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267:. The basic idea of the HS transformation is to reformulate a system of particles interacting through two-body potentials into a system of independent particles interacting with a fluctuating field. The procedure is widely used in
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231:{\displaystyle \exp \left\{-{\frac {a}{2}}x^{2}\right\}={\sqrt {\frac {1}{2\pi a}}}\;\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }\exp \left\,dy,}
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The resulting field theories are well-suited for the application of effective approximation techniques, like the
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Stratonovich, R.L. (1958). "On a Method of
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Hubbard, J. (1959). "Calculation of
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