History of the bicycle

217: 128: 1155: 1105: 489:. Initially developed around 1863, it sparked a fashionable craze briefly during 1868–70. Its design was simpler than the Macmillan bicycle; it used rotary cranks and pedals mounted to the front wheel hub. Pedaling made it easier for riders to propel the machine at speed, but the rotational speed limitation of this design created stability and comfort concerns which would lead to the large front wheel of the "penny farthing". It was difficult to pedal the wheel that was used for steering. The use of metal frames reduced the weight and provided sleeker, more elegant designs, and also allowed 732: 1051: 901: 877: 521: 889: 533: 4096: 1215: 914: 31: 369: 1586: 1083: 231: 693: 306: 1378: 381: 658:' designs of the time), which allowed the rider to propel himself forward without pedaling constantly. Initially, bicycle enthusiasts rejected the idea of a freewheel because they believed it would complicate the mechanical functions of the bicycle. Bicycle enthusiasts believed that the bicycle was supposed to remain as simple as possible without any additional mechanisms, such as the freewheel. 1647: 751:, representing the rear). They were fast, but unsafe. The rider was high up in the air and traveling at a great speed. If he hit a bad spot in the road he could easily be thrown over the front wheel and be seriously injured (two broken wrists were common, in attempts to break a fall) or even killed. "Taking a header" (also known as "coming a cropper"), was not at all uncommon. 175:, but it was described by Hans-Erhard Lessing in 1998 as a purposeful fraud, a description now generally accepted. However, the authenticity of the bicycle sketch is still vigorously maintained by followers of Augusto Marinoni, a lexicographer and philologist, who was entrusted by the Commissione Vinciana of Rome with the transcription of Leonardo's 1323:(自行车王国) — the 'Kingdom of Bicycles'. A bicycle was regarded as one of the three "must-haves" of every citizen, alongside a sewing machine and watch – essential items in life that also offered a hint of wealth. The Flying Pigeon bicycle became a symbol of an egalitarian social system that promised little comfort but a reliable ride through life. 1533:. These cycles featured sturdier frames, wider tires with large knobs for increased traction, a more upright seating position (to allow better visibility and shifting of body weight), and increasingly, various front and rear suspension designs. By 2000, mountain bike sales had far outstripped that of racing, sport/racer, and touring bicycles. 826:, whose smaller front wheel was designed to decrease the frequency of "headers". By 1884 high-wheelers and tricycles were relatively popular among a small group of upper-middle-class people in all three countries, the largest group being in England. Their use also spread to the rest of the world, chiefly because of the extent of the 1095:

was of steel construction and the positioning of the frame and handlebars gave the rider a very upright riding position. Though they originally came with front spoon-brakes, technological advancements meant that later models were equipped with the much-improved coaster brakes or rod-actuated rim or drum-brakes.

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In the 1980s, UK cyclists began to shift from road-only bicycles to all-terrain models such as the mountain bike. The mountain bike's sturdy frame and load-carrying ability gave it additional versatility as a utility bike, usurping the role previously filled by the roadster. By 1990, the roadster was

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In the United States, the sports roadster was imported after World War II, and was known as the "English racer". It quickly became popular with adult cyclists seeking an alternative to the traditional youth-oriented cruiser bicycle. While the English racer was no racing bike, it was faster and better

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system, often imported from England, first became popular in the United States in the late 1950s. These comfortable, practical bicycles usually offered generator-powered headlamps, safety reflectors, kickstands, and frame-mounted tire pumps. In the United Kingdom, like the rest of Europe, cycling was

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of 1870 destroyed the velocipede market in France, and the "bone-shaker" enjoyed only a brief period of popularity in the United States, which ended by 1870. There is debate among bicycle historians about why it failed in the United States, but one explanation is that American road surfaces were much

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A similar machine was said to have been produced by Gavin Dalzell of Lesmahagow, circa 1845. There is no record of Dalzell ever having laid claim to inventing the machine. It is believed that he copied the idea having recognized the potential to help him with his local drapery business and there is

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saw many bicycles used. The Japanese confiscated bicycles from civilians due to the abundance of bicycles among the civilian population. Japanese bicycle troops were efficient in both speed and carrying capacity, as they could carry 36 kilograms (79 lb) of equipment compared to a normal British

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rather than the diamond frame of the gentlemen's model so that ladies, with their dresses and skirts, could easily mount and ride their bicycles, and commonly came with a skirt guard to prevent skirts and dresses becoming entangled in the rear wheel and spokes. As with the gents' roadster, the frame

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The pneumatic tire and the diamond frame improved rider comfort but do not form a crucial design or safety feature. A hard rubber tire on a bicycle is just as rideable but is bone jarring. The frame design allows for a lighter weight, and more simple construction and maintenance, hence lower price.

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newspaper reported in 1842 an accident in which an anonymous "gentleman from Dumfries-shire... bestride a velocipede... of ingenious design" knocked over a pedestrian in the Gorbals and was fined five shillings. However, the evidence connecting this with Macmillan is weak, since it is unlikely that

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effect. This design was welcomed by mechanically minded men daring to balance, and several thousand copies were built and used, primarily in Western Europe and in North America. Its popularity rapidly faded when, partly due to increasing numbers of accidents, some city authorities began to prohibit

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on June 12, 1817, he covered 13 km (eight miles) in less than an hour. Constructed almost entirely of wood, the draisine weighed 22 kg (48 pounds), had brass bushings within the wheel bearings, iron shod wheels, a rear-wheel brake and 152 mm (6 inches) of trail of the front-wheel

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In the middle of the decade, bicycle sales were one of the few areas of the economy where sales were growing despite a severe economic depression, leading hundreds of manufacturers to enter business. This resulted in a downward spiral of market saturation, over-supply and intense price competition,

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in 1888 had made for a much smoother ride on paved streets; the previous type were quite smooth-riding, when used on the dirt roads common at the time. As with the original velocipede, safety bicycles had been much less comfortable than high-wheelers precisely because of the smaller wheel size, and

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Bicycle historian David V. Herlihy documents that Lallement claimed to have created the pedal bicycle in Paris in 1863. He had seen someone riding a draisine in 1862 then originally came up with the idea to add pedals to it. It is a fact that he filed the earliest and only patent for a pedal-driven

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In Japan, a pedal-powered tricycle called '陸舟奔車 (Rikushu-honsha)' was described in '新製陸舟奔車之記 (Records of a Newly Made Rikushu-honsha)' (owned by the Hikone Public Library, Hikone, Japan), written in 1732 by 平石久平次時光 (Hiraishi Kuheiji Tokimitsu) (1696-1771), a retainer of the Hikone domain. However,

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Cycling steadily became more important in Europe over the first half of the twentieth century, but it dropped off dramatically in the United States between 1900 and 1910. Automobiles became the preferred means of transportation. Over the 1920s, bicycles gradually became considered children's toys,

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during the late 1860s. Its early history is complex and has been shrouded in some mystery, not least because of conflicting patent claims: all that has been stated for sure is that a French metalworker attached pedals to the front wheel; at present, the earliest year bicycle historians agree on is

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Hybrid bicycles and commuter bicycles can range from fast and light racing-type bicycles with flat bars and other minimal concessions to casual use, to wider-tired bikes designed for primarily for comfort, load-carrying, and increased versatility over a range of different road surfaces. Enclosed

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Though the ladies' version of the roadster largely fell out of fashion in England and many other Western nations as the 20th century progressed, it remains popular in the Netherlands; this is why some people refer to bicycles of this design as Dutch bikes. In Dutch the name of these bicycles is

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The Dutch cycle industry grew rapidly from the 1890s onwards. Since by then it was the British who had the strongest and best-developed market in bike design, Dutch framemakers either copied them or imported them from England. In 1895, 85 percent of all bikes bought in the Netherlands were from

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The 21st century has seen a continued application of technology to bicycles (which started in the 20th century): in designing them, building them, and using them. Bicycle frames and components continue to get lighter and more aerodynamic without sacrificing strength largely through the use of

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high-wheelers in 1878, and gained control of nearly all applicable patents, starting with Lallement's 1866 patent. Pope lowered the royalty (licensing fee) previous patent owners charged, and took his competitors to court over the patents. The courts supported him, and competitors either paid

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The chain drive improved comfort and speed, as the drive was transferred to the non-steering rear wheel and allowed for smooth, relaxed and injury free pedaling (earlier designs that required pedalling the steering front wheel were difficult to pedal while turning, due to the misalignment of

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appeared, intended for use off-pavement over a variety of surfaces. It was an immediate success, and examples flew off retailers' shelves during the 1980s, their popularity spurred by the novelty of all-terrain cycling and the increasing desire of urban dwellers to escape their surroundings

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In Britain, the utility roadster declined noticeably in popularity during the early 1970s, as a boom in recreational cycling caused manufacturers to concentrate on lightweight (10.4–13.6 kg or 23–30 lb), affordable derailleur sport bikes, actually slightly-modified versions of the

1146:; until then they were forced to use a two-speed bicycle. The rear wheel had a sprocket on either side of the hub. To change gears, the rider had to stop, remove the wheel, flip it around, and remount the wheel. When racers were allowed to use derailleurs, racing times immediately dropped. 1129:

From the early 20th century until after World War II, the roadster constituted most adult bicycles sold in the United Kingdom and in many parts of the British Empire. For many years after the advent of the motorcycle and automobile, they remained a primary means of adult transport. Major

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In the early 1980s, Flying Pigeon was the country's biggest bike manufacturer, selling 3 million cycles in 1986. Its 20-kilo black single-speed models were popular with workers, and there was a waiting list of several years to get one, and even then buyers needed good

631:, Nova Scotia, Canada, there were five velocipede rinks, and riding schools began opening in many major urban centers. Essentially, the velocipede was a stepping stone that created a market for bicycles that led to the development of more advanced and efficient machines. 469:, Bavaria, when his first son died at a young age. He built the very first bicycle with pedals in 1853; however, he did not make the invention public. The Tretkurbelfahrrad from 1853 is still sustained and is on public display in the municipality museum in Schweinfurt. 623:. Lallement had left Paris in July 1865, crossed the Atlantic, settled in Connecticut and patented the velocipede, and the number of associated inventions and patents soared in the US. The popularity of the machine grew on both sides of the Atlantic and by 1868–69 the 194:

supposedly had two wheels set on a rigid wooden frame and no steering, directional control being limited to that attainable by leaning. A rider was said to have sat astride the machine and pushed it along using alternate feet. It is now thought that the two-wheeled

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Although French and English inventors modified the velocipede into the high-wheel bicycle, the French were still recovering from the Franco-Prussian war, so English entrepreneurs put the high-wheeler on the English market, and the machine became very popular there,

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shows a machine which looks exactly like Johnson's draisine, but with the pedals and rotary cranks attached to the front wheel hub, and a thin piece of iron over the top of the frame to act as a spring supporting the seat, for a slightly more comfortable ride.

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for climbing hills than the cruiser, thanks to its lighter weight, tall wheels, narrow tires, and internally geared rear hubs. In the late 1950s, U.S. manufacturers such as Schwinn began producing their own "lightweight" version of the English racer.

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cast-iron frames breaking, the Oliviers realized by 1868 that they needed to replace that design with the diagonal one which their competitors were already using, and the Michaux company continued to dominate the industry in its first years.

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The high-bicycle was the logical extension of the boneshaker, the front wheel enlarging to enable higher speeds (limited by the inside leg measurement of the rider), the rear wheel shrinking and the frame being made lighter. Frenchman

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Vehicles that have two wheels and require balancing by the rider date back to the early 19th century. The first means of transport making use of two wheels arranged consecutively, and thus the archetype of the bicycle, was the German

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was arguably the most important change in the history of the bicycle. It shifted their use and public perception from being a dangerous toy for sporting young men to being an everyday transport tool for men and women of all ages.

1682:. Some authors assert that this resulted in the stagnation of the upright racing bike's frame geometry which has remained essentially unchanged for 70 years. This stagnation finally started to reverse with the formation of the 639:

worse than European ones, and riding the machine on these roads was simply too difficult. Certainly another factor was that Calvin Witty had purchased Lallement's patent, and his royalty demands soon crippled the industry. The

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bolted together—otherwise, the early Michaux machines look exactly like Lallement's patent drawing. Together with a mechanic named Gabert in his hometown of Lyon, Aimé Olivier created a diagonal single-piece frame made of

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adopted the new machine. In 1865 they travelled from Paris to Avignon on a velocipede in only eight days. They recognized the potential profitability of producing and selling the new machine. Together with their friend

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Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, the logo became synonymous with almost all bicycles in the country. The Flying Pigeon became the single most popular mechanized vehicle on the planet, becoming so ubiquitous that Deng

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Aside from the obvious safety problems, the high-wheeler's direct front wheel drive limited its top speed. One attempt to solve both problems with a chain-driven front wheel was the dwarf bicycle, exemplified by the

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royalties ($ 10 per bicycle), or he forced them out of business. There seems to have been no patent issue in France, where English bicycles still dominated the market. In 1880, G.W. Pressey invented the high-wheeler

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its use. However, in 1866 Paris a Chinese visitor named Bin Chun could still observe foot-pushed velocipedes. The Draisine is regarded as the first bicycle and Karl von Drais is seen as the "father of the bicycle".

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Hans-Erhard Lessing (Drais's biographer) found from circumstantial evidence that Drais's interest in finding an alternative to the horse was the starvation and death of horses caused by crop failure in 1816, the

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Philipp Moritz Fischer, who used the draisine to get to school from the age of 9, invented the pedal crank in 1853. After years of living all over Europe, he left London to go back to his native town of

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In recent years, bicycle designs have trended towards increased specialization, as the number of casual, recreational and commuter cyclists has grown. For these groups, the industry responded with the

841:), vertically integrated, (also later copied and adopted by Ford), advertised aggressively (as much as ten percent of all advertising in U.S. periodicals in 1898 was by bicycle makers), promoted the 578:, Michaux et Cie ("Michaux and company"), in 1868, avoiding use of the Olivier family name and staying behind the scenes, lest the venture prove to be a failure. This was the first company which 360:

referred to it as "the nothing" of the day. Riders wore out their boots surprisingly rapidly, and the fashion ended within the year, after riders on pavements (sidewalks) were fined two pounds.

403:) and came in a very wide variety of designs, using pedals, treadles, and hand-cranks, but these designs often suffered from high weight and high rolling resistance. However, Willard Sawyer in 987:

invented a rear-chain-drive bicycle in 1879 with his "bicyclette", it still had a huge front wheel and a small rear wheel. Detractors called it "The Crocodile", and it failed in the market.

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often using technologies similar to the draisine, even if the idea of a workable two-wheel design, requiring the rider to balance, had been dismissed. These new machines had three wheels (

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During the summer of 1819, the "hobby-horse", thanks in part to Johnson's marketing skills and better patent protection, became the craze and fashion in London society. The dandies, the

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took hold, many other blacksmiths began forming companies to make bicycles using the new design. Velocipedes were expensive, and when customers soon began to complain about the Michaux

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Sales of sport and road racing bikes constituted the major part of new bike sales from 1972, when annual U.K. sales went from just 700,000 per year to 1.6 million per year in 1980.

269:(French) by the press. Karl von Drais patented this design in 1818, which was the first commercially successful two-wheeled, steerable, human-propelled machine, commonly called a 993:, James Starley's nephew, produced the first successful "safety bicycle", the "Rover," in 1885, which he never patented. It featured a steerable front wheel that had significant 1430:

which remained much the same as they had been since the 1930s. These lighter bicycles, long used by serious cyclists and by racers, featured dropped handlebars, narrow tires,

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to the production process in place of machining, significantly reducing costs, and thus prices.) In addition, bicycle makers adopted the annual model change (later derided as

845:(which had the side benefit of acting as advertising, and of improving sales by providing more places to ride), and litigated on behalf of cyclists (It would, however, be 739:

Much later, when this type of bicycle was beginning to be replaced by a later design, it came to be referred to as the "ordinary bicycle". (While it was in common use

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The rider's legs were often caught underneath the handlebars, so falling free of the machine was often not possible. The dangerous nature of these bicycles (as well as

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technology. It was still called "velocipede" in France, but in the United States, the machine was commonly called the "bone-shaker". Later improvements included solid

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saw many bicycle-riding scouts in use, with each bicycle company using 196 bicycles and 1 motorcycle. By September 1939, there were 41 bicycle companies mobilized.

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While historically most bike frames have been steel, recent designs, particularly of high-end racing bikes, have made extensive use of carbon and aluminum frames.

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developed in France between 1900 and 1910 among cyclotourists, and was improved over time. Only in the 1930s did European racing organizations allow racers to use

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off-road. It was not until the middle of the decade the sport achieved critical mass, and manufacturers began creating bicycles designed specially for the sport.

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In addition to influences derived from the evolution of American bicycling trends, European, Asian and African cyclists have also continued to use traditional

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never existed (though there were four-wheelers) and it was instead a misinterpretation by the well-known French journalist Louis Baudry de Saunier in 1891.

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and by 1940 most bicycles in the United States were made for children. In Europe cycling remained an adult activity, and bicycle racing, commuting, and "

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Franz Maria Feldhaus: Die Technik. Ein Lexikon der Vorzeit, der geschichtlichen Zeit und der Naturvölker. Engelmann, Leipzig und Berlin 1914. page 274

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during the war to help them with transportation, creating the term "bomber bikes" to refer to US planes dropping bikes for troops to use. The German

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almost dead; while annual UK bicycle sales reached an all-time record of 2.8 million, almost all of them were mountain and road/sport models.

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in Glasgow. The museum holds the honor of exhibiting the oldest bike in existence today. The first documented producer of rod-driven two-wheelers,

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added the tangent spokes and the mounting step to his famous bicycle named "Ariel". He is regarded as the father of the British cycling industry.

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manufacturers in England were Raleigh and BSA, though Carlton, Phillips, Triumph, Rudge-Whitworth, Hercules, and Elswick Hopper also made them.

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are specially designed bicycles that usually have 16 to 24-inch wheels (the norm being the 20-inch wheel), which originated in the state of

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some evidence that he used the contraption to take his wares into the rural community around his home. A replica still exists today in the

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it was not further developed, and the practical use of bicycles in Japan did not occur until modern bicycles were imported from Europe.

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have become popular again – now with up to 8, 11 or 14 gears – for such bicycles due to ease of maintenance and improved technology.

1624:. Hybrid bicycles combine elements of road racing and mountain bikes, though the term is applied to a wide variety of bicycle types. 1279: 994: 95: 345:

instead of Drais's straight one, allowing the use of larger wheels without raising the rider's seat, but was still the same design.

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from all forms of officially sanctioned racing, at the behest of the conventional bicycle industry, after relatively little-known

3459:– Focus on events in Mannheim, being the place of his invention. A 3-page Drais biography is available in more than 15 languages. 2206: 1232: 1004:

Widely imitated, the safety bicycle completely replaced the high-wheeler in North America and Western Europe by 1890. Meanwhile,

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mores) made cycling the preserve of adventurous young men. The risk averse, such as elderly gentlemen, preferred the more stable

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Britain; the vestiges of that influence can still be seen in the solid, gentlemanly shape of a traditional Dutch bike even now.

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set a human powered speed record of 132 km/h (82 mph) on level ground in a faired recumbent streamliner in 2009 at

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It has grown into an international sport with several different disciplines such as Freestyle, Racing, Street, and Flatland.

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Most of these sales were to new cyclists, who overwhelmingly preferred models imitating popular European derailleur-equipped

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Taylor, Michael (2010). "Rapid Transit to Salvation: American Protestants and the Bicycle in the Era of the Cycling Craze".

3292:. (1995). Of bicycles, bakelites, and bulbs: toward a theory of sociotechnical change. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. 2462: 341:, who often rode them. Johnson's machine was an improvement on Drais's, being notably more elegant: his wooden frame had a 3032: 2313: 2172: 478: 333:, but the public preferred nicknames like "hobby-horse," after the children's toy or, worse still, "dandyhorse," after the 3509: 1499:

is generally credited with inspiring the movement nationally in the US. In the opening scene, kids are shown riding their

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Even so, bicycling remained the province of the urban well-to-do, and mainly men, until the 1890s, and was an example of

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leader who launched China's economic reforms in the 1970s — defined prosperity as "a Flying Pigeon in every household".

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made all of these obsolete, and frame designers found a diamond pattern to be the strongest and most efficient design.

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Norcliffe, pp.106 & 108. GM's practise of sharing chassis, bodies, and other parts is exactly what Pope was doing.

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bicycles, as their rugged design, enclosed chainguards, and dependable hub gearing make them ideal for commuting and

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This article is about the history of the bicycle itself. For information about the history of riding bicycles, see

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Early chain-driven bikes used a heavy one-inch (25.4 mm) block chain, compared to the modern half-inch (12.7 mm)

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At mid-century there were two predominant bicycle styles for recreational cyclists in North America. Heavyweight

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successfully manufactured a range of treadle-operated 4-wheel vehicles and exported them worldwide in the 1850s.

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heroes on their bicycles. Children were racing standard road bikes off-road, around purpose-built tracks in the

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In the late 1960s, Americans' increasing consciousness of the value of exercise and later the advantage of

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1853 and the invention of the first bicycle with pedal crank "Tretkurbelfahrrad" by Philipp Moritz Fischer

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industries, which had the necessary metalworking and engineering skills for bicycle manufacturing, as in

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In the United States, Bostonians such as Frank Weston started importing bicycles in 1877 and 1878, and

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Pickering & Davis have recently brought out a ladies' bicycle which has a comfortable willow seat

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in 1869. The design was inspired by the French front-crank velocipede of the Lallement/Michaux type.

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Taylor, Michael (2008). "The Bicycle Boom and the Bicycle Bloc: Cycling and Politics in the 1890s".

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The original pedal-bicycle, with the serpentine frame, from Pierre Lallement's US Patent No. 59,915

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How I Saved The British Empire. Reminiscences of a Bicycling Tour of Great Britain in the Year 1901

2369:"VELOCIPEDES.; Their Introduction, Use and Manufacture—Riding Schools—Rival Claims of the Patent". 1193: 1126:" were all popular activities. In addition, specialist bicycles for children appeared before 1916. 449: 427:. Proponents associate him with the first recorded instance of a bicycling traffic offense, when a 387:'s first (top) and improved velocipede of 1869 – later predated to 1839 and attributed to MacMillan 384: 810:. By 1875, high-wheel bicycles were becoming popular in France, though ridership expanded slowly. 611:

paved boulevards of Paris it was easy riding, although initially still using what was essentially

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rotational planes of leg and pedal). With easier pedaling, the rider more easily turned corners.

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J. D. G. Kooijman; J. P. Meijaard; J. M. Papadopoulos; A. Ruina; A. L. Schwab (April 15, 2011).

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announcing in late 1818 that he would sell an improved model. Johnson called his machine as a

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Later, and equally unverified, is the contention that a certain "Comte de Sivrac" developed a

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The first mechanically propelled two-wheel vehicle is believed by some to have been built by

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seen as less of a hobby, and lightweight but durable bikes had been preferred for decades.

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The ladies' version of the roadster's design was very much in place by the 1890s. It had a

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On 10 October 1899, Isaac R Johnson, an African-American inventor, lodged his patent for a

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Trusow, Anatol (1981). "Wojna na rowerach w 1939 r." [War with Bicycles in 1939].

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Eugène Meyer ... gets the credit for making the high-wheeler feasible and making it known.

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owned Starley's "Royal Salvo" tricycle, though there is no evidence she actually rode it.

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In 1869, William Van Anden of Poughkeepsie, New York, USA, invented the freewheel for the

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The first widespread and commercially successful design was French. An example is at the

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Pope also introduced mechanization and mass production (later copied and adopted by

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New York company Pickering and Davis invented this pedal-bicycle for ladies in 1869.

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2008 Nazca Fuego short wheelbase recumbent with 20″ front wheel and 26″ rear wheel

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1864. The identity of the person who attached cranks is still an open question at

391:

The intervening decades of the 1820s–1850s witnessed many developments concerning

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There are several early, but unverified claims for the invention of the bicycle.

2220: 1779:. 8th International Conference on Cycling History. San Francisco. pp. 49–56 707: 3994: 3984: 3929: 3834: 3799: 3736: 3668: 1827:[The Fake Unmasked: Leonardo without a bike: Hoax of a great scholar]. 1608: 1590: 1530: 1448: 1407: 1383: 1181: 1050: 1018: 967: 854: 838: 827: 791: 767: 744: 711: 698: 667: 575: 550: 542: 525: 510: 149: 3390: 2829: 2389: 2186: 1970: 4114: 3944: 3924: 3866: 3814: 3746: 1829: 1663: 1571: 1521: 1495: 1358: 1328: 1312: 1171:

Although multiple-speed bicycles were widely known by this time, most or all

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was strong in rural areas as well. Even in a relatively small city such as

238:

The first verifiable claim for a practically used bicycle belongs to German

3974: 3751: 3663: 3289: 3140: 2751: 1593:. It has 27 speeds, front fork and seat suspension, an adjustable stem and 1567: 1563: 1176: 1060: 1009: 725: 620: 592: 566: 298: 254: 187: 876: 871: 643:

was the only place where the bicycle never fell completely out of favour.

565:

Aimé and René were students in Paris at this time, and these shrewd young

4030: 4020: 3959: 3909: 3809: 3804: 3706: 2027:"Lessing, Hans-Erhard: "What Led to the Invention of the Early Bicycle?" 1743: 1738: 1594: 1490: 998: 980: 888: 861:, and usually credited to General Motors), which proved very successful. 803: 799: 651: 466: 353: 274: 222: 138: 3512:

has published dozens of books on the history of cycling and the bicycle.

3408:

A novel released by Ailemo Books in July 2015. Author Michael Waldock.

2654:

The Most Benevolent Machine: A Historical Assessment of Cycles in Canada

1825:"Il Falso Smascherato: Leonardo senza bici: Burla di un grande studioso" 743:

was used, since there was then no other kind.) and was later nicknamed "

532: 4025: 3979: 3856: 3829: 3741: 3721: 2355: 1482: 1365:). Lighter cycles, with hand brakes, narrower tires, and a three-speed 1332: 1139: 938: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 787: 783: 686: 655: 453: 357: 330: 310: 270: 242: 1175:

used in the Second World War were single-speed. Bicycles were used by

790:

being the centers of the English bicycle industry (and of the arms or

3939: 3871: 2002:"Canada Science and Technology Museum: from Draisienne to Dandyhorse" 1732: 1671: 1486: 1427: 1160: 1138:

Bicycles continued to evolve to suit the varied needs of riders. The

692: 587: 433: 396: 3468: 3084: 3082: 3080: 3078: 2923:"Bicycle Blitzkrieg: The Malayan Campaign and the Fall of Singapore" 2546: 1971:"High school kids build Edo Period tricycle out of home center buys" 1562:. Once designed, new technology is applied to manufacturing such as 1377: 1214: 913: 689:

in 1869 and produced a classic high bicycle design until the 1880s.

423:

connected by rods to a rear crank, similar to the transmission of a

30: 3678: 3673: 3465:– Antique bicycle photos, features, price guide and research tools. 3104:"A bicycle can be self-stable without gyroscopic or caster effects" 2776:, Johnson, Isaac R., "Bicycle-frame", issued 1899-10-10 1629: 1585: 1478: 1466:

of bicycle, made entirely of plastic. It was a commercial failure.

1366: 775: 759: 740: 721: 612: 554: 420: 368: 293: 239: 1082: 3819: 3623: 3581: 3075: 2191: 1956:

An earlier English version appeared as "The End of De Sivrac" in

1679: 1435: 850: 647: 608: 486: 428: 305: 250: 144: 2959: 2957: 2955: 2815:

It is unlikely CCM's 1916 model was the first. Babaian, Sharon.

2656:(Ottawa: National Museum of Science and Technology, 1998), p.97. 1059:

eventually leading to the collapse of many manufacturers as the

2056:

Eesfehani, Amir Moghaddaas: "The Bicycle's Long Way to China",

1675: 1455: 1391:

stays and forks, a drop handlebar, and narrow tires and wheels.

1341: 853:

which would drastically reduce production costs by introducing

779: 616: 482: 436:, nor is the report clear on how many wheels the vehicle had. 230: 3515: 3488: 3483:

from the Pedaling History Bicycle Museum (accessed 2005-01-06)

380: 148:

was coined in France in the 1860s, and the descriptive title "

2952: 1646: 1185:

units each had a battalion of bicycle infantry attached. The

1086:

Bicycle in Plymouth, England at the start of the 20th century

795: 501: 404: 363: 338: 3456: 735:

Starley's "Royal Salvo" tricycle, as owned by Queen Victoria

3264:. World Human Powered Speed Challenge. 2009. Archived from 2451:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. p. 311. 2436:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. p. 136. 1570:

layup. Finally, electronic gadgetry has expanded from just

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Automobilitaet – Karl Drais und die unglaublichen Anfaenge

2856:

Military Historical Review (Wojskowy Przegląd Historyczny)

410: 3789: 3312:

The Cycling City: Bicycles and Urban America in the 1890s

1654:

The recumbent bicycle was invented in 1893. In 1934, the

677:

is now regarded as the father of the high bicycle by the

334: 1700:

Recent years have also seen a resurgence of interest in

3445: 3422:

Two Wheels Good: The History and Mystery of the Bicycle

2819:(Ottawa: Museum of Science and Technology, 1998), p.71. 2566:

The Ride to Modernity: The Bicycle in Canada, 1869–1900

2221:"Karl Drais and the Mechanical Horse | SciHi Blog" 872:

The safety bicycle and the bike bubble: 1880s and 1890s

640: 309:

Denis Johnson's son riding a velocipede, depicted in a

277:. It was initially manufactured in Germany and France. 3172: 1589:

The 2005 Giant Innova is an example of a typical 700C

1315:

was at the forefront of the bicycle phenomenon in the

1116: 2309:"The Velocipede - Pierre Michaux puts pedals to work" 2072:"World's first bicycle ride took place 200 years ago" 2343:

The velocipede: its history, varieties, and practice

2123:"200th anniversary: How the bicycle changed society" 1888:"Leonardo Da Vinci, the inventor of the modern bike" 1707:

for their low-tech comfort, reliability, and style.

1201:

soldier, who could carry 18 kilograms (40 lb).

473:

1860s and the Michaux "Velocipede", aka "Boneshaker"

2630: 2628: 2568:(Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2001), p.47. 1686:which holds races for "banned" classes of bicycle. 1348: 1239:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1032:, the pattern still used in 21st-century bicycles. 55:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4057:List of bicycle brands and manufacturing companies 3360:1996 (French ed 1996, German eds 1997, 2002, 2007) 3214:"Recumbent Bicycles - A True Rider's Alternative!" 3177: 3010: 2967:, New York: Ballantine Books, rev. ed. (1978), p.1 2045:Badwochenblatt für die Großherzogliche Stadt Baden 1916: 1485:in the early 1970s when teenagers imitated their 317:The concept was picked up by a number of British 4112: 3499:. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). pp. 913–917. 3004: 2945: 2943: 2637: 2625: 2392:U.S. patent no. 88,238 (issued: 23 March 1869). 1516:History of the mountain bike and mountain biking 661: 261:for "running machine") in 1817, that was called 3935:Bicycle transportation planning and engineering 3314:(University of Chicago Press, 2015). x, 267 pp. 3211: 2146: 1684:International Human Powered Vehicle Association 1601: 1196:, Japan used around 50,000 bicycle troops. The 432:the artisan Macmillan would have been termed a 1204: 1013:frames were often buttressed with complicated 650:. His design placed a ratchet device in the 167:A sketch from around 1500 AD is attributed to 159: 3566: 3379:Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 3207: 3205: 2940: 2547:Tony Hadland and Hans-Erhard Lessing (2014). 2149:Dynamics and Optimal Control of Road Vehicles 654:of the front wheel (the driven wheel on the ' 3303:Cycle History vol. 1–24, Proceedings of the 3001:, New York: Overlook Press (2001), pp. 20–25 2147:Limebeer, D. J. N.; Massaro, Matteo (2018). 806:). Soon bicycles found their way across the 3092:, New York: Overlook Press (2001), pp.33–39 2346:. New York: Hurd and Houghton. p. 85. 2151:. Oxford University Press. pp. 13–15. 2043:"LODA, eine neuerfundene Fahrmaschine" in: 1822: 1674:'s hour record by half a mile while riding 372:A couple seated on an 1886 Coventry Rotary 3573: 3559: 3419: 3233: 3202: 3184:(Third ed.). The MIT Press. pp. 2240: 2238: 2236: 2234: 2232: 2230: 1493:. The 1971 motorcycle racing documentary 595:which was much stronger, and as the first 364:1820s to 1850s: An Era of 3 and 4-Wheelers 3475:Myths and Milestones in Bicycle Evolution 3168: 3166: 3164: 2683:Norcliffe, pp.31–2, 35, 124, & 243–6. 2295:"Schweinfurt Stadtgeschichtliches Museum" 1996: 1994: 1934:Deux Roues. La véritable histoire du vélo 1857:"On the Question of Leonardo's 'Bicycle'" 1833:(in Italian). p. 103. Archived from 1438:was invented for off-road usage in 1980. 1299:Learn how and when to remove this message 954:Learn how and when to remove this message 507:International Cycling History Conferences 115:Learn how and when to remove this message 4077:List of films about bicycles and cycling 3446:International Cycling History Conference 3319:Bicycle Design – An Illustrated History 3317:Tony Hadland & Hans-Erhard Lessing: 3305:International Cycling History Conference 3018:. New York: Overlook Press. p. 23. 2446: 2431: 2120: 1936:. Éditions du Rouergue. pp. 13–17. 1885: 1645: 1584: 1376: 1153: 1133: 1103: 1081: 1049: 899: 887: 875: 730: 691: 541:bicycle, in the US in 1866. Lallement's 531: 519: 379: 367: 304: 229: 215: 212:1817 to 1819: The Draisine or Velocipede 126: 3477:by William Hudson (accessed 2005-11-17) 3321:. The MIT-Press, Cambridge (USA) 2014, 2772: 2339: 2244: 2227: 2050: 2019: 1776:The evidence against Leonardo's bicycle 1772: 1028:– the first with a recognisably modern 411:1830s: The Reported Scottish Inventions 245:, a civil servant to the Grand Duke of 226:(around 1820), the earliest two-wheeler 4113: 3376: 3363: 3161: 2853: 2549:Bicycle Design, an Illustrated History 2207:"DPMA | World Day of the Bicycle" 2069: 1991: 1823:Di Trocchio, Federico (4 March 1999). 1797: 1766: 1047:was built in 1897 by Hosea W. Libbey. 500:The velocipede's renaissance began in 3554: 3486: 3095: 2528:"Sheldon Brown Glossary High Wheeler" 2187:"Karl von Drais "Father of Bicycles"" 2037: 1931: 1910: 1886:Paratico, Angelo (15 February 2017). 1749:Timeline of transportation technology 582:bicycles, replacing the early wooden 356:, adopted it, and therefore the poet 3227: 3212:Tony Anthonisen (January 14, 2011). 2920: 2872: 2314:Canada Science and Technology Museum 2121:Gliemann, Jennifer (21 March 2017). 1925: 1798:Knight, Jonathan (18 October 1997). 1635: 1237:adding citations to reliable sources 1208: 979:. Inventors also tried a rear wheel 936:adding citations to reliable sources 907: 479:Canada Science and Technology Museum 53:adding citations to reliable sources 24: 3416:. Library of Congress: 2015909543. 3254: 3090:Richard's 21st Century Bicycle Book 3058:"University of BMX: BMX in Holland" 3050: 3025: 2999:Richard's 21st Century Bicycle Book 2980:, New York: Overlook Press (2001), 2978:Richard's 21st Century Bicycle Book 2900:"Japanese-style Bicycle Blitzkrieg" 2407:National Museum of American History 2403:"Van Anden Dexter Velocipede, 1869" 1919:Histoire Générale de la Vélocipédie 1554:. Recent discoveries about bicycle 1399:transportation led to the American 1117:Popularity in Europe, decline in US 549:By the early 1860s, the blacksmith 234:Drais's 1817 design made to measure 13: 3283: 2254:. Yale University Press. pp. 2060:13, San Francisco 2003, pp. 94–102 2031:11, San Francisco 2001, pp. 28–36" 553:, besides producing parts for the 14: 4132: 4062:List of BMX bicycle manufacturers 3659:History of cycling infrastructure 3439: 2988:, pp. introduction, 20, 25, 33–39 2873:Kępa, Marek (December 21, 2017). 1950: 1921:. Ollendorff Paris. pp. 4–8. 1917:Baudry de Saunier, Louis (1890). 1612:bicycle, sometimes marketed as a 1520:In 1981, the first mass-produced 1509: 574:, they formed a partnership with 186:in 1792, demonstrating it at the 4095: 4094: 3457:Karl Drais seen by ADFC Mannheim 1787:– via cyclepublishing.com. 1580:electronic gear-shifting systems 1349:North America: Cruiser vs. racer 1213: 1008:'s reinvention of the pneumatic 912: 741:no such distinguishing adjective 292:On his first reported ride from 29: 4082:List of doping cases in cycling 4067:List of bicycle-sharing systems 2991: 2970: 2914: 2892: 2866: 2847: 2822: 2809: 2796: 2785: 2766: 2757: 2744: 2715: 2686: 2677: 2668: 2659: 2646: 2616: 2607: 2598: 2589: 2580: 2571: 2558: 2540: 2520: 2500: 2480: 2455: 2440: 2425: 2395: 2382: 2362: 2333: 2301: 2287: 2278: 2213: 2199: 2179: 2165: 2140: 2114: 2089: 2063: 1977: 1536: 1224:needs additional citations for 1149: 1071: 1066: 923:needs additional citations for 586:with one made of two pieces of 273:, and nicknamed hobby-horse or 206: 40:needs additional citations for 3262:"WHPSC 2009 200 Meter Results" 2354:. OCOLC 659342545 – via 2070:Scally, Derek (10 June 2017). 1963: 1879: 1816: 1791: 561:on a small scale. The wealthy 142:dating back to 1817. The term 1: 3016:The 21st Century Bicycle Book 2674:Norcliffe, pp.31–2 & 124. 1773:Lessing, Hans-Erhard (1997). 1759: 1656:Union Cycliste Internationale 1113:Omafiets ("grandma's bike"). 997:, equally sized wheels and a 904:An 1889 Lady's safety bicycle 662:1870s: the high-wheel bicycle 3543:Resources in other libraries 3216:. Twin Cities Bicycling Club 2875:"Fighting a War on Bicycles" 2390:"Improvement in velocipedes" 1863:. 2009-07-11. Archived from 1602:Hybrid and commuter bicycles 1552:computational fluid dynamics 1473: 706:bicycle photographed in the 287:volcanic eruption of Tambora 7: 3580: 3481:A Quick History of Bicycles 3366:Indiana Magazine of History 3236:"Better Bikes Than Lance's" 3234:Bryan Ball (July 4, 2006). 3176:; Jim Papadopoulos (2004). 2817:The Most Benevolent Machine 1721: 1205:China and the Flying Pigeon 160:Earliest unverified bicycle 156:", is a 19th-century term. 10: 4137: 3776:Sports-related cycling and 1639: 1529:mountain biking and other 1513: 1317:People's Republic of China 1075: 817:started production of his 665: 17: 4090: 4044: 4008: 3920:Bicycle poverty reduction 3890: 3775: 3687: 3616: 3588: 3538:Resources in your library 3487:Sharp, Archibald (1911). 3463:Menotomy Vintage Bicycles 3391:10.1017/s1537781400004096 2694:"McCammon Safety Bicycle" 2551:. MIT Press. p. 92. 1558:have been facilitated by 1441: 243:Karl von Drais Sauerbronn 131:1886 Swift Safety Bicycle 3955:Bike Week (Bicycle Week) 2792:Electric Bicycle History 2723:"Whippet Safety Bicycle" 2447:Herilihy, David (2004). 2432:Herilihy, David (2004). 2097:"Frames & Materials" 1248:"History of the bicycle" 1194:Second Sino-Japanese War 687:wire-spoke tension wheel 152:", used to describe an " 64:"History of the bicycle" 3496:Encyclopædia Britannica 3133:10.1126/science.1201959 2340:Goddard, J. T. (1869). 1932:Seray, Jacques (1988). 1800:"On yer bike, Leonardo" 1597:for wet-weather riding. 1548:finite element analysis 1017:spring assemblies. The 966:The development of the 866:conspicuous consumption 323:Denis Johnson of London 321:; the most notable was 3990:Protected intersection 3970:Cycling infrastructure 3712:Bicycle-sharing system 3654:History of the bicycle 3529:History of the bicycle 2965:Richard's Bicycle Book 2763:Northcliffe, p.49 cap. 1728:Bicycling and feminism 1651: 1598: 1401:bike boom of the 1970s 1392: 1168: 1109: 1102: 1087: 1055: 1054:a ca. 1887 color print 1043:Most likely the first 905: 897: 885: 736: 714: 572:Georges de la Bouglise 559:"vélocipède à pédales" 537: 529: 509:(ICHC). The claims of 393:human-powered vehicles 388: 377: 314: 253:. Drais invented his 235: 227: 132: 4052:List of bicycle types 4036:Sustainable transport 3795:Cross-country cycling 3778:fast-paced recreation 3617:General and technical 3344:Bicycle – The History 3088:Ballantine, Richard, 2997:Ballantine, Richard, 2976:Ballantine, Richard, 2963:Ballantine, Richard, 2862:(1). Warsaw: 126–147. 1649: 1588: 1544:computer aided design 1387:has aluminum tubing, 1380: 1157: 1134:Technical innovations 1107: 1097: 1085: 1053: 903: 891: 879: 824:American Star Bicycle 734: 695: 685:. Meyer invented the 557:trade, was producing 535: 523: 417:Kirkpatrick Macmillan 383: 371: 308: 297:for a self-centering 283:Year Without a Summer 233: 219: 169:Gian Giacomo Caprotti 130: 3506:of Harry John Lawson 3349:Hans-Erhard Lessing 3174:Wilson, David Gordon 2754:. Northcliffe, p.53. 2613:Norcliffe, pp.142–7. 2577:Norcliffe, p.50 cap. 2449:Bicycle: The History 2434:Bicycle: The History 2251:Bicycle: the History 2047:of 29th of July 1817 1666:beat world champion 1576:cycling power meters 1560:computer simulations 1454:In the early 1980s, 1233:improve this article 1061:bicycle bubble burst 932:improve this article 859:planned obsolescence 815:Albert Augustus Pope 49:improve this article 3862:Road bicycle racing 3732:Cold-weather biking 3707:Bicycle rental/hire 3644:Bicycle performance 3469:Metz Bicycle Museum 3452:Karl-Drais memorial 3420:Jody Rosen (2022). 3332:David Gordon Wilson 3125:2011Sci...332..339K 2834:www.bergerwerke.com 2806:(Harperpress, 2012) 2488:"Britannica Online" 2388:Anden, William van 2195:. 17 November 2021. 1001:to the rear wheel. 847:Western Wheel Works 843:Good Roads Movement 636:Franco-Prussian war 327:pedestrian curricle 4121:History of cycling 4016:Bicycle collecting 3891:Health, safety and 3353:, 2003 (in German) 3012:Richard Ballantine 2921:Headrick, Alan C. 2727:The Science Museum 2698:The Science Museum 2463:"The Wheelmen FAQ" 2413:on 8 November 2014 2372:The New York Times 2101:Science of Cycling 1892:Beyond Thirty-Nine 1660:recumbent bicycles 1652: 1599: 1501:Schwinn Sting-Rays 1410:—variously called 1393: 1321:zixingche wang guo 1187:Invasion of Poland 1169: 1110: 1092:step-through frame 1088: 1078:Roadster (bicycle) 1056: 1015:bicycle suspension 906: 898: 886: 737: 715: 538: 530: 389: 378: 315: 236: 228: 133: 20:history of cycling 4108: 4107: 4000:Vehicular cycling 3767:Vehicular cycling 3702:Bicycle messenger 3697:Bicycle commuting 3524:Library resources 3431:978-0-8041-4149-9 3414:978-0-9819224-3-0 3335:Bicycling Science 3327:978-0-262-02675-8 3307:(ICHC), 1990–2014 3180:Bicycling Science 3119:(6027): 339–342. 2652:Babaian, Sharon. 2643:Norcliffe, p.107. 2634:Norcliffe, p.108. 2622:Norcliffe, p.145. 2604:Norcliffe, p.106. 2564:Norcliffe, Glen. 2321:on 6 October 2014 2158:978-0-19-255981-4 1943:978-2-905209-20-7 1642:Recumbent bicycle 1636:Recumbent bicycle 1309: 1308: 1301: 1283: 1173:military bicycles 991:John Kemp Starley 985:Harry John Lawson 964: 963: 956: 337:men, then called 173:Leonardo da Vinci 125: 124: 117: 99: 4128: 4098: 4097: 4072:List of cyclists 3965:Cycling advocacy 3950:Bike-to-Work Day 3905:Bicycle-friendly 3785:Artistic cycling 3727:Challenge riding 3688:Utility and slow 3649:Electric bicycle 3639:Bicycle geometry 3634:Bicycle dynamics 3575: 3568: 3561: 3552: 3551: 3500: 3492: 3435: 3402: 3373: 3341:David V. Herlihy 3277: 3276: 3274: 3273: 3258: 3252: 3251: 3249: 3248: 3231: 3225: 3224: 3222: 3221: 3209: 3200: 3199: 3183: 3170: 3159: 3158: 3156: 3155: 3108: 3099: 3093: 3086: 3073: 3072: 3070: 3069: 3060:. Archived from 3054: 3048: 3047: 3045: 3044: 3035:. Archived from 3033:"History of BMX" 3029: 3023: 3022: 3008: 3002: 2995: 2989: 2974: 2968: 2961: 2950: 2947: 2938: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2918: 2912: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2896: 2890: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2870: 2864: 2863: 2851: 2845: 2844: 2842: 2840: 2826: 2820: 2813: 2807: 2804:The Bicycle Book 2802:Bathurst, Bella 2800: 2794: 2789: 2783: 2782: 2781: 2777: 2770: 2764: 2761: 2755: 2748: 2742: 2741: 2739: 2738: 2729:. Archived from 2719: 2713: 2712: 2710: 2709: 2700:. 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Archived from 1883: 1877: 1876: 1874: 1872: 1867:on July 11, 2009 1853: 1847: 1846: 1844: 1842: 1820: 1814: 1813: 1811: 1810: 1795: 1789: 1788: 1786: 1784: 1770: 1754:Electric bicycle 1705:cruiser bicycles 1432:derailleur gears 1397:energy efficient 1361:, speedometers, 1355:cruiser bicycles 1304: 1297: 1293: 1290: 1284: 1282: 1241: 1217: 1209: 1198:Malayan Campaign 1045:electric bicycle 959: 952: 948: 945: 939: 916: 908: 625:velocipede craze 563:Olivier brothers 515:Pierre Lallement 446:treadle bicycles 442:Riverside Museum 425:steam locomotive 343:serpentine shape 177:Codex Atlanticus 154:ordinary bicycle 120: 113: 109: 106: 100: 98: 57: 33: 25: 4136: 4135: 4131: 4130: 4129: 4127: 4126: 4125: 4111: 4110: 4109: 4104: 4086: 4040: 4004: 3915:Bicycle parking 3900:Active mobility 3892: 3886: 3882:Unicycle trials 3877:Unicycle hockey 3840:Mountain biking 3777: 3771: 3762:Utility cycling 3757:Utility bicycle 3717:Bicycle touring 3689: 3683: 3629:Bicycle culture 3612: 3584: 3579: 3549: 3548: 3547: 3532: 3531: 3527: 3490:"Bicycle" 3471:in Freehold, NJ 3442: 3432: 3290:Bijker, Wiebe E 3286: 3284:Further reading 3281: 3280: 3271: 3269: 3260: 3259: 3255: 3246: 3244: 3232: 3228: 3219: 3217: 3210: 3203: 3196: 3171: 3162: 3153: 3151: 3106: 3100: 3096: 3087: 3076: 3067: 3065: 3056: 3055: 3051: 3042: 3040: 3031: 3030: 3026: 3009: 3005: 2996: 2992: 2975: 2971: 2962: 2953: 2948: 2941: 2931: 2929: 2919: 2915: 2905: 2903: 2898: 2897: 2893: 2883: 2881: 2871: 2867: 2852: 2848: 2838: 2836: 2828: 2827: 2823: 2814: 2810: 2801: 2797: 2790: 2786: 2779: 2771: 2767: 2762: 2758: 2749: 2745: 2736: 2734: 2721: 2720: 2716: 2707: 2705: 2692: 2691: 2687: 2682: 2678: 2673: 2669: 2664: 2660: 2651: 2647: 2642: 2638: 2633: 2626: 2621: 2617: 2612: 2608: 2603: 2599: 2594: 2590: 2585: 2581: 2576: 2572: 2563: 2559: 2545: 2541: 2532: 2530: 2526: 2525: 2521: 2512: 2510: 2508:"Exploratorium" 2506: 2505: 2501: 2492: 2490: 2486: 2485: 2481: 2472: 2470: 2461: 2460: 2456: 2445: 2441: 2430: 2426: 2416: 2414: 2401: 2400: 2396: 2387: 2383: 2368: 2367: 2363: 2338: 2334: 2324: 2322: 2307: 2306: 2302: 2293: 2292: 2288: 2283: 2279: 2270: 2268: 2266: 2243: 2228: 2219: 2218: 2214: 2205: 2204: 2200: 2185: 2184: 2180: 2171: 2170: 2166: 2159: 2145: 2141: 2131: 2129: 2119: 2115: 2105: 2103: 2095: 2094: 2090: 2080: 2078: 2076:The Irish Times 2068: 2064: 2055: 2051: 2042: 2038: 2025: 2024: 2020: 2011: 2009: 2000: 1999: 1992: 1985:"The Land Boat" 1983: 1982: 1978: 1969: 1968: 1964: 1955: 1951: 1944: 1930: 1926: 1915: 1911: 1901: 1899: 1884: 1880: 1870: 1868: 1855: 1854: 1850: 1840: 1838: 1821: 1817: 1808: 1806: 1796: 1792: 1782: 1780: 1771: 1767: 1762: 1724: 1716:utility cycling 1692:Battle Mountain 1688:Sam Whittingham 1644: 1638: 1604: 1574:to now include 1539: 1518: 1512: 1476: 1444: 1351: 1305: 1294: 1288: 1285: 1242: 1240: 1230: 1218: 1207: 1152: 1136: 1119: 1080: 1074: 1069: 1026:folding bicycle 960: 949: 943: 940: 929: 917: 874: 808:English Channel 670: 664: 491:mass-production 475: 462: 413: 366: 285:(following the 214: 209: 190:in France. The 162: 121: 110: 104: 101: 58: 56: 46: 34: 23: 12: 11: 5: 4134: 4124: 4123: 4106: 4105: 4103: 4102: 4091: 4088: 4087: 4085: 4084: 4079: 4074: 4069: 4064: 4059: 4054: 4048: 4046: 4042: 4041: 4039: 4038: 4033: 4028: 4023: 4018: 4012: 4010: 4006: 4005: 4003: 4002: 3997: 3995:Tegelijk groen 3992: 3987: 3985:Lane splitting 3982: 3977: 3972: 3967: 3962: 3957: 3952: 3947: 3942: 3937: 3932: 3930:Bicycle safety 3927: 3922: 3917: 3912: 3907: 3902: 3896: 3894: 3893:infrastructure 3888: 3887: 3885: 3884: 3879: 3874: 3869: 3864: 3859: 3854: 3853: 3852: 3847: 3837: 3835:Gravel cycling 3832: 3827: 3822: 3817: 3812: 3807: 3802: 3800:Cycle speedway 3797: 3792: 3787: 3781: 3779: 3773: 3772: 3770: 3769: 3764: 3759: 3754: 3749: 3744: 3739: 3737:Indoor cycling 3734: 3729: 3724: 3719: 3714: 3709: 3704: 3699: 3693: 3691: 3685: 3684: 3682: 3681: 3676: 3671: 3669:Tandem bicycle 3666: 3661: 3656: 3651: 3646: 3641: 3636: 3631: 3626: 3620: 3618: 3614: 3613: 3611: 3610: 3609: 3608: 3603: 3595: 3589: 3586: 3585: 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3113: 3105: 3098: 3091: 3085: 3083: 3081: 3079: 3064:on 2007-10-19 3063: 3059: 3053: 3039:on 2007-10-20 3038: 3034: 3028: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3007: 3000: 2994: 2987: 2986:1-58567-112-6 2983: 2979: 2973: 2966: 2960: 2958: 2956: 2946: 2944: 2928: 2924: 2917: 2901: 2895: 2880: 2876: 2869: 2861: 2858:(in Polish). 2857: 2850: 2835: 2831: 2825: 2818: 2812: 2805: 2799: 2793: 2788: 2775: 2769: 2760: 2753: 2747: 2733:on 2015-05-26 2732: 2728: 2724: 2718: 2704:on 2012-05-15 2703: 2699: 2695: 2689: 2680: 2671: 2662: 2655: 2649: 2640: 2631: 2629: 2619: 2610: 2601: 2592: 2583: 2574: 2567: 2561: 2554: 2550: 2543: 2529: 2523: 2509: 2503: 2489: 2483: 2469:on 2009-02-07 2468: 2464: 2458: 2450: 2443: 2435: 2428: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2398: 2391: 2385: 2378: 2374: 2373: 2365: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2344: 2336: 2320: 2316: 2315: 2310: 2304: 2296: 2290: 2281: 2267: 2265:0-300-10418-9 2261: 2257: 2253: 2252: 2247: 2241: 2239: 2237: 2235: 2233: 2231: 2222: 2216: 2208: 2202: 2194: 2193: 2188: 2182: 2174: 2168: 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727: 726:Ball bearings 723: 719: 718:James Starley 713: 709: 705: 701: 700: 694: 690: 688: 684: 683:James Starley 680: 676: 669: 659: 657: 653: 649: 644: 642: 637: 634:However, the 632: 630: 626: 622: 621:ball bearings 618: 614: 610: 605: 602: 598: 597:bicycle craze 594: 589: 585: 581: 580:mass-produced 577: 573: 568: 567:entrepreneurs 564: 560: 556: 552: 547: 544: 534: 527: 522: 518: 516: 512: 508: 503: 498: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 470: 468: 457: 455: 451: 450:Thomas McCall 447: 443: 437: 435: 430: 426: 422: 418: 408: 406: 402: 398: 394: 386: 382: 375: 370: 361: 359: 355: 351: 346: 344: 340: 336: 332: 328: 324: 320: 312: 307: 303: 300: 295: 290: 288: 284: 278: 276: 272: 268: 265:(English) or 264: 260: 256: 252: 248: 244: 241: 232: 225: 224: 218: 204: 200: 198: 193: 189: 185: 180: 178: 174: 171:, a pupil of 170: 165: 157: 155: 151: 147: 146: 141: 140: 129: 119: 116: 108: 97: 94: 90: 87: 83: 80: 76: 73: 69: 66: – 65: 61: 60:Find sources: 54: 50: 44: 43: 38:This article 36: 32: 27: 26: 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