban areas or accept distant job offers. This participation in rural-urban migration increases the risk of being trafficked for many Nepali women and girls. In addition, the rise of the carpet industry in Nepal as the greatest foreign exchange industry created a demand for cheap child labor and slave labor. Studies indicated that a large number of children working in the factories were enslaved and often sexually abused; the factories then became transit centers for trafficking girls to India. Furthermore, trafficking has become a low-risk and highly lucrative business, which incentivizes traffickers to recruit girls, even when they are neighbors or family members.
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2002, condom use accounted for 1.1% of the total contraceptive use in Nepal. Studies show around 30-38% of sex trafficking victims are HIV positive, a significantly higher rate than non-sex worker rates and non-coerced sex workers. In contrast with non-coerced sex workers, those who have been trafficked may have been forced to have unprotected sexual intercourse with clients, leading to the higher rate of HIV prevalence. Over 50% of the HIV positive women in Nepal are women who were deported after working in the sex industry in India. Once these women have been diagnosed with HIV, they face stigma, rejection, and social isolation, making it harder to reintegrate into society if they do manage to get out of sex work.
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ii) legislation and enforcement; iii) awareness creation, advocacy, networking and social mobilization; iv) health and education; v) income and employment generation; vi) rescue and reintegration; vii) trans-border, regional and international issues and viii) monitoring and evaluation. The
Ministry of Women, Children and Welfare is tasked with implementing the NPA against trafficking. It is responsible to i) formulate and implementation of plans and policies concerning women, children and social welfare; ii) coordinate and liaison with national and international organisations working in social sector; and iii) ensure protection and promotion of children and women.
528:, National Network Against Girl Trafficking (NNAGT) and Shakti Samuha. Their major areas of work include research and documentation of trafficking; advocacy and lobbying for policy reform; awareness raising in the community; establishment of helpline services; establishment and operation of community surveillance system; empowerment of community and vulnerable groups such as girls and women; legal services for survivors; facilitation of cross-border rescue, raids, and repatriation; and establishment of rehabilitation centers for rescued survivors where they can have safe shelter, receive medical and legal aid, counseling, and learn other trade skills.
288:. Even though Nepal outlawed bonded labor in 2000, it is still an issue throughout the country. Bonded labor is designed to exploit workers, and happens when individuals give themselves into slavery as a means of repayment for a loan. The individual is then tricked or trapped into working for very little or no pay, as they find that repayment of the loan is impossible. Most workers are not allowed to work for anyone else. Violence and threats are sometimes used to coerce workers to stay, and in certain cases, they are kept under strict surveillance. In Nepal, bonded labor is mostly seen in
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256:. The younger the girl, the higher the price she will be sold for. Once sold, the girls are property of the brothel owner until they can pay back the amount that was paid for them. Girls trafficked for sex work may be provided with a small portion of food and sometimes a small sum of money, however, brothel owners may take up to 90â95% of the girls' earnings. One study reported that girls were forced to serve an average of 14 clients per day, with a minimum of three and a maximum of 40 men.
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activities on the Nepali government agenda. Socioeconomic factors such as pervasive poverty, a global economy with demand for cheap and slave labor, and lack of opportunities for Nepali locally continue to drive the cycle of vulnerability. Furthermore, elements of the greater socioeconomic and cultural climate such as gender inequality, stigma, and lack of respect for human rights, especially those of women and children, remain imposing societal obstacles toward fighting trafficking.
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international agenda, the amount of money available for interventions in Nepal increased. The number of NGOs dramatically increased, but accountability and transparency are lacking: no reliable database of NGOs exists, and there is no standard way to track their activities, expenditures, or administrative costs. In the health sector alone, 82% of those NGOs registered are reportedly "inactive". In addition, many have been criticized as top-down and welfare oriented.
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no pay for their work, work in dangerous conditions for extremely long periods of time, and are threatened physically and psychologically. Victims are often held in debt bondage by their captors, which means they are forced to pay off a debt for their families or transportation fee. Victims sometimes get away from their captivity through escape, rescue by police raids, or released by their captors when deemed too old to be profitable.
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179:, and other places within the tourism sector. However, these spaces also host many women who entered sex work voluntarily, and those who might have entered voluntarily but were later not allowed to leave and end up in slave-like conditions. Within Nepal, labor trafficking is also common: victims often end up in carpet and garment factories, embroidering sweatshops, brick-kilns, and others.
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113:, around 2.4 million peopleâoverwhelmingly women and girlsâare currently in forced labor as a result of trafficking, creating a US$ 32 billion industry worldwide. Annually, approximately 600,000â800,000 people are trafficked across national borders around the world, 80 percent of whom are women and girls. Around 1.2 million victims of trafficking are minors: around 43% are trafficked for
424:(PTSD), depression, anxiety, and drug addiction. Female survivors of human trafficking are significantly more vulnerable to depression and anxiety compared to victims of other varieties of traumatic events. Anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder tend to have an even higher prevalence in sex workers compared to those trafficked for non-sex work.
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to be the most reliable and desired social reintegration strategy; some hide their previous lives and HIV status from their new husbands. Because of the stigma and lack of skills and education, combined with Nepal's limited employment and livelihood opportunities for women that are considered socially acceptable, many survivors re-enter sex work.
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and civic/cultural exclusion); and 3) weak individual protection (physical protection and legal protection). However, victimization is spreading to advantaged groups and upper caste women as well. The Nepal Human
Development Report (2004) estimates approximately 20% who are trafficked to India and other countries in Asia are under the age of 16.
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for trafficking in persons by the government or any other organization. Second, there is inadequate coordination between and among actors within the country, and third, it is difficult to generate scientific data due to social sigma attached to trafficking as majority of trafficking involves for sexual exploitation.
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officials are often corrupt; pimps maintain close relations with police and politicians in connection with their trafficking activities. Thirdly, few survivors press charges, reflecting that survivors have little trust towards law enforcement mechanisms or mechanisms are ineffective to bring the survivors to report.
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Many have extreme difficulty reintegrating into society due to the strong stigma they face of being previous sex workers regardless of the fact they were forced into it. When survivors return to home villages, they are often cast out by family members and home communities. Survivors consider marriage
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In addition, since many survivors do not have the citizenship status, they have very limited options for legal recourse, and are ineligible for most government poverty reduction programs. Even after being aided by NGOs, many women report continued stigma in the community and lack of opportunities for
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document "Nepal's
National HIV/AIDS Strategy," Nepal has a low HIV prevalence in its general adult population, however, it has a "concentrated epidemic" of HIV with much higher prevalence rates in sex workers. Lack of education about HIV and low condom use contribute to the spread of HIV in Nepal. In
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In a qualitative study on the experiences of trafficking survivors in Nepal, Dahal et al. noted that âAll of the survivors communicated that unmet needs and dreams of overcoming poverty were the major reasons for falling victim to false promisesâ (3). This underscores the vulnerability of individuals
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Victims, especially girls and women, are trafficked to Saudi Arabia, Malaysia, Hong Kong, Russia, Pakistan, the United Arab
Emirates and other Gulf states. Experts believe China is also becoming an emerging hub for Nepali victims. Many victims who end up overseas are passed through India first before
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is the acquisition of people by improper means such as deception, force, or fraud, with the goal of exploiting them. All countries are affected as source or destination countries or a combination of both, although developing countries tend to be source countries for developed nations. According to a
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Many challenges remain in combatting trafficking. First, there is a dearth of quantitative data on trafficking, mostly because of its illegal and clandestine nature. Much existing information about sex trafficking in Nepal is reliant on NGO publications; there is still no centralized database system
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Despite being generally regarded as important and helpful to victims, anti-trafficking NGOs in Nepal are sometimes criticized on their ideology, methods, effectiveness, and transparency. First, despite the large number of organizations in place, most are concentrated in the
Kathmandu valley and have
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and natural disasters. The United
Nations (2011) classified the most vulnerable groups in Nepal who require the most immediate support through the following three criteria: 1) human development (poverty, economic resources, knowledge and health); 2) exclusion (economic exclusion, political exclusion
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Nepal's open international border with India provides human traffickers with easy access to transport victims across the border undetected. According to the Office of the
National Rapporteur on Trafficking in Women and Children, quoted by Gurung and Kachchhap, âThere is no required passport and visa
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The Office of the National Rapporteur on Trafficking in Women and Children (ONRT) was established in 2002 under the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC), whose responsibility is to monitor anti-trafficking initiatives. Various poverty reduction efforts were also put in place by the government in
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Nepal's constitution specifically lists the right to equality and the right to freedom from exploitation. The right against exploitation specifically prohibits the trafficking of persons. Nepal's Muluki Ain is a "comprehensive code relating to civil, criminals, as well as procedural and substantive
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Extreme poverty in Nepal forces individuals into dire circumstances that increase their vulnerability to human traffickers. Traffickers exploit vulnerable women and children using their desperation for basic needs, such as food, shelter, and employment opportunities. Dr. Phuyal, in his forewords to
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A 2011 report by Dr. Gilly McKenzie, of UN Organised Crime Office, states: "Traffickers often originate from the same places or localities from where girls and women are trafficked. They are both men and women, and most often they were people the victim knows such as neighbors, relatives, friends,
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for a marriage. Girls may be frequently viewed as family commodities who can be bought and sold like property. In the places of enslavement, victims are often imprisoned, followed with guards, routinely sexually and physically abused across different types of trafficking. Victims receive little or
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Other enduring challenges to combat trafficking are the open-border between Nepal and India, lack of enforcement of laws due to increasingly communal violence, political instability, corruption, inadequate funding and implementation of NPA against trafficking, and less priority of anti-trafficking
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In addition to legislation, the Nepali government drafted a National Plan of Action (NPA) against Trafficking in Children and Women for Sexual and Labour Exploitation in 1998 which was revised in 2001. The NPA has identified eight areas of action: i) policy, research and institutional development;
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Despite efforts at legislating against trafficking, lack of enforcement remains one of the highest hurdles to combatting trafficking in Nepal. First, governments and society tend to judge the woman guilty of prostitution and minimize the traffickers' role in this crime. Secondly, government police
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Poverty is one of the greatest risk factors that makes victims, particularly women and girls, vulnerable: the Nepali PRSP (Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers) identifies that 38% of its population live on or below the poverty line. Poverty and lack of employment opportunities, particularly in rural
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refers to "situations in which persons are coerced to work through the use of violence or intimidation, or by more subtle means such as accumulated debt, retention of identity papers, or threats of denunciation to immigrant authorities." Elements of forced labor include deception, exploitation and
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On the organizational level, lack of communication and coordination, duplication and competition amongst NGOs which could prove to be limiting for anti-trafficking efforts. Inefficiency in the disbursement of foreign aid to combat trafficking is a major concern: as sex trafficking appeared on the
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Anti-trafficking programs in Nepal can be divided into prevention programs, indirect prevention, remediation, and advocacy. Prevention programs include "awareness raising" programs, education about trafficking and safe migration practices, improved opportunities for livelihood, and patrolling the
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Historical and cultural factors feed into the current state of trafficking. Children who come from indigenous populations, minority groups, or lower castes are the most vulnerable. The Hindu caste system does not have a prostitute caste: however, in south-west Nepal, women of the Badi caste were
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The trafficking of girls from Nepal into India for forced prostitution is perhaps one of the busiest slave trafficking routes anywhere in the world, with an estimated 5,000-10,000 Nepali women and girls trafficked to India each year. An estimated 100,000â200,000 Nepali trafficked persons are in
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Alongside poverty, the lack of education further perpetuates the cycle of vulnerability to human trafficking in Nepal. According to the Nepal Multidimensional Poverty Index 2021, âThe deprivations in âyears of schoolingâ is a large contributor to overall multidimensional poverty in Nepalâ (13).
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is also particularly rampant in Nepal. The country has an estimated 1.6 million child workers between the ages of five and 17 years old, who often work in exchange for money to give to their parents. Approximately three-quarters of them are younger than 14 years old, and most of them are girls.
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Furthermore, intimidation and harassment of survivors and the witnesses during the case proceedings, lack of survivors' protection mechanisms and lack of confidence in prosecuting and investing among the agencies are reported as the main reasons for low registration of trafficking cases in the
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Some even argue NGO interventions can inflict greater societal harm. For instance, over-promoting frightening stories of abduction has caused some parents to pull girls out of school for fear of kidnapping on their way to school; in addition, some migrant women lament that because of the sex
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programs, education programs for women, and formal schooling for girls. Remediation is focused on the care and support of trafficking survivors, programs for their rehabilitation, and efforts to help reintegrate them into their home communities. Lastly, advocacy involves the prosecution of
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The majority of trafficking victims are women and girls, who are especially vulnerable due to limited economic opportunities, illiteracy or low education, and low socioeconomic and cultural status. Women and girls are also more vulnerable to trafficking if they are involved in marginalized
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The psychological effects of trafficking are often more neglected than the social and physical consequences, despite its extremely large influence on personal quality of life and on society. Because of the prolonged abuse, victims often suffer from physical and emotional trauma such as
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Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work, adopted in 1998. In Nepal, slavery was one of the oldest forms of forced labor. Since forced labor is mostly hidden in the illicit economy, there is a lack of precise quantitative data to form an accurate measure of its extent.
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livelihoods, deserted by their husbands or families, victims of abuse and violence, and those from disadvantaged communities and extremely poor families. Victims come from all areas of Nepal, but most targeted are those in traditionally disadvantaged, marginalized groups such as the
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their final destinations. For non-India foreign destinations, the victims are most commonly subjected to sex trafficking, especially to non-brothels. Also widespread is labor exploitation of victims in unorganized, informal sectors in Gulf states, such as domestic servitude.
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Most victims were lured with promises of better jobs in areas such as India, Dubai, or Saudi Arabia; other tactics include false marriages and proposals, force, and approaching indebted families to sell their daughters to pay their debts, sometimes under the guise of a
153:. Hard trafficking is conducted through false promises and coercion. It spreads from district to district, and has shifted significantly from rural to urban areas. In soft trafficking, family members can play roles beyond "seller", including transporter and purchaser.
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the Nepal Multidimensional Poverty Index 2021, states that âNepal has been able to reduce multidimensional poverty from 30.1 percent in 2014 to 17.4 percent in 2019â (ix). However, there is a severe disparity in the distribution of poverty across the country.
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Various NGOs in Nepal are focused on programs that work to prevent the trafficking of women and girls, as well as to rehabilitate survivors and help reintegrate them into their communities. Some of most well-known and well-established include Change Nepal
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caste (untouchables) and ethnic minorities ("janajati", indigenous peoples). Additional vulnerable groups include those of religious minorities, those with disability, those from mid- and far-western development regions, and those residing in an area
248:, and have fewer family members with earning power. Some reasons for being trafficked for sex work may include poverty and being old enough. Younger female children, on the other hand, tend to also be exploited for non-sex work including domestic and
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country's borders. These activities are executed through seminars, rallies, street theater performances, prevention camps, peer education, and community support groups. Indirect prevention helps prevent trafficking through other means, including
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The process of human trafficking can be explained by two models: "hard" and "soft". The distinction between hard and soft trafficking has to do with the coercion or complicity of family members in the entry of a person into
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Trafficking victims often are taken to locations within Nepal, often from rural areas to the urban centers. Mainly young girls and women are trafficked for sexual exploitation in places such as cabin/dance restaurants,
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Richardson, Diane; Poudel, Meena; Laurie, Nina (June 2009). "Sexual trafficking in Nepal: constructing citizenship and livelihoods" [TrĂĄfico sexual en Nepal: la construcciĂłn de ciudadanĂa y de medios de vida].
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Malla-Pradhan, S. (2006). National Laws, International and Regional Legal Framework against Trafficking, in Judges Workshops on Combating Trafficking in Women and Children. Kathmandu: National Judicial Academy,
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252:, and circus work. There are an estimated 150,000 to 200,000 Nepali women and girls who are trafficked to Indian brothels each year. Girls are sold to brothels at prices ranging from 50,000 to 70,000
403:, most of them were under the age of 18, were reported missing by their families after crossing into India. The political impasse also impacts efforts to engage India authorities to find them.
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laws of the kingdom" (Center for Legal Research and Resource Development, 2002, p. 11). A section of the Ain addresses trafficking specifically, and the following are prohibited:
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Smith, H. M., & Smith, C. A. (2008). Human Trafficking: The Unintended Effects of United Nations Intervention. Conference Papers -- Western Political Science Association, 1â41.
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Silverman, J. G. D. (2007). HIV Prevalence and Predictors of Infection in Sex-Trafficked Nepalese Girls and Women. JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association, 298 (5), 536.
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Subedi, G. (2009). TRAFFICKING IN GIRLS AND WOMEN IN NEPAL FOR COMMERCIAL SEXUAL EXPLOITATION: EMERGING CONCERNS AND GAPS. Pakistan Journal of Womenâs Studies, 16(1/2), 121â146.
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KantJha, C., & Madison, J. (2011). Antecedent and Sequalae Issues of Nepalese Women Trafficked into Prostitution. Journal of International Womenâs Studies, 12(1), 79â90.
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Tsutsumi, Atsuro; Izutsu, Takashi; Poudyal, Amod K.; Kato, Seika; Marui, Eiji (February 14, 2008). "Mental health of female survivors of human trafficking in Nepal".
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244:, with as many as 5,000â10,000 women and girls trafficked to India alone each year. Those who have been trafficked for sex work are more likely to be older,
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Koirala A, Banskota HK, Khadka BR: Cross border interception â A strategy of prevention of trafficking women from Nepal. Int Conf AIDS :15. 2004, Jul 11â16
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Even if victims survive and are able to get out of trafficking, there are many challenges they may face in attempting to return to their normal lives.
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Human trafficking is the fastest growing criminal industry in the world, second to drug dealing and tied with arms dealing. According to the
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that offers the widely accepted working definition of trafficking as the use of force, coercion, and fraud to exploit a person for profit.
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trafficking awareness campaigns some Nepali associate HIV/AIDS with all migrants returning from India, increasing stigma for migrants.
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Tsutsumi, A.; Izutsu, T.; Poudyal, AK; Kato, S.; Marui, E. (2008). "Mental health of female survivors of human trafficking in Nepal".
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Mukherji KK, Muherjee S. (2007): Girls and women in prostitution in India Department of Women and Child Development, New Delhi, India.
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grappling with poverty, who are often lured by promises of better opportunities but instead find themselves exploited and deceived.
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order to address one of the most fundamental causes of trafficking. The government also runs shelters in coordination with NGOs.
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Worthen, M (2011). "Sex Trafficking or Sex Work? Conceptions of Trafficking Among Anti- Trafficking Organizations in Nepal".
1492:"A Global Alliance against Forced Labour? Unfree Labour, Neo-Liberal Globalization and the International Labour Organization"
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1746:"'We are looked down upon and rejected socially': a qualitative study on the experiences of trafficking survivors in Nepal"
395:, its aftershocks have led to fears of intensified trafficking as people prey upon the millions of newly shelterless. The
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Richardson, D.; Poudel, M.; Laurie, N. (2009). "Sexual trafficking in Nepal: constructing citizenship and livelihoods".
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Sanzero Eller, Lucille (April 23, 2004). "Psychological Factors in Nepali Former Commercial Sex Workers with HIV".
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1111:"Socio-Economic Impact on Trafficking of Girls/Women for Sexual Exploitation: A Study in Sindhupalchowk District"
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someone who is below the age of 16 or mentally ill cannot be forcefully separated from their legal guardian; and
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or sexual performance done in exchange for an item of value, such as money, shelter, food, drugs, or clothes.
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Simkhada, Padam (2008). "Life Histories and Survival Strategies Amongst Sexually Trafficked Girls in Nepal".
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1827:"SANGLA BHACHHNU: IDENTIFYING AND PRIORITIZING KEY BARRIERS TO FIGHTING HUMAN TRAFFICKING IN NEPAL"
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has only heightened the sense of crisis in the country. Some showed that 461 girls as reported by
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Poudel, P; Carryer, J (2000). "Girl-trafficking, HIV/AIDS, and the position of women in Nepal".
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One specific type of forced labor that is widespread in Nepal is bonded labor, also known as
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courts. This is illustrated by the study of Forum for Women, Law and Development (FWLD) and
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1503:
8:
3726:
3513:
2508:
2181:
1960:"Nepal - Trafficking in girls with special reference to prostitution: A rapid assessment"
1434:
1060:"Sexual slavery without borders: trafficking for commercial sexual exploitation in India"
956:
Deane, T (2010). "Cross-Border Trafficking in Nepal and India-Violating Women's Rights".
686:
396:
230:
150:
114:
81:
1507:
3508:
3503:
3457:
3442:
3298:
3237:
3225:
3186:
2967:
2932:
2867:
2814:
2687:
2085:
1903:
1778:
1745:
1253:
1183:
1086:
1059:
973:
901:"Nepal Trafficking in Girls with Special Reference to Prostitution: A Rapid Assessment"
3771:
3645:
3625:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3164:
3146:
3063:
2896:
2883:
2862:
2847:
2824:
2804:
2563:
2077:
2013:
1907:
1783:
1765:
1675:
1516:
1491:
1347:
1343:
1301:
1245:
1187:
1132:
1091:
977:
537:
480:
138:
105:
2089:
2009:
1297:
3843:
3836:
3615:
3488:
3476:
3452:
3397:
3326:
3113:
3041:
2819:
2792:
2621:
2613:
2148:
2069:
2005:
1895:
1826:
1773:
1757:
1671:
1511:
1339:
1293:
1237:
1175:
1122:
1081:
1071:
965:
739:
1257:
3786:
3655:
3635:
3592:
3462:
3414:
3369:
3058:
2168:
1643:
293:
222:
121:, and 25% for a mixture of both. Nepali victims are trafficked within Nepal, the
1862:"Can Child Migration in Nepal be Explained under the Modernization Perspective?"
3859:
3741:
3695:
3650:
3630:
3580:
3533:
3518:
3434:
2772:
2749:
2669:
2654:
1127:
795:
590:
471:
an individual is not allowed to be removed from Nepal with the intent to sell;
436:
264:
176:
142:
1899:
1179:
1058:
Joffres, C.; Mills, E.; Joffres, M.; Khanna, T.; Walia, H.; Grund, D. (2008).
969:
666:
Trafficking in Persons Report 2011 Country Narratives -- Countries N Through Z
3879:
3705:
3670:
3538:
3105:
2998:
2993:
2809:
2754:
2739:
2557:
2073:
1769:
1136:
249:
2173:
2058:"Sex Trafficking in Nepal: A Review of Intervention and Prevention Programs"
3864:
3746:
3680:
3640:
3356:
2842:
2834:
2764:
2081:
2017:
1787:
1635:
UNDP (2004). Nepal Human Development Report. Retrieved March 5, 2012, from
1584:
Aengst, J. (2001). Girl Trafficking in Nepal. Human Rights Advocacy Clinic.
1561:"No life for a child: The grim reality of Nepal's child laborers - CNN.com"
1351:
1305:
1249:
1095:
1076:
610:
585:
299:
285:
272:
253:
134:
118:
2057:
3675:
3097:
2744:
2567:
2152:
1761:
1418:"Forced Labour of Adults and Children in the Agriculture Sector of Nepal"
533:
521:
400:
289:
234:
191:
The Nepal-India border is one of the busiest sites for human trafficking.
122:
68:
is a growing criminal industry affecting multiple other countries beyond
1744:
Dahal, Pranab; Joshi, Sunil Kumar; Swahnberg, Katarina (December 2015).
1435:"Trade and investment effects of forced labour: an empirical assessment"
378:
3492:
3331:
3308:
3008:
2787:
2700:
2636:
615:
245:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1241:
187:
3731:
3374:
3361:
3018:
2988:
765:
UNODC (2012). Human Trafficking FAQs. Retrieved March 26, 2012, from
525:
3751:
3089:
2734:
2705:
2695:
2677:
1684:
432:
226:
130:
1606:"Trafficking in Persons Especially on Women and Children in Nepal"
3700:
3665:
3660:
3610:
3548:
3379:
3351:
3346:
3336:
3013:
2710:
2578:
595:
2169:
Human Trafficking in the Cross Border Area of Sunauli, Rupandehi
2110:
Dhungana, S. K. (2006). "Anti-trafficking challenges in Nepal".
518:
23:
3721:
3690:
3620:
3523:
3003:
2646:
126:
3341:
3046:
2609:
327:
313:
241:
141:, beggars, factory workers, mine workers, circus performers,
69:
1888:
Gender, Place & Culture: A Journal of Feminist Geography
1167:
Gender, Place & Culture: A Journal of Feminist Geography
240:
Sex trafficking is particularly rampant within Nepal and to
166:
3685:
382:
Some of the devastation caused by the 2015 Nepal Earthquake
1637:
http://www.undp.org.np/publication/html/nhdr2004/index.php
1532:"Bonded Labor | Debt Bondage or Peonage - End Slavery Now"
541:
traffickers and the enforcement of anti-trafficking laws.
296:, embroidery workshops, tea shops, and small restaurants.
3736:
1995:
1283:
1057:
767:
http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/human-trafficking/faqs.html
456:
1885:
1205:"What is Sex Trafficking? - Shared Hope International"
1162:
268:
Forced labor in Nepal is commonly seen in agriculture.
679:"Trafficking in Persons Report 2017: Tier Placements"
1976:. Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS. 2002.
1743:
86:
Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons
606:Transnational efforts to prevent human trafficking
343:
203:
3877:
1974:Young people and HIV/AIDS: Opportunity in crisis
1030:Jones, C (2010). "Nepal's "Cabin Restaurants"".
95:
406:
2594:
2203:
2189:
1329:
1227:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1146:
443:
334:
503:
486:
3714:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2099:
1802:"Nepal Multidimensional Poverty Index 2021"
1721:"Nepal Multidimensional Poverty Index 2021"
1657:
1655:
1653:
1651:
292:, but it can also be found in brick kilns,
2601:
2587:
2196:
2182:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1143:
1064:International Journal for Equity in Health
1053:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1045:
989:
987:
1777:
1697:"Global Report on Trafficking in Persons"
1515:
1126:
1085:
1075:
951:
949:
947:
865:
863:
861:
859:
857:
855:
853:
851:
849:
847:
845:
843:
841:
839:
837:
835:
498:United Nations Development Fund for Women
306:
2109:
2096:
1661:
1648:
1108:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1011:
945:
943:
941:
939:
937:
935:
933:
931:
929:
927:
833:
831:
829:
827:
825:
823:
821:
819:
817:
815:
524:, 3 Angels Nepal (www.3angelsnepal.com)
377:
263:
186:
182:
165:
102:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
48:of all important aspects of the article.
2138:
2055:
1938:
1042:
984:
761:
759:
635:Human Trafficking: a Global Perspective
561:
212:
3878:
2051:
2049:
2047:
1489:
1001:
999:
895:
481:Palermo Protocol on Trafficking (2003)
414:
386:
44:Please consider expanding the lead to
2582:
2177:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2027:
1824:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1459:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1412:
1410:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1199:
1197:
1029:
1008:
955:
924:
893:
891:
889:
887:
885:
883:
881:
879:
877:
875:
812:
737:
660:
658:
656:
654:
652:
650:
648:
646:
644:
457:Governmental anti-trafficking efforts
1366:"Human Trafficking | 3 Angels Nepal"
756:
427:Victims are also at a high risk for
17:
996:
796:"International Labour Organization"
369:
348:
13:
2608:
2024:
1587:
1548:
1444:
1407:
1312:
1264:
1194:
872:
641:
431:(STIs) including tuberculosis and
217:
14:
3912:
2162:
1922:"Over 400 girls missing in India"
700:
278:International Labour Organization
111:International Labour Organization
2562:
2553:
2552:
1676:10.1111/j.1099-0860.2008.00154.x
1517:10.1111/j.1471-0366.2007.00152.x
1490:Lerche, Jens (August 28, 2007).
1344:10.1111/j.1547-5069.2003.00053.x
473:deprivation from legal guardian:
22:
2132:
2122:
2010:10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.12.025
1989:
1980:
1966:
1952:
1914:
1879:
1854:
1825:Nixon, Krista D. (2018-07-25).
1818:
1794:
1737:
1713:
1629:
1578:
1524:
1483:
1427:
1390:"The meanings of Forced Labour"
1382:
1358:
1298:10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.12.025
1221:
1102:
779:"Trafficking in Persons Report"
429:sexually transmitted infections
259:
161:
156:
36:may be too short to adequately
2520:British Indian Ocean Territory
1462:"Anti-Slavery - Bonded Labour"
1332:Journal of Nursing Scholarship
1109:Shrestha, Anila (2018-12-31).
788:
771:
731:
671:
627:
461:
422:post-traumatic stress disorder
344:Human trafficking risk factors
204:Cross-border (excluding India)
115:commercial sexual exploitation
46:provide an accessible overview
1:
2056:Kaufman, Michelle R. (2011).
1998:Social Science & Medicine
621:
544:
109:conservative estimate by the
96:Overview of human trafficking
3901:Human rights abuses in Nepal
3891:Human trafficking by country
3052:Inner Terai Valleys of Nepal
2902:Back to the Village campaign
2873:NepalâBritain Treaty of 1923
664:US State Department (2011).
469:trafficking of human beings:
407:Challenges after trafficking
319:vulnerable to climate change
7:
3430:South Asian Free Trade Area
1926:kathmandupost.ekantipur.com
1286:Social Science and Medicine
740:"UNODC - Human Trafficking"
574:
393:April 2015 Nepal earthquake
10:
3917:
3886:Human trafficking in Nepal
3544:Nepal Academy of Fine Arts
1496:Journal of Agrarian Change
1128:10.3126/nutaj.v5i1-2.23451
581:Human trafficking in India
444:Reintegrating into society
335:Trafficker characteristics
84:. U.S. State Department's
66:Human trafficking in Nepal
3896:Human trafficking in Asia
3830:
3764:
3601:
3484:
3475:
3405:
3396:
3317:
3284:
3172:
3163:
3122:
3075:
3029:
2979:
2975:
2966:
2910:
2881:
2833:
2763:
2723:
2686:
2668:
2645:
2629:
2620:
2548:
2507:
2467:
2209:
2204:Human trafficking in Asia
1900:10.1080/09663690902836300
1209:Shared Hope International
1180:10.1080/09663690902836300
970:10.1007/s12142-010-0162-y
668:. Retrieved March 5, 2012
504:Other governmental action
487:Problems with enforcement
129:plus other areas such as
2269:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
2141:Refugee Survey Quarterly
2074:10.1177/1077801211407431
1230:Gender & Development
477:slavery and bonded labor
435:. According to the 2002
3202:Chief of the Army Staff
2660:Maya (mother of Buddha)
2530:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
2112:Forced Migration Review
601:Trafficking of children
233:includes prostitution,
3529:International rankings
2062:Violence Against Women
1842:Cite journal requires
1664:Children & Society
1077:10.1186/1475-9276-7-22
383:
307:Victim characteristics
269:
192:
171:
88:placed the country in
3214:Provincial assemblies
2911:Multi-party democracy
1536:www.endslaverynow.org
381:
276:abuse, violating the
267:
225:is when someone uses
190:
183:Cross-border to India
169:
133:and forced to become
119:involuntary servitude
3309:Rural Municipalities
3264:Council of Ministers
3182:Constituent Assembly
2857:Treaty of Thapathali
2778:Prithvi Narayan Shah
2444:United Arab Emirates
1762:10.3402/gha.v8.29267
1750:Global Health Action
562:Remaining challenges
213:Types of trafficking
2471:limited recognition
1508:2007JAgrC...7..425L
1466:www.antislavery.org
958:Human Rights Review
708:"Human Trafficking"
415:Health consequences
397:2015 Nepal blockade
387:Humanitarian crises
151:forced prostitution
3782:Capital punishment
3448:Telecommunications
3064:Siliguri Corridor
2944:2015 earthquake -
2153:10.1093/rsq/hdr007
1642:2009-06-26 at the
384:
270:
231:commercial sex act
193:
172:
117:while 32% are for
3873:
3872:
3826:
3825:
3822:
3821:
3814:Human trafficking
3760:
3759:
3471:
3470:
3392:
3391:
3388:
3387:
3221:Political parties
3192:Foreign relations
3159:
3158:
3155:
3154:
2962:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2863:Lamjang and Kaski
2848:Jung Bahadur Rana
2825:Treaty of Sugauli
2719:
2718:
2576:
2575:
2513:other territories
1242:10.1080/741923626
139:domestic servants
106:human trafficking
76:subjected to the
63:
62:
3908:
3853:
3846:
3839:
3712:
3711:
3599:
3598:
3482:
3481:
3438:
3403:
3402:
3365:
3282:
3281:
3257:
3170:
3169:
3109:
3101:
3093:
3067:
3066:(Chicken's Neck)
3042:Kathmandu Valley
2977:
2976:
2973:
2972:
2928:2005 coup d'Ă©tat
2897:Panchayat system
2820:Balbhadra Kunwar
2793:Kingdom of Nepal
2761:
2760:
2643:
2642:
2627:
2626:
2603:
2596:
2589:
2580:
2579:
2566:
2556:
2555:
2525:Christmas Island
2211:Sovereign states
2198:
2191:
2184:
2175:
2174:
2157:
2156:
2136:
2130:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2107:
2094:
2093:
2053:
2022:
2021:
2004:(8): 1841â1847.
1993:
1987:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1962:. December 2001.
1956:
1950:
1947:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1932:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1873:
1864:. Archived from
1858:
1852:
1851:
1845:
1840:
1838:
1830:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1812:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1781:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1731:
1717:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1707:
1693:
1682:
1679:
1659:
1646:
1633:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1623:
1617:
1611:. Archived from
1610:
1602:
1585:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1572:
1567:. 15 August 2013
1557:
1546:
1545:
1543:
1542:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1487:
1481:
1480:
1478:
1477:
1468:. Archived from
1457:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1414:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1401:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1376:
1370:3angelsnepal.com
1362:
1356:
1355:
1327:
1310:
1309:
1292:(8): 1841â1847.
1281:
1262:
1261:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1215:
1201:
1192:
1191:
1160:
1141:
1140:
1130:
1106:
1100:
1099:
1089:
1079:
1055:
1040:
1039:
1027:
1006:
1003:
994:
991:
982:
981:
953:
922:
921:
919:
918:
912:
906:. Archived from
905:
897:
870:
867:
810:
809:
807:
806:
792:
786:
785:
783:
775:
769:
763:
754:
753:
751:
750:
735:
729:
728:
726:
725:
719:
713:. Archived from
712:
704:
698:
697:
695:
694:
685:. Archived from
675:
669:
662:
639:
638:
631:
370:Cultural factors
349:Economic factors
58:
55:
49:
26:
18:
3916:
3915:
3911:
3910:
3909:
3907:
3906:
3905:
3876:
3875:
3874:
3869:
3856:
3849:
3842:
3835:
3818:
3756:
3710:
3656:Maghe Sankranti
3597:
3561:Public holidays
3524:Gurkhas/Gorkhas
3467:
3436:
3384:
3363:
3313:
3280:
3255:
3151:
3142:Protected areas
3118:
3107:
3099:
3091:
3071:
3065:
3059:Tibetan Plateau
3037:Cities of Nepal
3025:
2954:
2938:Jana Andolan II
2906:
2892:1951 revolution
2877:
2829:
2815:Anglo-Nepal War
2765:Early Shah rule
2759:
2727:
2725:
2715:
2688:Lichchhavi rule
2682:
2664:
2647:Shakya Republic
2641:
2616:
2607:
2577:
2572:
2544:
2512:
2503:
2484:Northern Cyprus
2470:
2463:
2205:
2202:
2165:
2160:
2137:
2133:
2127:
2123:
2108:
2097:
2054:
2025:
1994:
1990:
1985:
1981:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1948:
1939:
1930:
1928:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1884:
1880:
1871:
1869:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1843:
1841:
1832:
1831:
1823:
1819:
1810:
1808:
1800:
1799:
1795:
1742:
1738:
1729:
1727:
1719:
1718:
1714:
1705:
1703:
1695:
1694:
1685:
1680:
1660:
1649:
1644:Wayback Machine
1634:
1630:
1621:
1619:
1615:
1608:
1604:
1603:
1588:
1583:
1579:
1570:
1568:
1559:
1558:
1549:
1540:
1538:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1488:
1484:
1475:
1473:
1458:
1445:
1437:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1420:
1416:
1415:
1408:
1399:
1397:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1374:
1372:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1328:
1313:
1282:
1265:
1226:
1222:
1213:
1211:
1203:
1202:
1195:
1161:
1144:
1107:
1103:
1056:
1043:
1028:
1009:
1004:
997:
992:
985:
954:
925:
916:
914:
910:
903:
899:
898:
873:
868:
813:
804:
802:
794:
793:
789:
781:
777:
776:
772:
764:
757:
748:
746:
736:
732:
723:
721:
717:
710:
706:
705:
701:
692:
690:
677:
676:
672:
663:
642:
633:
632:
628:
624:
577:
564:
547:
506:
489:
464:
459:
446:
417:
409:
389:
372:
351:
346:
337:
309:
262:
223:Sex trafficking
220:
218:Sex trafficking
215:
206:
185:
177:massage parlors
164:
159:
98:
82:sex trafficking
59:
53:
50:
43:
31:This article's
27:
12:
11:
5:
3914:
3904:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3871:
3870:
3868:
3867:
3862:
3855:
3854:
3847:
3840:
3832:
3831:
3828:
3827:
3824:
3823:
3820:
3819:
3817:
3816:
3811:
3810:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3768:
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54:December 2020
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3851:Bibliography
3813:
3792:Human rights
3715:Celebrations
3681:Sonam Lhosar
3641:Yomari Punhi
3586:Christianity
3499:Demographics
3420:Child labour
3177:Constitution
2999:Kanchenjunga
2843:Kot massacre
2509:Dependencies
2439:Turkmenistan
2404:Saudi Arabia
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2134:
2124:
2115:
2111:
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2001:
1997:
1991:
1982:
1973:
1968:
1954:
1929:. Retrieved
1925:
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1870:. Retrieved
1866:the original
1856:
1835:cite journal
1820:
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1805:
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1470:the original
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1396:. 2014-03-10
1393:
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1369:
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1338:(1): 53â60.
1335:
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1289:
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1236:(2): 74â79.
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1208:
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1115:NUTA Journal
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908:the original
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743:
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722:. Retrieved
715:the original
702:
691:. Retrieved
687:the original
682:
673:
634:
629:
611:Unfree labor
586:Human rights
569:
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556:
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530:
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511:
507:
494:
490:
476:
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468:
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451:
449:livelihood.
447:
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373:
364:
360:
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324:
310:
298:
286:debt bondage
283:
273:Forced labor
271:
260:Forced labor
239:
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207:
198:
194:
173:
170:Map of Nepal
162:Within Nepal
157:Destinations
147:
99:
78:forced labor
65:
64:
51:
35:
33:lead section
15:
3777:Witch-hunts
3732:Bratabandha
3676:Tamu Lhosar
3410:Agriculture
3124:Environment
2853:Tibetan War
2783:Unification
2745:Baise Rajya
2568:Asia portal
2469:States with
2389:Philippines
2329:South Korea
2324:North Korea
2219:Afghanistan
1460:dotMailer.
1394:www.ilo.org
800:www.ilo.org
738:nancy.cao.
534:microcredit
522:Maiti Nepal
462:Legislation
401:Maiti Nepal
300:Child labor
290:agriculture
235:pornography
135:prostitutes
125:, and even
123:Middle East
3880:Categories
3514:Literature
3437:(currency)
3362:Kathmandu
3332:Biratnagar
3209:Parliament
3114:West Rapti
3092:(Ghaghara)
3009:Dhaulagiri
2788:Kalu Pande
2701:Amshuverma
2637:Bhadrabahu
2449:Uzbekistan
2424:Tajikistan
2339:Kyrgyzstan
2319:Kazakhstan
2239:Bangladesh
2229:Azerbaijan
1931:2019-07-08
1872:2016-02-25
1811:2024-04-02
1730:2024-04-02
1706:2019-08-21
1622:2016-03-24
1571:2016-03-24
1541:2016-03-24
1476:2016-03-24
1400:2016-03-24
1375:2016-03-24
1214:2016-03-24
917:2016-02-25
805:2019-08-21
749:2016-02-24
724:2016-02-24
693:2017-12-01
622:References
545:Criticisms
246:illiterate
3603:Festivals
3509:Languages
3504:Education
3463:Workforce
3458:Transport
3443:Squatting
3425:Companies
3375:Nepalgunj
3364:(capital)
3327:Bharatpur
3299:Provinces
3294:Districts
3286:Divisions
3238:President
3226:Communism
3187:Elections
3108:(Gandaki)
3106:Narayani
3019:Annapurna
2989:Himalayas
2981:Mountains
2968:Geography
2933:Civil war
2884:Panchayat
2868:Tribhuvan
2835:Rana rule
2535:Hong Kong
2489:Palestine
2414:Sri Lanka
2409:Singapore
2289:Indonesia
2147:(3): 87.
1908:145200162
1770:1654-9716
1188:145200162
1137:2616-017X
978:145266485
536:lending,
526:ABC Nepal
92:in 2017.
38:summarize
3860:Category
3797:Intersex
3772:Abortion
3752:Antyesti
3747:Shraddha
3646:Gadhimai
3576:Buddhism
3571:Hinduism
3566:Religion
3370:Lalitpur
3357:Janakpur
3197:Military
3165:Politics
3147:Wildlife
3090:Karnali
2798:Monarchs
2735:Arimalla
2724:Medieval
2706:Bhrikuti
2696:Manadeva
2678:Yalamber
2614:articles
2558:Category
2479:Abkhazia
2429:Thailand
2384:Pakistan
2364:Mongolia
2359:Maldives
2354:Malaysia
2254:Cambodia
2118:: 21â22.
2090:35335605
2082:21502114
2018:18276050
1788:26584683
1640:Archived
1352:12701527
1306:18276050
1250:12296154
1096:18817576
1070:: 1â11.
1038:(4): 23.
575:See also
433:HIV/AIDS
227:coercion
131:Malaysia
90:"Tier 2"
74:children
3837:Outline
3701:Chhechu
3666:Ubhauli
3661:Udhauli
3611:Dashain
3489:Cuisine
3477:Culture
3453:Tourism
3398:Economy
3380:Pokhara
3352:Itahari
3347:Hetauda
3337:Birgunj
3014:Manaslu
2711:Araniko
2630:Ancient
2622:History
2454:Vietnam
2369:Myanmar
2349:Lebanon
2279:Georgia
2234:Bahrain
2224:Armenia
1779:4653321
1504:Bibcode
1087:2569945
596:Slavery
3865:Portal
3787:Health
3765:Issues
3722:Nwaran
3691:Chhath
3626:Swonti
3621:Mohani
3549:People
3435:Rupee
3415:Energy
3319:Cities
3100:(Kosi)
3098:Koshi
3077:Rivers
3004:Makalu
2728:modern
2612:
2499:Taiwan
2434:Turkey
2399:Russia
2334:Kuwait
2314:Jordan
2304:Israel
2264:Cyprus
2249:Brunei
2244:Bhutan
2129:Nepal.
2088:
2080:
2016:
1906:
1786:
1776:
1768:
1350:
1304:
1258:893097
1256:
1248:
1186:
1135:
1094:
1084:
976:
127:Europe
3844:Index
3807:Women
3742:Bahra
3727:Pasni
3706:Jatra
3616:Tihar
3593:Sport
3581:Islam
3534:Media
3519:Music
3342:Damak
3047:Terai
3030:Areas
2946:April
2610:Nepal
2540:Macau
2459:Yemen
2419:Syria
2394:Qatar
2374:Nepal
2309:Japan
2284:India
2274:Egypt
2259:China
2086:S2CID
1904:S2CID
1616:(PDF)
1609:(PDF)
1438:(PDF)
1421:(PDF)
1254:S2CID
1184:S2CID
974:S2CID
911:(PDF)
904:(PDF)
782:(PDF)
718:(PDF)
711:(PDF)
328:dowry
314:Dalit
242:India
70:Nepal
3802:LGBT
3686:Holi
3493:wine
3256:list
3085:Arun
2379:Oman
2344:Laos
2299:Iraq
2294:Iran
2078:PMID
2014:PMID
1848:help
1806:UNDP
1784:PMID
1766:ISSN
1725:UNDP
1348:PMID
1302:PMID
1246:PMID
1133:ISSN
1092:PMID
391:The
80:and
3737:Ihi
3636:Eid
2950:May
2726:and
2511:and
2149:doi
2070:doi
2006:doi
1896:doi
1774:PMC
1758:doi
1672:doi
1565:CNN
1512:doi
1340:doi
1294:doi
1238:doi
1176:doi
1123:doi
1082:PMC
1072:doi
966:doi
616:Pir
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