25:
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Hugh of Lucca, on the other hand, relied mostly on practical knowledge by trial and error, as the philosophy he followed regarded experience as the sole source of knowledge. He found oils to be too slippery and hard to add his sources as a material for clinical operations to bond the two edges of the
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as a municipal surgeon stipulated that he would reside in that city for six months of the year and during periods of civil war. Residents, including inhabitants of the nearby countryside, would be treated free of charge. The contract also required that Hugh provide medical services to the army in the
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For those wounded on the medieval battlefield, the odds of survival were not great. Despite being treated, many would die shortly afterwards from infections. In the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, a small group of surgeons believed they had a better way of treating these injuries. But they would
378:
Wine, throughout the history of medicine, was a commonly used ingredient. It was mainly used as a numbing or, preferred in more times, as an agent to ease and diminish the pain of the wounded patients. Wine was initially given orally during procedures involving the consumption of it. The main reason
415:
Unfortunately, there is no record stating the exact date of when he discovered this technique. However, the vast usage of wine by others during operations through history of medicine suggests it was used mostly mixed together with various herbs or numerous oils. The main and primary purpose of wine
289:
formation or suppuration.The dry method of healing was controversial for two reasons. Firstly, it rejected conventional medical wisdom based on Galen and other ancient writers who believed that the healing was not possible without the removal of “bad humours”. Several experts have argued that the
364:
and wrung out. Thus, the lips of the wound may be reunited as well as possible in accordance with their original healthy state and having made compresses from fine clean lint soaked in warm wine and placed upon the wound so as to fit, it be bound up with a light bandage in such a way that the
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and continued his profession as a surgeon until his death there. Some regard him as the founder of the surgical school of
Bologna as he was the pioneer of a new wound treatment and the starter of a new era. Although it is also declared in some sources that in the early thirteenth century the
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medical community that to challenge it was an act of heresy. Any medic who opposed the thousand-year method of healing was maligned. Secondly, the dry method of healing repudiated a religious belief system that taught that the evacuation of bad humours was a cleansing of evil from the body.
382:
Hugh of Lucca used wine as a means to disinfect the flesh wound. As the name of his technique “Antiseptic
Technique” also suggests, it was primarily used by him for its antiseptic properties. In many cases he saw it fit to use wine, he boiled it. And then soaked either
155:
had included the "healing art" of medicine into its subjects of grammar, dialectic, rhetoric, and the free subjects of music and astronomy. He was a physician at the end of the period where medicine was a profession transmitted from father to son via observations.
352:, who recorded his father and master’s techniques, described the procedure of treating wounds as "not only desirable but attainable", and offered an explanation of the process: "Therefore in the case of a simple skin wound, if the lesion should not entail loss of
360:, you will treat it thus: in the first place, the lips of the wound, and all about the wound should be debrided; and then the wound should be completely cleansed of fuzz, hair, and anything else, and let the wound be wiped quite dry with fine lint soaked in warm
406:
in boiled wine, was used to clean the wound of any foreign materials as well as to disinfect the area. After this operation was successfully accomplished, he would cover the cleaned wound with a compress that had also been soaked in boiled wine.
343:
soldiers in the field convinced him that the most effective method of healing wounds of the skull was without the encouragement of suppuration. He recommended removing foreign objects from flesh wounds and cleansing the wound with wine-soaked
432:, M.D.Cantab., F.R.S. An Address on THE HISTORICAL RELATIONS BETWEEN SURGERY AND MEDICINE. The British Medical Journal. The Medical Congres, St. Louis, Oct. 1, 1904: p. 789-792. Retrieved 10 April 2022
281:
formation, held to be necessary in the healing process. They advocated and practiced a treatment known as the aseptic theory or dry method of wound treatment in which foreign objects were removed,
379:
being that; once the patient drank the wine, they forgot about ever going through the painful operation, and they were unburdened of the trauma an operation of the likes would have caused.
420:
wound in surgeries. He preferred using wine instead, as it vaporized after a period of time, unlike oils in general, and dried with the wound while cleaning it with the alcohol inside.
245:. Although he lived into his 90s, and assumedly passed away in 1259, it is continuously stated in sources that he left no written record, and all his achievements were noted down by
453:
4. Edwards, Harold, CBE MS. Theodoric of Cervia, a
Medieval Antiseptic Surgeon. Section of the History of Medicine Volume 69 August 1976: p.27-29. Retrieved 24 April 2022
230:, he travelled with the Bolognese army between 1218 and 1221. While he was treating war wounds he came to the understanding that the best way to heal the wounds of the
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447:
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being used during surgical operations at these times was to drive off any sense of the patient and induce forgetfulness of the pain the next day of the operation.
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or compresses or both inside the boiled wine. Thus, he had the basic idea of wine, and wanted to prevent it from potentially getting contaminated through air.
394:
by treating the wounded
Bolognese soldiers have also aided in developing his technique, and this journey enabled him to lay the main outline of his ideas.
456:
5. Gyorki, David E., MB BS. Laudable Pus: Historic
Concept Revisited. CORRESPONDENCE ANZ J. Surg. 2005; 75: p.249–254. Retrieved 11 April 2022
299:
people often viewed disease and infection as punishment for bad behaviour. The individual needed to be cleansed both physically and spiritually.
402:
Hugh of Lucca’s technique gained fame as he used wine directly on the wounds. His method of treating fresh wounds, followed by soaking
307:
The first proponent of the controversial method of wound treatment, Hugh of Lucca, born circa 1160, was a medicus possibly educated at
277:(1250-1306) challenged the conventional treatment of wounds sustained in battle, which involved suppuration, or the encouragement of
35:
670:
93:
65:
241:, he was appointed as a legal physician in the city; a position recorded for the first time and concerned with medical
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was stopped, and wounds were closed immediately. Upon closure, wounds were dressed in a dry cloth without encouraging
188:
72:
692:
474:
223:. He condemned the laudable pus theory, which he regarded as "hindering the nature and prolonging the healing".
873:
Allbutt, T. Clifford (October 1, 1904). "AN ADDRESS ON The
Historical Relations Between Surgery and Medicine".
79:
50:
481:
195:, which was ravaging the opposing armies during the lengthy period of time of conflict he was a witness to.
470:. The Palgrave Handbook of the History of Surgery. Palgrave Macmillan 2018: p.31. Retrieved 10 April 2022
61:
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in 1219. He is thought to gain a rich experience in not only the wounds of the soldiers but also on the
894:
463:, M.D. VICTORY OVER PAIN. A History of Anesthesia. London Sigma Books: p.6-27. Retrieved 11 April 2022
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per year and received some property. This has been called “the earliest undisputedexample in medieval
520:
165:
269:(1260-1320), who learned this method from studying Theodoric’s Surgery in medical courses taught by
145:
Hugh of Lucca, also known Ugo de
Borgognoni, was born in 1160, around the time the teaching of
473:
8. Vasina, Augusto. BORGOGNONI, Ugo. Dizionario
Biografico degli Italiani Volume 12 (1971)
175:
He is also said to have been a man of action, since he accompanied the
Bolognese army on the
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636:"Controversial Treatments, The Surgeons Who Tried To Change Medieval Battlefield Surgery"
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Controversial
Treatments, The Surgeons Who Tried To Change Medieval Battlefield Surgery
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against the conventional treatments that were generally used where suppuration and
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at the time Hugh of Lucca was employed by the city as military surgeon.
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where a doctor was hired long term by a city to treat its population”.
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Gyorki, David E. (2005). "Laudable Pus: Historic Concept Revisited".
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between 1218 and 1221. Hugh’s wartime experience of treating injured
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by methods rooted in experiments and experiences. He advocated the
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reapproximation of the wound edges cannot be disturbed at all." "
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450:. Cambridge University Press: p.163-166. Retrieved 11 April 2022
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Robinson, Victor. "VICTORY OVER PAIN A History of Anesthesia".
265:, Bishop of Cervia (1205-96), and French anatomist and surgeon
484:. Medieval Warfare VIII-5: p.50-53. Retrieved 22 April 2022
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The Method of Hugh of Lucca: Innovations in Wound Treatment
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Although he was over sixty years of age, Hugh accompanied
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have to challenge hundreds of years of medical knowledge.
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804:"Theodoric of Cervia, a Medieval Antiseptic Surgeon"
588:"Theodoric of Cervia, a Medieval Antiseptic Surgeon"
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2. Anonymous. Ugo Borgognoni. Knowledge Article.
290:doctrine of the humours was so entrenched in the
129:, his son or student, are noted for their use of
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125:) (1160–c.1259) was a medieval surgeon. He and
261:Hugh of Lucca (1160-1257), his pupil and son,
316:field. In return, he was paid 600 Bolognese
311:. An October 1214 contract with the city of
51:introducing citations to additional sources
848:"THE TREATMENT OF WOUNDS THROUGH THE AGES"
762:"THE TREATMENT OF WOUNDS THROUGH THE AGES"
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411:When did he discover wine as a treatment?
448:THE TREATMENT OF WOUNDS THROUGH THE AGES
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41:Relevant discussion may be found on the
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846:Cope, Sir Zachary (16 August 2012).
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665:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 31.
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237:In 1221, after his return to
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862:– via CambridgeCore.
852:Cambridge University Press
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766:Cambridge University Press
719:CORRESPONDENCE ANZ J. Surg
439:. Retrieved 30 April 2022
650:– via ResearchGate.
521:Lady Mary Wortley Montagu
166:Medical School of Salerno
802:Edwards, Harold (1976).
661:Schlich, Thomas (2018).
586:Edwards, Harold (1976).
477:. Retrieved 5 May 2022
480:9. Whaley, Leigh.
153:University of Bologna
430:Allbutt, T. Clifford
398:How did he use wine?
199:Acts in the Crusades
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267:Henri of Mondeville
789:London Sigma Books
189:Siege of Dammietta
127:Theodoric of Lucca
895:Medieval surgeons
693:"BORGOGNONI, Ugo"
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