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2812:(known then as Lin'an) to be the temporary settlement of the court, but it was not until 1132 that it was declared the new Song capital. Hangzhou and Nanjing were devastated by the Jin raids; both cities were heavily repopulated with northern refugees who outnumbered the remaining original inhabitants. Hangzhou was chosen not only for its natural scenic beauty, but for the surrounding topographic barriers of lakes and muddy rice-fields that gave it defensive potential against northern armies comprising mostly cavalry. Yet it was viewed by the court as only a temporary capital while the Song emperors planned to retake Kaifeng. However, the rapid growth of the city from the 12th century to the 13th necessitated long-term goals of residency. In 1133 the modest palatial residence of the imperial family was improved upon from a simple provincial lodging to one that at least accommodated strolls with new covered alleyways to deflect the rain. In 1148 the walls of the small palace compound were finally extended to the southeast, yet this was another marginal improvement.
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2572:(1019–1086), who was made the next Chancellor. Undoing what Wang had implemented, Sima dismissed the New Policies, and forced the same treatment upon Reformers that Wang had earlier meted out to his opponents: dismissal to lower or frontier posts of governance, or even exile. However, there was still mounted opposition to Sima Guang, as many had favored some of the New Policies, including the substitution of tax instead of forced labor service to the state. Sure enough, when Emperor Zhezong's grandmother died in 1093, Zhezong was quick to sponsor the Reformists like his predecessor Shenzong had done. The Conservatives once more were ousted from political dominance at court. When Zhezong suddenly died in his twenties, his younger brother
2227:), where Lý Thường Kiệt had defensive ramparts built on the southern banks. However, Song forces broke through his defense line and their cavalry advanced to within several kilometers of the capital city. The Vietnamese counterattacked and pushed Song forces back across the river while their coastal defenses distracted the Song navy. Lý Thường Kiệt also launched an offensive, but lost two Vietnamese princes in the fighting at Kháo Túc River. According to Chinese sources, "tropical climate and rampant disease" severely weakened Song's military forces while the Vietnamese court feared the result of a prolonged war so close to the capital. In 1078 China defeated Đại Việt and overran several districts that would later make up part of
2708:. Through the campaign, the Jurchens discovered weaknesses about the Song military based in the north (as the Chinese for so long had been sending tribute to the Liao instead of actually fighting them). Song forces had failed to make a joint attack in a siege with the Jurchens, who viewed the Song generals as incompetent. Banking on the possibility that the Song were weak enough to be destroyed, the Jurchens made a sudden and unprovoked attack against the Song in the north. Soon enough, even the capital at Kaifeng was under siege by Jin forces, only staved off when an enormous bribe was handed over to them. There was also an effective use of Song Chinese war machines in the defense of Kaifeng in 1126, as it was recorded that 500
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the factor of competition with other officials. Promotion to a higher post, higher salary, additional honors, and selection for choice assignment responsibilities were often uncertain, as young new officials often needed higher-ranking officials to recommend them for service. Once an official would rise to the upper echelons of central administration based in the capital, they would often compete with others over influence of the emperor's official adoption of state policies. Officials with different opinions on how to approach administrative affairs often sought out other officials for support, leading to pacts of rivaling officials lining up political allies at court to sway the emperor against the faction they disagreed with.
2140:, sent a message to Kaifeng in 1065 which reported that Nùng Tông Đán had apparently switched allegiance from Song to Lý, as well as united with the Quảng Nguyên chieftain Lưu Ký. When the now "mentally weak and distracted ruler" Yingzong—as Anderson describes him—received the report, he took no other action but to reassign Nùng Tông Đán with new honorific titles. The court took no action to resolve the problem, and Nùng Tông Đán later played a key role in the Lý–Song War of 1075–1077. The Song also gave official titles to other Vietnamese leaders despite their involvement in Nùng Trí Cao's rebellions and their pledged loyalty to Lưu Ký, the latter employed as a tribal official under King Lý Thánh Tông.
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conservative faction against the reformer Wang Anshi branded him as an inferior-intellect who was not up to par with their principles of governance (likewise, the reformers branded conservatives in the same labeled fashion). The conservatives criticized Wang's reforms as a means of curbing the influence of landholding families by diminishing their private wealth in favor of self-sufficient communal groups. The conservatives argued that the wealth of the landholding class should not be purposefully diminished by state programs, since the land holding class was the essential socio-economic group that produced China's scholar-officials, managers, merchants, and landlords.
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3313:). Four years later in 1157 he razed Beijing, including the nobles’ residences, and moved the Jin's southern capital from Beijing to Kaifeng. It was here at the former seat of the Song dynasty that he began a large project of reconstruction (since the siege against it in 1127). For much of his reign there was peace between Jin and Song, while both states upheld an uninterrupted flow of commercial trade between each other. While amassing tribute from the Southern Song, the Jin dynasty also imported large amounts of tea, rice, sugar, and books from the Southern Song. However, Wanyan Liang reopened the Jin dynasty's armed conflict with the Song by the 1160s.
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battles on the
Yangtze. The age was one of continual innovation; in 1129 trebuchets throwing gunpowder bombs were decreed standard equipment on all warships, between 1132 and 1183 a great number of treadmill-operated paddle-wheel craft, large and small, were built, including stern-wheelers and ships with as many as 11 paddle-wheels a side (the invention of the remarkable engineer Kao Hsuan), and in 1203 some of these were armored with iron plates (to the design of another outstanding shipwright Chhin Shih-Fu)...In sum, the navy of the Southern Sung held off the and then the Mongols for nearly two centuries, gaining complete control of the East China Sea.
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through diplomatic means, Jia Sidao ordered Kublai's embassy to be detained. Although Kublai would not forget this slight of imprisoning his ambassadors, he nonetheless had to focus on more pressing affairs with the threat of his brother and rival Khan. From 1260 to 1262 the Song forces raided Kublai's southern border which forced Kublai to retaliate with some minor incursions until 1264, when his brother finally surrendered and ended the civil war. In 1265 the first major battle in five years erupted in
Sichuan province, where Kublai gained a preliminary victory and considerable war booty of 146 Song naval ships.
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most delightful dwelling-places, there to pass the rest of your lives in pleasure and peace...would this not be better than to live a life of peril and uncertainty? So that no shadow of suspicion shall remain between prince and ministers, we will ally our families with marriages, and thus, ruler and subject linked in friendship and amity, we will enjoy tranquility'...The following day, the army commanders all offered their resignations, reporting (imaginary) maladies, and withdrew to the country districts, where the emperor, giving them splendid gifts, appointed them to high official positions.
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3769:. Before the capital was taken, Empress Dowager Xie (1208–1282) made attempts to negotiate with Bayan, promising annual tribute to the Yuan dynasty, but he rejected these proposals. After her attempts at diplomacy had failed, she handed over the Song dynasty's imperial seal to Bayan, "an unambiguous symbol of capitulation." With the submission of Emperor Gong, Bayan ordered that the Song imperial family should be respected, and forbade the pillaging of their imperial tombs or treasuries. Kublai granted the deposed emperor the title "Duke of Ying", but he was eventually exiled to
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2379:, there was a growing opposition to him within the older and more conservative crowd. They disliked his pushing for reforms for the recruitment system, higher pay for minor local officials to discourage against corruption, and wider sponsorship programs to ensure that officials were drafted more on the basis of their intellect and character. However, his reforms were cancelled within a year's time (with Fan replaced as chancellor), since many older officials halfway through their careers were not keen on making changes that could affect their comfortably set positions.
1794:, and in the 1070s the Song had considerable success in capturing Tangut territory. A mood of frontier adventurism permeated Shenzong's court, as well as a desire to reclaim territories he felt belonged to him as the rightful ruler of China; when a Song general led an unprovoked attack on a Western Xia border town, Shenzong appeared at the border to commend the general himself. To punish the Western Xia and damage their economy, Emperor Shenzong also shut down all commercial border markets along the Song-Western Xia border. The scientist and statesman
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2243:. In 1082, after a long period of mutual isolation, King Lý Nhân Tông of Đại Việt returned Yong, Qin, and Lian prefectures back to Song authorities, along with their prisoners of war, and in return Song relinquished its control of four prefectures and the county of Đại Việt, including the Nùng clan's home of Quảng Nguyên. Further negotiations took place from 6 July to 8 August 1084 and were held at Song's Yongping garrison in southern Guangnan, where Vietnamese Director of Military Personnel
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2011:(1010–1225) that lasted from 1075 to 1077. The Song court's interest in maximizing the economic benefits of these frontier zones came into conflict with the Lý dynasty, whose goal was to consolidate their peripheral fiefdoms. In the aftermath, an agreement was negotiated by both sides that fixed the borders; the resulting line of demarcation "would largely remain in place through to the present day", according to James A. Anderson, Associate Professor in the History Department at the
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1682:. The Song also prepared for armed conflict, increasing the overall size of the armed forces to a million soldiers by 1022. By that time, however, the military was consuming three-quarters of the tax revenues gathered by the state, compared to a mere 2 or 3 per cent of state income that would be consumed by just providing the Liao with tribute. Due to these circumstances, intense political rivalries would later arise in the Song court over how to handle these issues.
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Western Xia by war's end in 1044, while both sides had lost tens of thousands of troops. Emperor
Jingzong also conceded to the Song demand that he refer to himself as an inferior subject when addressing the Song, and that he accept Song ritualists to perform official ceremonies at his court. Throughout the war, the Song had maintained a number of fortified military outposts stretching some 480 km (300 mi) from the westernmost prefectures of
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3725:, and Middle Eastern Muslims— contributed to Kublai's siege effort in crafting ships and artillery. On several occasions—August 1269, March 1270, August 1271, and September 1272—the Southern Song attempted to break the Yuan blockade with its own navy, yet each attempt was a costly failure of thousands of men and hundreds of ships. After the siege, in the summer of 1273, Kublai appointed the Chinese general Shi Tianze and Turkic general
2055:(r. 1022–1063) court in 1060, advocating the policy agreed with the Nùng. The Song government rejected his proposal and made the Nùng communities (along with other ethnic groups) official dependents of Song imperial authority, and Nùng Tông Đán's request that the territories under his authority be incorporated into the Song Empire was granted in 1062. In 1059—six years before the Song court's New Policies under Chancellor
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earlier treaty with the
Khitans, in return for the territories south of the Yangzi that had been taken by the Mongols. Kublai rejected the proposal since he was already in a favorable strategic position on the other side of the Yangzi. By the winter of 1259, Uriyangkhadai's army fought its way north to meet Kublai's army. However, Kublai had to suspend the war and travel north with the majority of his forces due to the
3151:, the office labeled as the Yanhai Zhizhi Shisi (Imperial Commissariat for the Control and Organization of Coastal Areas). Even as far back as 1129 officials proposed ambitious plans to conquer Korea with a new navy and use Korea as a base for launching invasions into Jin territory, but this scheme was never achieved and was of secondary importance to maintaining defense along the fluctuating border with Jin.
2473:. Ministers of state who were seen as obstructive to the implementation of Wang's reforms were not all dismissed from the capital to other places (since the emperor needed some critical feedback), but many were. A more extreme example would be "obstructionist" officials sent far to the south to administer regions that were largely tropical, keeping in mind that northern Chinese were often susceptible to
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2133:. On the day that the Vietnamese envoy Lý Kế Tiên prepared to depart from Kaifeng back to Đại Việt, news arrived that Thàn Thiệu Thái had raided Song's Guangnan West Circuit again. Although a plea from a Guangnan official urged Kaifeng to take action, Yingzong left defenses up to local Guangnan forces and labeled Thàn Thiệu Thái as "reckless and mad" in an effort to disassociate him from the Lý court.
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were joined together to make a map of the tu (larger district), and these in turn were joined with others to make a map of the hsiang and the hsien (still larger districts). If there was any trouble about the collection of taxes or the distribution of grain, or if the question of chasing robbers and bandits arose, the provincial officials could readily carry out their duties by the aid of the maps.
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emissary Hao Jing. In 1261 Kublai personally released seventy-five Song merchants captured at the border; in 1263 he released fifty-seven merchants; in 1269 he released forty-five merchants. In 1264 he publicly reprimanded his own officers for executing two Song generals without trial or investigation. With these acts his reputation and legitimacy in the eyes of the
Chinese were greatly enhanced.
1096:. The loss of northern territory and shifting of the capital marks the division of the dynasty into two distinct periods: the Northern Song (960–1127) and the Southern Song (1127–1279). The Southern Song developed a new navy to combat the Jin dynasty formed in the north. The Song dynasty was able to defeat further Jurchen invasions and even fought the Jin dynasty in an erstwhile alliance with the
1802:, Shaanxi province) in 1080 to stave off Tangut military invasion. He successfully defended his fortified position, yet the new Grand Councillor Cai Que held him responsible for the death of a rival Song military officer and the decimation of that officer's forces; as a result, Shen Kuo was ousted from office and the state abandoned the projected land that Shen was able to defend.
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standardize their once irregular tribute missions to visit
Kaifeng now every five years. Shenzong had officials sent from the capital to supervise militiamen in naval training exercises. Shenzong then ordered that all merchants were to cease trade with the subjects of Đại Việt, a further indication of heightened hostility that prompted the Vietnamese court under
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rich in order to raise revenues in a land nationalization scheme. This had the negative effect of alienating the wealthy landowners and hastening the collapse of the empire, as wealthy landlords and merchants favored what they deemed the inevitable Mongol conquest and rule than the other alternative of paying higher taxes for continual, exhaustive warfare.
3143:, a noted interest of the court to expand China's military power and economic influence abroad. Provincial armies in the Northern Song era also maintained naval river units. However, it was the Southern Song court that was the first to create a large, permanent standing naval institution for China in 1132. The new headquarters of the Southern Song Chinese
3029:). To regulate this enormous commercial center, in 1087 the Northern Song government established an office in Quanzhou for the sole purpose of handling maritime affairs and commercial transactions. In this multicultural environment there were many opportunities for subjects in the empire of foreign descent, such as the (Arab or Persian) Muslim
3780:, who was nine years old, was declared emperor on June 14, 1276, in Fuzhou. The court sought refuge in Quanzhou, seeking an alliance with the Superintendent of Maritime Shipping, the Muslim Pu Shougeng. However, he secretly formed an alliance with Kublai, so the Song court was forced to flee in 1277. Pu defected after Song general
3260:). He also commended the silk manufactured at Quanzhou as being unparalleled in the world for its quality, while the Chinese capital at Hangzhou was best known throughout the Islamic world for being a major producer of glass wares. By at least the 13th century, the Chinese were even familiar with the story of the ancient
1652:. However, their forces were greatly overextended and any possible escape route was in danger of being blocked by Song forces. Eventually, the completion of the 'Great Ditch' as an effective defensive blockade which slowed the advance of Liao cavalry forced the Liao to request a truce. Negotiations resulted in the
2211:, their forces beheaded the Governor-General of Guangnan West Circuit, Zhang Shoujie (d. 1076). After a forty-two-day siege, Yongzhou was breached and razed to the ground. When Song forces attempted to challenge the Vietnamese forces, the latter retreated, with their spoils of war and thousands of prisoners.
3927:(1679–1748) translated it shortly after in 1737. It was later edited and published by the Jesuit Abbé, Jean Baptiste Gabriel Alexandre Grosier (1743–1823), in part with Le Roux des Hauterays, where a thirteenth volume and a title page were added. It was also translated and published by the Jesuit astronomer
2003:(Nùng Trí Cao) (1025–1053) attempted to establish his own frontier kingdom in 1042, 1048, and 1052, creating a disturbance on Song's southern border that prompted an invasion against Nong Zhigao/Nùng Trí Cao's forces in the 1050s. This invasion resulted in the Song conquest of border regions inhabited by
2580:. To further this image of Wang as a great and honorable statesman, printed and painted pictures of him were circulated throughout the country. Yet this cycle of revenge and partisanship continued after Zhezong and Huizong, as Reformers and Conservatives continued their infighting. Huizong's successor,
1660:), which fixed the borders of the Song and Liao as they were before the conflict. The Khitan rulers also wanted to intermarry with the Zhao family line of the Song, an offer that the Song refused in favor of a nominal and figurative imperial kinship. However, the treaty required the Song to make annual
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While Kublai attended to other matters in the north, the Song court was mobilizing its populace for war and all available resources that could be rendered and drained into the war effort. In the mid 13th century, the Song government led by Jia Sidao began confiscating portions of estates owned by the
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and his own forces needed in the north against the rival Khagan claimant Ariq Böke, Kublai was unable to focus on hostilities in the south. On May 21, 1260, Kublai sent his envoy Hao Jing and two other advisors to negotiate with the
Southern Song. Upon their arrival and attempts to solve the conflict
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The
Western Xia met a similar fate, becoming an unreliable vassal to the Mongols by seeking to secure alliances with Jin and Song. Genghis Khan had died in 1227 during the 5-month siege of their capital city, and being held somewhat responsible for this, the last Xia ruler was hacked to death when he
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on the throne, a peace settlement was negotiated between Jin and the Mongol forces in 1214, as
Genghis made the Jin a vassal state of the Mongol Empire. However, when the Jin court moved from Beijing to Kaifeng, Genghis saw this move as a revolt, and moved upon the old Jin capital at Beijing in 1215,
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This poem can be interpreted as criticizing the failure of the salt monopoly established by Wang Anshi, embodied in the persona of a hard-working old man who was cruelly denied his means to flavor his food, with the severity of the laws and the only salt available being charged at rates that were too
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officer in-law to the
Vietnamese court through marriage alliance—raided the Song frontier for cattle and militia recruits. He succeeded in taking the Song military leader Yang Baocai hostage, and in autumn of 1060 Song troops were sent into the frontier to rescue the general but he was not found. The
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in the east. This was essentially a series of canals meant to block the advance of Liao cavalry far from the northern border line, although the Liao perceived this engineering project as a means for the Song to dispatch offensive forces more efficiently via new waterways. In 999 the Liao began annual
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governments were often established, the same number of prefectures and provinces were in existence as before the Song came to power. Thus although more people were taking exams, roughly the same number were being accepted into the government as in previous periods, making the civil service exams very
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in exile from the court; while en route to Fujian, he was killed by the same commander that was appointed to accompany him. After his death many of his supporters and opposing ministers submitted to Bayan. By 1276 the Yuan army had conquered nearly all of the Southern Song's territory, including the
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In March 1275 the forces of Bayan faced the army of Chancellor Jia Sidao, which was 130,000 strong; the result was a decisive victory for Bayan, and Jia was forced to retreat after many deserted him. This was the opportune moment for his political rivals to smite him. Jia was effectively stripped of
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and Champa to go to war again in 1076. At the same time, the Song commander Guo Kui (1022–1088) led the combined Song force of approximately 100,000 men against Dai Viet. The Song quickly regained Quảng Nguyên prefecture and in the process captured the resistance leader Lưu Ký. By 1077, the Song had
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The Guangnan West Circuit Fiscal Commissioner, Wang Han (fl. 1043–1063), feared that Nùng Trí Cao's kinsmen Nùng Tông Đán intended to plunder the region after he crossed the Song border in 1057. Wang Han took a personal visit to Nùng Tông Đán's camp and spoke with Nùng Trí Cao's son, explaining that
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After Li Jipeng (aka Zhao Baozhong), a Tangut prince who had submitted to the Song dynasty, raided Xia's territory and destroyed some fortified settlements in 1034, the Tanguts under Li Yuanhao (1003–1048) retaliated. On 12 September 1034 the Tanguts raided Qingzhou in Huanqing Circuit, but later Li
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Relations between the Song and Liao remained tense and hostile: in 986 the Song sent three armies against the Liao in an effort to take advantage of an infant emperor and recapture the Sixteen Prefectures, but the Liao successfully repulsed all three armies. Following this, diplomatic relations were
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staffed with civilian scholar-officials and regional military governors and their supporters were replaced by centrally appointed officials. This system of civilian rule led to a greater concentration of power in the central government headed by the emperor than had been possible during the previous
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for the next two months into the autumn of 1259. Kublai made a daring advance across the river during a storm, and assaulted the Southern Song troops on the other side. Both sides suffered considerable casualties, but Kublai's troops were victorious and gained a foothold south of the Yangzi. Kublai
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was launched. His army consisted of fifty thousand bowmen, while his three sons led armies of similar size. Patricia Ebrey writes that at this point the Mongol population could not have been greater than 1.5 million, yet they boosted their numbers by employing Khitans and Han Chinese "who felt
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while a naval fleet commanded by Lý Thường Kiệt captured Qinzhou and Lianzhou prefectures. Lý Thường Kiệt calmed the apprehensions of the local Chinese populace, claiming that he was simply apprehending a rebel who took refuge in China and that the local Song authorities had refused to cooperate in
1391:
Yuan Hsieh (d. +1220) was Director-General of governmental grain stores. In pursuance of his schemes for the relief of famines he issued orders that each pao (village) should prepare a map which would show the fields and mountains, the rivers and the roads in fullest detail. The maps of all the pao
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Low-cost loans for farmers and replaced the labor service with a tax instead, hoping this would ultimately help the workings of the entire economy and state (as he directly linked state income to the level of prosperity of rural peasants who owned farms, produced goods for the market, and paid the
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After students passed the often difficult, bureaucratic, and heavily demanding Imperial Exams, as they became officials, they did not always see eye to eye with others that had passed the same examination. Even though they were fully-fledged graduates ready for government service, there was always
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to thank Song for putting down local rebellions and to negotiate terms of peace, they instructed their agents to gather intelligence on the alleged Champa alliance and the strength of Song's military presence in the Guangnan Western Circuit. Two Vietnamese envoys were permitted to offer tribute to
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holding of the Liao dynasty did not increase with the tribute either, since the Song exported many goods annually to the Liao, dwarfing the amount of imported goods from Liao. Therefore, much of the silver sent to Liao as tribute was used to pay for Song Chinese goods, and the silver wound up back
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payments to the Liao and recognize Liao equality with the Song. The tribute consisted of 283 kg (100,000 oz) of silver along with 200,000 bolts of silk, increasing to 500,000 units by 1042. However, even with the increase in 1042, the Song economy was not damaged by this enforced tribute. The
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and were the last fortified obstacles in Kublai's way towards the rich Yangzi River basin. Kublai made an attempt to starve the city of its supply lines by gaining naval supremacy along the Han River in a gigantic blockade. It was the Song defector Liu Zheng who was the main proponent in advising
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In his New Policies sponsored by Shenzong, Wang Anshi enhanced central authority over Song's frontier administrations, increased militia activity, increased troop levels and war horses sent to the frontiers (including the border areas with Đại Việt), and actively sought loyal supporters in border
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Yingzong died on 8 January 1067, and was replaced by Emperor Shenzong (r. 1067–1085), who like his father, heaped rewards on Vietnamese leaders but was more observant of the Vietnamese delegations. When Vietnamese envoys arrived in Kaifeng to congratulate Shenzong on his ascension, he sent lavish
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The emperor said, 'The life of man is short. Happiness is to have the wealth and means to enjoy life, and then to be able to leave the same prosperity to one's descendents. If you, my officers, will renounce your military authority, retire to the provinces, and choose there the best lands and the
1329:) over the region, a seat that became hereditary (forming the Xi-Xia dynasty). Although the Song state was evenly matched against the Liao dynasty, the Song gained significant military victories against the Western Xia (who would eventually fall to the Mongol conquest of Genghis Khan in 1227).
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There was also mounting political opposition against Chancellor Jia Sidao. Jia had purged several dissident officials who were opposed to his reforms aimed at limiting official corruption and personal profiteering. When he replaced some of these officials with his own cronies, however, political
3591:
Möngke's death in battle led to the recall of the main Mongol armies led by Hulagu campaigning in the Middle East and sparked a succession crisis that would ultimately favor Kublai as the new Khan of the Mongols. Hulagu had to travel back to Mongolia in order to partake in the traditional tribal
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taller than Kaifeng's walls in order to lob incendiary bombs into the city. The besieged city was captured by the Jurchens in less than two months. Three thousand members of the Emperor's court were taken as captives, including Qinzong and many of his relatives, craftsmen, engineers, goldsmiths,
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covers the people, places, and events of Chinese history from the beginning of the Warring States in 403 BC until the beginning of the Song dynasty in 959. Its size, brevity, and scope has often been compared to the groundbreaking work of Chinese historiography compiled by the ancient historian
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and the naming of his dynasty with the Chinese word for "primal" ("Yuan"). He made it a policy to grant land, clothing, and oxen to Song Chinese who defected to his side. Kublai Khan chose the moral high ground of releasing Song captives and prisoners while Jia Sidao refused to release Kublai's
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Kublai's absence from the war front was seen by Chancellor Jia Sidao as an opportune moment, so he ordered to resume armed conflict. The Song army routed the small armed detachment that Kublai had stationed south of the Yangzi, and the Song regained its lost territory. With his ally Hulagu busy
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in 1141 that fixed the borders at the Huai River, as well as conceded territory regained through the efforts of Yue Fei, while Yue was killed during imprisonment. As part of the treaty, the Song were also forced to pay tribute to the Jin, much as it had to the Liao. With the treaty of Shaoxing,
1332:
After political consolidation through military conquest, Emperor Taizu held a famous banquet inviting many of the high-ranking military officers that had served him in Song's various conquests. As his military officers drank wine and feasted with Taizu, he spoke to them about the potential of a
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to lead the reinforcements in the defense of Ezhou, and on October 5 Lü slipped past Kublai's ill-prepared forces and entered the city. Jia Sidao then sent his general and emissary Song Jing to negotiate a tributary settlement with Kublai. He offered Kublai annual tribute of silver like in the
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From a total of 11 squadrons and 3,000 men rose in one century to 20 squadrons totalling 52,000 men, with its main base near Shanghai. The regular striking force could be supported at need by substantial merchantmen; thus in the campaign of 1161 some 340 ships of this kind participated in the
3033:, the Commissioner of Merchant Shipping for Quanzhou between 1250 and 1275. Pu Shougeng had gained his reputable position by helping the Chinese destroy pirate forces that plagued the area, and so was lavished with gifts and appraisal from Chinese merchants and officials. Quanzhou soon rivaled
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The war was costly and the Song state had to raise the taxes by fifty per cent in the Hubei, Hedong and Shanxi circuits. Even after the end of the conflict, maintaining standing army in the resource-poor northern regions placed a heavy burden on the economy. Defence expenditures amounted to 50
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1030–1050), and on 9 January 1039 the Song shut down its border markets and soon after a reward of 100,000 strings of coin was offered to anyone who could capture Emperor Jingzong. Although he won impressive victories in the initial phase of the war, Jingzong gained no additional territory for
2234:
As a result, Thường Kiệt made peace overtures to the Song; the Song commander Guo Kui agreed to withdraw his troops, but kept five disputed regions of Quảng Nguyên (renamed Shun'anzhou or Thuận Châu), Tư Lang Châu, Môn Châu, Tô Mậu Châu, and Quảng Lăng. These areas now comprise most of modern
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The Quảng Nguyên chieftain Lưu Ký launched an unexpected attack against Yongzhou in 1075, which was repelled by the Song's Vietnamese officer Nùng Trí Hội in charge of Guihua. Shenzong then sought to cement an alliance with the "Five Clans" of northern Guangnan by issuing an edict which would
1984:, replaced the house of Lê in November 1009, and Song China continued recognizing the Lý monarchs like their predecessors. Vietnamese tributary envoys sent to China horses, jades, and received back books, sutras, clothes and gold belts. In 1014, Đại Việt engaged in a border conflict with the
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made into a standard and required reading for students hoping to pass the state examinations. This and other reforms of Wang's were too much for some officials to bear idly, as there were many administrative disagreements, along with many personal interests at stake. In any case, the rising
3352:. This forced the reluctant Jin court to withdraw its troops from southern China to quell these uprisings. In the end, Wanyan Liang failed in taking the Southern Song and was assassinated by his own generals in December 1161. The Khitan uprising was not suppressed until 1164, while the
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further north. With the border fixed at the Huai, the Song government would promote an immigration policy of repopulating and resettling territories north of the Yangzi River, since vast tracts of vacant land between the Yangzi and Huai were open for landless peasants found in
3208:, the Chinese increased the number of trade missions that would dock at ports throughout the Indian Ocean, where Arab and Hindu influence was once predominant. The Chinese sailed regularly to Korea and Japan in the Far East, westwards towards India and Sri Lanka, and into the
2083:
Song court appointed Yu Jing (余靖; 1000–1064) as a new military commissioner of the Guangnan region and charged him with the task of quelling the unrest caused by Thân Thiệu Tháii. Yu Jing also sent an agent to Champa to enlist Cham aid against the Song's enemies in Guangnan.
3074:, massive numbers of people came from the north. Unlike the flat plains of the north, the mountainous terrain riddled with lakes and rivers in southern China is largely a hindrance and inhospitable to widespread agriculture. Therefore, the Southern Song took on a unique
2144:
gifts to the Lý court, including a golden belt, silver ingots, 300 bolts of silk, two horses, a saddle inlaid with gold and silver plating, and on 9 February 1067 bestowed the Vietnamese ruler Lý Thánh Tông with the official title "King of the Southern Pacified Region" (
3829:
3520:. From the summer of 1253 to early 1254, the campaigns were successful in conquering and pacifying the tribes, with Uriyangkhadai's military experience proving invaluable in battle. After Kublai's return to northern China, Uriyangkhadai conquered neighboring tribes in
3683:
conditions were ripe for a schism at court and within the gentry class that would be favorable to a strong, unified force led by Kublai. Kublai used various ploys and gestures in order to entice defectors from the Southern Song to his side. Kublai Khan established
2160:: Nam Bình Vương). Shenzong also countered Nùng Tông Đán's defection by recognizing his kinsman Nùng Trí Hội as the Nùng clan leader in 1069, giving him a title similar to Tông Đán's and command over Guihua prefecture (also known as Wuyang grotto settlement).
6593:
2576:(r. 1100–1125) succeeded him, and also supported the Reformers at court. Huizong banned the writing of Sima Guang and his lackeys while elevating Wang Anshi to near revered status, having a statue of Wang erected in a Confucian temple alongside a statue of
3445:. Several tens of thousands of carts full of grain were sent to the Mongol army during the siege. Following the destruction of the Jin dynasty in 1234, the Southern Song generals broke the alliance, proceeding to recapture the three historical capitals of
1621:
attacks on Song positions, though with no breakthrough victories. The Liao were interested in capturing the Guannan region of northern Hebei, both because the Song general Zhou Shizong had taken it from them and because it contained strategic passes.
1673:
Until the Song dynasty took advantage of a large rebellion within the Liao Kingdom in 1125, the Song had to conduct cordial relations with the Liao. Skilled ambassadors were sent on missions to court the Liao and maintain peace, such as the renowned
1036:
weapons. However, it was also a period of political and military turmoil, with opposing and often aggressive political factions formed at court that impeded political, social, and economic progress. The frontier management policies of the Chancellor
3457:. However, the cities, ravaged by years of warfare, lacked economic capacity and yielded little defensibility. This breaking of alliance meant open warfare between the Mongols and the Song dynasty. Ögodei Khan's forces conquered fifty-four out of
3078:
presence that was largely unseen in earlier dynasties, grown out of the need to secure importation of foreign resources. Commercial cities (located along the coast and by internal rivers), backed by patronage of the state, dramatically increased
2374:
of Xi-Xia) but as a minister of state he was known as an idealist, once saying that a well-minded official should be one that was "first in worrying about the world's troubles and last in enjoying its pleasures". When Fan rose to the seat of
2179:(1019–1105) publicly announced that Wang's policies were deliberate efforts to seize and control their border frontiers. Tensions between Song and Lý were critical, and in these conditions any sign of hostility had potential to ignite a war.
2175:
regions who could heighten the pace of extraction of local resources for the state's disposal. Officials at court debated the merits or faults of Wang's policies, yet criticism of his reforms even appeared in Đại Việt, where the high officer
3408:. According to the account of 1232, written by the Jin commander Chizhan Hexi, the Jurchens led a valiant effort against the Mongols, whom they frightened and demoralized in the siege of the capital by the use of 'thunder-crash-bombs' and
3230:), from where people with skin "as black as lacquer" and with frizzy hair were captured and purchased as slaves by Arab merchants. As an important maritime trader, China appeared also on geographical maps of the Islamic world. In 1154 the
2838:
rivers) became a new borderland and battleground between Song and Jin from 1128 to 1141, displacing hundreds of thousands of families who had lived there for generations. The Southern Song deployed several military commanders, among them
3952:. Divided into 1000 volumes of 9.4 million written Chinese characters, this book provided important information on political essays of the period, extensive autobiographies on rulers and various subjects, as well as a multitude of
3216:. The Chinese were keen to import goods such as rare woods, precious metals, gems, spices, and ivory, while exporting goods such as silk, ceramics, lacquer-ware, copper cash, dyes, and even books. In 1178, the Guangzhou customs officer
1434:
alone, the Song court had roughly 1,500 volumes written about the nuanced rules, regulations, and guidelines for their reception. The Song also sent envoys abroad, such as Wang Yande (939–1006), who was sent as an official envoy to the
2944:
in medieval India had waned and declined, Chinese sailors and seafarers began to increase their own maritime activity in South East Asia and into the Indian Ocean. Even during the earlier Northern Song period, when it was written in
2644:
with the Jurchens for the purpose of annihilating the Liao. This balance of power disrupted, the Jurchens then turned on the Song, resulting in the fall of the Northern Song and the subsequent establishment of the Southern Song.
2469:'. He gathered to his side ministers who were loyal to his policies and cause, an elite social coalition known as the New Policies Group (新法, Xin Fa). He had many able and powerful supporters, such as the scientist and statesman
3404:
sacking and burning it. Although the now small Jin state attempted to defend against the Mongols and even fought battles with the Song in 1216 and 1223, the Jin were attacked by the Mongols again in 1229 with the ascension of
2883:
hostilities ceased between the Jin and Song dynasties for the next two decades. In the meantime, Emperor Gaozong negotiated with the Jin over his mother's ransom while he commissioned a symbolic art project about her, the
1162:
with the support of military commanders in 960, initiating the Song dynasty. Upon taking the throne, his first goal was the reunification of China after half a century of political division. This included the conquests of
1817:'s reforms, and halting all negotiations with the Tanguts of the Western Xia. This resulted in continued armed conflict between the Song dynasty and the Western Xia. In 1099, the Northern Song launched a campaign into
1333:
military coup against him like those of Five Dynasties era. His military officers protested against this notion, and insisted that none were as qualified as him to lead the country. The passage of this account in the
2656:
rivers. They were positioned in an ideal location for horse raising, and were known to muster ten thousand horses a year to sell annually to the Khitans of the Liao dynasty. They even had a martial history of being
3547:
in 1258. While Chinese source material incorrectly stated that Uriyangkhadai withdrew from Vietnam after nine days due to poor climate, his forces did not leave until 1259. In 1259, Uriyangkhadai's forces attacked
2652:, the Jurchen tribe to the north (once subordinates to the Liao), revolted against their Khitan masters. The Jurchen community already had a reputation of great economic clout in their own region of the Liao and
3187:. Indeed, the court administration at Hangzhou lived up to this ideal, and were successful for a time in employing their navy to defend their interests against an often hostile neighbor to the north. In his
2957:
had been completely taken in 1025 by Chola's naval strength, the succeeding king of Srivijaya managed to send tribute to the Chinese Northern Song court in 1028. Much later, in 1077, the Indian Chola ruler
3037:(the greatest maritime port of the earlier Tang dynasty) as a major trading center during the late Northern Song. However, Guangzhou had not fully lost its importance. The medieval Arab maritime captain
2465:
Reminded of the earlier Fan Zhongyan, Wang was not about to allow ministers who opposed his reforms to have sway at court, and with his prowess (and perceived arrogance) was known as 'the bullheaded
4628:
2481:
was persecuted in 1079 when he was arrested and forced into five weeks of interrogation. Finally, he confessed under guarded watch that he had slandered the emperor in his poems. One of them read:
1416:
instead of water (because liquid mercury would not freeze during winter). Emperor Taizu was also quite open-minded in his affairs, especially with those perceived as foreigners: he appointed the
2851:(or Bianjing as the city was known during the Song period), the former capital of the Song dynasty and the then southern capital of the Jin, after a streak of uninterrupted military victories.
2027:(1008–1061) crushed the border rebellion of Nùng Trí Cao in 1053. During the two decades of relative regional peace that followed, the Vietnamese observed the threat of Song expansion, as more
1742:
Yuanhao released Song officers and soldiers he had captured; by 29 January 1035 relations were restored when Li Yuanhao sent tribute of fifty horses to the Song court and requested a copy of a
2557:
Province. More than thirty of his associates were also given minor punishments for not reporting his slanderous poems to authorities before they were widely circulated to the educated public.
2568:
over him. She disliked Wang's reforms from the beginning, and sought to appoint more Conservative officials at court who would agree to oppose the Reformists. Her greatest political ally was
6366:
Huiping Pang, "Nansonghuayuan zhi shengshezhizhi yu houshi xiangxiang" (The Organization of the So-called Southern Song Painting Academy as a Post-1279 Imaginary Construct), Gugong Xuekan (
4952:
4623:
1833:
regime since the 10th century. By 1116, Song managed to acquire all of its territory and incorporated it into prefectures; the area became the westernmost frontier against the Western Xia.
2428:
Introduction of a local militia in order to lessen the budget of expenses paid for upholding the official standing army, which had grown dramatically to roughly 1 million soldiers by 1022.
2437:
The poetry requirement of the civil service examination (introduced during the earlier Tang dynasty) was scrapped in order to seek out men with more practical experience and knowledge.
2362:
Factional strife at court first became apparent during the 1040s. The unsuccessful war with Tanguts and the mounting economic pressures prompted the first reform movement of the Song:
1779:. Since the Song could not rely on water obstacle defenses in this region—like the Great Ditch of Hebei used against Liao—they instead garrisoned the wide expanse with a recorded 200
3328:
along the Yangtze River, Jin forces were defeated by the Southern Song navy. In these battles, the Jin navy was wiped out by the much smaller Song fleet because of their use of fast
6598:. Frankfurt am Main: Institut für Geschichte der Arabisch-Islamischen Wissenschaften (Institute for the History of Arabic-Islamic Science at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University).
6157:
Medieval Researches from Eastern Asiatic Sources: Fragments Towards the Knowledge of the Geography and History of Central and Western Asia from the 13th to the 17th Century, Vol. 1
2434:
Introduction of the Finance Planning Commission, created in mind to speed up the reform process so that dissident Conservatives would have less time to react and oppose reforms.
1223:
on 23 January 971, thus forcing the submission of Southern Han and terminating the first and last elephant corps that would make up a regular division within a Chinese army.
6355:
Huiping Pang, "Zouchu gongqiang: you huajiashisanke tan nansong gongtinghuashi de mingjjan xing" (Get out of the Palace: From Southern Song Court Painters to Folk Limners),
3729:
as the commander-in-chief of the armed forces. However, Shi Tianze died in 1275; Bayan was then granted a force of 200,000 (composed mostly of Han Chinese) to assault Song.
2904:. As a means to shame those who had pressed for his execution (Qin Hui and his wife), iron statues of them were crafted to kneel before the tomb of Yue Fei, located at the
2760:
and maintenance engineers that would cause a setback in technical advances for the Song court. According to the contemporary Xia Shaozeng, other war booty included 20,000
2527:
2489:
2075:
1371:
to update and 're-write all the Tu Jing in the world'; a daunting task for one individual. Nonetheless, he traveled throughout the provinces to collect illustrative
6958:
6140:
Anderson, James A. (2008). "'Treacherous Factions': Shifting Frontier Alliances in the Breakdown of Sino-Vietnamese Relations on the Eve of the 1075 Border War", in
3580:
on August 11, 1259. There are several different claims as to how he died; the causes of death include either an arrow wound from a Chinese archer during the siege,
3441:
Following the death of Gaozong and the emergence of the Mongols, the Song dynasty formed a military alliance with the Mongols in the hope of finally defeating the
2271:
2031:
settlers moved into areas which the Vietnamese relied upon for the extraction of natural resources. Initially, a division of Di Qing's soldiers (originally from
4578:
Dar, Ku Boon (2019). "The Tributary Relations between China's Song Dynasty and Vietnam's Dinh, Le and Ly Dynasties: Effects on Their Political Sustainability".
1710:; edict plates were used to send urgent documents and messages, under imperial orders. When these matching pieces are joined, they prove the bearer's identity.
3045:
toured Guangzhou in 993, and was an avid visitor to China. There were other notable international seaports in China during the Song period as well, including
2431:
The creation of a new government bureau in 1073 called the Directorate of Weapons, which supervised the manufacture of armaments and ensured quality control.
2255:
Relations between Vietnam and Song China afterwards were generally at peace until the Mongol conquest. In 1125, a Vietnamese envoy came to the Song capital
1608:
resumed. Relations between Song and Liao worsened in the 990s. From 993 to 1004, the Liao observed the Song as the latter built a 'Great Ditch' in northern
3353:
2874:
and had a good chance of being recalled to the throne should the Jin dynasty be destroyed. Although Yue Fei had penetrated into enemy territory as far as
1762:" and to cease paying tribute to Song to affirm his new status. The Xia began attacks on Song's borders which were repulsed by Song commander Lu Shouqin (
2724:. The eunuch general Tong Guan, who had initially urged for an alliance with the Jurchens, was blamed for causing the war. He was eventually executed by
2386:"Children Playing in an Autumn Courtyard" (秋庭婴戏图), close-up detail of a larger vertical-scroll painting on silk by Su Hanchen (苏汉臣, active 1130-1160s AD)
3612:
Although Möngke's forces stalled the war effort immediately after his death, his younger brother Kublai continued to fight the Southern Song along the
2125:(r.1063–1067); Vietnamese envoys arrived in Kaifeng again to congratulate Yingzong on his ascension, and on 7 April 1063, Yingzong sent gifts such as
3717:
Kublai Khan to expand the Yuan's naval strength, which was a great factor in their success. An international force – composed of Chinese, Jurchens,
2689:(or 'Golden') dynasty in 1115. The Song government took notice of the political dissidence of the Jurchens in Liao's territory, as Council of State
1207:(d. 1000), the early Song military became the dominant force in China. Innovative military tactics, such as defending supply lines across floating
1053:, which was fought to a mutual draw and concluded with a peace treaty in 1082. To the northwest the Song Empire frequently fought battles with the
2826:
The new triangular arrangement between the Southern Song, Jin, and Western Xia continued the age of division and conflict in China. The region of
3128:
3038:
2402:
that criticized the practices of state schools and the examination system itself. With Wang as his new chancellor, he quickly implemented Wang's
2739:
However, the Jin returned soon after with enough siege machinery to scale Kaifeng's layer of walls defended by 48,000 Song troops. The Jin used
1780:
3244:, where he described the Chinese seagoing vessels as having aboard goods such as iron, swords, leather, silk, velvet, along with textiles from
2275:
1196:
2190:
in Vietnam, where the Đại Việt's capital of Thăng Long was located, and which Song forces nearly besieged before both sides agreed to withdraw
6746:
2067:
reorganized northern frontier administrative units and raised new militias. This bolstered his kingdom's strength in a time of conflict with
3626:
2847:, to resist the Jin as well as recapture territory, which proved successful at times. Yue Fei in particular had been preparing to recapture
7172:
3356:(隆興和議) was signed in 1165 between Song and Jin, reestablishing the 1142 border line and ushering in four decades of peace between the two.
3217:
2345:
7776:
7500:
7439:
7331:
6946:
1355:), which steadily increased to roughly 80,000 by the end of the century, and to 400,000 exam takers during the 13th century. Although new
1368:
3127:
in 208), and even during the Northern Song era there were concerns with naval matters, as seen in examples such as the Chinese official
2207:
detaining him. In the early spring of 1076, Thường Kiệt and Nùng Tông Đản defeated the Song militia of Yongzhou, and during a battle at
7628:
3136:
2970:, and made lucrative profits in selling goods to China. There were other tributary payers from other regions of the world as well. The
1645:
1021:
964:
904:
7166:
3175:
Capturing the essence of the day, the Song era writer Zhang Yi once wrote in 1131 that China must regard the Sea and the River as her
2779:
in 1127. Jin forces halted at the Yangzi River, but staged continual raids south of the river until a later boundary was fixed at the
2893:(b. 177). Gaozong's mother was eventually released and brought south, but Qinzong was never freed from his confinement in the north.
2701:, and agreed to jointly invade the Liao, and if successful, divide up Liao territory with the Sixteen Prefectures given to the Song.
3058:
1307:. Song military forces then turned north against the Northern Han, which fell to Song forces in 979. However, efforts to take the
2422:
Government monopolies on tea, salt, and wine in order to raise state revenues (although this would now limit the merchant class).
1964:(941–1005), who later was elected as the new king of the Vietnamese and also was recognized by the Chinese Empire. Lê Hoàn's son
6807:
2297:
sent a new tributary envoy to Song China, giving the Chinese court gifts of gold, silver, elephant teeth, and incense. In 1164,
1758:(r. 1038–1048), and on 10 November 1038 he sent an envoy to the Song capital in order to gain recognition for his new title as "
1738:(r. 1005–1032) had initially attacked the Song, but later sought peaceful relations which brought economic benefits until 1038.
1396:
Taizu also displayed a strong interest in science and technology. He employed the Imperial Workshop to support such projects as
7740:
3924:
1014:
594:
4929:
7641:
6675:
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6464:
6449:
6431:
6411:
6171:
6149:
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3320:
in 1161, with 70,000 naval troops aboard 600 warships facing a smaller Song fleet of only 120 warships and 3,000 men. At the
1510:
894:
2309:(安南國王). That Chinese designation for Vietnamese monarchs would continue until 1804. Four years later in the spring of 1168,
7068:
7053:
7040:
7005:
6970:
6941:
3983:
3005:
was already a bustling port of call visited by a plethora of different foreigners, from Muslim Arabs, Persians, Egyptians,
1751:
1117:
467:
457:
1957:
7888:
3944:
3804:
monument in Kowloon commemorates his enthronement. On March 19, 1279, the Song army was defeated in its last battle, the
3461:'s fifty-eight total districts by 1236, while ordering the slaughter of over a million people that inhabited the city of
3436:
936:
98:
4521:
3820:
is said to have taken the boy emperor in his arms and jumped from his sinking ship into the sea, drowning both of them.
3796:. The older brother became ill and died on May 8, 1278, at age ten, and was succeeded by his younger brother who became
3670:
of the Mongol Empire from 1260 to 1271. From 1271 until his death in 1294 he was the emperor of China, establishing the
7073:
5800:
5717:
5692:
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2720:
and sheets of iron plating so that Jin troops could be ferried to the walls safely to fill in Taiyuan city's defensive
88:
1600:(r. 976–997), so much so that his top military commanders orchestrated an aborted coup to replace him with his nephew
6837:
6739:
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6621:
6603:
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6213:
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1367:) so that his central administration could easily discern how to handle affairs in the provinces. In 971, he ordered
765:
4909:
7715:
7063:
6953:
6528:
Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 3: Civil Engineering and Nautics
6348:
Huiping Pang, "Nansong gongting huashi zhi gongzhi moshi yanjiu" (How Did Court Painters Serve in Southern Song?),
2112:
The Vietnamese court discovered the Song's secret attempt to ally with Champa; while Dai Viet sent a delegation to
6477:
Mostern, Ruth. (2008). "From Battlefields to Counties: War, Border, and State Power in Southern Song Huainan", in
6319:"East Asian History Sourcebook: Chinese Accounts of Rome, Byzantium and the Middle East, c. 91 B.C.E. – 1643 C.E."
4175:"East Asian History Sourcebook: Chinese Accounts of Rome, Byzantium and the Middle East, c. 91 B.C.E. – 1643 C.E."
3784:
seized his ships and properties after Pu refused to lend Zhang ships for the war. The court then sought refuge in
2693:(1054–1126) persuaded the emperor to ally with the Jurchens against the Liao. The two nations secretly forged the
2885:
1948:
However, when Vietnam was politically unstable in 980, the Chinese Emperor sent a 40,000 man-strong force led by
1755:
1226:
519:
6795:
6198:
4606:
3573:
3369:
1469:
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909:
5735:
First Congress of the Asian Association of World Historians 29–31 May 2009 Osaka University Nakanoshima-Center
2247:(fl. 1075–1096) convinced Song to fix the two countries' borders between Quảng Nguyên and Guihua prefectures.
2043:
seeking "Interior Dependency" status would alienate them from the Vietnamese, but if they remained outside of
1351:
dynasties. In the early 11th century, there were some 30,000 men who took the prefectural exams per year (see
1005:
from the middle of the 10th century into the last quarter of the 13th century. The dynasty was established by
7601:
6899:
6790:
6339:
Huiping Pang, "Strange Weather: Art, Politics, and Climate Change in the Middle of Emperor Huizong's Reign",
3026:
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and erected in 1094 was also disassembled and its components carted back north, along with many clock-making
1882:
931:
857:
792:
6521:
Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 2: Mechanical Engineering
1564:) were relatively peaceful in the first two decades after Song was founded, the disputed territories of the
7099:
6768:
6732:
6341:
3956:
and decrees brought forth to the imperial court. However, the official history of the Song dynasty was the
3701:
3119:). With military defense and economic policy in mind, the Southern Song established China's first standing
2854:
However, the possible defeat of the Jurchens threatened the power of the new emperor of the Southern Song,
2012:
1363:
Emperor Taizu also found other ways to consolidate and strengthen his power, including updated map-making (
1121:
994:
867:
3765:
was left behind as the empress dowager submitted to Bayan, horrified by reports of the total slaughter of
2997:, establishing diplomatic relations between Egypt and China that had been lost during the collapse of the
7560:
7091:
7087:
7013:
6985:
3532:
3442:
2768:
2403:
2333:
2314:
2263:
2176:
1698:
919:
676:
57:
6926:
1130:
The conquest of the Song dynasty from 960 to 979 which ended the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period.
7839:
6975:
6785:
6667:
6423:
5347:
4972:
924:
6514:
Science and Civilization in China: Volume 3, Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth
4897:
4565:
1933:
1916:
6847:
6686:
Return to the City of Light: Quanzhou, an eastern city shining with the splendour of medieval culture
4935:
4611:
3870:
3502:
3498:
3336:
and bombs had been known in China since the 10th century). Meanwhile, two simultaneous rebellions of
3022:
3001:
in 907 (while the Fatimid state was established three years later in 910). During the Northern Song,
2920:
1211:
led to success in battle such as the Song assault against the Southern Tang state while crossing the
950:
887:
852:
425:
121:
31:
6388:
Lo, Jung-Pang. "The Emergence of China as a Sea Power During the Late Sung and Early Yuan Periods",
2584:, abolished once more the New Policies, and favored ministers of the Conservative faction at court.
2117:
the court of Renzong in Kaifeng, arriving on 8 February 1063 to deliver gifts, including nine tamed
631:
7423:
7178:
6832:
6800:
6636:
3949:
3882:
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3205:
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2897:
2395:
2382:
2298:
2122:
1791:
1593:
1484:
621:
270:
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Any hope of resistance was centered on two young princes, Emperor Gong's brothers. The older boy,
3608:
Painting of Kublai Khan on a hunting expedition with guards, by court artist Liu Guandao, c. 1280.
2240:
1315:
to the immediate north instead. To the far northwest, the Tanguts had been in power over northern
1215:
in 974. Using a mass of arrow fire from crossbowmen, Song forces were able to defeat the renowned
7685:
7454:
7029:
6862:
3960:, compiled in 1345 during the Yuan dynasty. The recorded history of the Jurchen Jin dynasty, the
3416:
3400:
2863:
2855:
2819:
2776:
2725:
2649:
2618:
2581:
2573:
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2370:(989–1052). Fan was a capable military leader (with successful battles in his record against the
2329:
2052:
1968:
succeeded him and ruled the country from 1005 to 1009, sent tributes to Song China, brought many
1938:
1806:
1597:
1549:
1242:
1077:
847:
1980:. The relationship of Song China to the Vietnamese remained peaceful. The new Vietnamese ruler,
1890:
1584:. The Song emperor succeeded in forcing the Northern Han to surrender, but when marching on the
7279:
6827:
6664:
The Cambridge History of China, Volume 5: The Sung Dynasty and its Precursors, 907–1279, Part 1
3988:
3904:. This historical work was later compiled and condensed into fifty nine different books by the
3866:
3569:
3341:
2878:, he was ordered to head back to the capital and halt his campaign. Emperor Gaozong signed the
2686:
2553:
expensive. After his confession, Su Shi was found guilty in court, and was summarily exiled to
2399:
2310:
1553:
899:
877:
862:
348:
67:
19:
3139:). Already during the Northern Song, the Chinese had established fortified trade bases in the
2336:
in 1258 however, Đại Việt ended all tributary and diplomatic relations with the Song dynasty.
2332:
sent a diplomatic mission to Song China, and was recognized as king of Annam. After the first
2289:(Korea). 19 years later, when the Song dynasty reorganized itself south of the Yangtze as the
2219:
destroyed two other Vietnamese armies and marched towards their capital at Thăng Long (modern
1842:
7883:
7809:
7048:
6162:
Brose, Michael C. (2008). "People in the Middle: Uyghurs in the Northwest Frontier Zone", in
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in 1189, yet his pupils had to complete the work shortly after his death in 1200. During the
3850:
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was only ten years old when he ascended to the throne, so his powerful grandmother served as
2458:
2290:
2244:
2236:
2228:
2224:
1924:
1448:
1151:
1006:
872:
289:
3687:(Beijing) as his new capital in 1264, catering to the likes of the Chinese with his advisor
2130:
2064:
7695:
7184:
6904:
3797:
3762:
3741:
3395:
no great loyalty to their Jurchen lords." After a Jurchen general murdered the Jin emperor
3112:
3014:
2933:
1981:
1464:
1352:
914:
127:
2900:
honored Yue Fei as a national hero in 1162, providing him proper burial and memorial of a
2560:
Emperor Shenzong died in 1085, an abrupt death since he was in his mid 30s. His successor
2425:
Instituting a more up-to-date land survey system in order to properly assess the land tax.
2196:
1965:
8:
7734:
7574:
6963:
6909:
6177:
4915:
3726:
3713:
3705:
2694:
2157:
2126:
1989:
1977:
1569:
1444:
1308:
1188:
79:
6455:
McGrath, Michael (2008). "Frustrated Empires: The Song-Tangut Xia War of 1038–1044", in
6318:
6206:
The Great State of White and High: Buddhism and State Formation in Eleventh-Century Xia
4174:
3552:
from Thang Long as part of a coordinated Mongol attack in 1259 with armies attacking in
1876:
1856:
1746:
in return, which he received. Although he retained some unique Tangut customs and had a
7710:
7670:
6877:
6872:
6325:
5773:
4181:
4008:
3973:
3302:
2959:
2879:
2280:
1653:
1633:
1518:
1480:
882:
62:
6479:
Battlefronts Real and Imagined: War, Border, and Identity in the Chinese Middle Period
6457:
Battlefronts Real and Imagined: War, Border, and Identity in the Chinese Middle Period
6404:
Battlefronts Real and Imagined: War, Border, and Identity in the Chinese Middle Period
6164:
Battlefronts Real and Imagined: War, Border, and Identity in the Chinese Middle Period
6142:
Battlefronts Real and Imagined: War, Border, and Identity in the Chinese Middle Period
4966:
4948:
2214:
Lý Thường Kiệt had fought a war with the Cham in 1069, and in 1076 Song called on the
2169:
1261:
1046:
7749:
7589:
7584:
7521:
7058:
6882:
6867:
6857:
6852:
6812:
6696:
6671:
6641:
6617:
6599:
6567:
6538:
6482:
6460:
6445:
6427:
6407:
6378:
6306:
6278:
6264:
6239:
6224:
6209:
6194:
6167:
6145:
6130:
5796:
5713:
5688:
4984:
4541:
3886:
3873:
of China, compiled in the 11th century. The work was first ordered to be compiled by
3865:; literally "Comprehensive Mirror for/to Aid in Government") was an enormous work of
3813:
3419:
in 1233, and by 1234 the Jin dynasty finally fell in defeat to the Mongols after the
3321:
2929:
2717:
2674:
2641:
2608:
2593:
2267:
2145:
1969:
1772:
1613:
1413:
1320:
1085:
1081:
810:
378:
358:
133:
2063:
units throughout the empire and along the border with Đại Việt—the Vietnamese ruler
1624:
1426:(910–1005) as the chief astronomer of the Song court. For receiving envoys from the
7660:
7594:
7141:
7109:
6892:
6887:
6591:
5765:
4976:
3978:
3953:
3659:
3631:
3540:
3525:
3420:
3325:
3277:
2950:
2477:
found in the deep south of China. Even the celebrated poet and government official
2416:
2325:
2294:
2182:
2048:
2035:) had settled the region, followed by a wave of Chinese settlers from north of the
1900:
1759:
1657:
1573:
1493:
records that a Byzantine man served as an astronomer and physician at the court of
1460:
1405:
982:
489:
47:
39:
3374:
2415:
land tax). These government loans replaced the system of landlords offering their
1908:
7327:
6914:
6817:
6777:
6659:
6188:
4980:
3805:
3253:
3231:
3124:
2318:
2074:
In the spring of 1060, Giáp Đồng natives under the frontier prefectural governor
1489:
1475:
1296:
1276:
1155:
1105:
5708:
Lien, Vu Hong; Sharrock, Peter (2014). "The First Mongol Invasion (1257–8 CE)".
1928:
986:
7865:
7647:
7297:
7018:
6980:
6499:
6249:
5756:(2013). "The deaths of two Khaghans: a comparison of events in 1242 and 1260".
5753:
4516:
3928:
3857:
3841:
3785:
3337:
3329:
3192:
3160:
3075:
2946:
2771:, while the Song Chinese court fled south. They took up temporary residence at
2704:
In 1121–23, Song forces fared badly against the Liao, but the Jin succeeded in
2406:, which evoked some heated reaction from the conservative base. Along with the
2363:
2260:
2118:
2096:
1941:
in 973 with a nominally tributary relationship being put in place, regarded as
1743:
1644:
In 1004, Liao forces managed to march deep into Song territory, camping out in
1502:
1384:
1208:
1139:
1073:
1072:
The Song Empire suffered a disastrous military defeat at the hands of invading
1002:
391:
308:
6263:(2006). Cambridge: MA; London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
5769:
4560:
3557:
3494:
3405:
1920:
1479:, the last known arrival of Byzantine envoys came in 1081, apparently sent by
7877:
7726:
7720:
7705:
7527:
7515:
6995:
6990:
6530:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; rpr. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd, 1986.
6516:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; rpr. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd, 1986.
6509:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; rpr. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd, 1986.
6402:
Lorge, Peter (2008). "The Great Ditch of China and the Song-Liao Border", in
3998:
3905:
3836:
3809:
3801:
3793:
3722:
3688:
3613:
3513:
3478:
3396:
3345:
3317:
3222:
2941:
2634:
2407:
2091:
1996:
1787:
million strings of cash by 1067, out of the total income of 60 million.
1747:
1715:
1703:
1561:
1436:
1379:, the massive work was completed in 1010, with some 1566 chapters. The later
1180:
1147:
1062:
1054:
181:
148:
6180:"Migration History and Dialect Development in the Lower Yangtze Watershed",
5758:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
2398:(r. 1067–1085) had an instant liking of Wang Anshi when he submitted a long
2101:
2008:
1919:, firmly ending Chinese domination over Vietnam. In 939, he established the
1852:
1050:
7853:
7821:
7700:
7675:
7509:
7460:
7309:
7201:
7156:
7151:
7023:
6755:
6719:
3916:
3781:
3671:
3647:
3517:
3486:
3412:
3391:
3379:
3298:
3209:
3080:
3063:
3010:
2998:
2844:
2831:
2705:
2682:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2637:
2446:
2367:
2215:
2044:
2036:
1985:
1961:
1953:
1912:
1864:
1754:. Li proclaimed himself the first imperial ruler of Western Xia, ruling as
1727:
1723:
1637:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1565:
1530:
1506:
1498:
1452:
1409:
1281:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1184:
1172:
1143:
1126:
1101:
1066:
998:
978:
756:
732:
719:
706:
650:
609:
547:
261:
251:
228:
6653:
China Under Jurchen Rule: Essays on Chin Intellectual and Cultural History
3635:
1311:
were unsuccessful and they were incorporated into the Liao state based in
7815:
7772:
7665:
7655:
7617:
7606:
7496:
7472:
7346:
7315:
7219:
7146:
7104:
3663:
3509:
3482:
3454:
3249:
3184:
3140:
3030:
2925:
2749:
2740:
2630:
2419:
private loans, which was prohibited under the new laws of Wang's reforms.
2208:
2028:
2004:
2000:
1904:
1719:
1707:
1601:
1534:
1494:
1397:
1364:
1347:
1250:
1159:
1058:
663:
534:
368:
336:
323:
157:
5777:
5733:
Buell, P.D. "Mongols in Vietnam: end of one era, beginning of another".
3282:
2587:
1809:
asserted himself at court by ousting the political conservatives led by
7611:
7568:
7466:
7429:
7399:
7393:
7370:
7352:
7261:
7249:
7225:
6523:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; rpr. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd.
6444:. Cambridge and London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
3885:
in 1084. Its total length was 294 volumes containing roughly 3 million
3878:
3409:
3332:
and gunpowder bombs launched from trebuchet catapults (since explosive
3265:
3234:
3227:
3176:
3116:
3108:
3096:
2835:
2780:
2761:
2757:
2678:
2569:
2391:
2376:
2056:
1949:
1814:
1810:
1675:
1509:
sent an alleged Byzantine merchant (who was likely Nicolaus de Bentra,
1284:
1269:
1235:
1135:
1038:
1010:
415:
204:
6724:
6714:
6397:
War, Politics and Society in Early Modern China, 900–1795: 1st Edition
3052:
2629:
the Song dynasty was for centuries engaged in a stand-off against the
2339:
2047:
they could safely act as loyal frontier militia. Wang Han then sent a
1988:
in Northwest Vietnam. King Lý Công Uẩn's envoy Phùng Chân brought 100
1722:
dynasty as early as the 980s, when Song intended to retake the former
1636:, the Song sent annual tribute of 200,000 bolts of silk to the Khitan
1319:
since 881, after the earlier Tang court appointed a Tangut chief as a
1303:
Consolidation in the south was completed in 978, with the conquest of
7636:
7545:
7490:
7484:
7405:
7273:
7267:
7255:
7243:
7237:
7161:
7124:
7114:
6481:, 227–252. Edited by Don J. Wyatt. New York, NY: Palgrave MacMillan.
6459:, 151–190. Edited by Don J. Wyatt. New York, NY: Palgrave MacMillan.
3895:
3766:
3684:
3622:
3593:
3581:
3577:
3349:
3237:
3165:
3088:
3034:
3018:
2975:
2954:
2905:
2890:
2871:
2767:
After capturing Kaifeng, the Jurchens went on to conquer the rest of
2698:
2690:
2324:
There would be no tributary missions from Vietnam to China until the
1799:
1735:
1731:
1617:
1514:
1401:
1376:
1372:
1312:
1254:
1246:
1231:
1204:
1176:
1033:
6420:
The Reunification of China: Peace through War under the Song Dynasty
3604:
3473:
3427:
was persuaded to exit the gates of his city with a small entourage.
2731:
7797:
7785:
7766:
7690:
7579:
7539:
7411:
7387:
7364:
7321:
7303:
7129:
6406:, 59–74. Edited by Don J. Wyatt. New York, NY: Palgrave MacMillan.
4003:
3936:
3932:
3817:
3709:
3561:
3386:
In the years 1205 and 1209 the Jin state was under raid attacks by
3168:
3104:
3071:
3025:
from foreign nations dominated the import and export industry (see
3002:
2983:
2909:
2809:
2789:
2709:
2626:
2470:
2266:
invaded northern China and laid siege to Kaifeng, now known as the
2113:
2032:
1895:
1795:
1440:
1356:
1325:
1292:
1093:
1025:
6592:
Sezgin, Fuat; Carl Ehrig-Eggert; Amawi Mazen; E. Neubauer (1996).
6584:
Schafer, Edward H. "War Elephants in Ancient and Medieval China",
2866:, the last emperor of the Northern Song was living in Jin-imposed
2716:, the Jin employed 30 catapults and over fifty carts protected by
1829:
province), occupying territory that was controlled by the Tibetan
1544:
7803:
7791:
7680:
7435:
7213:
7207:
7134:
7119:
6842:
6822:
6166:, 253–289. Edited by Don J. Wyatt. New York: Palgrave MacMillan.
6144:, 191–226. Edited by Don J. Wyatt. New York: Palgrave MacMillan.
3639:
3585:
3553:
3549:
3462:
3458:
3450:
3446:
3387:
3333:
3310:
3290:
3213:
3180:
3164:
manuscript of 1044, showing a rivership with a Xuanfeng traction
3154:
3148:
3144:
3132:
3100:
2979:
2971:
2875:
2859:
2848:
2840:
2827:
2793:
2785:
2772:
2753:
2713:
2653:
2577:
2474:
2466:
2410:
of a community-based law enforcement, the New Policies included:
2371:
2256:
2203:
2137:
2105:
2060:
2024:
1847:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1768:
1763:
1679:
1666:
1661:
1649:
1648:, about 100 kilometers (62 mi) north of the Song capital of
1589:
1423:
1316:
1200:
1192:
1164:
1097:
1089:
1042:
1029:
558:
409:
403:
6275:
Daily Life in China on the Eve of the Mongol Invasion, 1250–1276
4968:
Ming China and Vietnam: Negotiating Borders in Early Modern Asia
4580:
Sejarah: Journal of the History Department, University of Malaya
3289:, by Zhang Zeduan, a painting depicting the imperial gardens of
3131:
of the Xining Reign (1068–1077) outlining a plan of employing a
2202:
In November 1075, Nùng Tông Đản advanced into Song territory in
1088:, the remnants of the Song court were forced to flee south from
7417:
7358:
7340:
7291:
7285:
7231:
5458:
5456:
5454:
4130:
3920:
3913:
3909:
3832:
3789:
3758:
3750:
3718:
3667:
3306:
3092:
3084:
3046:
2901:
2797:
2748:
priests, and female entertainers to label some. The mechanical
2745:
2697:, so-named because it was negotiated by envoys who crossed the
2658:
2640:. This balance was disrupted when the Song dynasty developed a
2565:
2535:
2478:
2450:
2286:
2149:
2068:
1973:
1886:
1860:
1818:
1776:
1592:) in the Sixteen Prefectures, Song forces were defeated at the
1572:
notwithstanding. In 974, the two began exchanging embassies on
1431:
1420:
1304:
1288:
1168:
990:
5196:
5194:
3638:
led a sudden movement of troops towards Kublai's home base of
2928:
ship, 13th century; Chinese ships of the Song period featured
2815:
2685:(1068–1123) challenged Liao authority, establishing their own
2453:(1037–1101), by Zhao Mengfu 趙孟頫, held at Taipei Palace Museum.
2346:
Society of the Song dynasty: Political partisanship and reform
2121:. On 30 March 1063, Emperor Renzong died and was succeeded by
2079:
2023:
The Vietnamese court had not intervened when the Song general
1855:
controlled areas seen in light yellow on the map, then called
1836:
1024:, an era that featured prominent intellectual figures such as
7478:
7448:
3900:
3770:
3618:
3565:
3544:
3521:
3123:. China had a long naval history before that point (example,
3042:
3006:
2867:
2554:
2544:
2350:
2220:
2187:
1790:
Relations broke down once more in 1067 with the ascension of
1670:
into the hands of Chinese merchants and the Song government.
1609:
1456:
1427:
6303:
Maritime trade and state development in early Southeast Asia
6193:(illustrated, reprint ed.). University of California Press.
5619:
5509:
5451:
3737:
3430:
2764:
that were handed over to the Jurchens upon taking the city.
2104:
court sent nine elephants as tribute to the Song capital of
1923:(939–965) and secured Vietnamese independence. In 968, Duke
1690:
1656:, signed in January 1005 (some sources cite 1004 due to the
7533:
5191:
4318:
3257:
3245:
3120:
2991:
2721:
1629:
1417:
3828:
2728:(r. 1126–1127) after Huizong abdicated the throne to him.
2613:
2526:
2488:
1685:
1596:. This defeat was politically damaging to the prestige of
6289:
A Chinese biographical dictionary (Gu jin xing shi zu pu)
3536:
3316:
Wanyan Liang established a military campaign against the
2441:
2223:). Song forces halted at the Nhu Nguyệt River (in modern
1539:
1142:
that had controlled northern China after the fall of the
5527:
5525:
5523:
5521:
4411:
3942:
Another historical source was the enormous encyclopedia
3757:
Meanwhile, the rebel remnants of the Song court fled to
3617:
made preparations to take the heavily fortified city of
6254:
Asia in Western and World History: A Guide for Teaching
6581:, University of Madras, Madras, 1935 (Reprinted 1984).
6557:
Soldiers of the Dragon: Chinese Armies 1500 BC-AD 1840
6182:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
5168:
5166:
5164:
5162:
5160:
5132:
5130:
5128:
4114:
4112:
4110:
3808:, fought against the Yuan army led by the Han general
3708:
from 1268 to 1273. Xiangyang and the adjacent town of
3390:
from the north, and in 1211 the major campaign led by
1524:
1022:
classical Chinese innovation in science and technology
7837:
5710:
Descending Dragon, Rising Tiger: A History of Vietnam
5543:
5518:
4773:
4675:
3919:, the book was reprinted in 1708, while the European
3503:
final destruction of the ruling Ch'oe family of Korea
2940:
As the once great Indian Ocean maritime power of the
2588:
Jurchen invasions and the transition to Southern Song
1952:
to invade Vietnam with the stated aim of "recovering
1191:
in the north. With capable military officers such as
6631:. Brookfield, Vermont: VARIORUM, Ashgate Publishing.
6221:
East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History
5628:
5588:
5569:
5567:
5292:
4864:
4862:
4860:
4858:
4856:
4854:
4844:
4842:
4840:
4838:
4836:
4834:
4832:
4830:
4828:
4809:
4807:
4805:
4803:
4766:
4764:
4762:
4760:
4758:
4748:
4746:
4736:
4734:
4732:
4730:
4720:
4718:
4716:
4714:
4712:
4702:
4700:
4698:
4696:
4668:
4666:
4647:
4645:
4466:
4464:
4462:
4420:
4393:
3382:, who initiated the first Mongol invasions of China.
3226:
of an island far west in the Indian Ocean (possibly
2457:
In addition, Wang Anshi had his own commentaries on
1937:(大瞿越). Đại Cồ Việt's independence was recognized by
1730:, then held by the Tanguts. After the Tangut leader
1360:
competitive amongst aspiring students and scholars.
775:
697:
577:
510:
440:
314:
5157:
5125:
4434:
4432:
4368:
4366:
4139:
4107:
4089:
4080:
3493:The Mongols eventually gained the upper hand under
2681:. From the Jurchen Wanyan clan, a prominent leader
2340:
Partisans and factions, reformers and conservatives
2270:. A Vietnamese prince in the Vietnamese entourage,
1783:and 900 provincial and militia battalions by 1043.
6317:Halsall, Paul (2000) . Jerome S. Arkenberg (ed.).
6291:. Shanghai: Kelly & Walsh. (see here for more)
6127:T'ang China: The Rise of the East in World History
6107:
6105:
6095:
6093:
6091:
6089:
5687:. University of California Press. pp. 24–27.
3845:historical text originally compiled by Sima Guang.
3596:to appoint a new successor of the Mongol Khanate.
3107:'s treatise of the 11th century on the concept of
1992:captured from Dali forces to Song court as gifts.
1628:A 12th century Song painting of ladies processing
18:For the official history of the Song dynasty, see
6614:Cultural flow between China and the outside world
6595:نصوص ودراسات من مصادر صينية حول البلدان الاسلامية
5918:
5916:
5564:
5274:
5265:
4851:
4825:
4800:
4782:
4755:
4743:
4727:
4709:
4693:
4684:
4663:
4642:
4459:
4173:Paul Halsall (2000) . Jerome S. Arkenberg (ed.).
3508:In 1252, Möngke commissioned his younger brother
3497:, famed for his battles in Russia and Hungary in
3268:, a Southern Song customs inspector of Quanzhou.
2803:
1883:Chinese dynasties had controlled northern Vietnam
1346:Emperor Taizu developed an effective centralized
1041:exacerbated hostile conditions along the Chinese-
7875:
5484:
5482:
5480:
4450:
4429:
4384:
4363:
4345:
4275:
4273:
4121:
3560:and other Mongol armies attacking in modern-day
2808:In 1129, Emperor Gaozong designated the site at
2744:silversmiths, blacksmiths, weavers and tailors,
2285:), survived the Jin siege and sought refugee in
1889:regained independence in 905 when a local noble
1560:Relations between the Song and Liao (led by the
6655:. New York: State University of New York Press.
6102:
6086:
5534:
5405:
5403:
5323:
4168:
4166:
4164:
3271:
3099:at sea was made easier by the invention of the
3070:When the Song capital was removed far south to
1447:control. From the 2nd century onwards, ancient
1412:observation and time-keeping) that used liquid
6658:
6472:China: Its History and Culture: Fourth Edition
6259:Fairbank, John King and Merle Goldman (1992).
6079:
6077:
6067:
6065:
6055:
6053:
6051:
6023:
6021:
6009:
5966:
5964:
5945:
5943:
5941:
5939:
5937:
5925:
5913:
5906:
5904:
5894:
5892:
5890:
5888:
5876:
5869:
5867:
5865:
5863:
5861:
5842:
5840:
5838:
5836:
5826:
5824:
5814:
5812:
5795:. University of California Press. p. 45.
5701:
5557:
5555:
5375:
5373:
5226:
5053:
5051:
5049:
4540:. Langenscheidt Publishing Group. p. 20.
4152:
3489:of China is seen in purple in the final stage.
3340:nobles, led by soon-to-be crowned Jin emperor
2915:
2712:hurling debris were used. During the siege of
2136:The minor Song official Lu Shen, a prefect in
1734:died in 1004, the Tanguts under his successor
1375:and as much data as possible. With the aid of
6740:
6651:Tillman, Hoyt C. and Stephen H. West (1995).
6294:Graff, David Andrew and Robin Higham (2002).
6261:China: A New History; Second Enlarged Edition
5664:
5662:
5660:
5658:
5656:
5646:
5644:
5612:
5610:
5608:
5606:
5604:
5581:
5579:
5477:
5412:
5382:
5219:
5217:
5215:
5107:
5078:
4300:
4291:
4282:
4270:
4243:
2982:traveled to a Buddhist site of pilgrimage in
1576:. However, in 979 the Song moved against the
958:
7173:Along the River During the Qingming Festival
6566:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
5707:
5500:
5491:
5421:
5400:
5391:
5258:
5256:
5235:
5184:
5182:
5150:
5148:
5146:
5100:
5098:
5096:
5094:
5092:
5090:
5039:
5037:
5035:
5033:
5031:
5029:
5027:
5025:
5023:
5004:
5002:
5000:
4172:
4161:
3465:, which was taken by the Mongols with ease.
3305:in northern Manchuria (south of present-day
2516:It's just that he's eaten his food for three
2354:A portrait painting of Chancellor Wang Anshi
2328:deposed the Lý in 1225. In 1229, Trần ruler
6074:
6062:
6048:
6018:
6000:
5991:
5982:
5961:
5934:
5901:
5885:
5858:
5833:
5821:
5809:
5784:
5678:
5676:
5674:
5552:
5370:
5046:
4482:
4473:
4402:
4064:
4062:
4060:
4058:
4056:
3135:for repair of 'imperial dragon boats' (see
2496:An old man of seventy, sickle at his waist,
2305:, and referred to the rulers of Vietnam as
1976:books to Vietnam, and translated them into
1837:Relations with Đại Việt and border conflict
1694:The Northern Song, Liao, and Xia dynasties.
6747:
6733:
6442:The Grand Strategy of the Byzantine Empire
6236:The Cambridge Illustrated History of China
6030:
5653:
5641:
5601:
5576:
5470:
5468:
5444:
5442:
5305:
5283:
5212:
5069:
4601:
4599:
4597:
4595:
4593:
4533:
4227:
4225:
3773:where he took up a monastic life in 1296.
3137:Science and technology of the Song dynasty
2163:
2059:(1021–1086) organized new self-sufficient
1750:created, Li's administration followed the
965:
951:
6695:. Beijing: China Intercontinental Press.
6470:Morton, Scott and Charlton Lewis (2005).
6238:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
5332:
5253:
5179:
5143:
5116:
5087:
5020:
4997:
3712:were located on the opposite bank of the
3431:Yuan invasion and end of the Song dynasty
2390:After Fan Zhongyan, there was Chancellor
7759:
6496:. Harvard, MA: Harvard University Press.
6208:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
5671:
5430:
5352:
5314:
4964:
4616:
4336:
4098:
4071:
4053:
3877:in 1065, the team of scholars headed by
3827:
3823:
3749:rank, title, and office and banished to
3736:
3658:
3603:
3472:
3373:
3281:
3153:
3062:, a large horizontal scroll painting by
3059:Along the River During Qingming Festival
3051:
2986:in 1008, where he presented the Chinese
2919:
2814:
2730:
2612:
2543:
2508:It's not that the music of Shao has made
2440:
2381:
2349:
2317:unsuccessfully attempted to establish a
2181:
2090:
1927:reunited northern Vietnam under the new
1846:
1697:
1689:
1623:
1543:
1275:
1260:
1241:
1225:
1125:
6754:
6316:
6277:. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
5973:
5790:
5748:
5746:
5744:
5682:
5465:
5439:
4590:
4222:
3861:(Chinese: 資治通鑒/资治通鉴; Wade–Giles :
3599:
2966:) sent a trade embassy to the court of
2500:Feels guilty the spring mountain bamboo
2394:(1021–1086). The new nineteen-year-old
2086:
1805:When Empress Dowager Gao died in 1093,
1686:Conflict and diplomacy in the northwest
1111:
1020:The Song is considered a high point of
993:: Sòng cháo; 960–1279) of China was an
7876:
7741:Collected Cases of Injustice Rectified
7666:Endless power transmitting chain drive
6693:The Historical Status of China's Tibet
6552:. Cambridge: W. Heffer & Sons Ltd.
6377:. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.
6305:. Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press.
6159:, Abingdon: Routledge, reprinted 2000.
5726:
5636:Cambridge Illustrated History of China
5596:Cambridge Illustrated History of China
5300:Cambridge Illustrated History of China
5174:Cambridge Illustrated History of China
5138:Cambridge Illustrated History of China
4953:Khâm định Việt sử thông giám cương mục
4624:Khâm định Việt sử Thông giám cương mục
4147:Cambridge Illustrated History of China
3925:Joseph Anne Maria de Moyriac de Mailla
3881:, who presented the completed work to
3695:
3359:
1540:The Great Ditch and Treaty of Shanyuan
1015:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period
6728:
6588:(Volume 10, Number 2, 1957): 289–291.
6550:A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder
6507:: Volume 1, Introductory Orientations
6417:
6392:(Volume 14, Number 4, 1955): 489–503.
6184:(Volume 65, Number 3, 2002): 529–543.
3654:
2896:Decades after Yue's death, the later
2775:, where a surviving prince was named
2018:
1881:For roughly a millennium a series of
1798:(1031–1095) was sent to Yanzhou (now
1714:The Song came into conflict with the
1009:with his usurpation of the throne of
6616:. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press.
6223:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.
5741:
3984:Military history of China (pre-1911)
3485:'s death in 1294. The bounds of the
3468:
2889:, originally based upon the life of
2617:Official court portrait painting of
2602:
2007:and a border confrontation with the
1752:traditional Chinese model of bureaus
1521:of the founding of the new dynasty.
1118:List of emperors of the Song dynasty
6688:. Fujian People's Publishing House.
5752:
4931:Academy of Korean Studies 정선이씨 旌善李氏
4577:
4136:Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 469–471.
3945:Prime Tortoise of the Record Bureau
3732:
3437:Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty
3264:since it is described at length by
2199:(r. 1072–1127) to prepare for war.
1843:Lý dynasty § Foreign relations
1580:, long under the protection of the
1525:Relations with Liao and Western Xia
1272:'s (970–1051) most famous paintings
13:
6662:; Smith, Paul Jakov, eds. (2009).
6548:Partington, James Riddick (1960).
3531:Meanwhile, Uriyangkhadai's forces
3481:throughout the 13th century until
3366:Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty
2259:bearing gifts. Shortly after, the
1632:; as part of the agreement in the
1451:even record that embassies of the
1234:teapot in the Qingbai style, from
1080:from the north in 1127 during the
14:
7900:
6708:
6564:Khubilai Khan: His Life and Times
6535:Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors
6505:Science and Civilization in China
6474:. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, Inc.
5793:Khubilai Khan: His Life and Times
5732:
5685:Khubilai Khan: His Life and Times
3964:, was compiled in the same year.
3621:. Meanwhile, the Song chancellor
3189:Science and Civilization in China
2301:officially recognized Vietnam as
1104:defeated the Song dynasty at the
7859:
7847:
6925:
6234:Ebrey, Patricia Buckley (1999).
6219:Ebrey, Walthall, Palais (2006).
6129:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
6039:
5952:
5849:
5361:
5341:
3931:in 1759, whose pupils founded a
3524:before turning east towards the
3301:moved the empire's capital from
2949:inscriptions under the reign of
2706:driving the Liao to Central Asia
2525:
2487:
2483:
1158:and deposed the last Zhou ruler
46:
6537:. London: Thames & Hudson.
6345:39 (2009), 1–49. ISSN 1059-3152
5625:Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 225.
5515:Needham, Volume 4, Part 3, 662.
5462:Needham, Volume 4, Part 3, 476.
5367:Needham, Volume 4, Part 3, 465.
5244:
5209:Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 154.
5203:
5200:Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 497.
5060:
5011:
4958:
4942:
4922:
4902:
4898:Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư, vol. 3
4891:
4882:
4871:
4816:
4791:
4654:
4633:
4571:
4554:
4527:
4509:
4500:
4491:
4441:
4375:
4354:
4327:
4324:Needham, Volume 4, Part 3, 446.
4309:
4261:
4252:
4234:
4213:
4204:
4195:
2886:Eighteen Songs of a Nomad Flute
2862:. The reason for this was that
2669:Japanese islands in modern-day
2071:(located in southern Vietnam).
1678:, engineer, and state minister
1616:in the west all the way to the
1092:and establish a new capital at
7167:Great Bodhisattva of Zhengding
4044:
4035:
4026:
3948:published by 1013, one of the
3574:Sichuan anti-Mongol fortresses
3568:. Möngke Khan died during the
3370:Mongol conquest of Western Xia
2804:A new capital and peace treaty
2129:by Renzong to Vietnamese King
905:Science and technology history
1:
7602:Southern Song dynasty coinage
6363:), (Volume 7, 2005): 179–216.
6287:Giles, Herbert Allen (1939).
6190:The Making of South East Asia
5348:BBC page about Islam in China
4210:Bretschneider (1888), p. 144.
4014:
3994:Timeline of the Jin–Song Wars
3898:(145 BC–90 BC), known as the
3855:During the Song dynasty, the
3417:Kaifeng was captured by siege
3158:A Song illustration from the
3091:construction, and navigation
3027:Islam during the Song dynasty
2250:
1907:. In 938, Vietnamese general
1870:
1702:Bronze edicts written in the
1032:and the revolutionary use of
275:
234:
210:
187:
163:
104:
6559:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing.
6352:, (Volume 3, 2007): 230–251.
6342:Journal of Song-Yuan Studies
6155:Bretschneider, Emil (1888),
4981:10.1017/cbo9781316440551.004
4417:McGrath (2008), 152, 157–158
4219:Luttwak (2009), pp. 169-170.
4201:Sezgin et al. (1996), p. 25.
4019:
3535:with generals Trechecdu and
3272:Defeat of Jin invasion, 1161
2512:him lose his sense of taste.
2013:University of North Carolina
1183:in the south as well as the
1122:Timeline of the Song dynasty
7:
7014:Department of State Affairs
6440:Luttwak, Edward N. (2009).
6370:), (Volume 2, 2005): 62–86.
6296:A Military History of China
4965:Baldanza, Kathlene (2016).
4911:Doosan Encyclopedia 이양혼 李陽焜
4333:Dunnell (1996), xxi, 13, 91
3967:
3839:philosopher who edited the
2990:with gifts from his ruling
2916:China's first standing navy
1931:and renamed his kingdom to
1903:, amid the collapse of the
10:
7905:
7889:History of China by period
6976:Bureau of Military Affairs
6668:Cambridge University Press
6424:Cambridge University Press
6298:. Boulder: Westview Press.
6201:. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
6118:
4973:Cambridge University Press
4534:Rutherford, Scott (2002).
3869:, a written approach to a
3848:
3434:
3415:. However, the capital at
3363:
3275:
2625:Before the arrival of the
2606:
2591:
2343:
2167:
1874:
1840:
1528:
1115:
1100:. However, the Mongol-led
17:
7627:
7559:
7380:
7194:
7086:
7039:
7004:
6934:
6923:
6848:Alliance Conducted at Sea
6838:Song–Viet war (1075–1077)
6763:
6390:The Far Eastern Quarterly
6375:When China Ruled the Seas
6368:Journal of Gugong Studies
6350:Journal of Gugong Studies
6256:. Armonk: ME Sharpe, Inc.
6204:Dunnell, Ruth W. (1996).
5770:10.1017/S0041977X13000475
4936:Academy of Korean Studies
4822:Anderson (2008), 207–208.
4797:Anderson (2008), 206–207.
4779:Anderson (2008), 202–203.
4681:Anderson (2008), 195–198.
4660:Anderson (2008), 191–192.
3287:Games in the Jinming Pool
2533:
1548:Contemporary portrait of
779:
701:
581:
514:
444:
318:
7179:Four Great Books of Song
6629:Science in Ancient China
6577:Sastri, Nilakanta, K.A.
6562:Rossabi, Morris (1988).
6526:Needham, Joseph (1971).
6519:Needham, Joseph (1965).
6512:Needham, Joseph (1959).
6494:Imperial China: 900–1800
6361:The Study of Art History
6273:Gernet, Jacques (1962).
6125:Adshead, S.A.M. (2004).
5791:Rossabi, Morris (2009).
5683:Rossabi, Morris (2009).
4426:McGrath (2008), 157–158.
4381:McGrath (2008), 154–156.
3950:Four Great Books of Song
3883:Emperor Shenzong of Song
3875:Emperor Yingzong of Song
3798:Emperor Huaizong of Song
3744:, the last Song emperor.
3706:long, drawn out conflict
3512:and experienced general
3297:In 1153 the Jin emperor
3262:Lighthouse of Alexandria
3248:(modern-day Yemen), the
3206:Emperor Xiaozong of Song
3171:mounted on the top deck.
3009:Indians, Middle-Eastern
2988:Emperor Zhenzong of Song
2968:Emperor Shenzong of Song
2962:(who the Chinese called
2898:Emperor Xiaozong of Song
2800:provinces of the south.
2548:A drawing of Sima Guang.
2299:Emperor Xiaozong of Song
1792:Emperor Shenzong of Song
1594:Battle of Gaoliang River
1485:Emperor Shenzong of Song
1383:historical text stated (
1266:Fishermen's Evening Song
7030:Secretariat-Chancellery
6187:Cœdès, George. (1966).
5549:Needham, Volume 1, 134.
5531:Needham, Volume 1, 139.
4566:Encyclopædia Britannica
4118:Needham, Volume 3, 518.
4095:Needham, Volume 1, 132.
4086:Needham, Volume 1, 133.
3674:that would end in 1368.
2934:watertight compartments
2777:Emperor Gaozong of Song
2726:Emperor Qinzong of Song
2619:Emperor Huizong of Song
2582:Emperor Gaozong of Song
2574:Emperor Huizong of Song
2562:Emperor Zhezong of Song
2186:The location of modern
2164:Frontier policy and war
1939:Emperor Taizong of Song
1807:Emperor Zhezong of Song
1598:Emperor Taizong of Song
1550:Emperor Taizong of Song
7661:Early Bessemer process
7629:Science and technology
6828:Nong Zhigao rebellions
6684:Wang, Lianmao (2000).
6627:Sivin, Nathan (1995).
6422:, Cambridge, England:
6399:. New York: Routledge.
6301:Hall, Kenneth (1985).
6250:Embree, Ainslie Thomas
5232:Coblin, 533 & 536.
4447:Twitchett ed., 348-349
3989:Naval history of China
3867:Chinese historiography
3846:
3816:. Song Prime Minister
3745:
3700:The siege of the city
3675:
3609:
3570:Siege of Diaoyu Castle
3490:
3383:
3348:tribesman, erupted in
3294:
3202:
3172:
3067:
2937:
2823:
2736:
2735:Southern Song in 1142.
2622:
2549:
2504:and bracken are sweet.
2454:
2400:memorial to the throne
2387:
2355:
2319:tributary relationship
2293:, the Vietnamese king
2191:
2109:
1867:
1711:
1695:
1658:Chinese Lunar Calendar
1641:
1557:
1554:National Palace Museum
1497:during the subsequent
1394:
1344:
1300:
1273:
1258:
1257:from the Song dynasty.
1239:
1131:
20:History of Song (book)
7049:Ministry of Personnel
6954:Imperial examinations
6715:Song Dynasty in China
6691:Wang, Jiawei (2001).
6640:. University of Hue.
6533:Paludan, Ann (1998).
6418:Lorge, Peter (2015),
6395:Lorge, Peter (2005).
4888:Anderson (2008), 210.
4868:Anderson (2008), 209.
4848:Anderson (2008), 208.
4813:Anderson (2008), 207.
4788:Anderson (2008), 203.
4770:Anderson (2008), 202.
4752:Anderson (2008), 201.
4740:Anderson (2008), 200.
4724:Anderson (2008), 199.
4706:Anderson (2008), 196.
4690:Anderson (2008), 198.
4672:Anderson (2008), 195.
4651:Anderson (2008), 191.
4470:Anderson (2008), 206.
3851:Twenty-Four Histories
3849:Further information:
3831:
3824:Historical literature
3754:capital at Hangzhou.
3740:
3662:
3607:
3501:, and ushered in the
3476:
3377:
3285:
3197:
3157:
3055:
2995:Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah
2923:
2818:
2734:
2616:
2547:
2444:
2385:
2353:
2344:Further information:
2291:Southern Song dynasty
2185:
2094:
1875:Further information:
1850:
1841:Further information:
1701:
1693:
1627:
1586:Liao Southern Capital
1547:
1529:Further information:
1467:. As recorded in the
1389:
1339:
1279:
1264:
1245:
1229:
1129:
1116:Further information:
1045:border. This sparked
1007:Emperor Taizu of Song
770:(mainland, 1912–1949)
7185:Dongjing Meng Hua Lu
6959:Administrative units
6833:Song–Tibet relations
6808:Song–Đại Cồ Việt war
6612:Shen, Fuwei (1996).
6555:Peers, C.J. (2006).
5573:Mostern (2008), 241.
5280:Mostern (2008), 238.
5271:Mostern (2008), 231.
4456:McGrath (2008), 158.
4438:McGrath (2008), 153.
4408:Lorge (2005), 44–45.
4390:McGrath (2008), 157.
4372:McGrath (2008), 155.
4351:McGrath (2008), 152.
4267:Lorge (2008), 60–62.
4258:Lorge (2008), 59–61.
4127:Hargett (1996), 413.
3863:Tzu-chih t'ung-chien
3634:. His rival brother
3600:A fluctuating border
3572:while attacking the
3556:under Mongol leader
3204:During the reign of
3113:magnetic declination
3015:Nestorian Christians
2648:During the reign of
2520:months without salt.
2108:on February 8, 1063.
2087:Tribute and intrigue
1956:" in early 981, but
1353:imperial examination
1138:was the last of the
1112:Founding of the Song
7735:Forensic entomology
7696:Watertight bulkhead
7575:Joint-stock company
7069:Ministry of Justice
7054:Ministry of Revenue
6964:Sixteen Prefectures
6492:Mote, F.W. (1999).
4916:Doosan Encyclopedia
4878:Cœdès (1966), p. 84
4497:Dunnell (1996), 75.
3696:Battle of Xiangyang
3625:dispatched General
3399:in 1213 and placed
3360:Rise of the Mongols
3330:paddle-wheel crafts
3256:region (modern-day
3056:A small section of
2695:Alliance on the Sea
1781:imperial battalions
1570:Sixteen Prefectures
1519:the Byzantine ruler
1443:in 981, then under
1309:Sixteen Prefectures
1299:, China, (907–1125)
1189:Sixteen Prefectures
1059:Western Xia dynasty
997:that ruled most of
7671:Astronomical clock
6878:Treaty of Shaoxing
6720:China 7 BC To 1279
6326:Fordham University
6036:Ebrey et al., 241.
5712:. Reaktion Books.
5668:Ebrey et al., 240.
5650:Ebrey et al., 239.
5616:Ebrey et al., 236.
5585:Ebrey et al., 235.
5154:Ebrey et al., 166.
5104:Ebrey et al., 165.
5043:Ebrey et al., 164.
5017:Twitchett ed., 350
5008:Ebrey et al., 163.
4639:Lê Tắc (1961), 103
4360:Lorge (2005), 211.
4182:Fordham University
4158:Brose (2008), 258.
4104:Ebrey et al., 160.
4077:Ebrey et al., 155.
4068:Ebrey et al., 154.
4032:Lorge (2015), 4-5.
4009:Zhou Tong (archer)
3974:Chinese literature
3887:Chinese characters
3847:
3800:, aged seven. The
3746:
3676:
3655:Growing discontent
3610:
3491:
3421:capture of Caizhou
3384:
3354:Treaty of Longxing
3309:) to Zhongdu (now
3303:Huining Prefecture
3295:
3173:
3083:activity (funding
3068:
2960:Kulothunga Chola I
2938:
2880:Treaty of Shaoxing
2824:
2737:
2623:
2550:
2459:Confucian classics
2455:
2388:
2356:
2192:
2110:
2019:Border hostilities
1995:Subsequently, the
1868:
1760:Son of Blue Heaven
1712:
1696:
1654:Treaty of Shanyuan
1642:
1634:Treaty of Shanyuan
1612:province from the
1558:
1501:, and in 1371 the
1481:Michael VII Doukas
1301:
1274:
1259:
1240:
1156:usurped the throne
1132:
785:
595:Five Dynasties and
587:
522:Southern dynasties
450:
349:Chu–Han Contention
341:(206 BCE – 220 CE)
7835:
7834:
7831:
7830:
7750:Dream Pool Essays
7642:Gunpowder weapons
7555:
7554:
7082:
7081:
7074:Ministry of Works
7059:Ministry of Rites
7006:Three Departments
6843:Fang La rebellion
6823:Wang Ze rebellion
6677:978-0-521-81248-1
6660:Twitchett, Dennis
6487:978-1-4039-6084-9
6465:978-1-4039-6084-9
6450:978-0-674-03519-5
6433:978-1-107-08475-9
6412:978-1-4039-6084-9
6373:Levathes (1994).
6172:978-1-4039-6084-9
6150:978-1-4039-6084-9
5329:Sastri, 173, 316.
5113:Mote (1999), 208.
4990:978-1-316-44055-1
4399:McGrath, 157–159.
4342:Lorge (2005), 44.
4306:Lorge (2008), 66.
4297:Lorge (2008), 71.
4288:Lorge (2008), 70.
4279:Lorge (2008), 65.
4249:Lorge (2008), 60.
4240:Lorge (2008), 67.
3871:universal history
3835:(1130–1200), the
3814:Pearl River Delta
3539:and captured the
3469:Möngke's campaign
3322:Battle of Tangdao
3179:, and substitute
2675:Tsushima Province
2642:military alliance
2609:Jingkang Incident
2603:Jingkang Incident
2542:
2541:
2268:Jingkang incident
2241:Lạng Sơn Province
2237:Cao Bằng Province
2229:Cao Bằng Province
2225:Bắc Ninh Province
2127:calligraphy works
2053:Emperor Renzong's
1970:Mahayana Buddhist
1724:Ordos prefectures
1614:Taihang Mountains
1449:Chinese histories
1337:follows as such:
1321:military governor
1150:, later known as
1086:Jingkang Incident
1061:, as well as the
975:
974:
932:Transport history
858:Education history
830:
829:
825:
824:
811:Republic of China
793:People's Republic
766:Republic of China
745:
744:
694:
693:
689:
688:
574:
573:
507:
506:
502:
501:
438:
437:
271:Spring and Autumn
134:Liao civilization
7896:
7864:
7863:
7862:
7852:
7851:
7850:
7843:
7781:
7778:
7757:
7756:
7505:
7504: 1174–1189
7502:
7444:
7443: 1050–1080
7441:
7336:
7335: 1111–1117
7333:
7192:
7191:
7142:Longquan celadon
7110:Five Great Kilns
7002:
7001:
6929:
6749:
6742:
6735:
6726:
6725:
6681:
6609:
6437:
6336:
6334:
6332:
6178:Coblin, W. South
6112:
6111:Partington, 237.
6109:
6100:
6099:Partington, 238.
6097:
6084:
6081:
6072:
6069:
6060:
6057:
6046:
6043:
6037:
6034:
6028:
6025:
6016:
6013:
6007:
6004:
5998:
5995:
5989:
5986:
5980:
5977:
5971:
5968:
5959:
5956:
5950:
5947:
5932:
5929:
5923:
5920:
5911:
5908:
5899:
5896:
5883:
5880:
5874:
5871:
5856:
5853:
5847:
5844:
5831:
5828:
5819:
5816:
5807:
5806:
5788:
5782:
5781:
5750:
5739:
5738:
5730:
5724:
5723:
5705:
5699:
5698:
5680:
5669:
5666:
5651:
5648:
5639:
5632:
5626:
5623:
5617:
5614:
5599:
5592:
5586:
5583:
5574:
5571:
5562:
5559:
5550:
5547:
5541:
5540:Levathes, 43–47.
5538:
5532:
5529:
5516:
5513:
5507:
5504:
5498:
5495:
5489:
5486:
5475:
5472:
5463:
5460:
5449:
5446:
5437:
5434:
5428:
5425:
5419:
5416:
5410:
5407:
5398:
5395:
5389:
5386:
5380:
5377:
5368:
5365:
5359:
5356:
5350:
5345:
5339:
5336:
5330:
5327:
5321:
5318:
5312:
5309:
5303:
5296:
5290:
5287:
5281:
5278:
5272:
5269:
5263:
5260:
5251:
5248:
5242:
5239:
5233:
5230:
5224:
5221:
5210:
5207:
5201:
5198:
5189:
5186:
5177:
5170:
5155:
5152:
5141:
5134:
5123:
5120:
5114:
5111:
5105:
5102:
5085:
5084:Sivin, III, 3–4.
5082:
5076:
5073:
5067:
5064:
5058:
5055:
5044:
5041:
5018:
5015:
5009:
5006:
4995:
4994:
4962:
4956:
4955:, vol 5. p. 350.
4946:
4940:
4939:
4926:
4920:
4919:
4906:
4900:
4895:
4889:
4886:
4880:
4875:
4869:
4866:
4849:
4846:
4823:
4820:
4814:
4811:
4798:
4795:
4789:
4786:
4780:
4777:
4771:
4768:
4753:
4750:
4741:
4738:
4725:
4722:
4707:
4704:
4691:
4688:
4682:
4679:
4673:
4670:
4661:
4658:
4652:
4649:
4640:
4637:
4631:
4620:
4614:
4603:
4588:
4587:
4575:
4569:
4558:
4552:
4551:
4531:
4525:
4513:
4507:
4506:Wang (2001), 15.
4504:
4498:
4495:
4489:
4486:
4480:
4477:
4471:
4468:
4457:
4454:
4448:
4445:
4439:
4436:
4427:
4424:
4418:
4415:
4409:
4406:
4400:
4397:
4391:
4388:
4382:
4379:
4373:
4370:
4361:
4358:
4352:
4349:
4343:
4340:
4334:
4331:
4325:
4322:
4316:
4313:
4307:
4304:
4298:
4295:
4289:
4286:
4280:
4277:
4268:
4265:
4259:
4256:
4250:
4247:
4241:
4238:
4232:
4229:
4220:
4217:
4211:
4208:
4202:
4199:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4188:
4170:
4159:
4156:
4150:
4143:
4137:
4134:
4128:
4125:
4119:
4116:
4105:
4102:
4096:
4093:
4087:
4084:
4078:
4075:
4069:
4066:
4051:
4048:
4042:
4039:
4033:
4030:
3979:History of China
3733:Final resistance
3632:Toluid Civil War
3401:Emperor Xuanzong
3326:Battle of Caishi
3293:, Northern Song.
3278:Battle of Caishi
2951:Rajendra Chola I
2858:and his premier
2529:
2491:
2484:
2396:Emperor Shenzong
2284:
2123:Emperor Yingzong
1901:Tĩnh Hải circuit
1756:Emperor Jingzong
1483:to the court of
1465:arrived in China
1461:Byzantine Empire
1406:armillary sphere
1084:. Following the
995:imperial dynasty
967:
960:
953:
895:Military history
853:Economic history
841:Related articles
818:
800:
782:
781:
777:
776:
771:
738:
725:
712:
699:
698:
682:
669:
656:
637:
627:
615:
602:
584:
583:
579:
578:
563:
553:
540:
527:
512:
511:
495:
490:Sixteen Kingdoms
473:
463:
447:
446:
442:
441:
431:
397:
384:
374:
364:
363:(202 BCE – 9 CE)
354:
342:
329:
316:
315:
294:
286:
284:
280:
277:
267:
257:
245:
243:
239:
236:
221:
219:
215:
212:
198:
196:
192:
189:
174:
172:
168:
165:
115:
113:
109:
106:
50:
40:History of China
27:
26:
7904:
7903:
7899:
7898:
7897:
7895:
7894:
7893:
7874:
7873:
7870:
7860:
7858:
7848:
7846:
7838:
7836:
7827:
7779:
7755:
7711:Horner's method
7623:
7551:
7503:
7455:Emperor Huizong
7442:
7376:
7334:
7190:
7078:
7064:Ministry of War
7035:
7000:
6930:
6921:
6900:Mongol conquest
6818:Chanyuan Treaty
6778:Chenqiao mutiny
6759:
6753:
6711:
6706:
6678:
6637:An Nam chí lược
6634:Lê Tắc (1961).
6606:
6500:Needham, Joseph
6434:
6357:Yishushi Yanjiu
6330:
6328:
6121:
6116:
6115:
6110:
6103:
6098:
6087:
6082:
6075:
6070:
6063:
6058:
6049:
6045:Rossabi, 89–90.
6044:
6040:
6035:
6031:
6026:
6019:
6015:Rossabi, 88–89.
6014:
6010:
6005:
6001:
5996:
5992:
5987:
5983:
5978:
5974:
5969:
5962:
5958:Rossabi, 82–87.
5957:
5953:
5948:
5935:
5931:Rossabi, 80–81.
5930:
5926:
5922:Adshead, 90–91.
5921:
5914:
5909:
5902:
5897:
5886:
5882:Rossabi, 55–56.
5881:
5877:
5872:
5859:
5855:Rossabi, 50–51.
5854:
5850:
5845:
5834:
5829:
5822:
5817:
5810:
5803:
5789:
5785:
5754:Haw, Stephen G.
5751:
5742:
5731:
5727:
5720:
5706:
5702:
5695:
5681:
5672:
5667:
5654:
5649:
5642:
5633:
5629:
5624:
5620:
5615:
5602:
5593:
5589:
5584:
5577:
5572:
5565:
5560:
5553:
5548:
5544:
5539:
5535:
5530:
5519:
5514:
5510:
5505:
5501:
5496:
5492:
5487:
5478:
5473:
5466:
5461:
5452:
5447:
5440:
5435:
5431:
5426:
5422:
5418:Sivin, III, 22.
5417:
5413:
5408:
5401:
5396:
5392:
5387:
5383:
5378:
5371:
5366:
5362:
5357:
5353:
5346:
5342:
5337:
5333:
5328:
5324:
5319:
5315:
5310:
5306:
5297:
5293:
5288:
5284:
5279:
5275:
5270:
5266:
5261:
5254:
5249:
5245:
5240:
5236:
5231:
5227:
5222:
5213:
5208:
5204:
5199:
5192:
5187:
5180:
5171:
5158:
5153:
5144:
5135:
5126:
5121:
5117:
5112:
5108:
5103:
5088:
5083:
5079:
5074:
5070:
5065:
5061:
5056:
5047:
5042:
5021:
5016:
5012:
5007:
4998:
4991:
4963:
4959:
4947:
4943:
4928:
4927:
4923:
4908:
4907:
4903:
4896:
4892:
4887:
4883:
4876:
4872:
4867:
4852:
4847:
4826:
4821:
4817:
4812:
4801:
4796:
4792:
4787:
4783:
4778:
4774:
4769:
4756:
4751:
4744:
4739:
4728:
4723:
4710:
4705:
4694:
4689:
4685:
4680:
4676:
4671:
4664:
4659:
4655:
4650:
4643:
4638:
4634:
4621:
4617:
4607:History of Song
4604:
4591:
4576:
4572:
4559:
4555:
4548:
4532:
4528:
4514:
4510:
4505:
4501:
4496:
4492:
4487:
4483:
4478:
4474:
4469:
4460:
4455:
4451:
4446:
4442:
4437:
4430:
4425:
4421:
4416:
4412:
4407:
4403:
4398:
4394:
4389:
4385:
4380:
4376:
4371:
4364:
4359:
4355:
4350:
4346:
4341:
4337:
4332:
4328:
4323:
4319:
4314:
4310:
4305:
4301:
4296:
4292:
4287:
4283:
4278:
4271:
4266:
4262:
4257:
4253:
4248:
4244:
4239:
4235:
4230:
4223:
4218:
4214:
4209:
4205:
4200:
4196:
4186:
4184:
4171:
4162:
4157:
4153:
4144:
4140:
4135:
4131:
4126:
4122:
4117:
4108:
4103:
4099:
4094:
4090:
4085:
4081:
4076:
4072:
4067:
4054:
4049:
4045:
4040:
4036:
4031:
4027:
4022:
4017:
3970:
3853:
3826:
3806:Battle of Yamen
3735:
3698:
3657:
3602:
3592:meeting of the
3533:invaded Vietnam
3516:to conquer the
3471:
3439:
3433:
3372:
3364:Main articles:
3362:
3280:
3274:
3254:Euphrates River
3125:Battle of Chibi
2918:
2820:Emperor Gaozong
2806:
2611:
2605:
2600:
2592:Main articles:
2590:
2538:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2348:
2342:
2334:Mongol invasion
2321:with Đại Việt.
2311:Emperor Shizong
2278:
2253:
2172:
2166:
2097:Elephas maximus
2089:
2076:Thân Thiệu Thái
2021:
1917:Bạch Đằng River
1879:
1873:
1845:
1839:
1775:in what is now
1688:
1542:
1537:
1527:
1490:History of Yuan
1487:. However, the
1476:Wenxian Tongkao
1470:History of Song
1297:Shanxi Province
1238:, Song dynasty.
1209:pontoon bridges
1124:
1114:
1106:Battle of Yamen
1049:with Vietnam's
971:
942:
941:
937:Women's history
843:
842:
833:
832:
831:
826:
821:
816:
814:
803:
798:
794:
774:
769:
760:
759:
748:
747:
746:
741:
736:
728:
723:
715:
710:
696:
695:
690:
685:
680:
672:
667:
659:
654:
646:
640:
635:
625:
613:
605:
600:
596:
576:
575:
570:
561:
551:
543:
538:
530:
525:
521:
509:
508:
503:
498:
493:
485:
482:
476:
471:
461:
439:
434:
429:
421:
395:
387:
382:
372:
362:
352:
340:
332:
327:
312:
311:
300:
299:
292:
282:
278:
273:
265:
255:
241:
237:
232:
224:
217:
213:
208:
195: 1046 BCE
194:
190:
185:
177:
171: 1600 BCE
170:
166:
161:
152:
151:
140:
139:
112: 2000 BCE
111:
107:
102:
94:
83:
82:
23:
12:
11:
5:
7902:
7892:
7891:
7886:
7869:
7868:
7856:
7833:
7832:
7829:
7828:
7826:
7825:
7819:
7813:
7807:
7801:
7795:
7789:
7783:
7780: 10th c.
7770:
7763:
7761:
7754:
7753:
7746:
7745:
7744:
7732:
7731:
7730:
7723:
7713:
7708:
7703:
7698:
7693:
7688:
7683:
7678:
7673:
7668:
7663:
7658:
7653:
7652:
7651:
7648:Wujing Zongyao
7644:
7633:
7631:
7625:
7624:
7622:
7621:
7614:
7609:
7604:
7599:
7598:
7597:
7592:
7587:
7577:
7572:
7565:
7563:
7557:
7556:
7553:
7552:
7550:
7549:
7543:
7537:
7531:
7525:
7519:
7513:
7507:
7494:
7488:
7482:
7476:
7470:
7464:
7458:
7452:
7446:
7433:
7427:
7421:
7415:
7409:
7403:
7397:
7391:
7384:
7382:
7378:
7377:
7375:
7374:
7368:
7362:
7356:
7350:
7344:
7338:
7325:
7319:
7313:
7307:
7301:
7298:Huang Tingjian
7295:
7289:
7283:
7277:
7271:
7265:
7259:
7253:
7247:
7241:
7235:
7229:
7223:
7217:
7211:
7205:
7198:
7196:
7189:
7188:
7181:
7176:
7169:
7164:
7159:
7154:
7149:
7144:
7139:
7138:
7137:
7132:
7127:
7122:
7117:
7107:
7102:
7096:
7094:
7084:
7083:
7080:
7079:
7077:
7076:
7071:
7066:
7061:
7056:
7051:
7045:
7043:
7041:Six Ministries
7037:
7036:
7034:
7033:
7026:
7021:
7016:
7010:
7008:
6999:
6998:
6993:
6988:
6983:
6981:Qingli Reforms
6978:
6973:
6968:
6967:
6966:
6956:
6951:
6950:
6949:
6938:
6936:
6932:
6931:
6924:
6922:
6920:
6919:
6918:
6917:
6912:
6907:
6897:
6896:
6895:
6890:
6885:
6880:
6875:
6870:
6865:
6860:
6850:
6845:
6840:
6835:
6830:
6825:
6820:
6815:
6810:
6805:
6804:
6803:
6801:Gaoliang River
6798:
6793:
6788:
6780:
6774:
6772:
6761:
6760:
6752:
6751:
6744:
6737:
6729:
6723:
6722:
6717:
6710:
6709:External links
6707:
6705:
6704:
6689:
6682:
6676:
6656:
6649:
6632:
6625:
6610:
6604:
6589:
6582:
6575:
6560:
6553:
6546:
6531:
6524:
6517:
6510:
6497:
6490:
6475:
6468:
6453:
6438:
6432:
6415:
6400:
6393:
6386:
6371:
6364:
6353:
6346:
6337:
6314:
6299:
6292:
6285:
6271:
6257:
6247:
6232:
6217:
6202:
6185:
6175:
6160:
6153:
6138:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6114:
6113:
6101:
6085:
6073:
6061:
6047:
6038:
6029:
6017:
6008:
5999:
5990:
5981:
5972:
5960:
5951:
5933:
5924:
5912:
5900:
5884:
5875:
5857:
5848:
5832:
5820:
5808:
5802:978-0520261327
5801:
5783:
5764:(3): 361–371.
5740:
5725:
5719:978-1780233888
5718:
5700:
5694:978-0520261327
5693:
5670:
5652:
5640:
5627:
5618:
5600:
5587:
5575:
5563:
5551:
5542:
5533:
5517:
5508:
5499:
5490:
5488:Shen, 159–161.
5476:
5464:
5450:
5438:
5429:
5420:
5411:
5399:
5397:Sivin, III, 5.
5390:
5388:Shen, 157–158.
5381:
5369:
5360:
5351:
5340:
5331:
5322:
5313:
5304:
5291:
5282:
5273:
5264:
5252:
5250:Gernet, 23–25.
5243:
5241:Gernet, 22–23.
5234:
5225:
5211:
5202:
5190:
5178:
5156:
5142:
5124:
5115:
5106:
5086:
5077:
5068:
5059:
5045:
5019:
5010:
4996:
4989:
4957:
4941:
4921:
4901:
4890:
4881:
4870:
4850:
4824:
4815:
4799:
4790:
4781:
4772:
4754:
4742:
4726:
4708:
4692:
4683:
4674:
4662:
4653:
4641:
4632:
4615:
4589:
4570:
4553:
4546:
4526:
4517:Zizhi Tongjian
4508:
4499:
4490:
4488:Sivin, III, 9.
4481:
4479:Sivin, III, 8.
4472:
4458:
4449:
4440:
4428:
4419:
4410:
4401:
4392:
4383:
4374:
4362:
4353:
4344:
4335:
4326:
4317:
4308:
4299:
4290:
4281:
4269:
4260:
4251:
4242:
4233:
4221:
4212:
4203:
4194:
4160:
4151:
4138:
4129:
4120:
4106:
4097:
4088:
4079:
4070:
4052:
4043:
4034:
4024:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4012:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3969:
3966:
3929:Antoine Gaubil
3891:Zizhi Tongjian
3858:Zizhi Tongjian
3842:Zizhi Tongjian
3825:
3822:
3786:Silvermine Bay
3734:
3731:
3697:
3694:
3656:
3653:
3601:
3598:
3499:Eastern Europe
3477:Growth of the
3470:
3467:
3435:Main article:
3432:
3429:
3361:
3358:
3276:Main article:
3273:
3270:
3240:published his
3193:Joseph Needham
3161:Wujing Zongyao
3087:improvements,
2917:
2914:
2822:(r. 1127–1162)
2805:
2802:
2769:northern China
2661:, in the 1019
2607:Main article:
2604:
2601:
2589:
2586:
2540:
2539:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2523:
2492:
2439:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2426:
2423:
2420:
2364:Qingli Reforms
2341:
2338:
2330:Trần Thái Tông
2252:
2249:
2177:Lý Thường Kiệt
2168:Main article:
2165:
2162:
2088:
2085:
2078:(996–1066)—an
2020:
2017:
1899:(governor) of
1872:
1869:
1859:, bordered by
1838:
1835:
1813:, reinstating
1744:Buddhist canon
1687:
1684:
1541:
1538:
1526:
1523:
1503:Hongwu Emperor
1203:(931–999) and
1154:(r. 960–976),
1140:Five Dynasties
1113:
1110:
1069:to the north.
1003:southern China
973:
972:
970:
969:
962:
955:
947:
944:
943:
940:
939:
934:
929:
928:
927:
922:
917:
912:
902:
897:
892:
891:
890:
880:
875:
870:
868:Jewish history
865:
860:
855:
850:
844:
840:
839:
838:
835:
834:
828:
827:
823:
822:
820:
819:
806:
804:
802:
801:
799:(1949–present)
788:
786:
780:
773:
772:
761:
755:
754:
753:
750:
749:
743:
742:
740:
739:
727:
726:
714:
713:
702:
692:
691:
687:
686:
684:
683:
673:
670:
660:
657:
647:
643:
641:
639:
638:
628:
617:
616:
604:
603:
590:
588:
582:
572:
571:
569:
568:
567:
566:
565:
564:
542:
541:
529:
528:
515:
505:
504:
500:
499:
497:
496:
486:
483:
479:
477:
475:
474:
464:
453:
451:
445:
436:
435:
433:
432:
420:
419:
399:
398:
392:Three Kingdoms
386:
385:
375:
365:
355:
344:
343:
331:
330:
319:
313:
307:
306:
305:
302:
301:
298:
297:
296:
295:
290:Warring States
287:
283: 476 BCE
258:
256:(1046–771 BCE)
247:
246:
242: 256 BCE
223:
222:
200:
199:
176:
175:
153:
147:
146:
145:
142:
141:
138:
137:
117:
116:
93:
92:
84:
78:
77:
76:
73:
72:
71:
70:
68:Historiography
65:
60:
52:
51:
43:
42:
36:
35:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7901:
7890:
7887:
7885:
7882:
7881:
7879:
7872:
7867:
7857:
7855:
7845:
7844:
7841:
7823:
7820:
7817:
7814:
7811:
7808:
7805:
7802:
7799:
7796:
7793:
7790:
7787:
7784:
7774:
7771:
7768:
7765:
7764:
7762:
7758:
7752:
7751:
7747:
7743:
7742:
7738:
7737:
7736:
7733:
7729:
7728:
7727:Yingzao Fashi
7724:
7722:
7721:Liaodi Pagoda
7719:
7718:
7717:
7714:
7712:
7709:
7707:
7706:Tianchi basin
7704:
7702:
7699:
7697:
7694:
7692:
7689:
7687:
7684:
7682:
7679:
7677:
7674:
7672:
7669:
7667:
7664:
7662:
7659:
7657:
7654:
7650:
7649:
7645:
7643:
7640:
7639:
7638:
7635:
7634:
7632:
7630:
7626:
7620:
7619:
7615:
7613:
7610:
7608:
7605:
7603:
7600:
7596:
7593:
7591:
7588:
7586:
7583:
7582:
7581:
7578:
7576:
7573:
7570:
7567:
7566:
7564:
7562:
7558:
7547:
7544:
7541:
7538:
7535:
7532:
7529:
7528:Zhao Mengjian
7526:
7523:
7520:
7517:
7516:Wuzhun Shifan
7514:
7511:
7508:
7498:
7495:
7492:
7489:
7486:
7483:
7480:
7477:
7474:
7471:
7468:
7465:
7462:
7459:
7456:
7453:
7450:
7447:
7437:
7434:
7431:
7428:
7425:
7422:
7419:
7416:
7413:
7410:
7407:
7404:
7401:
7398:
7395:
7392:
7389:
7386:
7385:
7383:
7379:
7372:
7369:
7366:
7363:
7360:
7357:
7354:
7351:
7348:
7345:
7342:
7339:
7329:
7326:
7323:
7320:
7317:
7314:
7311:
7308:
7305:
7302:
7299:
7296:
7293:
7290:
7287:
7284:
7281:
7278:
7275:
7272:
7269:
7266:
7263:
7260:
7257:
7254:
7251:
7248:
7245:
7242:
7239:
7236:
7233:
7230:
7227:
7224:
7221:
7218:
7215:
7212:
7209:
7206:
7203:
7200:
7199:
7197:
7193:
7187:
7186:
7182:
7180:
7177:
7175:
7174:
7170:
7168:
7165:
7163:
7160:
7158:
7155:
7153:
7150:
7148:
7145:
7143:
7140:
7136:
7133:
7131:
7128:
7126:
7123:
7121:
7118:
7116:
7113:
7112:
7111:
7108:
7106:
7103:
7101:
7098:
7097:
7095:
7093:
7089:
7085:
7075:
7072:
7070:
7067:
7065:
7062:
7060:
7057:
7055:
7052:
7050:
7047:
7046:
7044:
7042:
7038:
7031:
7027:
7025:
7022:
7020:
7017:
7015:
7012:
7011:
7009:
7007:
7003:
6997:
6996:Three Bureaus
6994:
6992:
6991:Baojia system
6989:
6987:
6984:
6982:
6979:
6977:
6974:
6972:
6969:
6965:
6962:
6961:
6960:
6957:
6955:
6952:
6948:
6945:
6944:
6943:
6940:
6939:
6937:
6933:
6928:
6916:
6913:
6911:
6908:
6906:
6903:
6902:
6901:
6898:
6894:
6891:
6889:
6886:
6884:
6881:
6879:
6876:
6874:
6871:
6869:
6866:
6864:
6863:Huangtiandang
6861:
6859:
6856:
6855:
6854:
6853:Jin–Song Wars
6851:
6849:
6846:
6844:
6841:
6839:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6829:
6826:
6824:
6821:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6813:Song–Xia wars
6811:
6809:
6806:
6802:
6799:
6797:
6796:Southern Tang
6794:
6792:
6789:
6787:
6784:
6783:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6775:
6773:
6770:
6766:
6762:
6757:
6750:
6745:
6743:
6738:
6736:
6731:
6730:
6727:
6721:
6718:
6716:
6713:
6712:
6702:
6701:7-80113-304-8
6698:
6694:
6690:
6687:
6683:
6679:
6673:
6669:
6666:. Cambridge:
6665:
6661:
6657:
6654:
6650:
6647:
6646:9787101020373
6643:
6639:
6638:
6633:
6630:
6626:
6623:
6622:7-119-00431-X
6619:
6615:
6611:
6607:
6605:9783829820479
6601:
6597:
6596:
6590:
6587:
6583:
6580:
6576:
6573:
6572:0-520-05913-1
6569:
6565:
6561:
6558:
6554:
6551:
6547:
6544:
6543:0-500-05090-2
6540:
6536:
6532:
6529:
6525:
6522:
6518:
6515:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6501:
6498:
6495:
6491:
6488:
6484:
6480:
6476:
6473:
6469:
6466:
6462:
6458:
6454:
6451:
6447:
6443:
6439:
6435:
6429:
6425:
6421:
6416:
6413:
6409:
6405:
6401:
6398:
6394:
6391:
6387:
6384:
6383:0-671-70158-4
6380:
6376:
6372:
6369:
6365:
6362:
6358:
6354:
6351:
6347:
6344:
6343:
6338:
6327:
6323:
6320:
6315:
6312:
6311:0-8248-0959-9
6308:
6304:
6300:
6297:
6293:
6290:
6286:
6284:
6283:0-8047-0720-0
6280:
6276:
6272:
6270:
6269:0-674-01828-1
6266:
6262:
6258:
6255:
6251:
6248:
6245:
6244:0-521-66991-X
6241:
6237:
6233:
6230:
6229:0-618-13384-4
6226:
6222:
6218:
6215:
6214:0-8248-1719-2
6211:
6207:
6203:
6200:
6196:
6192:
6191:
6186:
6183:
6179:
6176:
6173:
6169:
6165:
6161:
6158:
6154:
6151:
6147:
6143:
6139:
6136:
6135:1-4039-3456-8
6132:
6128:
6124:
6123:
6108:
6106:
6096:
6094:
6092:
6090:
6080:
6078:
6068:
6066:
6056:
6054:
6052:
6042:
6033:
6024:
6022:
6012:
6003:
5994:
5985:
5976:
5967:
5965:
5955:
5946:
5944:
5942:
5940:
5938:
5928:
5919:
5917:
5907:
5905:
5895:
5893:
5891:
5889:
5879:
5870:
5868:
5866:
5864:
5862:
5852:
5843:
5841:
5839:
5837:
5827:
5825:
5815:
5813:
5804:
5798:
5794:
5787:
5779:
5775:
5771:
5767:
5763:
5759:
5755:
5749:
5747:
5745:
5736:
5729:
5721:
5715:
5711:
5704:
5696:
5690:
5686:
5679:
5677:
5675:
5665:
5663:
5661:
5659:
5657:
5647:
5645:
5637:
5631:
5622:
5613:
5611:
5609:
5607:
5605:
5597:
5591:
5582:
5580:
5570:
5568:
5558:
5556:
5546:
5537:
5528:
5526:
5524:
5522:
5512:
5506:Levathes, 37.
5503:
5497:Paludan, 142.
5494:
5485:
5483:
5481:
5471:
5469:
5459:
5457:
5455:
5445:
5443:
5433:
5427:Levathes, 77.
5424:
5415:
5409:Paludan, 136.
5406:
5404:
5394:
5385:
5376:
5374:
5364:
5355:
5349:
5344:
5335:
5326:
5317:
5308:
5301:
5295:
5286:
5277:
5268:
5259:
5257:
5247:
5238:
5229:
5220:
5218:
5216:
5206:
5197:
5195:
5185:
5183:
5175:
5169:
5167:
5165:
5163:
5161:
5151:
5149:
5147:
5139:
5133:
5131:
5129:
5119:
5110:
5101:
5099:
5097:
5095:
5093:
5091:
5081:
5072:
5063:
5057:Fairbank, 97.
5054:
5052:
5050:
5040:
5038:
5036:
5034:
5032:
5030:
5028:
5026:
5024:
5014:
5005:
5003:
5001:
4992:
4986:
4982:
4978:
4974:
4971:. Cambridge:
4970:
4969:
4961:
4954:
4950:
4945:
4937:
4933:
4932:
4925:
4917:
4913:
4912:
4905:
4899:
4894:
4885:
4879:
4874:
4865:
4863:
4861:
4859:
4857:
4855:
4845:
4843:
4841:
4839:
4837:
4835:
4833:
4831:
4829:
4819:
4810:
4808:
4806:
4804:
4794:
4785:
4776:
4767:
4765:
4763:
4761:
4759:
4749:
4747:
4737:
4735:
4733:
4731:
4721:
4719:
4717:
4715:
4713:
4703:
4701:
4699:
4697:
4687:
4678:
4669:
4667:
4657:
4648:
4646:
4636:
4630:
4626:
4625:
4619:
4613:
4609:
4608:
4602:
4600:
4598:
4596:
4594:
4585:
4581:
4574:
4568:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4549:
4547:9789812349842
4543:
4539:
4538:
4530:
4523:
4519:
4518:
4512:
4503:
4494:
4485:
4476:
4467:
4465:
4463:
4453:
4444:
4435:
4433:
4423:
4414:
4405:
4396:
4387:
4378:
4369:
4367:
4357:
4348:
4339:
4330:
4321:
4312:
4303:
4294:
4285:
4276:
4274:
4264:
4255:
4246:
4237:
4228:
4226:
4216:
4207:
4198:
4183:
4179:
4176:
4169:
4167:
4165:
4155:
4148:
4142:
4133:
4124:
4115:
4113:
4111:
4101:
4092:
4083:
4074:
4065:
4063:
4061:
4059:
4057:
4050:Schafer, 291.
4047:
4038:
4029:
4025:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3999:Wen Tianxiang
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3971:
3965:
3963:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3946:
3940:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3918:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3906:Neo-Confucian
3903:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3859:
3852:
3844:
3843:
3838:
3837:Neo-Confucian
3834:
3830:
3821:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3810:Zhang Hongfan
3807:
3803:
3802:Sung Wong Toi
3799:
3795:
3794:Lantau Island
3791:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3774:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3755:
3752:
3743:
3739:
3730:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3693:
3690:
3689:Liu Bingzhong
3686:
3680:
3673:
3669:
3666:ruled as the
3665:
3661:
3652:
3649:
3646:fighting the
3643:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3615:
3606:
3597:
3595:
3589:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3529:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3514:Uriyangkhadai
3511:
3506:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3479:Mongol Empire
3475:
3466:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3438:
3428:
3424:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3413:flamethrowers
3411:
3407:
3402:
3398:
3397:Wanyan Yongji
3393:
3389:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3367:
3357:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3318:Southern Song
3314:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3279:
3269:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3236:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3224:
3223:Lingwai Daida
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3201:
3196:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3170:
3167:
3163:
3162:
3156:
3152:
3150:
3147:was based at
3146:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3129:Huang Huaixin
3126:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3077:
3073:
3065:
3061:
3060:
3054:
3050:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3039:Abu Himyarite
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2964:Ti-hua-kia-lo
2961:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2943:
2942:Chola dynasty
2935:
2931:
2927:
2922:
2913:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2894:
2892:
2888:
2887:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2852:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2837:
2833:
2830:(between the
2829:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2811:
2801:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2765:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2742:
2733:
2729:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2702:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2655:
2651:
2646:
2643:
2639:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2599:
2595:
2594:Jin–Song Wars
2585:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2558:
2556:
2546:
2537:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2522:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2490:
2486:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2463:
2460:
2452:
2448:
2443:
2436:
2433:
2430:
2427:
2424:
2421:
2418:
2413:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2408:Baojia system
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2384:
2380:
2378:
2373:
2369:
2366:initiated by
2365:
2360:
2352:
2347:
2337:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2322:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2307:king of Annam
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2282:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2262:
2258:
2248:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2232:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2198:
2189:
2184:
2180:
2178:
2171:
2161:
2159:
2155:
2154:nán píng wáng
2151:
2147:
2141:
2139:
2134:
2132:
2131:Lý Thánh Tông
2128:
2124:
2120:
2115:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2098:
2093:
2084:
2081:
2077:
2072:
2070:
2066:
2065:Lý Thánh Tông
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2016:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1958:were defeated
1955:
1951:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1935:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1911:defeated the
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1897:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1878:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1834:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1803:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1788:
1784:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1748:Tangut script
1745:
1739:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1709:
1705:
1704:Tangut script
1700:
1692:
1683:
1681:
1677:
1671:
1668:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1626:
1622:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1605:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1588:(present-day
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1574:New Years Day
1571:
1567:
1563:
1555:
1551:
1546:
1536:
1532:
1522:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1491:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1477:
1472:
1471:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1437:Uyghur-Turkic
1433:
1429:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1393:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1361:
1358:
1354:
1349:
1343:
1338:
1336:
1330:
1328:
1327:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1283:
1278:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1237:
1233:
1228:
1224:
1222:
1219:corps of the
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1181:Southern Tang
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1152:Emperor Taizu
1149:
1148:Zhao Kuangyin
1145:
1141:
1137:
1128:
1123:
1119:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1082:Jin–Song wars
1079:
1075:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1016:
1013:, ending the
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
968:
963:
961:
956:
954:
949:
948:
946:
945:
938:
935:
933:
930:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
907:
906:
903:
901:
900:Naval history
898:
896:
893:
889:
886:
885:
884:
883:Music history
881:
879:
878:Media history
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
863:Legal history
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
845:
837:
836:
817:1949–present)
813:
812:
808:
807:
805:
797:
796:
790:
789:
787:
784:
783:
778:
768:
767:
763:
762:
758:
752:
751:
735:
734:
730:
729:
722:
721:
717:
716:
709:
708:
704:
703:
700:
679:
678:
674:
671:
666:
665:
661:
658:
653:
652:
648:
645:
644:
642:
634:
633:
632:Southern Song
629:
624:
623:
622:Northern Song
619:
618:
612:
611:
607:
606:
599:
598:
592:
591:
589:
586:
585:
580:
560:
557:
556:
555:
554:
550:
549:
545:
544:
537:
536:
532:
531:
524:
523:
517:
516:
513:
492:
491:
487:
484:
481:
480:
478:
470:
469:
465:
460:
459:
455:
454:
452:
449:
448:
443:
428:
427:
423:
422:
418:
417:
412:
411:
406:
405:
401:
400:
394:
393:
389:
388:
381:
380:
376:
371:
370:
366:
361:
360:
356:
353:(206–202 BCE)
351:
350:
346:
345:
339:
338:
334:
333:
328:(221–207 BCE)
326:
325:
321:
320:
317:
310:
304:
303:
293:(475–221 BCE)
291:
288:
272:
269:
268:
266:(771–256 BCE)
264:
263:
259:
254:
253:
249:
248:
231:
230:
226:
225:
207:
206:
202:
201:
184:
183:
179:
178:
160:
159:
155:
154:
150:
144:
143:
136:
135:
130:
129:
124:
123:
119:
118:
101:
100:
96:
95:
91:
90:
86:
85:
81:
75:
74:
69:
66:
64:
61:
59:
56:
55:
54:
53:
49:
45:
44:
41:
38:
37:
33:
29:
28:
25:
21:
16:
7884:Song dynasty
7871:
7822:Guo Shoujing
7748:
7739:
7725:
7716:Architecture
7701:Fishing reel
7676:Movable type
7646:
7616:
7510:Zhou Jichang
7461:Zhang Zeduan
7310:Zhou Bangyan
7202:Fan Zhongyan
7183:
7171:
7157:Yaozhou ware
7152:Qingbai ware
6986:New Policies
6791:Southern Han
6782:Unification
6764:
6756:Song dynasty
6692:
6685:
6663:
6652:
6635:
6628:
6613:
6594:
6585:
6578:
6563:
6556:
6549:
6534:
6527:
6520:
6513:
6503:
6493:
6478:
6471:
6456:
6441:
6419:
6403:
6396:
6389:
6374:
6367:
6360:
6356:
6349:
6340:
6331:16 September
6329:. Retrieved
6321:
6302:
6295:
6288:
6274:
6260:
6253:
6246:(paperback).
6235:
6220:
6205:
6189:
6181:
6163:
6156:
6141:
6126:
6083:Rossabi, 94.
6071:Rossabi, 93.
6059:Rossabi, 90.
6041:
6032:
6027:Rossabi, 91.
6011:
6006:Rossabi, 88.
6002:
5997:Rossabi, 87.
5993:
5988:Rossabi, 85.
5984:
5975:
5970:Rossabi, 83.
5954:
5949:Rossabi, 81.
5927:
5910:Embree, 385.
5898:Rossabi, 82.
5878:
5873:Rossabi, 56.
5851:
5846:Rossabi, 50.
5830:Rossabi, 49.
5818:Rossabi, 46.
5792:
5786:
5761:
5757:
5734:
5728:
5709:
5703:
5684:
5635:
5630:
5621:
5595:
5590:
5561:Tillman, 29.
5545:
5536:
5511:
5502:
5493:
5432:
5423:
5414:
5393:
5384:
5379:Rossabi, 92.
5363:
5354:
5343:
5334:
5325:
5316:
5307:
5299:
5294:
5285:
5276:
5267:
5246:
5237:
5228:
5223:Coblin, 533.
5205:
5173:
5137:
5118:
5109:
5080:
5075:Morton, 102.
5071:
5062:
5013:
4967:
4960:
4944:
4930:
4924:
4910:
4904:
4893:
4884:
4873:
4818:
4793:
4784:
4775:
4686:
4677:
4656:
4635:
4622:
4618:
4605:
4583:
4579:
4573:
4564:
4561:Dinh Bo Linh
4556:
4536:
4529:
4515:
4511:
4502:
4493:
4484:
4475:
4452:
4443:
4422:
4413:
4404:
4395:
4386:
4377:
4356:
4347:
4338:
4329:
4320:
4315:Mote, 70–71.
4311:
4302:
4293:
4284:
4263:
4254:
4245:
4236:
4215:
4206:
4197:
4187:14 September
4185:. Retrieved
4177:
4154:
4146:
4141:
4132:
4123:
4100:
4091:
4082:
4073:
4046:
4037:
4028:
3961:
3957:
3943:
3941:
3917:Qing dynasty
3908:philosopher
3899:
3890:
3862:
3856:
3854:
3840:
3782:Zhang Shijie
3775:
3763:Emperor Gong
3756:
3747:
3742:Emperor Bing
3723:Uyghur Turks
3699:
3681:
3677:
3672:Yuan dynasty
3648:Golden Horde
3644:
3614:Yangzi River
3611:
3590:
3541:Trần dynasty
3530:
3526:Trần dynasty
3518:Dali Kingdom
3507:
3492:
3487:Yuan dynasty
3440:
3425:
3392:Genghis Khan
3385:
3380:Genghis Khan
3378:Portrait of
3315:
3299:Wanyan Liang
3296:
3286:
3252:region, and
3241:
3221:
3210:Persian Gulf
3203:
3198:
3188:
3174:
3159:
3115:towards the
3081:shipbuilding
3069:
3066:(1085–1145).
3064:Zhang Zeduan
3057:
2999:Tang dynasty
2978:sea captain
2963:
2939:
2895:
2884:
2853:
2845:Han Shizhong
2825:
2807:
2766:
2752:designed by
2741:siege towers
2738:
2703:
2683:Wanyan Aguda
2671:Iki Province
2663:Toi invasion
2647:
2638:Liao dynasty
2624:
2559:
2551:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2494:
2464:
2456:
2449:portrait of
2447:Yuan dynasty
2404:New Policies
2389:
2368:Fan Zhongyan
2361:
2357:
2326:Trần dynasty
2323:
2306:
2302:
2276:Lee Yang gon
2272:Lý Dương Côn
2254:
2245:Lê Văn Thịnh
2233:
2216:Khmer Empire
2213:
2201:
2197:Lý Nhân Tông
2193:
2173:
2153:
2142:
2135:
2111:
2095:
2073:
2045:China proper
2041:
2037:Yangzi River
2022:
1994:
1986:Dali kingdom
1966:Lê Long Đĩnh
1947:
1942:
1932:
1929:Đinh dynasty
1925:Đinh Bộ Lĩnh
1913:Southern Han
1894:
1891:Khúc Thừa Dụ
1885:, until the
1880:
1865:Khmer Empire
1804:
1789:
1785:
1740:
1728:Tang dynasty
1726:of the late
1713:
1672:
1643:
1638:Liao dynasty
1606:
1582:Liao dynasty
1578:Northern Han
1566:Northern Han
1559:
1531:Liao dynasty
1517:) to inform
1507:Ming dynasty
1499:Yuan dynasty
1488:
1474:
1468:
1453:Roman Empire
1410:astronomical
1395:
1390:
1380:
1362:
1345:
1340:
1334:
1331:
1324:
1302:
1287:wood-carved
1282:Liao dynasty
1265:
1221:Southern Han
1217:war elephant
1213:Yangzi River
1197:Liu Tingrang
1185:Northern Han
1173:Southern Han
1144:Tang dynasty
1133:
1102:Yuan dynasty
1071:
1067:Liao dynasty
1047:a border war
1019:
999:China proper
979:Song dynasty
976:
873:LGBT history
809:
791:
764:
731:
718:
705:
675:
662:
649:
630:
620:
608:
597:Ten Kingdoms
593:
546:
533:
520:Northern and
518:
488:
466:
456:
424:
414:
408:
402:
396:(220–280 CE)
390:
377:
367:
357:
347:
335:
322:
262:Eastern Zhou
260:
252:Western Zhou
250:
227:
203:
180:
156:
132:
126:
120:
97:
87:
24:
15:
7824:(1231–1316)
7818:(1202–1261)
7816:Qin Jiushao
7812:(1192-1279)
7806:(1186–1249)
7800:(1031–1095)
7794:(1020–1101)
7788:(1010–1070)
7773:Zhang Sixun
7618:Zhu Fan Zhi
7607:Champa rice
7571:(1021–1086)
7548:(1235–1305)
7542:(1222–1307)
7536:(1210–1269)
7530:(1199–1295)
7524:(1190–1230)
7518:(1178–1249)
7497:Lin Tinggui
7493:(1140–1210)
7487:(1120–1182)
7481:(1100–1197)
7475:(1096–1119)
7473:Wang Ximeng
7469:(1094-1172)
7463:(1085–1145)
7457:(1082–1135)
7451:(1051–1107)
7432:(1049–1106)
7426:(1036–1093)
7420:(1020–1090)
7414:(1019–1079)
7408:(1000–1064)
7373:(1170–1231)
7367:(1140–1207)
7361:(1130–1200)
7355:(1127–1206)
7349:(1126–1193)
7347:Fan Chengda
7343:(1125–1209)
7324:(1085–1144)
7318:(1084–1155)
7316:Li Qingzhao
7312:(1056–1121)
7306:(1047–1126)
7300:(1045–1105)
7294:(1039–1112)
7288:(1037–1101)
7282:(1033–1107)
7276:(1032–1085)
7270:(1022–1077)
7264:(1019–1086)
7258:(1019–1083)
7252:(1017–1073)
7246:(1012–1067)
7240:(1011–1077)
7234:(1009–1066)
7228:(1007–1072)
7222:(1002–1060)
7220:Mei Yaochen
7147:Cizhou ware
7024:Chancellery
7019:Secretariat
6947:Family tree
6905:Diaoyucheng
6322:Fordham.edu
6137:(hardback).
5311:Giles, 950.
5289:Tillman, 3.
5262:Gernet, 25.
5188:Gernet, 22.
5122:Peers, 131.
5066:Peers, 130.
4629:Main/vol. 2
4178:Fordham.edu
3721:, Mongols,
3664:Kublai Khan
3558:Möngke Khan
3543:capital of
3495:Möngke Khan
3483:Kublai Khan
3443:Jin dynasty
3406:Ögedei Khan
3342:Wanyan Yong
3250:Indus River
3185:watchtowers
3141:Philippines
3049:(or Amoy).
3031:Pu Shougeng
2924:A Song era
2762:fire arrows
2758:millwrights
2750:clock tower
2631:Western Xia
2315:Jin dynasty
2295:Lý Anh Tông
2279: [
2264:Jin dynasty
2209:Kunlun Pass
2170:Lý–Song War
2029:Han Chinese
2005:Tai peoples
2001:Nong Zhigao
1982:Lý Công Uẩn
1972:sutras and
1960:by general
1934:Đại Cồ Việt
1921:Ngô dynasty
1905:Tang Empire
1825:(in modern
1720:Western Xia
1708:Western Xia
1602:Zhao Dezhao
1535:Western Xia
1495:Kublai Khan
1463:("Fu lin")
1445:Kara-Khanid
1430:kingdom of
1398:Zhang Sixun
1387:spelling):
1365:cartography
1348:bureaucracy
1251:lacquerware
1199:(929–987),
1160:Guo Zongxun
1078:Jin dynasty
920:Discoveries
915:Cartography
910:Archaeology
848:Art history
737:(1644–1912)
724:(1368–1644)
711:(1271–1368)
681:(1115–1234)
668:(1038–1227)
664:Western Xia
636:(1127–1279)
468:Eastern Jin
458:Western Jin
383:(25–220 CE)
379:Eastern Han
359:Western Han
238: 1046
218: 1046
214: 1250
191: 1600
167: 2070
108: 8500
89:Paleolithic
80:Prehistoric
7878:Categories
7769:(972–1051)
7686:Pound lock
7612:Nanhai One
7569:Wang Anshi
7467:Su Hanchen
7430:Li Gonglin
7400:Zhao Chang
7396:(970–1053)
7394:Xu Daoning
7390:(960–1030)
7371:Zhao Rukuo
7353:Yang Wanli
7262:Sima Guang
7250:Zhou Dunyi
7226:Ouyang Xiu
7216:(998–1061)
7210:(991–1055)
7204:(989–1052)
6935:Government
6199:0520050614
5338:Shen, 158.
4949:Ngô Thì Sĩ
4586:(1): 1–13.
4041:Graff, 87.
4015:References
3935:school of
3879:Sima Guang
3588:epidemic.
3545:Thang Long
3410:fire lance
3266:Zhao Rugua
3235:geographer
3228:Madagascar
3218:Zhou Qufei
3212:, and the
3177:Great Wall
3117:North Pole
3109:true north
3097:Navigation
2781:Huai River
2679:Hakata Bay
2570:Sima Guang
2392:Wang Anshi
2377:chancellor
2251:After 1082
2235:Vietnam's
2158:Vietnamese
2102:Lý dynasty
2057:Wang Anshi
2009:Lý dynasty
1978:Vietnamese
1950:Hou Renbao
1887:Vietnamese
1871:Background
1853:Lý dynasty
1815:Wang Anshi
1811:Sima Guang
1676:horologist
1511:Archbishop
1385:Wade–Giles
1373:gazetteers
1285:polychrome
1270:Xu Daoning
1236:Jingdezhen
1195:(d. 991),
1136:Later Zhou
1051:Lý dynasty
1043:Vietnamese
1039:Wang Anshi
1011:Later Zhou
925:Inventions
655:(916–1125)
626:(960–1127)
614:(960–1279)
281: – c.
279: 770
240: – c.
216: – c.
205:Late Shang
193: – c.
169: – c.
110: – c.
7760:Inventors
7637:Gunpowder
7546:Qian Xuan
7512:(12th c.)
7491:Liang Kai
7485:Zhao Boju
7424:Wang Shen
7406:Yi Yuanji
7402:(10th c.)
7274:Cheng Hao
7268:Zhang Zai
7256:Zeng Gong
7244:Cai Xiang
7238:Shao Yong
7162:Jian ware
7125:Guan ware
7115:Ding ware
6910:Xiangyang
6786:Later Shu
6579:The CōĻas
5436:Hall, 24.
5358:Wang, 14.
5320:Hall, 23.
4231:Mote, 69.
4020:Citations
3954:memorials
3896:Sima Qian
3767:Changzhou
3714:Han River
3702:Xiangyang
3636:Ariq Böke
3623:Jia Sidao
3594:khuriltai
3582:dysentery
3578:Chongqing
3528:by 1257.
3505:in 1258.
3350:Manchuria
3242:Geography
3238:Al-Idrisi
3220:wrote in
3166:trebuchet
3145:admiralty
3089:warehouse
3035:Guangzhou
3019:Near East
3017:from the
2955:Srivijaya
2906:West Lake
2891:Cai Wenji
2872:Manchuria
2710:catapults
2699:Bohai Sea
2691:Tong Guan
2445:An early
2119:elephants
1915:state on
1909:Ngô Quyền
1736:Li Deming
1732:Li Jiqian
1618:Bohai Sea
1515:Khanbaliq
1404:-powered
1402:hydraulic
1377:Song Zhun
1369:Lu Duosun
1357:municipal
1313:Manchuria
1268:, one of
1255:stoneware
1247:Porcelain
1232:porcelain
1205:Huyan Zan
1177:Later Shu
1108:in 1279.
1034:gunpowder
601:(907–979)
562:(690–705)
552:(618–907)
539:(581–618)
526:(420–589)
494:(304–439)
472:(317–420)
462:(266–316)
430:(266–420)
373:(9–23 CE)
99:Neolithic
63:Dynasties
7798:Shen Kuo
7786:Jia Xian
7767:Bi Sheng
7691:Dry dock
7580:Banknote
7540:Gong Kai
7412:Wen Tong
7388:Fan Kuan
7381:Painters
7365:Xin Qiji
7322:Zhu Bian
7304:Cai Jing
7280:Cheng Yi
7130:Jun ware
7100:Religion
6971:Military
6942:Emperors
6873:Yancheng
6858:Jingkang
6769:Timeline
6502:(1954).
6252:(1997).
5979:Lo, 492.
5778:24692275
5474:Lo, 491.
5448:Lo, 490.
4612:vol. 488
4522:vol. 281
4004:Yang Hui
3968:See also
3958:Song Shi
3937:sinology
3818:Lu Xiufu
3778:Zhao Shi
3710:Fancheng
3627:Lü Wende
3562:Shandong
3455:Chang'an
3334:grenades
3324:and the
3232:Moroccan
3195:writes:
3191:series,
3181:warships
3169:catapult
3105:Shen Kuo
3076:maritime
3072:Hangzhou
3003:Quanzhou
2984:Shandong
2976:Egyptian
2910:Hangzhou
2810:Hangzhou
2790:Zhejiang
2633:and the
2627:Jurchens
2598:Timeline
2471:Shen Kuo
2114:Yongzhou
2049:memorial
2033:Shandong
1954:Giao Chỉ
1896:jiedushi
1877:Đại Việt
1863:and the
1857:Đại Việt
1796:Shen Kuo
1646:Shanyuan
1568:and the
1556:, Taipei
1441:Gaochang
1439:city of
1381:Song Shi
1335:Song Shi
1326:jiedushi
1293:Guan Yin
1187:and the
1146:in 907.
1094:Hangzhou
1026:Shen Kuo
888:Timeline
815:(Taiwan,
795:of China
309:Imperial
58:Timeline
32:a series
30:Part of
7866:History
7840:Portals
7804:Song Ci
7792:Su Song
7681:Compass
7561:Economy
7522:Li Song
7436:Cui Bai
7214:Song Qi
7208:Yan Shu
7195:Writers
7135:Ru ware
7120:Ge ware
7092:Society
7088:Culture
6893:Caizhou
6883:Tangdao
6765:History
6119:Sources
5634:Ebrey,
5594:Ebrey,
5298:Ebrey,
5172:Ebrey,
5136:Ebrey,
4563:at the
4537:Vietnam
4145:Ebrey,
3962:Jin Shi
3933:Russian
3923:Father
3812:in the
3719:Koreans
3586:cholera
3554:Sichuan
3550:Guangxi
3463:Chengdu
3459:Sichuan
3451:Luoyang
3447:Kaifeng
3388:Mongols
3338:Jurchen
3311:Beijing
3291:Kaifeng
3214:Red Sea
3149:Dinghai
3133:drydock
3101:compass
3093:beacons
3023:Muslims
3021:, etc.
2980:Domiyat
2972:Fatimid
2876:Luoyang
2864:Qinzong
2860:Qin Hui
2856:Gaozong
2849:Kaifeng
2841:Yue Fei
2828:Huainan
2794:Jiangxi
2786:Jiangsu
2773:Nanjing
2754:Su Song
2718:rawhide
2714:Taiyuan
2665:of the
2659:pirates
2654:Sungari
2650:Huizong
2578:Mencius
2475:malaria
2467:premier
2417:tenants
2372:Tanguts
2313:of the
2261:Jurchen
2257:Kaifeng
2204:Guangxi
2146:Chinese
2138:Guizhou
2106:Kaifeng
2061:militia
2025:Di Qing
1962:Lê Hoàn
1893:became
1831:Gusiluo
1827:Qinghai
1823:Haidong
1769:Shaanxi
1718:of the
1716:Tanguts
1706:of the
1680:Su Song
1667:bullion
1662:tribute
1650:Kaifeng
1590:Beijing
1562:Khitans
1505:of the
1459:") and
1424:Ma Yize
1414:mercury
1317:Shaanxi
1201:Cao Bin
1193:Pan Mei
1165:Nanping
1098:Mongols
1090:Kaifeng
1074:Jurchen
1030:Su Song
983:Chinese
559:Wu Zhou
149:Ancient
128:Yangtze
7590:Guanzi
7585:Jiaozi
7418:Guo Xi
7359:Zhu Xi
7341:Lu You
7328:Zhu Yu
7292:Su Zhe
7286:Su Shi
7232:Su Xun
7105:Poetry
6888:Caishi
6758:topics
6699:
6674:
6644:
6620:
6602:
6586:Oriens
6570:
6541:
6485:
6463:
6448:
6430:
6410:
6381:
6309:
6281:
6267:
6242:
6227:
6212:
6197:
6170:
6148:
6133:
5799:
5776:
5716:
5691:
5638:, 170.
5598:, 171.
5302:, 151.
5176:, 150.
5140:, 168.
4987:
4544:
4149:, 138.
3921:Jesuit
3914:Manchu
3910:Zhu Xi
3889:. The
3833:Zhu Xi
3790:Mui Wo
3759:Fuzhou
3751:Fujian
3704:was a
3668:Khagan
3640:Xanadu
3510:Kublai
3346:Khitan
3307:Harbin
3111:(with
3085:harbor
3047:Xiamen
2902:shrine
2832:Yangzi
2798:Fujian
2796:, and
2746:Daoist
2677:, and
2635:Khitan
2566:regent
2536:Su Shi
2479:Su Shi
2451:Su Shi
2287:Goryeo
2150:pinyin
2148::南平王,
2100:; the
2069:Champa
1999:rebel
1997:Zhuang
1990:horses
1974:Taoist
1861:Champa
1819:Xining
1800:Yan'an
1777:Shanxi
1773:Hedong
1432:Goryeo
1428:Korean
1421:Muslim
1305:Wu-Yue
1289:statue
1253:, and
1179:, and
1169:Wu-Yue
1063:Khitan
1055:Tangut
991:pinyin
757:Modern
413:, and
131:, and
122:Yellow
34:on the
7854:China
7810:Li Ye
7595:Huizi
7479:Li Di
7449:Mi Fu
6915:Yamen
6868:De'an
5774:JSTOR
3901:Shiji
3792:) on
3771:Tibet
3727:Bayan
3619:Ezhou
3584:, or
3566:Henan
3522:Tibet
3043:Yemen
3041:from
3007:Hindu
2974:-era
2953:that
2947:Tamil
2932:with
2930:hulls
2868:exile
2667:Heian
2555:Hubei
2303:Annam
2283:]
2221:Hanoi
2188:Hanoi
1943:Annam
1610:Hebei
1457:Daqin
1408:(for
1076:-led
1065:-led
1057:-led
182:Shang
7656:Coke
7534:Muqi
7090:and
6697:ISBN
6672:ISBN
6642:ISBN
6618:ISBN
6600:ISBN
6568:ISBN
6539:ISBN
6483:ISBN
6461:ISBN
6446:ISBN
6428:ISBN
6408:ISBN
6379:ISBN
6333:2016
6307:ISBN
6279:ISBN
6265:ISBN
6240:ISBN
6225:ISBN
6210:ISBN
6195:ISBN
6168:ISBN
6146:ISBN
6131:ISBN
5797:ISBN
5714:ISBN
5689:ISBN
4985:ISBN
4542:ISBN
4189:2016
3685:Dadu
3564:and
3453:and
3368:and
3344:and
3258:Iraq
3246:Aden
3183:for
3121:navy
3103:and
3011:Jews
2992:Imam
2926:junk
2843:and
2836:Huai
2834:and
2722:moat
2596:and
2239:and
1851:The
1821:and
1630:silk
1533:and
1473:and
1418:Arab
1134:The
1120:and
1028:and
1001:and
977:The
733:Qing
720:Ming
707:Yuan
651:Liao
610:Song
548:Tang
229:Zhou
220:BCE)
7777:fl.
7501:fl.
7440:fl.
7332:fl.
5766:doi
4977:doi
3576:in
3537:Aju
3095:).
2908:in
2870:in
2687:Jin
2080:Tày
2051:to
1945:.
1771:to
1764:fl.
1513:of
1400:'s
1291:of
677:Jin
535:Sui
426:Jin
410:Shu
404:Wei
369:Xin
337:Han
324:Qin
158:Xia
7880::
6670:.
6426:,
6324:.
6104:^
6088:^
6076:^
6064:^
6050:^
6020:^
5963:^
5936:^
5915:^
5903:^
5887:^
5860:^
5835:^
5823:^
5811:^
5772:.
5762:76
5760:.
5743:^
5673:^
5655:^
5643:^
5603:^
5578:^
5566:^
5554:^
5520:^
5479:^
5467:^
5453:^
5441:^
5402:^
5372:^
5255:^
5214:^
5193:^
5181:^
5159:^
5145:^
5127:^
5089:^
5048:^
5022:^
4999:^
4983:.
4975:.
4951:,
4934:.
4914:.
4853:^
4827:^
4802:^
4757:^
4745:^
4729:^
4711:^
4695:^
4665:^
4644:^
4627:,
4610:,
4592:^
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4582:.
4520:,
4461:^
4431:^
4365:^
4272:^
4224:^
4180:.
4163:^
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4055:^
3939:.
3761:.
3642:.
3449:,
3423:.
3013:,
2912:.
2792:,
2788:,
2673:,
2281:ko
2231:.
2156:,
2152::
2039:.
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1604:.
1552:,
1455:("
1295:,
1280:A
1249:,
1230:A
1175:,
1171:,
1167:,
1017:.
989:;
987:宋朝
985::
416:Wu
407:,
276:c.
235:c.
211:c.
188:c.
164:c.
125:,
105:c.
7842::
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7775:(
7506:)
7499:(
7445:)
7438:(
7337:)
7330:(
7032:)
7028:(
6771:)
6767:(
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6452:.
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6359:(
6335:.
6313:.
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6174:.
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5805:.
5780:.
5768::
5737:.
5722:.
5697:.
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4918:.
4550:.
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3788:(
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2274:(
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1323:(
981:(
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959:t
952:v
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274:(
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209:(
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186:(
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162:(
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