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to all free inhabitants of the empire in AD 212 seems to have exacerbated the division between the upper and lower classes. As the principles of citizen equality under the
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retained the rights that had been held by all Roman citizens, at least in theory, during the
Republic, including freedom from
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Rivalry and the Rhetoric of Crisis in the Churches of the Apocalypse
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Ville
Vuolanto, "Selling a Freeborn Child: Rhetoric and Social Realities in the Late Roman World,"
125:
101:
75:
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and humbler people. The division starts to become apparent near the end of the 2nd century AD.
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without having achieved the privileges of higher office, including ordinary working people,
8:
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Women and the Law in the Roman Empire: A Sourcebook on
Marriage, Divorce and Widowhood
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Economic and Administrative Survey
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or higher possessed greater honors and therefore were
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rank and those who had held an office at the level of
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266:
206:
181:
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Roman
Imperial Identities in the Early Christian Era
302:
218:
555:
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Ordinary
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64:. They made up around 1% of the Roman population.
87:(free non-citizens who lived within the empire),
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16:Roman legal distinction of personal status
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175:
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37:, those who had held the higher offices
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112:were increasingly subject to harsher
33:emerged as two broad distinctions of
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353:Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law
332:
224:
479:The Encyclopedia of Ancient History
374:Jesus Followers in the Roman Empire
13:
14:
701:
102:granting of universal citizenship
552:MacMullen, Ramsay (2019-02-19).
488:10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah22157
416:A writer's guide to Ancient Rome
531:Matyszak, Philip (2014-04-03).
419:. Manchester University Press.
342:
70:were any free persons who held
615:Perkins, Judith (2008-08-22).
558:. Princeton University Press.
377:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing.
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1:
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413:Fleiner, Carey (2020-02-28).
356:. The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd.
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675:Social class in ancient Rome
573:McLynn, Frank (2009-08-11).
510:Sarris, Peter (2011-10-27).
371:Duff, Paul B. (2017-11-21).
7:
656:Krause, Jens-Uwe (Munich).
600:. Oxford University Press.
461:. Oxford University Press.
398:. Oxford University Press.
10:
706:
643:
434:Grubbs, Judith A. (2002).
594:Peachin, Michael (2011).
455:Lapidge, Michael (2018).
658:"Honestiores/Humiliores"
124:, formerly reserved for
651:. Taylor & Francis.
576:Marcus Aurelius: A Life
323:, p. 153–154, 475.
35:social and legal status
685:Ancient Rome by period
537:. Simon and Schuster.
392:Duff, Paul B. (2001).
350:Berger, Adolf (2002).
660:. Brill's New Pauly.
440:. Psychology Press.
166:, pp. 482–483.
118:corporal punishment
203:33 (2003), p. 191.
138:capital punishment
122:public humiliation
628:978-1-134-15264-3
607:978-0-19-518800-4
586:978-0-306-81830-1
579:. Da Capo Press.
565:978-0-691-19805-7
544:978-1-78074-425-4
523:978-0-19-162002-7
497:978-1-4443-3838-6
468:978-0-19-881136-7
447:978-0-415-15240-2
426:978-1-5261-3525-4
405:978-0-19-513835-1
384:978-1-4674-4838-3
363:978-1-58477-142-5
72:Roman citizenship
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114:legal penalties
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645:A. H. M. Jones
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570:
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549:
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516:. OUP Oxford.
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275:, p. 490.
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241:
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217:
215:, p. 5-6.
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192:
190:, p. 153.
180:
178:, p. 192.
176:MacMullen 2019
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106:Roman Republic
89:tenant farmers
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343:Bibliography
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321:Peachin 2011
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297:Fleiner 2020
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285:Lapidge 2018
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239:, p. 1.
237:Rohmann 2012
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213:Perkins 2008
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21:Roman Empire
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309:Sarris 2011
273:Berger 2002
261:Grubbs 2002
249:Grubbs 2002
164:McLynn 2009
130:Honestiores
62:honestiores
26:honestiores
669:Categories
638:Literature
503:2022-10-08
151:References
145:humiliores
116:, such as
110:humiliores
68:Humiliores
54:equestrian
50:senatorial
30:humiliores
690:Roman law
333:Duff 2017
225:Duff 2001
108:decayed,
84:peregrini
79:(liberti)
48:Those of
647:(1964).
134:corporal
76:freedmen
58:decurion
41:honores
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126:slaves
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