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2823:(known then as Lin'an) to be the temporary settlement of the court, but it was not until 1132 that it was declared the new Song capital. Hangzhou and Nanjing were devastated by the Jin raids; both cities were heavily repopulated with northern refugees who outnumbered the remaining original inhabitants. Hangzhou was chosen not only for its natural scenic beauty, but for the surrounding topographic barriers of lakes and muddy rice-fields that gave it defensive potential against northern armies comprising mostly cavalry. Yet it was viewed by the court as only a temporary capital while the Song emperors planned to retake Kaifeng. However, the rapid growth of the city from the 12th century to the 13th necessitated long-term goals of residency. In 1133 the modest palatial residence of the imperial family was improved upon from a simple provincial lodging to one that at least accommodated strolls with new covered alleyways to deflect the rain. In 1148 the walls of the small palace compound were finally extended to the southeast, yet this was another marginal improvement.
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2583:(1019–1086), who was made the next Chancellor. Undoing what Wang had implemented, Sima dismissed the New Policies, and forced the same treatment upon Reformers that Wang had earlier meted out to his opponents: dismissal to lower or frontier posts of governance, or even exile. However, there was still mounted opposition to Sima Guang, as many had favored some of the New Policies, including the substitution of tax instead of forced labor service to the state. Sure enough, when Emperor Zhezong's grandmother died in 1093, Zhezong was quick to sponsor the Reformists like his predecessor Shenzong had done. The Conservatives once more were ousted from political dominance at court. When Zhezong suddenly died in his twenties, his younger brother
2238:), where Lý Thường Kiệt had defensive ramparts built on the southern banks. However, Song forces broke through his defense line and their cavalry advanced to within several kilometers of the capital city. The Vietnamese counterattacked and pushed Song forces back across the river while their coastal defenses distracted the Song navy. Lý Thường Kiệt also launched an offensive, but lost two Vietnamese princes in the fighting at Kháo Túc River. According to Chinese sources, "tropical climate and rampant disease" severely weakened Song's military forces while the Vietnamese court feared the result of a prolonged war so close to the capital. In 1078 China defeated Đại Việt and overran several districts that would later make up part of
2719:. Through the campaign, the Jurchens discovered weaknesses about the Song military based in the north (as the Chinese for so long had been sending tribute to the Liao instead of actually fighting them). Song forces had failed to make a joint attack in a siege with the Jurchens, who viewed the Song generals as incompetent. Banking on the possibility that the Song were weak enough to be destroyed, the Jurchens made a sudden and unprovoked attack against the Song in the north. Soon enough, even the capital at Kaifeng was under siege by Jin forces, only staved off when an enormous bribe was handed over to them. There was also an effective use of Song Chinese war machines in the defense of Kaifeng in 1126, as it was recorded that 500
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the factor of competition with other officials. Promotion to a higher post, higher salary, additional honors, and selection for choice assignment responsibilities were often uncertain, as young new officials often needed higher-ranking officials to recommend them for service. Once an official would rise to the upper echelons of central administration based in the capital, they would often compete with others over influence of the emperor's official adoption of state policies. Officials with different opinions on how to approach administrative affairs often sought out other officials for support, leading to pacts of rivaling officials lining up political allies at court to sway the emperor against the faction they disagreed with.
2151:, sent a message to Kaifeng in 1065 which reported that Nùng Tông Đán had apparently switched allegiance from Song to Lý, as well as united with the Quảng Nguyên chieftain Lưu Ký. When the now "mentally weak and distracted ruler" Yingzong—as Anderson describes him—received the report, he took no other action but to reassign Nùng Tông Đán with new honorific titles. The court took no action to resolve the problem, and Nùng Tông Đán later played a key role in the Lý–Song War of 1075–1077. The Song also gave official titles to other Vietnamese leaders despite their involvement in Nùng Trí Cao's rebellions and their pledged loyalty to Lưu Ký, the latter employed as a tribal official under King Lý Thánh Tông.
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conservative faction against the reformer Wang Anshi branded him as an inferior-intellect who was not up to par with their principles of governance (likewise, the reformers branded conservatives in the same labeled fashion). The conservatives criticized Wang's reforms as a means of curbing the influence of landholding families by diminishing their private wealth in favor of self-sufficient communal groups. The conservatives argued that the wealth of the landholding class should not be purposefully diminished by state programs, since the land holding class was the essential socio-economic group that produced China's scholar-officials, managers, merchants, and landlords.
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3324:). Four years later in 1157 he razed Beijing, including the nobles’ residences, and moved the Jin's southern capital from Beijing to Kaifeng. It was here at the former seat of the Song dynasty that he began a large project of reconstruction (since the siege against it in 1127). For much of his reign there was peace between Jin and Song, while both states upheld an uninterrupted flow of commercial trade between each other. While amassing tribute from the Southern Song, the Jin dynasty also imported large amounts of tea, rice, sugar, and books from the Southern Song. However, Wanyan Liang reopened the Jin dynasty's armed conflict with the Song by the 1160s.
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battles on the
Yangtze. The age was one of continual innovation; in 1129 trebuchets throwing gunpowder bombs were decreed standard equipment on all warships, between 1132 and 1183 a great number of treadmill-operated paddle-wheel craft, large and small, were built, including stern-wheelers and ships with as many as 11 paddle-wheels a side (the invention of the remarkable engineer Kao Hsuan), and in 1203 some of these were armored with iron plates (to the design of another outstanding shipwright Chhin Shih-Fu)...In sum, the navy of the Southern Sung held off the and then the Mongols for nearly two centuries, gaining complete control of the East China Sea.
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through diplomatic means, Jia Sidao ordered Kublai's embassy to be detained. Although Kublai would not forget this slight of imprisoning his ambassadors, he nonetheless had to focus on more pressing affairs with the threat of his brother and rival Khan. From 1260 to 1262 the Song forces raided Kublai's southern border which forced Kublai to retaliate with some minor incursions until 1264, when his brother finally surrendered and ended the civil war. In 1265 the first major battle in five years erupted in
Sichuan province, where Kublai gained a preliminary victory and considerable war booty of 146 Song naval ships.
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most delightful dwelling-places, there to pass the rest of your lives in pleasure and peace...would this not be better than to live a life of peril and uncertainty? So that no shadow of suspicion shall remain between prince and ministers, we will ally our families with marriages, and thus, ruler and subject linked in friendship and amity, we will enjoy tranquility'...The following day, the army commanders all offered their resignations, reporting (imaginary) maladies, and withdrew to the country districts, where the emperor, giving them splendid gifts, appointed them to high official positions.
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3780:. Before the capital was taken, Empress Dowager Xie (1208–1282) made attempts to negotiate with Bayan, promising annual tribute to the Yuan dynasty, but he rejected these proposals. After her attempts at diplomacy had failed, she handed over the Song dynasty's imperial seal to Bayan, "an unambiguous symbol of capitulation." With the submission of Emperor Gong, Bayan ordered that the Song imperial family should be respected, and forbade the pillaging of their imperial tombs or treasuries. Kublai granted the deposed emperor the title "Duke of Ying", but he was eventually exiled to
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2390:, there was a growing opposition to him within the older and more conservative crowd. They disliked his pushing for reforms for the recruitment system, higher pay for minor local officials to discourage against corruption, and wider sponsorship programs to ensure that officials were drafted more on the basis of their intellect and character. However, his reforms were cancelled within a year's time (with Fan replaced as chancellor), since many older officials halfway through their careers were not keen on making changes that could affect their comfortably set positions.
1805:, and in the 1070s the Song had considerable success in capturing Tangut territory. A mood of frontier adventurism permeated Shenzong's court, as well as a desire to reclaim territories he felt belonged to him as the rightful ruler of China; when a Song general led an unprovoked attack on a Western Xia border town, Shenzong appeared at the border to commend the general himself. To punish the Western Xia and damage their economy, Emperor Shenzong also shut down all commercial border markets along the Song-Western Xia border. The scientist and statesman
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2254:. In 1082, after a long period of mutual isolation, King Lý Nhân Tông of Đại Việt returned Yong, Qin, and Lian prefectures back to Song authorities, along with their prisoners of war, and in return Song relinquished its control of four prefectures and the county of Đại Việt, including the Nùng clan's home of Quảng Nguyên. Further negotiations took place from 6 July to 8 August 1084 and were held at Song's Yongping garrison in southern Guangnan, where Vietnamese Director of Military Personnel
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2022:(1010–1225) that lasted from 1075 to 1077. The Song court's interest in maximizing the economic benefits of these frontier zones came into conflict with the Lý dynasty, whose goal was to consolidate their peripheral fiefdoms. In the aftermath, an agreement was negotiated by both sides that fixed the borders; the resulting line of demarcation "would largely remain in place through to the present day", according to James A. Anderson, Associate Professor in the History Department at the
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1693:. The Song also prepared for armed conflict, increasing the overall size of the armed forces to a million soldiers by 1022. By that time, however, the military was consuming three-quarters of the tax revenues gathered by the state, compared to a mere 2 or 3 per cent of state income that would be consumed by just providing the Liao with tribute. Due to these circumstances, intense political rivalries would later arise in the Song court over how to handle these issues.
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Western Xia by war's end in 1044, while both sides had lost tens of thousands of troops. Emperor
Jingzong also conceded to the Song demand that he refer to himself as an inferior subject when addressing the Song, and that he accept Song ritualists to perform official ceremonies at his court. Throughout the war, the Song had maintained a number of fortified military outposts stretching some 480 km (300 mi) from the westernmost prefectures of
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3736:, and Middle Eastern Muslims— contributed to Kublai's siege effort in crafting ships and artillery. On several occasions—August 1269, March 1270, August 1271, and September 1272—the Southern Song attempted to break the Yuan blockade with its own navy, yet each attempt was a costly failure of thousands of men and hundreds of ships. After the siege, in the summer of 1273, Kublai appointed the Chinese general Shi Tianze and Turkic general
2066:(r. 1022–1063) court in 1060, advocating the policy agreed with the Nùng. The Song government rejected his proposal and made the Nùng communities (along with other ethnic groups) official dependents of Song imperial authority, and Nùng Tông Đán's request that the territories under his authority be incorporated into the Song Empire was granted in 1062. In 1059—six years before the Song court's New Policies under Chancellor
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earlier treaty with the
Khitans, in return for the territories south of the Yangzi that had been taken by the Mongols. Kublai rejected the proposal since he was already in a favorable strategic position on the other side of the Yangzi. By the winter of 1259, Uriyangkhadai's army fought its way north to meet Kublai's army. However, Kublai had to suspend the war and travel north with the majority of his forces due to the
3162:, the office labeled as the Yanhai Zhizhi Shisi (Imperial Commissariat for the Control and Organization of Coastal Areas). Even as far back as 1129 officials proposed ambitious plans to conquer Korea with a new navy and use Korea as a base for launching invasions into Jin territory, but this scheme was never achieved and was of secondary importance to maintaining defense along the fluctuating border with Jin.
2484:. Ministers of state who were seen as obstructive to the implementation of Wang's reforms were not all dismissed from the capital to other places (since the emperor needed some critical feedback), but many were. A more extreme example would be "obstructionist" officials sent far to the south to administer regions that were largely tropical, keeping in mind that northern Chinese were often susceptible to
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2144:. On the day that the Vietnamese envoy Lý Kế Tiên prepared to depart from Kaifeng back to Đại Việt, news arrived that Thàn Thiệu Thái had raided Song's Guangnan West Circuit again. Although a plea from a Guangnan official urged Kaifeng to take action, Yingzong left defenses up to local Guangnan forces and labeled Thàn Thiệu Thái as "reckless and mad" in an effort to disassociate him from the Lý court.
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were joined together to make a map of the tu (larger district), and these in turn were joined with others to make a map of the hsiang and the hsien (still larger districts). If there was any trouble about the collection of taxes or the distribution of grain, or if the question of chasing robbers and bandits arose, the provincial officials could readily carry out their duties by the aid of the maps.
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emissary Hao Jing. In 1261 Kublai personally released seventy-five Song merchants captured at the border; in 1263 he released fifty-seven merchants; in 1269 he released forty-five merchants. In 1264 he publicly reprimanded his own officers for executing two Song generals without trial or investigation. With these acts his reputation and legitimacy in the eyes of the
Chinese were greatly enhanced.
1107:. The loss of northern territory and shifting of the capital marks the division of the dynasty into two distinct periods: the Northern Song (960–1127) and the Southern Song (1127–1279). The Southern Song developed a new navy to combat the Jin dynasty formed in the north. The Song dynasty was able to defeat further Jurchen invasions and even fought the Jin dynasty in an erstwhile alliance with the
1813:, Shaanxi province) in 1080 to stave off Tangut military invasion. He successfully defended his fortified position, yet the new Grand Councillor Cai Que held him responsible for the death of a rival Song military officer and the decimation of that officer's forces; as a result, Shen Kuo was ousted from office and the state abandoned the projected land that Shen was able to defend.
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standardize their once irregular tribute missions to visit
Kaifeng now every five years. Shenzong had officials sent from the capital to supervise militiamen in naval training exercises. Shenzong then ordered that all merchants were to cease trade with the subjects of Đại Việt, a further indication of heightened hostility that prompted the Vietnamese court under
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rich in order to raise revenues in a land nationalization scheme. This had the negative effect of alienating the wealthy landowners and hastening the collapse of the empire, as wealthy landlords and merchants favored what they deemed the inevitable Mongol conquest and rule than the other alternative of paying higher taxes for continual, exhaustive warfare.
3154:, a noted interest of the court to expand China's military power and economic influence abroad. Provincial armies in the Northern Song era also maintained naval river units. However, it was the Southern Song court that was the first to create a large, permanent standing naval institution for China in 1132. The new headquarters of the Southern Song Chinese
3040:). To regulate this enormous commercial center, in 1087 the Northern Song government established an office in Quanzhou for the sole purpose of handling maritime affairs and commercial transactions. In this multicultural environment there were many opportunities for subjects in the empire of foreign descent, such as the (Arab or Persian) Muslim
3791:, who was nine years old, was declared emperor on June 14, 1276, in Fuzhou. The court sought refuge in Quanzhou, seeking an alliance with the Superintendent of Maritime Shipping, the Muslim Pu Shougeng. However, he secretly formed an alliance with Kublai, so the Song court was forced to flee in 1277. Pu defected after Song general
3271:). He also commended the silk manufactured at Quanzhou as being unparalleled in the world for its quality, while the Chinese capital at Hangzhou was best known throughout the Islamic world for being a major producer of glass wares. By at least the 13th century, the Chinese were even familiar with the story of the ancient
1663:. However, their forces were greatly overextended and any possible escape route was in danger of being blocked by Song forces. Eventually, the completion of the 'Great Ditch' as an effective defensive blockade which slowed the advance of Liao cavalry forced the Liao to request a truce. Negotiations resulted in the
2222:, their forces beheaded the Governor-General of Guangnan West Circuit, Zhang Shoujie (d. 1076). After a forty-two-day siege, Yongzhou was breached and razed to the ground. When Song forces attempted to challenge the Vietnamese forces, the latter retreated, with their spoils of war and thousands of prisoners.
3938:(1679–1748) translated it shortly after in 1737. It was later edited and published by the Jesuit Abbé, Jean Baptiste Gabriel Alexandre Grosier (1743–1823), in part with Le Roux des Hauterays, where a thirteenth volume and a title page were added. It was also translated and published by the Jesuit astronomer
2014:(Nùng Trí Cao) (1025–1053) attempted to establish his own frontier kingdom in 1042, 1048, and 1052, creating a disturbance on Song's southern border that prompted an invasion against Nong Zhigao/Nùng Trí Cao's forces in the 1050s. This invasion resulted in the Song conquest of border regions inhabited by
2591:. To further this image of Wang as a great and honorable statesman, printed and painted pictures of him were circulated throughout the country. Yet this cycle of revenge and partisanship continued after Zhezong and Huizong, as Reformers and Conservatives continued their infighting. Huizong's successor,
1671:), which fixed the borders of the Song and Liao as they were before the conflict. The Khitan rulers also wanted to intermarry with the Zhao family line of the Song, an offer that the Song refused in favor of a nominal and figurative imperial kinship. However, the treaty required the Song to make annual
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While Kublai attended to other matters in the north, the Song court was mobilizing its populace for war and all available resources that could be rendered and drained into the war effort. In the mid 13th century, the Song government led by Jia Sidao began confiscating portions of estates owned by the
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and his own forces needed in the north against the rival Khagan claimant Ariq Böke, Kublai was unable to focus on hostilities in the south. On May 21, 1260, Kublai sent his envoy Hao Jing and two other advisors to negotiate with the
Southern Song. Upon their arrival and attempts to solve the conflict
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The
Western Xia met a similar fate, becoming an unreliable vassal to the Mongols by seeking to secure alliances with Jin and Song. Genghis Khan had died in 1227 during the 5-month siege of their capital city, and being held somewhat responsible for this, the last Xia ruler was hacked to death when he
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on the throne, a peace settlement was negotiated between Jin and the Mongol forces in 1214, as
Genghis made the Jin a vassal state of the Mongol Empire. However, when the Jin court moved from Beijing to Kaifeng, Genghis saw this move as a revolt, and moved upon the old Jin capital at Beijing in 1215,
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This poem can be interpreted as criticizing the failure of the salt monopoly established by Wang Anshi, embodied in the persona of a hard-working old man who was cruelly denied his means to flavor his food, with the severity of the laws and the only salt available being charged at rates that were too
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officer in-law to the
Vietnamese court through marriage alliance—raided the Song frontier for cattle and militia recruits. He succeeded in taking the Song military leader Yang Baocai hostage, and in autumn of 1060 Song troops were sent into the frontier to rescue the general but he was not found. The
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in the east. This was essentially a series of canals meant to block the advance of Liao cavalry far from the northern border line, although the Liao perceived this engineering project as a means for the Song to dispatch offensive forces more efficiently via new waterways. In 999 the Liao began annual
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governments were often established, the same number of prefectures and provinces were in existence as before the Song came to power. Thus although more people were taking exams, roughly the same number were being accepted into the government as in previous periods, making the civil service exams very
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in exile from the court; while en route to Fujian, he was killed by the same commander that was appointed to accompany him. After his death many of his supporters and opposing ministers submitted to Bayan. By 1276 the Yuan army had conquered nearly all of the Southern Song's territory, including the
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In March 1275 the forces of Bayan faced the army of Chancellor Jia Sidao, which was 130,000 strong; the result was a decisive victory for Bayan, and Jia was forced to retreat after many deserted him. This was the opportune moment for his political rivals to smite him. Jia was effectively stripped of
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and Champa to go to war again in 1076. At the same time, the Song commander Guo Kui (1022–1088) led the combined Song force of approximately 100,000 men against Dai Viet. The Song quickly regained Quảng Nguyên prefecture and in the process captured the resistance leader Lưu Ký. By 1077, the Song had
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The Guangnan West Circuit Fiscal Commissioner, Wang Han (fl. 1043–1063), feared that Nùng Trí Cao's kinsmen Nùng Tông Đán intended to plunder the region after he crossed the Song border in 1057. Wang Han took a personal visit to Nùng Tông Đán's camp and spoke with Nùng Trí Cao's son, explaining that
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After Li Jipeng (aka Zhao Baozhong), a Tangut prince who had submitted to the Song dynasty, raided Xia's territory and destroyed some fortified settlements in 1034, the Tanguts under Li Yuanhao (1003–1048) retaliated. On 12 September 1034 the Tanguts raided Qingzhou in Huanqing Circuit, but later Li
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Relations between the Song and Liao remained tense and hostile: in 986 the Song sent three armies against the Liao in an effort to take advantage of an infant emperor and recapture the Sixteen Prefectures, but the Liao successfully repulsed all three armies. Following this, diplomatic relations were
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staffed with civilian scholar-officials and regional military governors and their supporters were replaced by centrally appointed officials. This system of civilian rule led to a greater concentration of power in the central government headed by the emperor than had been possible during the previous
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for the next two months into the autumn of 1259. Kublai made a daring advance across the river during a storm, and assaulted the Southern Song troops on the other side. Both sides suffered considerable casualties, but Kublai's troops were victorious and gained a foothold south of the Yangzi. Kublai
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was launched. His army consisted of fifty thousand bowmen, while his three sons led armies of similar size. Patricia Ebrey writes that at this point the Mongol population could not have been greater than 1.5 million, yet they boosted their numbers by employing Khitans and Han Chinese "who felt
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while a naval fleet commanded by Lý Thường Kiệt captured Qinzhou and Lianzhou prefectures. Lý Thường Kiệt calmed the apprehensions of the local Chinese populace, claiming that he was simply apprehending a rebel who took refuge in China and that the local Song authorities had refused to cooperate in
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Yuan Hsieh (d. +1220) was Director-General of governmental grain stores. In pursuance of his schemes for the relief of famines he issued orders that each pao (village) should prepare a map which would show the fields and mountains, the rivers and the roads in fullest detail. The maps of all the pao
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Low-cost loans for farmers and replaced the labor service with a tax instead, hoping this would ultimately help the workings of the entire economy and state (as he directly linked state income to the level of prosperity of rural peasants who owned farms, produced goods for the market, and paid the
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After students passed the often difficult, bureaucratic, and heavily demanding Imperial Exams, as they became officials, they did not always see eye to eye with others that had passed the same examination. Even though they were fully-fledged graduates ready for government service, there was always
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to thank Song for putting down local rebellions and to negotiate terms of peace, they instructed their agents to gather intelligence on the alleged Champa alliance and the strength of Song's military presence in the Guangnan Western Circuit. Two Vietnamese envoys were permitted to offer tribute to
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holding of the Liao dynasty did not increase with the tribute either, since the Song exported many goods annually to the Liao, dwarfing the amount of imported goods from Liao. Therefore, much of the silver sent to Liao as tribute was used to pay for Song Chinese goods, and the silver wound up back
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payments to the Liao and recognize Liao equality with the Song. The tribute consisted of 283 kg (100,000 oz) of silver along with 200,000 bolts of silk, increasing to 500,000 units by 1042. However, even with the increase in 1042, the Song economy was not damaged by this enforced tribute. The
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and were the last fortified obstacles in Kublai's way towards the rich Yangzi River basin. Kublai made an attempt to starve the city of its supply lines by gaining naval supremacy along the Han River in a gigantic blockade. It was the Song defector Liu Zheng who was the main proponent in advising
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In his New Policies sponsored by Shenzong, Wang Anshi enhanced central authority over Song's frontier administrations, increased militia activity, increased troop levels and war horses sent to the frontiers (including the border areas with Đại Việt), and actively sought loyal supporters in border
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Yingzong died on 8 January 1067, and was replaced by Emperor Shenzong (r. 1067–1085), who like his father, heaped rewards on Vietnamese leaders but was more observant of the Vietnamese delegations. When Vietnamese envoys arrived in Kaifeng to congratulate Shenzong on his ascension, he sent lavish
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The emperor said, 'The life of man is short. Happiness is to have the wealth and means to enjoy life, and then to be able to leave the same prosperity to one's descendents. If you, my officers, will renounce your military authority, retire to the provinces, and choose there the best lands and the
1340:) over the region, a seat that became hereditary (forming the Xi-Xia dynasty). Although the Song state was evenly matched against the Liao dynasty, the Song gained significant military victories against the Western Xia (who would eventually fall to the Mongol conquest of Genghis Khan in 1227).
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There was also mounting political opposition against Chancellor Jia Sidao. Jia had purged several dissident officials who were opposed to his reforms aimed at limiting official corruption and personal profiteering. When he replaced some of these officials with his own cronies, however, political
3602:
Möngke's death in battle led to the recall of the main Mongol armies led by Hulagu campaigning in the Middle East and sparked a succession crisis that would ultimately favor Kublai as the new Khan of the Mongols. Hulagu had to travel back to Mongolia in order to partake in the traditional tribal
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taller than Kaifeng's walls in order to lob incendiary bombs into the city. The besieged city was captured by the Jurchens in less than two months. Three thousand members of the Emperor's court were taken as captives, including Qinzong and many of his relatives, craftsmen, engineers, goldsmiths,
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covers the people, places, and events of Chinese history from the beginning of the Warring States in 403 BC until the beginning of the Song dynasty in 959. Its size, brevity, and scope has often been compared to the groundbreaking work of Chinese historiography compiled by the ancient historian
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and the naming of his dynasty with the Chinese word for "primal" ("Yuan"). He made it a policy to grant land, clothing, and oxen to Song Chinese who defected to his side. Kublai Khan chose the moral high ground of releasing Song captives and prisoners while Jia Sidao refused to release Kublai's
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Kublai's absence from the war front was seen by Chancellor Jia Sidao as an opportune moment, so he ordered to resume armed conflict. The Song army routed the small armed detachment that Kublai had stationed south of the Yangzi, and the Song regained its lost territory. With his ally Hulagu busy
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in 1141 that fixed the borders at the Huai River, as well as conceded territory regained through the efforts of Yue Fei, while Yue was killed during imprisonment. As part of the treaty, the Song were also forced to pay tribute to the Jin, much as it had to the Liao. With the treaty of Shaoxing,
1343:
After political consolidation through military conquest, Emperor Taizu held a famous banquet inviting many of the high-ranking military officers that had served him in Song's various conquests. As his military officers drank wine and feasted with Taizu, he spoke to them about the potential of a
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to lead the reinforcements in the defense of Ezhou, and on October 5 Lü slipped past Kublai's ill-prepared forces and entered the city. Jia Sidao then sent his general and emissary Song Jing to negotiate a tributary settlement with Kublai. He offered Kublai annual tribute of silver like in the
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From a total of 11 squadrons and 3,000 men rose in one century to 20 squadrons totalling 52,000 men, with its main base near Shanghai. The regular striking force could be supported at need by substantial merchantmen; thus in the campaign of 1161 some 340 ships of this kind participated in the
3044:, the Commissioner of Merchant Shipping for Quanzhou between 1250 and 1275. Pu Shougeng had gained his reputable position by helping the Chinese destroy pirate forces that plagued the area, and so was lavished with gifts and appraisal from Chinese merchants and officials. Quanzhou soon rivaled
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The war was costly and the Song state had to raise the taxes by fifty per cent in the Hubei, Hedong and Shanxi circuits. Even after the end of the conflict, maintaining standing army in the resource-poor northern regions placed a heavy burden on the economy. Defence expenditures amounted to 50
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1030–1050), and on 9 January 1039 the Song shut down its border markets and soon after a reward of 100,000 strings of coin was offered to anyone who could capture Emperor Jingzong. Although he won impressive victories in the initial phase of the war, Jingzong gained no additional territory for
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As a result, Thường Kiệt made peace overtures to the Song; the Song commander Guo Kui agreed to withdraw his troops, but kept five disputed regions of Quảng Nguyên (renamed Shun'anzhou or Thuận Châu), Tư Lang Châu, Môn Châu, Tô Mậu Châu, and Quảng Lăng. These areas now comprise most of modern
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The Quảng Nguyên chieftain Lưu Ký launched an unexpected attack against Yongzhou in 1075, which was repelled by the Song's Vietnamese officer Nùng Trí Hội in charge of Guihua. Shenzong then sought to cement an alliance with the "Five Clans" of northern Guangnan by issuing an edict which would
1995:, replaced the house of Lê in November 1009, and Song China continued recognizing the Lý monarchs like their predecessors. Vietnamese tributary envoys sent to China horses, jades, and received back books, sutras, clothes and gold belts. In 1014, Đại Việt engaged in a border conflict with the
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made into a standard and required reading for students hoping to pass the state examinations. This and other reforms of Wang's were too much for some officials to bear idly, as there were many administrative disagreements, along with many personal interests at stake. In any case, the rising
3363:. This forced the reluctant Jin court to withdraw its troops from southern China to quell these uprisings. In the end, Wanyan Liang failed in taking the Southern Song and was assassinated by his own generals in December 1161. The Khitan uprising was not suppressed until 1164, while the
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further north. With the border fixed at the Huai, the Song government would promote an immigration policy of repopulating and resettling territories north of the Yangzi River, since vast tracts of vacant land between the Yangzi and Huai were open for landless peasants found in
3219:, the Chinese increased the number of trade missions that would dock at ports throughout the Indian Ocean, where Arab and Hindu influence was once predominant. The Chinese sailed regularly to Korea and Japan in the Far East, westwards towards India and Sri Lanka, and into the
2094:
Song court appointed Yu Jing (余靖; 1000–1064) as a new military commissioner of the Guangnan region and charged him with the task of quelling the unrest caused by Thân Thiệu Tháii. Yu Jing also sent an agent to Champa to enlist Cham aid against the Song's enemies in Guangnan.
3085:, massive numbers of people came from the north. Unlike the flat plains of the north, the mountainous terrain riddled with lakes and rivers in southern China is largely a hindrance and inhospitable to widespread agriculture. Therefore, the Southern Song took on a unique
2155:
gifts to the Lý court, including a golden belt, silver ingots, 300 bolts of silk, two horses, a saddle inlaid with gold and silver plating, and on 9 February 1067 bestowed the Vietnamese ruler Lý Thánh Tông with the official title "King of the Southern Pacified Region" (
3840:
3531:. From the summer of 1253 to early 1254, the campaigns were successful in conquering and pacifying the tribes, with Uriyangkhadai's military experience proving invaluable in battle. After Kublai's return to northern China, Uriyangkhadai conquered neighboring tribes in
3694:
conditions were ripe for a schism at court and within the gentry class that would be favorable to a strong, unified force led by Kublai. Kublai used various ploys and gestures in order to entice defectors from the Southern Song to his side. Kublai Khan established
2171:: Nam Bình Vương). Shenzong also countered Nùng Tông Đán's defection by recognizing his kinsman Nùng Trí Hội as the Nùng clan leader in 1069, giving him a title similar to Tông Đán's and command over Guihua prefecture (also known as Wuyang grotto settlement).
6604:
2587:(r. 1100–1125) succeeded him, and also supported the Reformers at court. Huizong banned the writing of Sima Guang and his lackeys while elevating Wang Anshi to near revered status, having a statue of Wang erected in a Confucian temple alongside a statue of
3456:. Several tens of thousands of carts full of grain were sent to the Mongol army during the siege. Following the destruction of the Jin dynasty in 1234, the Southern Song generals broke the alliance, proceeding to recapture the three historical capitals of
1632:
attacks on Song positions, though with no breakthrough victories. The Liao were interested in capturing the Guannan region of northern Hebei, both because the Song general Zhou Shizong had taken it from them and because it contained strategic passes.
1684:
Until the Song dynasty took advantage of a large rebellion within the Liao Kingdom in 1125, the Song had to conduct cordial relations with the Liao. Skilled ambassadors were sent on missions to court the Liao and maintain peace, such as the renowned
1047:
weapons. However, it was also a period of political and military turmoil, with opposing and often aggressive political factions formed at court that impeded political, social, and economic progress. The frontier management policies of the Chancellor
3468:. However, the cities, ravaged by years of warfare, lacked economic capacity and yielded little defensibility. This breaking of alliance meant open warfare between the Mongols and the Song dynasty. Ögodei Khan's forces conquered fifty-four out of
3089:
presence that was largely unseen in earlier dynasties, grown out of the need to secure importation of foreign resources. Commercial cities (located along the coast and by internal rivers), backed by patronage of the state, dramatically increased
2385:
of Xi-Xia) but as a minister of state he was known as an idealist, once saying that a well-minded official should be one that was "first in worrying about the world's troubles and last in enjoying its pleasures". When Fan rose to the seat of
2190:(1019–1105) publicly announced that Wang's policies were deliberate efforts to seize and control their border frontiers. Tensions between Song and Lý were critical, and in these conditions any sign of hostility had potential to ignite a war.
2186:
regions who could heighten the pace of extraction of local resources for the state's disposal. Officials at court debated the merits or faults of Wang's policies, yet criticism of his reforms even appeared in Đại Việt, where the high officer
3419:. According to the account of 1232, written by the Jin commander Chizhan Hexi, the Jurchens led a valiant effort against the Mongols, whom they frightened and demoralized in the siege of the capital by the use of 'thunder-crash-bombs' and
3241:), from where people with skin "as black as lacquer" and with frizzy hair were captured and purchased as slaves by Arab merchants. As an important maritime trader, China appeared also on geographical maps of the Islamic world. In 1154 the
2849:
rivers) became a new borderland and battleground between Song and Jin from 1128 to 1141, displacing hundreds of thousands of families who had lived there for generations. The Southern Song deployed several military commanders, among them
3963:. Divided into 1000 volumes of 9.4 million written Chinese characters, this book provided important information on political essays of the period, extensive autobiographies on rulers and various subjects, as well as a multitude of
3227:. The Chinese were keen to import goods such as rare woods, precious metals, gems, spices, and ivory, while exporting goods such as silk, ceramics, lacquer-ware, copper cash, dyes, and even books. In 1178, the Guangzhou customs officer
1445:
alone, the Song court had roughly 1,500 volumes written about the nuanced rules, regulations, and guidelines for their reception. The Song also sent envoys abroad, such as Wang Yande (939–1006), who was sent as an official envoy to the
2955:
in medieval India had waned and declined, Chinese sailors and seafarers began to increase their own maritime activity in South East Asia and into the Indian Ocean. Even during the earlier Northern Song period, when it was written in
2655:
with the Jurchens for the purpose of annihilating the Liao. This balance of power disrupted, the Jurchens then turned on the Song, resulting in the fall of the Northern Song and the subsequent establishment of the Southern Song.
2480:'. He gathered to his side ministers who were loyal to his policies and cause, an elite social coalition known as the New Policies Group (新法, Xin Fa). He had many able and powerful supporters, such as the scientist and statesman
3415:
sacking and burning it. Although the now small Jin state attempted to defend against the Mongols and even fought battles with the Song in 1216 and 1223, the Jin were attacked by the Mongols again in 1229 with the ascension of
2894:
hostilities ceased between the Jin and Song dynasties for the next two decades. In the meantime, Emperor Gaozong negotiated with the Jin over his mother's ransom while he commissioned a symbolic art project about her, the
1173:
with the support of military commanders in 960, initiating the Song dynasty. Upon taking the throne, his first goal was the reunification of China after half a century of political division. This included the conquests of
1828:'s reforms, and halting all negotiations with the Tanguts of the Western Xia. This resulted in continued armed conflict between the Song dynasty and the Western Xia. In 1099, the Northern Song launched a campaign into
1344:
military coup against him like those of Five Dynasties era. His military officers protested against this notion, and insisted that none were as qualified as him to lead the country. The passage of this account in the
2667:
rivers. They were positioned in an ideal location for horse raising, and were known to muster ten thousand horses a year to sell annually to the Khitans of the Liao dynasty. They even had a martial history of being
3558:
in 1258. While Chinese source material incorrectly stated that Uriyangkhadai withdrew from Vietnam after nine days due to poor climate, his forces did not leave until 1259. In 1259, Uriyangkhadai's forces attacked
2663:, the Jurchen tribe to the north (once subordinates to the Liao), revolted against their Khitan masters. The Jurchen community already had a reputation of great economic clout in their own region of the Liao and
3198:. Indeed, the court administration at Hangzhou lived up to this ideal, and were successful for a time in employing their navy to defend their interests against an often hostile neighbor to the north. In his
2968:
had been completely taken in 1025 by Chola's naval strength, the succeeding king of Srivijaya managed to send tribute to the Chinese Northern Song court in 1028. Much later, in 1077, the Indian Chola ruler
3048:(the greatest maritime port of the earlier Tang dynasty) as a major trading center during the late Northern Song. However, Guangzhou had not fully lost its importance. The medieval Arab maritime captain
2476:
Reminded of the earlier Fan Zhongyan, Wang was not about to allow ministers who opposed his reforms to have sway at court, and with his prowess (and perceived arrogance) was known as 'the bullheaded
4639:
2492:
was persecuted in 1079 when he was arrested and forced into five weeks of interrogation. Finally, he confessed under guarded watch that he had slandered the emperor in his poems. One of them read:
1427:
instead of water (because liquid mercury would not freeze during winter). Emperor Taizu was also quite open-minded in his affairs, especially with those perceived as foreigners: he appointed the
2862:(or Bianjing as the city was known during the Song period), the former capital of the Song dynasty and the then southern capital of the Jin, after a streak of uninterrupted military victories.
2038:(1008–1061) crushed the border rebellion of Nùng Trí Cao in 1053. During the two decades of relative regional peace that followed, the Vietnamese observed the threat of Song expansion, as more
1753:
Yuanhao released Song officers and soldiers he had captured; by 29 January 1035 relations were restored when Li Yuanhao sent tribute of fifty horses to the Song court and requested a copy of a
2568:
Province. More than thirty of his associates were also given minor punishments for not reporting his slanderous poems to authorities before they were widely circulated to the educated public.
2579:
over him. She disliked Wang's reforms from the beginning, and sought to appoint more Conservative officials at court who would agree to oppose the Reformists. Her greatest political ally was
6377:
Huiping Pang, "Nansonghuayuan zhi shengshezhizhi yu houshi xiangxiang" (The Organization of the So-called Southern Song Painting Academy as a Post-1279 Imaginary Construct), Gugong Xuekan (
4963:
4634:
1844:
regime since the 10th century. By 1116, Song managed to acquire all of its territory and incorporated it into prefectures; the area became the westernmost frontier against the Western Xia.
2439:
Introduction of a local militia in order to lessen the budget of expenses paid for upholding the official standing army, which had grown dramatically to roughly 1 million soldiers by 1022.
2448:
The poetry requirement of the civil service examination (introduced during the earlier Tang dynasty) was scrapped in order to seek out men with more practical experience and knowledge.
2373:
Factional strife at court first became apparent during the 1040s. The unsuccessful war with Tanguts and the mounting economic pressures prompted the first reform movement of the Song:
1790:. Since the Song could not rely on water obstacle defenses in this region—like the Great Ditch of Hebei used against Liao—they instead garrisoned the wide expanse with a recorded 200
3339:
along the Yangtze River, Jin forces were defeated by the Southern Song navy. In these battles, the Jin navy was wiped out by the much smaller Song fleet because of their use of fast
6609:. Frankfurt am Main: Institut für Geschichte der Arabisch-Islamischen Wissenschaften (Institute for the History of Arabic-Islamic Science at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University).
6168:
Medieval Researches from Eastern Asiatic Sources: Fragments Towards the Knowledge of the Geography and History of Central and Western Asia from the 13th to the 17th Century, Vol. 1
2445:
Introduction of the Finance Planning Commission, created in mind to speed up the reform process so that dissident Conservatives would have less time to react and oppose reforms.
1234:
on 23 January 971, thus forcing the submission of Southern Han and terminating the first and last elephant corps that would make up a regular division within a Chinese army.
6366:
Huiping Pang, "Zouchu gongqiang: you huajiashisanke tan nansong gongtinghuashi de mingjjan xing" (Get out of the Palace: From Southern Song Court Painters to Folk Limners),
3740:
as the commander-in-chief of the armed forces. However, Shi Tianze died in 1275; Bayan was then granted a force of 200,000 (composed mostly of Han Chinese) to assault Song.
2915:. As a means to shame those who had pressed for his execution (Qin Hui and his wife), iron statues of them were crafted to kneel before the tomb of Yue Fei, located at the
2771:
and maintenance engineers that would cause a setback in technical advances for the Song court. According to the contemporary Xia Shaozeng, other war booty included 20,000
2538:
2500:
2086:
1382:
to update and 're-write all the Tu Jing in the world'; a daunting task for one individual. Nonetheless, he traveled throughout the provinces to collect illustrative
6969:
6151:
Anderson, James A. (2008). "'Treacherous Factions': Shifting Frontier Alliances in the Breakdown of Sino-Vietnamese Relations on the Eve of the 1075 Border War", in
3591:
on August 11, 1259. There are several different claims as to how he died; the causes of death include either an arrow wound from a Chinese archer during the siege,
3452:
Following the death of Gaozong and the emergence of the Mongols, the Song dynasty formed a military alliance with the Mongols in the hope of finally defeating the
2282:
2042:
settlers moved into areas which the Vietnamese relied upon for the extraction of natural resources. Initially, a division of Di Qing's soldiers (originally from
4589:
Dar, Ku Boon (2019). "The Tributary Relations between China's Song Dynasty and Vietnam's Dinh, Le and Ly Dynasties: Effects on Their Political Sustainability".
1721:; edict plates were used to send urgent documents and messages, under imperial orders. When these matching pieces are joined, they prove the bearer's identity.
3056:
toured Guangzhou in 993, and was an avid visitor to China. There were other notable international seaports in China during the Song period as well, including
2442:
The creation of a new government bureau in 1073 called the Directorate of Weapons, which supervised the manufacture of armaments and ensured quality control.
2266:
Relations between Vietnam and Song China afterwards were generally at peace until the Mongol conquest. In 1125, a Vietnamese envoy came to the Song capital
1619:
resumed. Relations between Song and Liao worsened in the 990s. From 993 to 1004, the Liao observed the Song as the latter built a 'Great Ditch' in northern
3364:
2885:
and had a good chance of being recalled to the throne should the Jin dynasty be destroyed. Although Yue Fei had penetrated into enemy territory as far as
1773:" and to cease paying tribute to Song to affirm his new status. The Xia began attacks on Song's borders which were repulsed by Song commander Lu Shouqin (
2735:. The eunuch general Tong Guan, who had initially urged for an alliance with the Jurchens, was blamed for causing the war. He was eventually executed by
2397:"Children Playing in an Autumn Courtyard" (秋庭婴戏图), close-up detail of a larger vertical-scroll painting on silk by Su Hanchen (苏汉臣, active 1130-1160s AD)
3623:
Although Möngke's forces stalled the war effort immediately after his death, his younger brother Kublai continued to fight the Southern Song along the
2136:(r.1063–1067); Vietnamese envoys arrived in Kaifeng again to congratulate Yingzong on his ascension, and on 7 April 1063, Yingzong sent gifts such as
3728:
Kublai Khan to expand the Yuan's naval strength, which was a great factor in their success. An international force – composed of Chinese, Jurchens,
2700:(or 'Golden') dynasty in 1115. The Song government took notice of the political dissidence of the Jurchens in Liao's territory, as Council of State
1218:(d. 1000), the early Song military became the dominant force in China. Innovative military tactics, such as defending supply lines across floating
1064:, which was fought to a mutual draw and concluded with a peace treaty in 1082. To the northwest the Song Empire frequently fought battles with the
2837:
The new triangular arrangement between the Southern Song, Jin, and Western Xia continued the age of division and conflict in China. The region of
3139:
3049:
2413:
that criticized the practices of state schools and the examination system itself. With Wang as his new chancellor, he quickly implemented Wang's
2750:
However, the Jin returned soon after with enough siege machinery to scale Kaifeng's layer of walls defended by 48,000 Song troops. The Jin used
1791:
3255:, where he described the Chinese seagoing vessels as having aboard goods such as iron, swords, leather, silk, velvet, along with textiles from
2286:
1207:
2201:
in Vietnam, where the Đại Việt's capital of Thăng Long was located, and which Song forces nearly besieged before both sides agreed to withdraw
6757:
2078:
reorganized northern frontier administrative units and raised new militias. This bolstered his kingdom's strength in a time of conflict with
3637:
2858:, to resist the Jin as well as recapture territory, which proved successful at times. Yue Fei in particular had been preparing to recapture
7183:
3367:(隆興和議) was signed in 1165 between Song and Jin, reestablishing the 1142 border line and ushering in four decades of peace between the two.
3228:
2356:
7787:
7511:
7450:
7342:
6957:
1366:), which steadily increased to roughly 80,000 by the end of the century, and to 400,000 exam takers during the 13th century. Although new
1379:
17:
3138:
in 208), and even during the Northern Song era there were concerns with naval matters, as seen in examples such as the Chinese official
2218:
detaining him. In the early spring of 1076, Thường Kiệt and Nùng Tông Đản defeated the Song militia of Yongzhou, and during a battle at
7639:
3147:
2981:, and made lucrative profits in selling goods to China. There were other tributary payers from other regions of the world as well. The
1656:
1032:
975:
915:
7177:
3186:
Capturing the essence of the day, the Song era writer Zhang Yi once wrote in 1131 that China must regard the Sea and the River as her
2790:
in 1127. Jin forces halted at the Yangzi River, but staged continual raids south of the river until a later boundary was fixed at the
2904:(b. 177). Gaozong's mother was eventually released and brought south, but Qinzong was never freed from his confinement in the north.
2712:, and agreed to jointly invade the Liao, and if successful, divide up Liao territory with the Sixteen Prefectures given to the Song.
3069:
1318:. Song military forces then turned north against the Northern Han, which fell to Song forces in 979. However, efforts to take the
2433:
Government monopolies on tea, salt, and wine in order to raise state revenues (although this would now limit the merchant class).
1975:(941–1005), who later was elected as the new king of the Vietnamese and also was recognized by the Chinese Empire. Lê Hoàn's son
6818:
2308:
sent a new tributary envoy to Song China, giving the Chinese court gifts of gold, silver, elephant teeth, and incense. In 1164,
1769:(r. 1038–1048), and on 10 November 1038 he sent an envoy to the Song capital in order to gain recognition for his new title as "
1749:(r. 1005–1032) had initially attacked the Song, but later sought peaceful relations which brought economic benefits until 1038.
1407:
Taizu also displayed a strong interest in science and technology. He employed the Imperial Workshop to support such projects as
7751:
3935:
1025:
605:
4940:
7652:
6686:
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6475:
6460:
6442:
6422:
6182:
6160:
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in 1161, with 70,000 naval troops aboard 600 warships facing a smaller Song fleet of only 120 warships and 3,000 men. At the
1521:
905:
2320:(安南國王). That Chinese designation for Vietnamese monarchs would continue until 1804. Four years later in the spring of 1168,
7079:
7064:
7051:
7016:
6981:
6952:
3994:
3016:
was already a bustling port of call visited by a plethora of different foreigners, from Muslim Arabs, Persians, Egyptians,
1762:
1128:
478:
468:
1968:
7899:
3955:
3815:
monument in Kowloon commemorates his enthronement. On March 19, 1279, the Song army was defeated in its last battle, the
3472:'s fifty-eight total districts by 1236, while ordering the slaughter of over a million people that inhabited the city of
3447:
947:
109:
4532:
3831:
is said to have taken the boy emperor in his arms and jumped from his sinking ship into the sea, drowning both of them.
3807:. The older brother became ill and died on May 8, 1278, at age ten, and was succeeded by his younger brother who became
3681:
of the Mongol Empire from 1260 to 1271. From 1271 until his death in 1294 he was the emperor of China, establishing the
7084:
5811:
5728:
5703:
3376:
2731:
and sheets of iron plating so that Jin troops could be ferried to the walls safely to fill in Taiyuan city's defensive
99:
1611:(r. 976–997), so much so that his top military commanders orchestrated an aborted coup to replace him with his nephew
6848:
6750:
6711:
6656:
6632:
6614:
6582:
6553:
6515:
6393:
6321:
6293:
6279:
6254:
6239:
6224:
6145:
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4004:
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1378:) so that his central administration could easily discern how to handle affairs in the provinces. In 971, he ordered
776:
4920:
7726:
7074:
6964:
6539:
Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 3: Civil Engineering and Nautics
6359:
Huiping Pang, "Nansong gongting huashi zhi gongzhi moshi yanjiu" (How Did Court Painters Serve in Southern Song?),
2123:
The Vietnamese court discovered the Song's secret attempt to ally with Champa; while Dai Viet sent a delegation to
6488:
Mostern, Ruth. (2008). "From Battlefields to Counties: War, Border, and State Power in Southern Song Huainan", in
6330:"East Asian History Sourcebook: Chinese Accounts of Rome, Byzantium and the Middle East, c. 91 B.C.E. – 1643 C.E."
4186:"East Asian History Sourcebook: Chinese Accounts of Rome, Byzantium and the Middle East, c. 91 B.C.E. – 1643 C.E."
3795:
seized his ships and properties after Pu refused to lend Zhang ships for the war. The court then sought refuge in
2704:(1054–1126) persuaded the emperor to ally with the Jurchens against the Liao. The two nations secretly forged the
2896:
1959:
However, when Vietnam was politically unstable in 980, the Chinese Emperor sent a 40,000 man-strong force led by
1766:
1237:
530:
6806:
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4617:
3584:
3380:
1480:
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920:
5746:
First Congress of the Asian Association of World Historians 29–31 May 2009 Osaka University Nakanoshima-Center
2258:(fl. 1075–1096) convinced Song to fix the two countries' borders between Quảng Nguyên and Guihua prefectures.
2054:
seeking "Interior Dependency" status would alienate them from the Vietnamese, but if they remained outside of
1362:
dynasties. In the early 11th century, there were some 30,000 men who took the prefectural exams per year (see
1016:
from the middle of the 10th century into the last quarter of the 13th century. The dynasty was established by
7612:
6910:
6801:
6350:
Huiping Pang, "Strange Weather: Art, Politics, and Climate Change in the Middle of Emperor Huizong's Reign",
3037:
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and erected in 1094 was also disassembled and its components carted back north, along with many clock-making
1893:
942:
868:
803:
6532:
Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 2: Mechanical Engineering
1575:) were relatively peaceful in the first two decades after Song was founded, the disputed territories of the
7110:
6779:
6743:
6352:
3967:
and decrees brought forth to the imperial court. However, the official history of the Song dynasty was the
3712:
3130:). With military defense and economic policy in mind, the Southern Song established China's first standing
2865:
However, the possible defeat of the Jurchens threatened the power of the new emperor of the Southern Song,
2023:
1374:
Emperor Taizu also found other ways to consolidate and strengthen his power, including updated map-making (
1132:
1005:
878:
3776:
was left behind as the empress dowager submitted to Bayan, horrified by reports of the total slaughter of
3008:, establishing diplomatic relations between Egypt and China that had been lost during the collapse of the
7571:
7102:
7098:
7024:
6996:
3543:
3453:
2779:
2414:
2344:
2325:
2274:
2187:
1709:
930:
687:
68:
6937:
1141:
The conquest of the Song dynasty from 960 to 979 which ended the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period.
7850:
6986:
6796:
6678:
6434:
5358:
4983:
935:
6525:
Science and Civilization in China: Volume 3, Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth
4908:
4576:
1944:
1927:
6858:
6697:
Return to the City of Light: Quanzhou, an eastern city shining with the splendour of medieval culture
4946:
4622:
3881:
3513:
3509:
3347:
and bombs had been known in China since the 10th century). Meanwhile, two simultaneous rebellions of
3033:
3012:
in 907 (while the Fatimid state was established three years later in 910). During the Northern Song,
2931:
1222:
led to success in battle such as the Song assault against the Southern Tang state while crossing the
961:
898:
863:
436:
132:
42:
6399:
Lo, Jung-Pang. "The Emergence of China as a Sea Power During the Late Sung and Early Yuan Periods",
2595:, abolished once more the New Policies, and favored ministers of the Conservative faction at court.
2128:
the court of Renzong in Kaifeng, arriving on 8 February 1063 to deliver gifts, including nine tamed
642:
7434:
7189:
6843:
6811:
6647:
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3893:
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3788:
3272:
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2978:
2908:
2406:
2393:
2309:
2133:
1802:
1604:
1495:
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281:
3787:
Any hope of resistance was centered on two young princes, Emperor Gong's brothers. The older boy,
3619:
Painting of Kublai Khan on a hunting expedition with guards, by court artist Liu Guandao, c. 1280.
2251:
1326:
to the immediate north instead. To the far northwest, the Tanguts had been in power over northern
1226:
in 974. Using a mass of arrow fire from crossbowmen, Song forces were able to defeat the renowned
7696:
7465:
7040:
6873:
3971:, compiled in 1345 during the Yuan dynasty. The recorded history of the Jurchen Jin dynasty, the
3427:
3411:
2874:
2866:
2830:
2787:
2736:
2660:
2629:
2592:
2584:
2572:
2381:(989–1052). Fan was a capable military leader (with successful battles in his record against the
2340:
2063:
1979:
succeeded him and ruled the country from 1005 to 1009, sent tributes to Song China, brought many
1949:
1817:
1608:
1560:
1253:
1088:
858:
1991:. The relationship of Song China to the Vietnamese remained peaceful. The new Vietnamese ruler,
1901:
1595:. The Song emperor succeeded in forcing the Northern Han to surrender, but when marching on the
7290:
6838:
6675:
The Cambridge History of China, Volume 5: The Sung Dynasty and its Precursors, 907–1279, Part 1
3999:
3915:. This historical work was later compiled and condensed into fifty nine different books by the
3877:
3580:
3352:
2889:, he was ordered to head back to the capital and halt his campaign. Emperor Gaozong signed the
2697:
2564:
expensive. After his confession, Su Shi was found guilty in court, and was summarily exiled to
2410:
2321:
1564:
910:
888:
873:
359:
78:
30:
3150:). Already during the Northern Song, the Chinese had established fortified trade bases in the
2347:
in 1258 however, Đại Việt ended all tributary and diplomatic relations with the Song dynasty.
2343:
sent a diplomatic mission to Song China, and was recognized as king of Annam. After the first
2300:(Korea). 19 years later, when the Song dynasty reorganized itself south of the Yangtze as the
2230:
destroyed two other Vietnamese armies and marched towards their capital at Thăng Long (modern
1853:
7894:
7820:
7059:
6173:
Brose, Michael C. (2008). "People in the Middle: Uyghurs in the Northwest Frontier Zone", in
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in 1189, yet his pupils had to complete the work shortly after his death in 1200. During the
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was only ten years old when he ascended to the throne, so his powerful grandmother served as
2469:
2301:
2255:
2247:
2239:
2235:
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1459:
1162:
1017:
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300:
3698:(Beijing) as his new capital in 1264, catering to the likes of the Chinese with his advisor
2141:
2075:
7706:
7195:
6915:
3808:
3773:
3752:
3406:
no great loyalty to their Jurchen lords." After a Jurchen general murdered the Jin emperor
3123:
3025:
2944:
1992:
1475:
1363:
925:
138:
2911:
honored Yue Fei as a national hero in 1162, providing him proper burial and memorial of a
2571:
Emperor Shenzong died in 1085, an abrupt death since he was in his mid 30s. His successor
2436:
Instituting a more up-to-date land survey system in order to properly assess the land tax.
2207:
1976:
8:
7745:
7585:
6974:
6920:
6188:
4926:
3737:
3724:
3716:
2705:
2168:
2137:
2000:
1988:
1580:
1455:
1319:
1199:
90:
6466:
McGrath, Michael (2008). "Frustrated Empires: The Song-Tangut Xia War of 1038–1044", in
6329:
6217:
The Great State of White and High: Buddhism and State Formation in Eleventh-Century Xia
4185:
3563:
from Thang Long as part of a coordinated Mongol attack in 1259 with armies attacking in
1887:
1867:
1757:
in return, which he received. Although he retained some unique Tangut customs and had a
7721:
7681:
6888:
6883:
6336:
5784:
4192:
4019:
3984:
3313:
2970:
2890:
2291:
1664:
1644:
1529:
1491:
893:
73:
6490:
Battlefronts Real and Imagined: War, Border, and Identity in the Chinese Middle Period
6468:
Battlefronts Real and Imagined: War, Border, and Identity in the Chinese Middle Period
6415:
Battlefronts Real and Imagined: War, Border, and Identity in the Chinese Middle Period
6175:
Battlefronts Real and Imagined: War, Border, and Identity in the Chinese Middle Period
6153:
Battlefronts Real and Imagined: War, Border, and Identity in the Chinese Middle Period
4977:
4959:
2225:
Lý Thường Kiệt had fought a war with the Cham in 1069, and in 1076 Song called on the
2180:
1272:
1057:
7760:
7600:
7595:
7532:
7069:
6893:
6878:
6868:
6863:
6823:
6707:
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6652:
6628:
6610:
6578:
6549:
6493:
6471:
6456:
6438:
6418:
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6317:
6289:
6275:
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6220:
6205:
6178:
6156:
6141:
5807:
5724:
5699:
4995:
4552:
3897:
3884:
of China, compiled in the 11th century. The work was first ordered to be compiled by
3876:; literally "Comprehensive Mirror for/to Aid in Government") was an enormous work of
3824:
3430:
in 1233, and by 1234 the Jin dynasty finally fell in defeat to the Mongols after the
3332:
2940:
2728:
2685:
2652:
2619:
2604:
2278:
2156:
1980:
1783:
1624:
1424:
1331:
1096:
1092:
821:
389:
369:
144:
2074:
units throughout the empire and along the border with Đại Việt—the Vietnamese ruler
1635:
1437:(910–1005) as the chief astronomer of the Song court. For receiving envoys from the
7671:
7605:
7152:
7120:
6903:
6898:
6602:
5776:
4987:
3989:
3964:
3670:
3642:
3551:
3536:
3431:
3336:
3288:
2961:
2488:
found in the deep south of China. Even the celebrated poet and government official
2427:
2336:
2305:
2193:
2059:
2046:) had settled the region, followed by a wave of Chinese settlers from north of the
1911:
1770:
1668:
1584:
1504:
records that a Byzantine man served as an astronomer and physician at the court of
1471:
1416:
993:
500:
58:
50:
3385:
2426:
land tax). These government loans replaced the system of landlords offering their
1919:
7338:
6925:
6828:
6788:
6670:
6199:
4991:
3816:
3264:
3242:
3135:
2329:
2085:
In the spring of 1060, Giáp Đồng natives under the frontier prefectural governor
1500:
1486:
1307:
1287:
1166:
1116:
5719:
Lien, Vu Hong; Sharrock, Peter (2014). "The First Mongol Invasion (1257–8 CE)".
1939:
997:
7876:
7658:
7308:
7029:
6991:
6510:
6260:
5767:(2013). "The deaths of two Khaghans: a comparison of events in 1242 and 1260".
5764:
4527:
3939:
3868:
3852:
3796:
3348:
3340:
3203:
3171:
3086:
2957:
2782:, while the Song Chinese court fled south. They took up temporary residence at
2715:
In 1121–23, Song forces fared badly against the Liao, but the Jin succeeded in
2417:, which evoked some heated reaction from the conservative base. Along with the
2374:
2271:
2129:
2107:
1952:
in 973 with a nominally tributary relationship being put in place, regarded as
1754:
1655:
In 1004, Liao forces managed to march deep into Song territory, camping out in
1513:
1395:
1219:
1150:
1084:
1083:
The Song Empire suffered a disastrous military defeat at the hands of invading
1013:
402:
319:
6274:(2006). Cambridge: MA; London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
5780:
4571:
3568:
3505:
3416:
1931:
1490:, the last known arrival of Byzantine envoys came in 1081, apparently sent by
7888:
7737:
7731:
7716:
7538:
7526:
7006:
7001:
6541:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; rpr. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd, 1986.
6527:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; rpr. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd, 1986.
6520:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; rpr. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd, 1986.
6413:
Lorge, Peter (2008). "The Great Ditch of China and the Song-Liao Border", in
4009:
3916:
3847:
3820:
3812:
3804:
3733:
3699:
3624:
3524:
3489:
3407:
3356:
3328:
3233:
2952:
2645:
2418:
2102:
2007:
1798:
million strings of cash by 1067, out of the total income of 60 million.
1758:
1726:
1714:
1572:
1447:
1390:, the massive work was completed in 1010, with some 1566 chapters. The later
1191:
1158:
1073:
1065:
192:
159:
6191:"Migration History and Dialect Development in the Lower Yangtze Watershed",
5769:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
2409:(r. 1067–1085) had an instant liking of Wang Anshi when he submitted a long
2112:
2019:
1930:, firmly ending Chinese domination over Vietnam. In 939, he established the
1863:
1061:
7864:
7832:
7711:
7686:
7520:
7471:
7320:
7212:
7167:
7162:
7034:
6766:
6730:
3927:
3792:
3682:
3658:
3528:
3497:
3423:
3402:
3390:
3309:
3220:
3091:
3074:
3021:
3009:
2855:
2842:
2716:
2693:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2648:
2457:
2378:
2226:
2055:
2047:
1996:
1972:
1964:
1923:
1875:
1765:. Li proclaimed himself the first imperial ruler of Western Xia, ruling as
1738:
1734:
1648:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1576:
1541:
1517:
1509:
1463:
1420:
1292:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1195:
1183:
1154:
1137:
1112:
1077:
1009:
989:
767:
743:
730:
717:
661:
620:
558:
272:
262:
239:
6664:
China Under Jurchen Rule: Essays on Chin Intellectual and Cultural History
3646:
1322:
were unsuccessful and they were incorporated into the Liao state based in
7826:
7783:
7676:
7666:
7628:
7617:
7507:
7483:
7357:
7326:
7230:
7157:
7115:
3674:
3520:
3493:
3465:
3260:
3195:
3151:
3041:
2936:
2760:
2751:
2641:
2430:
private loans, which was prohibited under the new laws of Wang's reforms.
2219:
2039:
2015:
2011:
1915:
1730:
1718:
1612:
1545:
1505:
1408:
1375:
1358:
1261:
1170:
1069:
674:
545:
379:
347:
334:
168:
5788:
5744:
Buell, P.D. "Mongols in Vietnam: end of one era, beginning of another".
3293:
2598:
1820:
asserted himself at court by ousting the political conservatives led by
7622:
7579:
7477:
7440:
7410:
7404:
7381:
7363:
7272:
7260:
7236:
6534:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; rpr. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd.
6455:. Cambridge and London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
3896:
in 1084. Its total length was 294 volumes containing roughly 3 million
3889:
3420:
3343:
and gunpowder bombs launched from trebuchet catapults (since explosive
3276:
3245:
3238:
3187:
3127:
3119:
3107:
2846:
2791:
2772:
2768:
2689:
2580:
2402:
2387:
2067:
1960:
1825:
1821:
1686:
1520:
sent an alleged Byzantine merchant (who was likely Nicolaus de Bentra,
1295:
1280:
1246:
1146:
1049:
1021:
426:
215:
6735:
6725:
6408:
War, Politics and Society in Early Modern China, 900–1795: 1st Edition
3063:
2640:
the Song dynasty was for centuries engaged in a stand-off against the
2350:
2058:
they could safely act as loyal frontier militia. Wang Han then sent a
1999:
in Northwest Vietnam. King Lý Công Uẩn's envoy Phùng Chân brought 100
1733:
dynasty as early as the 980s, when Song intended to retake the former
1647:, the Song sent annual tribute of 200,000 bolts of silk to the Khitan
1330:
since 881, after the earlier Tang court appointed a Tangut chief as a
1314:
Consolidation in the south was completed in 978, with the conquest of
7647:
7556:
7501:
7495:
7416:
7284:
7278:
7266:
7254:
7248:
7172:
7135:
7125:
6492:, 227–252. Edited by Don J. Wyatt. New York, NY: Palgrave MacMillan.
6470:, 151–190. Edited by Don J. Wyatt. New York, NY: Palgrave MacMillan.
3906:
3777:
3695:
3633:
3604:
3592:
3588:
3360:
3248:
3176:
3099:
3045:
3029:
2986:
2965:
2916:
2901:
2882:
2778:
After capturing Kaifeng, the Jurchens went on to conquer the rest of
2709:
2701:
2335:
There would be no tributary missions from Vietnam to China until the
1810:
1746:
1742:
1628:
1525:
1412:
1387:
1383:
1323:
1265:
1257:
1242:
1215:
1187:
1044:
6431:
The Reunification of China: Peace through War under the Song Dynasty
3615:
3484:
3438:
was persuaded to exit the gates of his city with a small entourage.
2742:
7808:
7796:
7777:
7701:
7590:
7550:
7422:
7398:
7375:
7332:
7314:
7140:
6417:, 59–74. Edited by Don J. Wyatt. New York, NY: Palgrave MacMillan.
4014:
3947:
3943:
3828:
3720:
3572:
3397:
In the years 1205 and 1209 the Jin state was under raid attacks by
3179:
3115:
3082:
3036:
from foreign nations dominated the import and export industry (see
3013:
2994:
2920:
2820:
2800:
2720:
2637:
2481:
2277:
invaded northern China and laid siege to Kaifeng, now known as the
2124:
2043:
1906:
1806:
1451:
1367:
1336:
1303:
1104:
1036:
6603:
Sezgin, Fuat; Carl Ehrig-Eggert; Amawi Mazen; E. Neubauer (1996).
6595:
Schafer, Edward H. "War Elephants in Ancient and Medieval China",
2877:, the last emperor of the Northern Song was living in Jin-imposed
2727:, the Jin employed 30 catapults and over fifty carts protected by
1840:
province), occupying territory that was controlled by the Tibetan
1555:
7814:
7802:
7691:
7446:
7224:
7218:
7145:
7130:
6853:
6833:
6177:, 253–289. Edited by Don J. Wyatt. New York: Palgrave MacMillan.
6155:, 191–226. Edited by Don J. Wyatt. New York: Palgrave MacMillan.
3650:
3596:
3564:
3560:
3473:
3469:
3461:
3457:
3398:
3344:
3321:
3301:
3224:
3191:
3175:
manuscript of 1044, showing a rivership with a Xuanfeng traction
3165:
3159:
3155:
3143:
3111:
2990:
2982:
2886:
2870:
2859:
2851:
2838:
2804:
2796:
2783:
2764:
2724:
2664:
2588:
2485:
2477:
2421:
of a community-based law enforcement, the New Policies included:
2382:
2267:
2214:
2148:
2116:
2071:
2035:
1858:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1779:
1774:
1690:
1677:
1672:
1660:
1659:, about 100 kilometers (62 mi) north of the Song capital of
1600:
1434:
1327:
1211:
1203:
1175:
1108:
1100:
1053:
1040:
569:
420:
414:
6286:
Daily Life in China on the Eve of the Mongol Invasion, 1250–1276
4979:
Ming China and Vietnam: Negotiating Borders in Early Modern Asia
4591:
Sejarah: Journal of the History Department, University of Malaya
3300:, by Zhang Zeduan, a painting depicting the imperial gardens of
3142:
of the Xining Reign (1068–1077) outlining a plan of employing a
2213:
In November 1075, Nùng Tông Đản advanced into Song territory in
1099:, the remnants of the Song court were forced to flee south from
7428:
7369:
7351:
7302:
7296:
7242:
5469:
5467:
5465:
4141:
3931:
3924:
3920:
3843:
3800:
3769:
3761:
3729:
3678:
3317:
3103:
3095:
3057:
2912:
2808:
2759:
priests, and female entertainers to label some. The mechanical
2756:
2708:, so-named because it was negotiated by envoys who crossed the
2669:
2651:. This balance was disrupted when the Song dynasty developed a
2576:
2546:
2489:
2461:
2297:
2160:
2079:
1984:
1897:
1871:
1829:
1787:
1603:) in the Sixteen Prefectures, Song forces were defeated at the
1583:
notwithstanding. In 974, the two began exchanging embassies on
1442:
1431:
1315:
1299:
1179:
1001:
5207:
5205:
3649:
led a sudden movement of troops towards Kublai's home base of
2939:
ship, 13th century; Chinese ships of the Song period featured
2826:
2696:(1068–1123) challenged Liao authority, establishing their own
2464:(1037–1101), by Zhao Mengfu 趙孟頫, held at Taipei Palace Museum.
2357:
Society of the Song dynasty: Political partisanship and reform
2132:. On 30 March 1063, Emperor Renzong died and was succeeded by
2090:
2034:
The Vietnamese court had not intervened when the Song general
1866:
controlled areas seen in light yellow on the map, then called
1847:
1035:, an era that featured prominent intellectual figures such as
7489:
7459:
3911:
3781:
3629:
3576:
3555:
3532:
3134:. China had a long naval history before that point (example,
3053:
3017:
2878:
2565:
2555:
2361:
2231:
2198:
1801:
Relations broke down once more in 1067 with the ascension of
1681:
into the hands of Chinese merchants and the Song government.
1620:
1467:
1438:
6314:
Maritime trade and state development in early Southeast Asia
6204:(illustrated, reprint ed.). University of California Press.
5630:
5520:
5462:
3748:
3441:
2775:
that were handed over to the Jurchens upon taking the city.
2115:
court sent nine elephants as tribute to the Song capital of
1934:(939–965) and secured Vietnamese independence. In 968, Duke
1701:
1667:, signed in January 1005 (some sources cite 1004 due to the
7544:
5202:
4329:
3268:
3256:
3131:
3002:
2732:
1640:
1428:
3839:
2739:(r. 1126–1127) after Huizong abdicated the throne to him.
2624:
2537:
2499:
1696:
1607:. This defeat was politically damaging to the prestige of
6300:
A Chinese biographical dictionary (Gu jin xing shi zu pu)
3547:
3327:
Wanyan Liang established a military campaign against the
2452:
2234:). Song forces halted at the Nhu Nguyệt River (in modern
1550:
1153:
that had controlled northern China after the fall of the
5538:
5536:
5534:
5532:
4422:
3953:
Another historical source was the enormous encyclopedia
3768:
Meanwhile, the rebel remnants of the Song court fled to
3628:
made preparations to take the heavily fortified city of
6265:
Asia in Western and World History: A Guide for Teaching
6592:, University of Madras, Madras, 1935 (Reprinted 1984).
6568:
Soldiers of the Dragon: Chinese Armies 1500 BC-AD 1840
6193:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
5179:
5177:
5175:
5173:
5171:
5143:
5141:
5139:
4125:
4123:
4121:
3819:, fought against the Yuan army led by the Han general
3719:
from 1268 to 1273. Xiangyang and the adjacent town of
3401:
from the north, and in 1211 the major campaign led by
1535:
1033:
classical Chinese innovation in science and technology
7848:
5721:
Descending Dragon, Rising Tiger: A History of Vietnam
5554:
5529:
4784:
4686:
3930:, the book was reprinted in 1708, while the European
3514:
final destruction of the ruling Ch'oe family of Korea
2951:
As the once great Indian Ocean maritime power of the
2599:
Jurchen invasions and the transition to Southern Song
1963:
to invade Vietnam with the stated aim of "recovering
1202:
in the north. With capable military officers such as
6642:. Brookfield, Vermont: VARIORUM, Ashgate Publishing.
6232:
East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History
5639:
5599:
5580:
5578:
5303:
4875:
4873:
4871:
4869:
4867:
4865:
4855:
4853:
4851:
4849:
4847:
4845:
4843:
4841:
4839:
4820:
4818:
4816:
4814:
4777:
4775:
4773:
4771:
4769:
4759:
4757:
4747:
4745:
4743:
4741:
4731:
4729:
4727:
4725:
4723:
4713:
4711:
4709:
4707:
4679:
4677:
4658:
4656:
4477:
4475:
4473:
4431:
4404:
3393:, who initiated the first Mongol invasions of China.
3237:
of an island far west in the Indian Ocean (possibly
2468:
In addition, Wang Anshi had his own commentaries on
1948:(大瞿越). Đại Cồ Việt's independence was recognized by
1741:, then held by the Tanguts. After the Tangut leader
1371:
competitive amongst aspiring students and scholars.
786:
708:
588:
521:
451:
325:
5168:
5136:
4445:
4443:
4379:
4377:
4150:
4118:
4100:
4091:
3504:The Mongols eventually gained the upper hand under
2692:. From the Jurchen Wanyan clan, a prominent leader
2351:
Partisans and factions, reformers and conservatives
2281:. A Vietnamese prince in the Vietnamese entourage,
1794:and 900 provincial and militia battalions by 1043.
6328:Halsall, Paul (2000) . Jerome S. Arkenberg (ed.).
6302:. Shanghai: Kelly & Walsh. (see here for more)
6138:T'ang China: The Rise of the East in World History
6118:
6116:
6106:
6104:
6102:
6100:
5698:. University of California Press. pp. 24–27.
3856:historical text originally compiled by Sima Guang.
3607:to appoint a new successor of the Mongol Khanate.
3118:'s treatise of the 11th century on the concept of
2003:captured from Dali forces to Song court as gifts.
1639:A 12th century Song painting of ladies processing
29:For the official history of the Song dynasty, see
6625:Cultural flow between China and the outside world
6606:نصوص ودراسات من مصادر صينية حول البلدان الاسلامية
5929:
5927:
5575:
5285:
5276:
4862:
4836:
4811:
4793:
4766:
4754:
4738:
4720:
4704:
4695:
4674:
4653:
4470:
4184:Paul Halsall (2000) . Jerome S. Arkenberg (ed.).
3519:In 1252, Möngke commissioned his younger brother
3508:, famed for his battles in Russia and Hungary in
3279:, a Southern Song customs inspector of Quanzhou.
2814:
1894:Chinese dynasties had controlled northern Vietnam
1357:Emperor Taizu developed an effective centralized
1052:exacerbated hostile conditions along the Chinese-
7886:
5495:
5493:
5491:
4461:
4440:
4395:
4374:
4356:
4286:
4284:
4132:
3571:and other Mongol armies attacking in modern-day
2819:In 1129, Emperor Gaozong designated the site at
2755:silversmiths, blacksmiths, weavers and tailors,
2296:), survived the Jin siege and sought refugee in
1900:regained independence in 905 when a local noble
1571:Relations between the Song and Liao (led by the
6666:. New York: State University of New York Press.
6113:
6097:
5545:
5416:
5414:
5334:
4179:
4177:
4175:
3282:
3110:at sea was made easier by the invention of the
3081:When the Song capital was removed far south to
1458:control. From the 2nd century onwards, ancient
1423:observation and time-keeping) that used liquid
6669:
6483:China: Its History and Culture: Fourth Edition
6270:Fairbank, John King and Merle Goldman (1992).
6090:
6088:
6078:
6076:
6066:
6064:
6062:
6034:
6032:
6020:
5977:
5975:
5956:
5954:
5952:
5950:
5948:
5936:
5924:
5917:
5915:
5905:
5903:
5901:
5899:
5887:
5880:
5878:
5876:
5874:
5872:
5853:
5851:
5849:
5847:
5837:
5835:
5825:
5823:
5806:. University of California Press. p. 45.
5712:
5568:
5566:
5386:
5384:
5237:
5064:
5062:
5060:
4551:. Langenscheidt Publishing Group. p. 20.
4163:
3500:of China is seen in purple in the final stage.
3351:nobles, led by soon-to-be crowned Jin emperor
2926:
2723:hurling debris were used. During the siege of
2147:The minor Song official Lu Shen, a prefect in
1745:died in 1004, the Tanguts under his successor
1386:and as much data as possible. With the aid of
6751:
6662:Tillman, Hoyt C. and Stephen H. West (1995).
6305:Graff, David Andrew and Robin Higham (2002).
6272:China: A New History; Second Enlarged Edition
5675:
5673:
5671:
5669:
5667:
5657:
5655:
5623:
5621:
5619:
5617:
5615:
5592:
5590:
5488:
5423:
5393:
5230:
5228:
5226:
5118:
5089:
4311:
4302:
4293:
4281:
4254:
2993:traveled to a Buddhist site of pilgrimage in
1587:. However, in 979 the Song moved against the
969:
7184:Along the River During the Qingming Festival
6577:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
5718:
5511:
5502:
5432:
5411:
5402:
5269:
5267:
5246:
5195:
5193:
5161:
5159:
5157:
5111:
5109:
5107:
5105:
5103:
5101:
5050:
5048:
5046:
5044:
5042:
5040:
5038:
5036:
5034:
5015:
5013:
5011:
4183:
4172:
3476:, which was taken by the Mongols with ease.
3316:in northern Manchuria (south of present-day
2527:It's just that he's eaten his food for three
2365:A portrait painting of Chancellor Wang Anshi
2339:deposed the Lý in 1225. In 1229, Trần ruler
6085:
6073:
6059:
6029:
6011:
6002:
5993:
5972:
5945:
5912:
5896:
5869:
5844:
5832:
5820:
5795:
5689:
5687:
5685:
5563:
5381:
5057:
4493:
4484:
4413:
4075:
4073:
4071:
4069:
4067:
3146:for repair of 'imperial dragon boats' (see
2507:An old man of seventy, sickle at his waist,
2316:, and referred to the rulers of Vietnam as
1987:books to Vietnam, and translated them into
1848:Relations with Đại Việt and border conflict
1705:The Northern Song, Liao, and Xia dynasties.
6758:
6744:
6453:The Grand Strategy of the Byzantine Empire
6247:The Cambridge Illustrated History of China
6041:
5664:
5652:
5612:
5587:
5481:
5479:
5455:
5453:
5316:
5294:
5223:
5080:
4612:
4610:
4608:
4606:
4604:
4544:
4238:
4236:
3784:where he took up a monastic life in 1296.
3148:Science and technology of the Song dynasty
2174:
2070:(1021–1086) organized new self-sufficient
1761:created, Li's administration followed the
976:
962:
6706:. Beijing: China Intercontinental Press.
6481:Morton, Scott and Charlton Lewis (2005).
6249:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
5343:
5264:
5190:
5154:
5127:
5098:
5031:
5008:
3723:were located on the opposite bank of the
3442:Yuan invasion and end of the Song dynasty
2401:After Fan Zhongyan, there was Chancellor
7770:
6507:. Harvard, MA: Harvard University Press.
6219:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
5682:
5441:
5363:
5325:
4975:
4627:
4347:
4109:
4082:
4064:
3888:in 1065, the team of scholars headed by
3838:
3834:
3760:rank, title, and office and banished to
3747:
3669:
3614:
3483:
3384:
3292:
3164:
3073:, a large horizontal scroll painting by
3070:Along the River During Qingming Festival
3062:
2997:in 1008, where he presented the Chinese
2930:
2825:
2741:
2623:
2554:
2519:It's not that the music of Shao has made
2451:
2392:
2360:
2328:unsuccessfully attempted to establish a
2192:
2101:
1938:reunited northern Vietnam under the new
1857:
1708:
1700:
1634:
1554:
1286:
1271:
1252:
1236:
1136:
6765:
6327:
6288:. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
5984:
5801:
5759:
5757:
5755:
5693:
5476:
5450:
4601:
4233:
3872:(Chinese: 資治通鑒/资治通鉴; Wade–Giles :
3610:
2977:) sent a trade embassy to the court of
2511:Feels guilty the spring mountain bamboo
2405:(1021–1086). The new nineteen-year-old
2097:
1816:When Empress Dowager Gao died in 1093,
1697:Conflict and diplomacy in the northwest
1122:
1031:The Song is considered a high point of
1004:: Sòng cháo; 960–1279) of China was an
14:
7887:
7752:Collected Cases of Injustice Rectified
7677:Endless power transmitting chain drive
6704:The Historical Status of China's Tibet
6563:. Cambridge: W. Heffer & Sons Ltd.
6388:. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.
6316:. Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press.
6170:, Abingdon: Routledge, reprinted 2000.
5737:
5647:Cambridge Illustrated History of China
5607:Cambridge Illustrated History of China
5311:Cambridge Illustrated History of China
5185:Cambridge Illustrated History of China
5149:Cambridge Illustrated History of China
4964:Khâm định Việt sử thông giám cương mục
4635:Khâm định Việt sử Thông giám cương mục
4158:Cambridge Illustrated History of China
3936:Joseph Anne Maria de Moyriac de Mailla
3892:, who presented the completed work to
3706:
3370:
1551:The Great Ditch and Treaty of Shanyuan
1026:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period
6739:
6599:(Volume 10, Number 2, 1957): 289–291.
6561:A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder
6518:: Volume 1, Introductory Orientations
6428:
6403:(Volume 14, Number 4, 1955): 489–503.
6195:(Volume 65, Number 3, 2002): 529–543.
3665:
2907:Decades after Yue's death, the later
2786:, where a surviving prince was named
2029:
1892:For roughly a millennium a series of
1809:(1031–1095) was sent to Yanzhou (now
1725:The Song came into conflict with the
1020:with his usurpation of the throne of
6627:. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press.
6234:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.
5752:
3995:Military history of China (pre-1911)
3496:'s death in 1294. The bounds of the
3479:
2900:, originally based upon the life of
2628:Official court portrait painting of
2613:
2018:and a border confrontation with the
1763:traditional Chinese model of bureaus
1532:of the founding of the new dynasty.
1129:List of emperors of the Song dynasty
6699:. Fujian People's Publishing House.
5763:
4942:Academy of Korean Studies 정선이씨 旌善李氏
4588:
4147:Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 469–471.
3956:Prime Tortoise of the Record Bureau
3743:
3448:Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty
3275:since it is described at length by
2210:(r. 1072–1127) to prepare for war.
1854:Lý dynasty § Foreign relations
1591:, long under the protection of the
1536:Relations with Liao and Western Xia
1283:'s (970–1051) most famous paintings
24:
6673:; Smith, Paul Jakov, eds. (2009).
6559:Partington, James Riddick (1960).
3542:Meanwhile, Uriyangkhadai's forces
3492:throughout the 13th century until
3377:Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty
2270:bearing gifts. Shortly after, the
1643:; as part of the agreement in the
1462:even record that embassies of the
1245:teapot in the Qingbai style, from
1091:from the north in 1127 during the
25:
7911:
6719:
6575:Khubilai Khan: His Life and Times
6546:Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors
6516:Science and Civilization in China
6485:. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, Inc.
5804:Khubilai Khan: His Life and Times
5743:
5696:Khubilai Khan: His Life and Times
3975:, was compiled in the same year.
3632:. Meanwhile, the Song chancellor
3200:Science and Civilization in China
2312:officially recognized Vietnam as
1115:defeated the Song dynasty at the
7870:
7858:
6936:
6245:Ebrey, Patricia Buckley (1999).
6230:Ebrey, Walthall, Palais (2006).
6140:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
6050:
5963:
5860:
5372:
5352:
3942:in 1759, whose pupils founded a
3535:before turning east towards the
3312:moved the empire's capital from
2960:inscriptions under the reign of
2717:driving the Liao to Central Asia
2536:
2498:
2494:
1169:and deposed the last Zhou ruler
57:
6548:. London: Thames & Hudson.
6356:39 (2009), 1–49. ISSN 1059-3152
5636:Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 225.
5526:Needham, Volume 4, Part 3, 662.
5473:Needham, Volume 4, Part 3, 476.
5378:Needham, Volume 4, Part 3, 465.
5255:
5220:Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 154.
5214:
5211:Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 497.
5071:
5022:
4969:
4953:
4933:
4913:
4909:Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư, vol. 3
4902:
4893:
4882:
4827:
4802:
4665:
4644:
4582:
4565:
4538:
4520:
4511:
4502:
4452:
4386:
4365:
4338:
4335:Needham, Volume 4, Part 3, 446.
4320:
4272:
4263:
4245:
4224:
4215:
4206:
2897:Eighteen Songs of a Nomad Flute
2873:. The reason for this was that
2680:Japanese islands in modern-day
2082:(located in southern Vietnam).
1689:, engineer, and state minister
1627:in the west all the way to the
1103:and establish a new capital at
7178:Great Bodhisattva of Zhengding
4055:
4046:
4037:
3959:published by 1013, one of the
3585:Sichuan anti-Mongol fortresses
3579:. Möngke Khan died during the
3381:Mongol conquest of Western Xia
2815:A new capital and peace treaty
2140:by Renzong to Vietnamese King
916:Science and technology history
13:
1:
7613:Southern Song dynasty coinage
6374:), (Volume 7, 2005): 179–216.
6298:Giles, Herbert Allen (1939).
6201:The Making of South East Asia
5359:BBC page about Islam in China
4221:Bretschneider (1888), p. 144.
4025:
4005:Timeline of the Jin–Song Wars
3909:(145 BC–90 BC), known as the
3866:During the Song dynasty, the
3428:Kaifeng was captured by siege
3169:A Song illustration from the
3102:construction, and navigation
3038:Islam during the Song dynasty
2261:
1918:. In 938, Vietnamese general
1881:
1713:Bronze edicts written in the
1043:and the revolutionary use of
286:
245:
221:
198:
174:
115:
6570:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing.
6363:, (Volume 3, 2007): 230–251.
6353:Journal of Song-Yuan Studies
6166:Bretschneider, Emil (1888),
4992:10.1017/cbo9781316440551.004
4428:McGrath (2008), 152, 157–158
4230:Luttwak (2009), pp. 169-170.
4212:Sezgin et al. (1996), p. 25.
4030:
3546:with generals Trechecdu and
3283:Defeat of Jin invasion, 1161
2523:him lose his sense of taste.
2024:University of North Carolina
1194:in the south as well as the
1133:Timeline of the Song dynasty
7:
7025:Department of State Affairs
6451:Luttwak, Edward N. (2009).
6381:), (Volume 2, 2005): 62–86.
6307:A Military History of China
4976:Baldanza, Kathlene (2016).
4922:Doosan Encyclopedia 이양혼 李陽焜
4344:Dunnell (1996), xxi, 13, 91
3978:
3850:philosopher who edited the
3001:with gifts from his ruling
2927:China's first standing navy
1942:and renamed his kingdom to
1914:, amid the collapse of the
18:History of the Song Dynasty
10:
7916:
7900:History of China by period
6987:Bureau of Military Affairs
6679:Cambridge University Press
6435:Cambridge University Press
6309:. Boulder: Westview Press.
6212:. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
6129:
4984:Cambridge University Press
4545:Rutherford, Scott (2002).
3880:, a written approach to a
3859:
3445:
3426:. However, the capital at
3374:
3286:
2636:Before the arrival of the
2617:
2602:
2354:
2178:
1885:
1851:
1539:
1126:
1111:. However, the Mongol-led
28:
7638:
7570:
7391:
7205:
7097:
7050:
7015:
6945:
6934:
6859:Alliance Conducted at Sea
6849:Song–Viet war (1075–1077)
6774:
6401:The Far Eastern Quarterly
6386:When China Ruled the Seas
6379:Journal of Gugong Studies
6361:Journal of Gugong Studies
6267:. Armonk: ME Sharpe, Inc.
6215:Dunnell, Ruth W. (1996).
5781:10.1017/S0041977X13000475
4947:Academy of Korean Studies
4833:Anderson (2008), 207–208.
4808:Anderson (2008), 206–207.
4790:Anderson (2008), 202–203.
4692:Anderson (2008), 195–198.
4671:Anderson (2008), 191–192.
3298:Games in the Jinming Pool
2544:
1559:Contemporary portrait of
790:
712:
592:
525:
455:
329:
7190:Four Great Books of Song
6640:Science in Ancient China
6588:Sastri, Nilakanta, K.A.
6573:Rossabi, Morris (1988).
6537:Needham, Joseph (1971).
6530:Needham, Joseph (1965).
6523:Needham, Joseph (1959).
6505:Imperial China: 900–1800
6372:The Study of Art History
6284:Gernet, Jacques (1962).
6136:Adshead, S.A.M. (2004).
5802:Rossabi, Morris (2009).
5694:Rossabi, Morris (2009).
4437:McGrath (2008), 157–158.
4392:McGrath (2008), 154–156.
3961:Four Great Books of Song
3894:Emperor Shenzong of Song
3886:Emperor Yingzong of Song
3809:Emperor Huaizong of Song
3755:, the last Song emperor.
3717:long, drawn out conflict
3523:and experienced general
3308:In 1153 the Jin emperor
3273:Lighthouse of Alexandria
3259:(modern-day Yemen), the
3217:Emperor Xiaozong of Song
3182:mounted on the top deck.
3020:Indians, Middle-Eastern
2999:Emperor Zhenzong of Song
2979:Emperor Shenzong of Song
2973:(who the Chinese called
2909:Emperor Xiaozong of Song
2811:provinces of the south.
2559:A drawing of Sima Guang.
2310:Emperor Xiaozong of Song
1803:Emperor Shenzong of Song
1605:Battle of Gaoliang River
1496:Emperor Shenzong of Song
1394:historical text stated (
1277:Fishermen's Evening Song
7041:Secretariat-Chancellery
6198:Cœdès, George. (1966).
5560:Needham, Volume 1, 134.
5542:Needham, Volume 1, 139.
4577:Encyclopædia Britannica
4129:Needham, Volume 3, 518.
4106:Needham, Volume 1, 132.
4097:Needham, Volume 1, 133.
3685:that would end in 1368.
2945:watertight compartments
2788:Emperor Gaozong of Song
2737:Emperor Qinzong of Song
2630:Emperor Huizong of Song
2593:Emperor Gaozong of Song
2585:Emperor Huizong of Song
2573:Emperor Zhezong of Song
2197:The location of modern
2175:Frontier policy and war
1950:Emperor Taizong of Song
1818:Emperor Zhezong of Song
1609:Emperor Taizong of Song
1561:Emperor Taizong of Song
7672:Early Bessemer process
7640:Science and technology
6839:Nong Zhigao rebellions
6695:Wang, Lianmao (2000).
6638:Sivin, Nathan (1995).
6433:, Cambridge, England:
6410:. New York: Routledge.
6312:Hall, Kenneth (1985).
6261:Embree, Ainslie Thomas
5243:Coblin, 533 & 536.
4458:Twitchett ed., 348-349
4000:Naval history of China
3878:Chinese historiography
3857:
3827:. Song Prime Minister
3756:
3711:The siege of the city
3686:
3620:
3581:Siege of Diaoyu Castle
3501:
3394:
3359:tribesman, erupted in
3305:
3213:
3183:
3078:
2948:
2834:
2747:
2746:Southern Song in 1142.
2633:
2560:
2515:and bracken are sweet.
2465:
2411:memorial to the throne
2398:
2366:
2330:tributary relationship
2304:, the Vietnamese king
2202:
2120:
1878:
1722:
1706:
1669:Chinese Lunar Calendar
1652:
1568:
1565:National Palace Museum
1508:during the subsequent
1405:
1355:
1311:
1284:
1269:
1268:from the Song dynasty.
1250:
1142:
31:History of Song (book)
7060:Ministry of Personnel
6965:Imperial examinations
6726:Song Dynasty in China
6702:Wang, Jiawei (2001).
6651:. University of Hue.
6544:Paludan, Ann (1998).
6429:Lorge, Peter (2015),
6406:Lorge, Peter (2005).
4899:Anderson (2008), 210.
4879:Anderson (2008), 209.
4859:Anderson (2008), 208.
4824:Anderson (2008), 207.
4799:Anderson (2008), 203.
4781:Anderson (2008), 202.
4763:Anderson (2008), 201.
4751:Anderson (2008), 200.
4735:Anderson (2008), 199.
4717:Anderson (2008), 196.
4701:Anderson (2008), 198.
4683:Anderson (2008), 195.
4662:Anderson (2008), 191.
4481:Anderson (2008), 206.
3862:Twenty-Four Histories
3860:Further information:
3842:
3835:Historical literature
3765:capital at Hangzhou.
3751:
3673:
3618:
3512:, and ushered in the
3487:
3388:
3296:
3208:
3168:
3066:
3006:Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah
2934:
2829:
2745:
2627:
2558:
2455:
2396:
2364:
2355:Further information:
2302:Southern Song dynasty
2196:
2105:
1886:Further information:
1861:
1852:Further information:
1712:
1704:
1638:
1597:Liao Southern Capital
1558:
1540:Further information:
1478:. As recorded in the
1400:
1350:
1290:
1275:
1256:
1240:
1140:
1127:Further information:
1056:border. This sparked
1018:Emperor Taizu of Song
781:(mainland, 1912–1949)
7196:Dongjing Meng Hua Lu
6970:Administrative units
6844:Song–Tibet relations
6819:Song–Đại Cồ Việt war
6623:Shen, Fuwei (1996).
6566:Peers, C.J. (2006).
5584:Mostern (2008), 241.
5291:Mostern (2008), 238.
5282:Mostern (2008), 231.
4467:McGrath (2008), 158.
4449:McGrath (2008), 153.
4419:Lorge (2005), 44–45.
4401:McGrath (2008), 157.
4383:McGrath (2008), 155.
4362:McGrath (2008), 152.
4278:Lorge (2008), 60–62.
4269:Lorge (2008), 59–61.
4138:Hargett (1996), 413.
3874:Tzu-chih t'ung-chien
3645:. His rival brother
3611:A fluctuating border
3583:while attacking the
3567:under Mongol leader
3215:During the reign of
3124:magnetic declination
3026:Nestorian Christians
2659:During the reign of
2531:months without salt.
2119:on February 8, 1063.
2098:Tribute and intrigue
1967:" in early 981, but
1364:imperial examination
1149:was the last of the
1123:Founding of the Song
7746:Forensic entomology
7707:Watertight bulkhead
7586:Joint-stock company
7080:Ministry of Justice
7065:Ministry of Revenue
6975:Sixteen Prefectures
6503:Mote, F.W. (1999).
4927:Doosan Encyclopedia
4889:Cœdès (1966), p. 84
4508:Dunnell (1996), 75.
3707:Battle of Xiangyang
3636:dispatched General
3410:in 1213 and placed
3371:Rise of the Mongols
3341:paddle-wheel crafts
3267:region (modern-day
3067:A small section of
2706:Alliance on the Sea
1792:imperial battalions
1581:Sixteen Prefectures
1530:the Byzantine ruler
1454:in 981, then under
1320:Sixteen Prefectures
1310:, China, (907–1125)
1200:Sixteen Prefectures
1070:Western Xia dynasty
1008:that ruled most of
7682:Astronomical clock
6889:Treaty of Shaoxing
6731:China 7 BC To 1279
6337:Fordham University
6047:Ebrey et al., 241.
5723:. Reaktion Books.
5679:Ebrey et al., 240.
5661:Ebrey et al., 239.
5627:Ebrey et al., 236.
5596:Ebrey et al., 235.
5165:Ebrey et al., 166.
5115:Ebrey et al., 165.
5054:Ebrey et al., 164.
5028:Twitchett ed., 350
5019:Ebrey et al., 163.
4650:Lê Tắc (1961), 103
4371:Lorge (2005), 211.
4193:Fordham University
4169:Brose (2008), 258.
4115:Ebrey et al., 160.
4088:Ebrey et al., 155.
4079:Ebrey et al., 154.
4043:Lorge (2015), 4-5.
4020:Zhou Tong (archer)
3985:Chinese literature
3898:Chinese characters
3858:
3811:, aged seven. The
3757:
3687:
3666:Growing discontent
3621:
3502:
3432:capture of Caizhou
3395:
3365:Treaty of Longxing
3320:) to Zhongdu (now
3314:Huining Prefecture
3306:
3184:
3094:activity (funding
3079:
2971:Kulothunga Chola I
2949:
2891:Treaty of Shaoxing
2835:
2748:
2634:
2561:
2470:Confucian classics
2466:
2399:
2367:
2203:
2121:
2030:Border hostilities
2006:Subsequently, the
1879:
1771:Son of Blue Heaven
1723:
1707:
1665:Treaty of Shanyuan
1653:
1645:Treaty of Shanyuan
1623:province from the
1569:
1512:, and in 1371 the
1492:Michael VII Doukas
1312:
1285:
1270:
1251:
1167:usurped the throne
1143:
796:
606:Five Dynasties and
598:
533:Southern dynasties
461:
360:Chu–Han Contention
352:(206 BCE – 220 CE)
7846:
7845:
7842:
7841:
7761:Dream Pool Essays
7653:Gunpowder weapons
7566:
7565:
7093:
7092:
7085:Ministry of Works
7070:Ministry of Rites
7017:Three Departments
6854:Fang La rebellion
6834:Wang Ze rebellion
6688:978-0-521-81248-1
6671:Twitchett, Dennis
6498:978-1-4039-6084-9
6476:978-1-4039-6084-9
6461:978-0-674-03519-5
6444:978-1-107-08475-9
6423:978-1-4039-6084-9
6384:Levathes (1994).
6183:978-1-4039-6084-9
6161:978-1-4039-6084-9
5340:Sastri, 173, 316.
5124:Mote (1999), 208.
5001:978-1-316-44055-1
4410:McGrath, 157–159.
4353:Lorge (2005), 44.
4317:Lorge (2008), 66.
4308:Lorge (2008), 71.
4299:Lorge (2008), 70.
4290:Lorge (2008), 65.
4260:Lorge (2008), 60.
4251:Lorge (2008), 67.
3882:universal history
3846:(1130–1200), the
3825:Pearl River Delta
3550:and captured the
3480:Möngke's campaign
3333:Battle of Tangdao
3190:, and substitute
2686:Tsushima Province
2653:military alliance
2620:Jingkang Incident
2614:Jingkang Incident
2553:
2552:
2279:Jingkang incident
2252:Lạng Sơn Province
2248:Cao Bằng Province
2240:Cao Bằng Province
2236:Bắc Ninh Province
2138:calligraphy works
2064:Emperor Renzong's
1981:Mahayana Buddhist
1735:Ordos prefectures
1625:Taihang Mountains
1460:Chinese histories
1348:follows as such:
1332:military governor
1161:, later known as
1097:Jingkang Incident
1072:, as well as the
986:
985:
943:Transport history
869:Education history
841:
840:
836:
835:
822:Republic of China
804:People's Republic
777:Republic of China
756:
755:
705:
704:
700:
699:
585:
584:
518:
517:
513:
512:
449:
448:
282:Spring and Autumn
145:Liao civilization
16:(Redirected from
7907:
7875:
7874:
7873:
7863:
7862:
7861:
7854:
7792:
7789:
7768:
7767:
7516:
7515: 1174–1189
7513:
7455:
7454: 1050–1080
7452:
7347:
7346: 1111–1117
7344:
7203:
7202:
7153:Longquan celadon
7121:Five Great Kilns
7013:
7012:
6940:
6760:
6753:
6746:
6737:
6736:
6692:
6620:
6448:
6347:
6345:
6343:
6189:Coblin, W. South
6123:
6122:Partington, 237.
6120:
6111:
6110:Partington, 238.
6108:
6095:
6092:
6083:
6080:
6071:
6068:
6057:
6054:
6048:
6045:
6039:
6036:
6027:
6024:
6018:
6015:
6009:
6006:
6000:
5997:
5991:
5988:
5982:
5979:
5970:
5967:
5961:
5958:
5943:
5940:
5934:
5931:
5922:
5919:
5910:
5907:
5894:
5891:
5885:
5882:
5867:
5864:
5858:
5855:
5842:
5839:
5830:
5827:
5818:
5817:
5799:
5793:
5792:
5761:
5750:
5749:
5741:
5735:
5734:
5716:
5710:
5709:
5691:
5680:
5677:
5662:
5659:
5650:
5643:
5637:
5634:
5628:
5625:
5610:
5603:
5597:
5594:
5585:
5582:
5573:
5570:
5561:
5558:
5552:
5551:Levathes, 43–47.
5549:
5543:
5540:
5527:
5524:
5518:
5515:
5509:
5506:
5500:
5497:
5486:
5483:
5474:
5471:
5460:
5457:
5448:
5445:
5439:
5436:
5430:
5427:
5421:
5418:
5409:
5406:
5400:
5397:
5391:
5388:
5379:
5376:
5370:
5367:
5361:
5356:
5350:
5347:
5341:
5338:
5332:
5329:
5323:
5320:
5314:
5307:
5301:
5298:
5292:
5289:
5283:
5280:
5274:
5271:
5262:
5259:
5253:
5250:
5244:
5241:
5235:
5232:
5221:
5218:
5212:
5209:
5200:
5197:
5188:
5181:
5166:
5163:
5152:
5145:
5134:
5131:
5125:
5122:
5116:
5113:
5096:
5095:Sivin, III, 3–4.
5093:
5087:
5084:
5078:
5075:
5069:
5066:
5055:
5052:
5029:
5026:
5020:
5017:
5006:
5005:
4973:
4967:
4966:, vol 5. p. 350.
4957:
4951:
4950:
4937:
4931:
4930:
4917:
4911:
4906:
4900:
4897:
4891:
4886:
4880:
4877:
4860:
4857:
4834:
4831:
4825:
4822:
4809:
4806:
4800:
4797:
4791:
4788:
4782:
4779:
4764:
4761:
4752:
4749:
4736:
4733:
4718:
4715:
4702:
4699:
4693:
4690:
4684:
4681:
4672:
4669:
4663:
4660:
4651:
4648:
4642:
4631:
4625:
4614:
4599:
4598:
4586:
4580:
4569:
4563:
4562:
4542:
4536:
4524:
4518:
4517:Wang (2001), 15.
4515:
4509:
4506:
4500:
4497:
4491:
4488:
4482:
4479:
4468:
4465:
4459:
4456:
4450:
4447:
4438:
4435:
4429:
4426:
4420:
4417:
4411:
4408:
4402:
4399:
4393:
4390:
4384:
4381:
4372:
4369:
4363:
4360:
4354:
4351:
4345:
4342:
4336:
4333:
4327:
4324:
4318:
4315:
4309:
4306:
4300:
4297:
4291:
4288:
4279:
4276:
4270:
4267:
4261:
4258:
4252:
4249:
4243:
4240:
4231:
4228:
4222:
4219:
4213:
4210:
4204:
4203:
4201:
4199:
4181:
4170:
4167:
4161:
4154:
4148:
4145:
4139:
4136:
4130:
4127:
4116:
4113:
4107:
4104:
4098:
4095:
4089:
4086:
4080:
4077:
4062:
4059:
4053:
4050:
4044:
4041:
3990:History of China
3744:Final resistance
3643:Toluid Civil War
3412:Emperor Xuanzong
3337:Battle of Caishi
3304:, Northern Song.
3289:Battle of Caishi
2962:Rajendra Chola I
2869:and his premier
2540:
2502:
2495:
2407:Emperor Shenzong
2295:
2134:Emperor Yingzong
1912:Tĩnh Hải circuit
1767:Emperor Jingzong
1494:to the court of
1476:arrived in China
1472:Byzantine Empire
1417:armillary sphere
1095:. Following the
1006:imperial dynasty
978:
971:
964:
906:Military history
864:Economic history
852:Related articles
829:
811:
793:
792:
788:
787:
782:
749:
736:
723:
710:
709:
693:
680:
667:
648:
638:
626:
613:
595:
594:
590:
589:
574:
564:
551:
538:
523:
522:
506:
501:Sixteen Kingdoms
484:
474:
458:
457:
453:
452:
442:
408:
395:
385:
375:
374:(202 BCE – 9 CE)
365:
353:
340:
327:
326:
305:
297:
295:
291:
288:
278:
268:
256:
254:
250:
247:
232:
230:
226:
223:
209:
207:
203:
200:
185:
183:
179:
176:
126:
124:
120:
117:
61:
51:History of China
38:
37:
21:
7915:
7914:
7910:
7909:
7908:
7906:
7905:
7904:
7885:
7884:
7881:
7871:
7869:
7859:
7857:
7849:
7847:
7838:
7790:
7766:
7722:Horner's method
7634:
7562:
7514:
7466:Emperor Huizong
7453:
7387:
7345:
7201:
7089:
7075:Ministry of War
7046:
7011:
6941:
6932:
6911:Mongol conquest
6829:Chanyuan Treaty
6789:Chenqiao mutiny
6770:
6764:
6722:
6717:
6689:
6648:An Nam chí lược
6645:Lê Tắc (1961).
6617:
6511:Needham, Joseph
6445:
6368:Yishushi Yanjiu
6341:
6339:
6132:
6127:
6126:
6121:
6114:
6109:
6098:
6093:
6086:
6081:
6074:
6069:
6060:
6056:Rossabi, 89–90.
6055:
6051:
6046:
6042:
6037:
6030:
6026:Rossabi, 88–89.
6025:
6021:
6016:
6012:
6007:
6003:
5998:
5994:
5989:
5985:
5980:
5973:
5969:Rossabi, 82–87.
5968:
5964:
5959:
5946:
5942:Rossabi, 80–81.
5941:
5937:
5933:Adshead, 90–91.
5932:
5925:
5920:
5913:
5908:
5897:
5893:Rossabi, 55–56.
5892:
5888:
5883:
5870:
5866:Rossabi, 50–51.
5865:
5861:
5856:
5845:
5840:
5833:
5828:
5821:
5814:
5800:
5796:
5765:Haw, Stephen G.
5762:
5753:
5742:
5738:
5731:
5717:
5713:
5706:
5692:
5683:
5678:
5665:
5660:
5653:
5644:
5640:
5635:
5631:
5626:
5613:
5604:
5600:
5595:
5588:
5583:
5576:
5571:
5564:
5559:
5555:
5550:
5546:
5541:
5530:
5525:
5521:
5516:
5512:
5507:
5503:
5498:
5489:
5484:
5477:
5472:
5463:
5458:
5451:
5446:
5442:
5437:
5433:
5429:Sivin, III, 22.
5428:
5424:
5419:
5412:
5407:
5403:
5398:
5394:
5389:
5382:
5377:
5373:
5368:
5364:
5357:
5353:
5348:
5344:
5339:
5335:
5330:
5326:
5321:
5317:
5308:
5304:
5299:
5295:
5290:
5286:
5281:
5277:
5272:
5265:
5260:
5256:
5251:
5247:
5242:
5238:
5233:
5224:
5219:
5215:
5210:
5203:
5198:
5191:
5182:
5169:
5164:
5155:
5146:
5137:
5132:
5128:
5123:
5119:
5114:
5099:
5094:
5090:
5085:
5081:
5076:
5072:
5067:
5058:
5053:
5032:
5027:
5023:
5018:
5009:
5002:
4974:
4970:
4958:
4954:
4939:
4938:
4934:
4919:
4918:
4914:
4907:
4903:
4898:
4894:
4887:
4883:
4878:
4863:
4858:
4837:
4832:
4828:
4823:
4812:
4807:
4803:
4798:
4794:
4789:
4785:
4780:
4767:
4762:
4755:
4750:
4739:
4734:
4721:
4716:
4705:
4700:
4696:
4691:
4687:
4682:
4675:
4670:
4666:
4661:
4654:
4649:
4645:
4632:
4628:
4618:History of Song
4615:
4602:
4587:
4583:
4570:
4566:
4559:
4543:
4539:
4525:
4521:
4516:
4512:
4507:
4503:
4498:
4494:
4489:
4485:
4480:
4471:
4466:
4462:
4457:
4453:
4448:
4441:
4436:
4432:
4427:
4423:
4418:
4414:
4409:
4405:
4400:
4396:
4391:
4387:
4382:
4375:
4370:
4366:
4361:
4357:
4352:
4348:
4343:
4339:
4334:
4330:
4325:
4321:
4316:
4312:
4307:
4303:
4298:
4294:
4289:
4282:
4277:
4273:
4268:
4264:
4259:
4255:
4250:
4246:
4241:
4234:
4229:
4225:
4220:
4216:
4211:
4207:
4197:
4195:
4182:
4173:
4168:
4164:
4155:
4151:
4146:
4142:
4137:
4133:
4128:
4119:
4114:
4110:
4105:
4101:
4096:
4092:
4087:
4083:
4078:
4065:
4060:
4056:
4051:
4047:
4042:
4038:
4033:
4028:
3981:
3864:
3837:
3817:Battle of Yamen
3746:
3709:
3668:
3613:
3603:meeting of the
3544:invaded Vietnam
3527:to conquer the
3482:
3450:
3444:
3383:
3375:Main articles:
3373:
3291:
3285:
3265:Euphrates River
3136:Battle of Chibi
2929:
2831:Emperor Gaozong
2817:
2622:
2616:
2611:
2603:Main articles:
2601:
2549:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2359:
2353:
2345:Mongol invasion
2332:with Đại Việt.
2322:Emperor Shizong
2289:
2264:
2183:
2177:
2108:Elephas maximus
2100:
2087:Thân Thiệu Thái
2032:
1928:Bạch Đằng River
1890:
1884:
1856:
1850:
1786:in what is now
1699:
1553:
1548:
1538:
1501:History of Yuan
1498:. However, the
1487:Wenxian Tongkao
1481:History of Song
1308:Shanxi Province
1249:, Song dynasty.
1220:pontoon bridges
1135:
1125:
1117:Battle of Yamen
1060:with Vietnam's
982:
953:
952:
948:Women's history
854:
853:
844:
843:
842:
837:
832:
827:
825:
814:
809:
805:
785:
780:
771:
770:
759:
758:
757:
752:
747:
739:
734:
726:
721:
707:
706:
701:
696:
691:
683:
678:
670:
665:
657:
651:
646:
636:
624:
616:
611:
607:
587:
586:
581:
572:
562:
554:
549:
541:
536:
532:
520:
519:
514:
509:
504:
496:
493:
487:
482:
472:
450:
445:
440:
432:
406:
398:
393:
383:
373:
363:
351:
343:
338:
323:
322:
311:
310:
303:
293:
289:
284:
276:
266:
252:
248:
243:
235:
228:
224:
219:
206: 1046 BCE
205:
201:
196:
188:
182: 1600 BCE
181:
177:
172:
163:
162:
151:
150:
123: 2000 BCE
122:
118:
113:
105:
94:
93:
34:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7913:
7903:
7902:
7897:
7880:
7879:
7867:
7844:
7843:
7840:
7839:
7837:
7836:
7830:
7824:
7818:
7812:
7806:
7800:
7794:
7791: 10th c.
7781:
7774:
7772:
7765:
7764:
7757:
7756:
7755:
7743:
7742:
7741:
7734:
7724:
7719:
7714:
7709:
7704:
7699:
7694:
7689:
7684:
7679:
7674:
7669:
7664:
7663:
7662:
7659:Wujing Zongyao
7655:
7644:
7642:
7636:
7635:
7633:
7632:
7625:
7620:
7615:
7610:
7609:
7608:
7603:
7598:
7588:
7583:
7576:
7574:
7568:
7567:
7564:
7563:
7561:
7560:
7554:
7548:
7542:
7536:
7530:
7524:
7518:
7505:
7499:
7493:
7487:
7481:
7475:
7469:
7463:
7457:
7444:
7438:
7432:
7426:
7420:
7414:
7408:
7402:
7395:
7393:
7389:
7388:
7386:
7385:
7379:
7373:
7367:
7361:
7355:
7349:
7336:
7330:
7324:
7318:
7312:
7309:Huang Tingjian
7306:
7300:
7294:
7288:
7282:
7276:
7270:
7264:
7258:
7252:
7246:
7240:
7234:
7228:
7222:
7216:
7209:
7207:
7200:
7199:
7192:
7187:
7180:
7175:
7170:
7165:
7160:
7155:
7150:
7149:
7148:
7143:
7138:
7133:
7128:
7118:
7113:
7107:
7105:
7095:
7094:
7091:
7090:
7088:
7087:
7082:
7077:
7072:
7067:
7062:
7056:
7054:
7052:Six Ministries
7048:
7047:
7045:
7044:
7037:
7032:
7027:
7021:
7019:
7010:
7009:
7004:
6999:
6994:
6992:Qingli Reforms
6989:
6984:
6979:
6978:
6977:
6967:
6962:
6961:
6960:
6949:
6947:
6943:
6942:
6935:
6933:
6931:
6930:
6929:
6928:
6923:
6918:
6908:
6907:
6906:
6901:
6896:
6891:
6886:
6881:
6876:
6871:
6861:
6856:
6851:
6846:
6841:
6836:
6831:
6826:
6821:
6816:
6815:
6814:
6812:Gaoliang River
6809:
6804:
6799:
6791:
6785:
6783:
6772:
6771:
6763:
6762:
6755:
6748:
6740:
6734:
6733:
6728:
6721:
6720:External links
6718:
6716:
6715:
6700:
6693:
6687:
6667:
6660:
6643:
6636:
6621:
6615:
6600:
6593:
6586:
6571:
6564:
6557:
6542:
6535:
6528:
6521:
6508:
6501:
6486:
6479:
6464:
6449:
6443:
6426:
6411:
6404:
6397:
6382:
6375:
6364:
6357:
6348:
6325:
6310:
6303:
6296:
6282:
6268:
6258:
6243:
6228:
6213:
6196:
6186:
6171:
6164:
6149:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6125:
6124:
6112:
6096:
6084:
6072:
6058:
6049:
6040:
6028:
6019:
6010:
6001:
5992:
5983:
5971:
5962:
5944:
5935:
5923:
5911:
5895:
5886:
5868:
5859:
5843:
5831:
5819:
5813:978-0520261327
5812:
5794:
5775:(3): 361–371.
5751:
5736:
5730:978-1780233888
5729:
5711:
5705:978-0520261327
5704:
5681:
5663:
5651:
5638:
5629:
5611:
5598:
5586:
5574:
5562:
5553:
5544:
5528:
5519:
5510:
5501:
5499:Shen, 159–161.
5487:
5475:
5461:
5449:
5440:
5431:
5422:
5410:
5408:Sivin, III, 5.
5401:
5399:Shen, 157–158.
5392:
5380:
5371:
5362:
5351:
5342:
5333:
5324:
5315:
5302:
5293:
5284:
5275:
5263:
5261:Gernet, 23–25.
5254:
5252:Gernet, 22–23.
5245:
5236:
5222:
5213:
5201:
5189:
5167:
5153:
5135:
5126:
5117:
5097:
5088:
5079:
5070:
5056:
5030:
5021:
5007:
5000:
4968:
4952:
4932:
4912:
4901:
4892:
4881:
4861:
4835:
4826:
4810:
4801:
4792:
4783:
4765:
4753:
4737:
4719:
4703:
4694:
4685:
4673:
4664:
4652:
4643:
4626:
4600:
4581:
4564:
4557:
4537:
4528:Zizhi Tongjian
4519:
4510:
4501:
4499:Sivin, III, 9.
4492:
4490:Sivin, III, 8.
4483:
4469:
4460:
4451:
4439:
4430:
4421:
4412:
4403:
4394:
4385:
4373:
4364:
4355:
4346:
4337:
4328:
4319:
4310:
4301:
4292:
4280:
4271:
4262:
4253:
4244:
4232:
4223:
4214:
4205:
4171:
4162:
4149:
4140:
4131:
4117:
4108:
4099:
4090:
4081:
4063:
4054:
4045:
4035:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4023:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3980:
3977:
3940:Antoine Gaubil
3902:Zizhi Tongjian
3869:Zizhi Tongjian
3853:Zizhi Tongjian
3836:
3833:
3797:Silvermine Bay
3745:
3742:
3708:
3705:
3667:
3664:
3612:
3609:
3510:Eastern Europe
3488:Growth of the
3481:
3478:
3446:Main article:
3443:
3440:
3372:
3369:
3287:Main article:
3284:
3281:
3251:published his
3204:Joseph Needham
3172:Wujing Zongyao
3098:improvements,
2928:
2925:
2833:(r. 1127–1162)
2816:
2813:
2780:northern China
2672:, in the 1019
2618:Main article:
2615:
2612:
2600:
2597:
2551:
2550:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2534:
2503:
2450:
2449:
2446:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2434:
2431:
2375:Qingli Reforms
2352:
2349:
2341:Trần Thái Tông
2263:
2260:
2188:Lý Thường Kiệt
2179:Main article:
2176:
2173:
2099:
2096:
2089:(996–1066)—an
2031:
2028:
1910:(governor) of
1883:
1880:
1870:, bordered by
1849:
1846:
1824:, reinstating
1755:Buddhist canon
1698:
1695:
1552:
1549:
1537:
1534:
1514:Hongwu Emperor
1214:(931–999) and
1165:(r. 960–976),
1151:Five Dynasties
1124:
1121:
1080:to the north.
1014:southern China
984:
983:
981:
980:
973:
966:
958:
955:
954:
951:
950:
945:
940:
939:
938:
933:
928:
923:
913:
908:
903:
902:
901:
891:
886:
881:
879:Jewish history
876:
871:
866:
861:
855:
851:
850:
849:
846:
845:
839:
838:
834:
833:
831:
830:
817:
815:
813:
812:
810:(1949–present)
799:
797:
791:
784:
783:
772:
766:
765:
764:
761:
760:
754:
753:
751:
750:
738:
737:
725:
724:
713:
703:
702:
698:
697:
695:
694:
684:
681:
671:
668:
658:
654:
652:
650:
649:
639:
628:
627:
615:
614:
601:
599:
593:
583:
582:
580:
579:
578:
577:
576:
575:
553:
552:
540:
539:
526:
516:
515:
511:
510:
508:
507:
497:
494:
490:
488:
486:
485:
475:
464:
462:
456:
447:
446:
444:
443:
431:
430:
410:
409:
403:Three Kingdoms
397:
396:
386:
376:
366:
355:
354:
342:
341:
330:
324:
318:
317:
316:
313:
312:
309:
308:
307:
306:
301:Warring States
298:
294: 476 BCE
269:
267:(1046–771 BCE)
258:
257:
253: 256 BCE
234:
233:
211:
210:
187:
186:
164:
158:
157:
156:
153:
152:
149:
148:
128:
127:
104:
103:
95:
89:
88:
87:
84:
83:
82:
81:
79:Historiography
76:
71:
63:
62:
54:
53:
47:
46:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7912:
7901:
7898:
7896:
7893:
7892:
7890:
7883:
7878:
7868:
7866:
7856:
7855:
7852:
7834:
7831:
7828:
7825:
7822:
7819:
7816:
7813:
7810:
7807:
7804:
7801:
7798:
7795:
7785:
7782:
7779:
7776:
7775:
7773:
7769:
7763:
7762:
7758:
7754:
7753:
7749:
7748:
7747:
7744:
7740:
7739:
7738:Yingzao Fashi
7735:
7733:
7732:Liaodi Pagoda
7730:
7729:
7728:
7725:
7723:
7720:
7718:
7717:Tianchi basin
7715:
7713:
7710:
7708:
7705:
7703:
7700:
7698:
7695:
7693:
7690:
7688:
7685:
7683:
7680:
7678:
7675:
7673:
7670:
7668:
7665:
7661:
7660:
7656:
7654:
7651:
7650:
7649:
7646:
7645:
7643:
7641:
7637:
7631:
7630:
7626:
7624:
7621:
7619:
7616:
7614:
7611:
7607:
7604:
7602:
7599:
7597:
7594:
7593:
7592:
7589:
7587:
7584:
7581:
7578:
7577:
7575:
7573:
7569:
7558:
7555:
7552:
7549:
7546:
7543:
7540:
7539:Zhao Mengjian
7537:
7534:
7531:
7528:
7527:Wuzhun Shifan
7525:
7522:
7519:
7509:
7506:
7503:
7500:
7497:
7494:
7491:
7488:
7485:
7482:
7479:
7476:
7473:
7470:
7467:
7464:
7461:
7458:
7448:
7445:
7442:
7439:
7436:
7433:
7430:
7427:
7424:
7421:
7418:
7415:
7412:
7409:
7406:
7403:
7400:
7397:
7396:
7394:
7390:
7383:
7380:
7377:
7374:
7371:
7368:
7365:
7362:
7359:
7356:
7353:
7350:
7340:
7337:
7334:
7331:
7328:
7325:
7322:
7319:
7316:
7313:
7310:
7307:
7304:
7301:
7298:
7295:
7292:
7289:
7286:
7283:
7280:
7277:
7274:
7271:
7268:
7265:
7262:
7259:
7256:
7253:
7250:
7247:
7244:
7241:
7238:
7235:
7232:
7229:
7226:
7223:
7220:
7217:
7214:
7211:
7210:
7208:
7204:
7198:
7197:
7193:
7191:
7188:
7186:
7185:
7181:
7179:
7176:
7174:
7171:
7169:
7166:
7164:
7161:
7159:
7156:
7154:
7151:
7147:
7144:
7142:
7139:
7137:
7134:
7132:
7129:
7127:
7124:
7123:
7122:
7119:
7117:
7114:
7112:
7109:
7108:
7106:
7104:
7100:
7096:
7086:
7083:
7081:
7078:
7076:
7073:
7071:
7068:
7066:
7063:
7061:
7058:
7057:
7055:
7053:
7049:
7042:
7038:
7036:
7033:
7031:
7028:
7026:
7023:
7022:
7020:
7018:
7014:
7008:
7007:Three Bureaus
7005:
7003:
7002:Baojia system
7000:
6998:
6995:
6993:
6990:
6988:
6985:
6983:
6980:
6976:
6973:
6972:
6971:
6968:
6966:
6963:
6959:
6956:
6955:
6954:
6951:
6950:
6948:
6944:
6939:
6927:
6924:
6922:
6919:
6917:
6914:
6913:
6912:
6909:
6905:
6902:
6900:
6897:
6895:
6892:
6890:
6887:
6885:
6882:
6880:
6877:
6875:
6874:Huangtiandang
6872:
6870:
6867:
6866:
6865:
6864:Jin–Song Wars
6862:
6860:
6857:
6855:
6852:
6850:
6847:
6845:
6842:
6840:
6837:
6835:
6832:
6830:
6827:
6825:
6824:Song–Xia wars
6822:
6820:
6817:
6813:
6810:
6808:
6807:Southern Tang
6805:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6795:
6794:
6792:
6790:
6787:
6786:
6784:
6781:
6777:
6773:
6768:
6761:
6756:
6754:
6749:
6747:
6742:
6741:
6738:
6732:
6729:
6727:
6724:
6723:
6713:
6712:7-80113-304-8
6709:
6705:
6701:
6698:
6694:
6690:
6684:
6680:
6677:. Cambridge:
6676:
6672:
6668:
6665:
6661:
6658:
6657:9787101020373
6654:
6650:
6649:
6644:
6641:
6637:
6634:
6633:7-119-00431-X
6630:
6626:
6622:
6618:
6616:9783829820479
6612:
6608:
6607:
6601:
6598:
6594:
6591:
6587:
6584:
6583:0-520-05913-1
6580:
6576:
6572:
6569:
6565:
6562:
6558:
6555:
6554:0-500-05090-2
6551:
6547:
6543:
6540:
6536:
6533:
6529:
6526:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6512:
6509:
6506:
6502:
6499:
6495:
6491:
6487:
6484:
6480:
6477:
6473:
6469:
6465:
6462:
6458:
6454:
6450:
6446:
6440:
6436:
6432:
6427:
6424:
6420:
6416:
6412:
6409:
6405:
6402:
6398:
6395:
6394:0-671-70158-4
6391:
6387:
6383:
6380:
6376:
6373:
6369:
6365:
6362:
6358:
6355:
6354:
6349:
6338:
6334:
6331:
6326:
6323:
6322:0-8248-0959-9
6319:
6315:
6311:
6308:
6304:
6301:
6297:
6295:
6294:0-8047-0720-0
6291:
6287:
6283:
6281:
6280:0-674-01828-1
6277:
6273:
6269:
6266:
6262:
6259:
6256:
6255:0-521-66991-X
6252:
6248:
6244:
6241:
6240:0-618-13384-4
6237:
6233:
6229:
6226:
6225:0-8248-1719-2
6222:
6218:
6214:
6211:
6207:
6203:
6202:
6197:
6194:
6190:
6187:
6184:
6180:
6176:
6172:
6169:
6165:
6162:
6158:
6154:
6150:
6147:
6146:1-4039-3456-8
6143:
6139:
6135:
6134:
6119:
6117:
6107:
6105:
6103:
6101:
6091:
6089:
6079:
6077:
6067:
6065:
6063:
6053:
6044:
6035:
6033:
6023:
6014:
6005:
5996:
5987:
5978:
5976:
5966:
5957:
5955:
5953:
5951:
5949:
5939:
5930:
5928:
5918:
5916:
5906:
5904:
5902:
5900:
5890:
5881:
5879:
5877:
5875:
5873:
5863:
5854:
5852:
5850:
5848:
5838:
5836:
5826:
5824:
5815:
5809:
5805:
5798:
5790:
5786:
5782:
5778:
5774:
5770:
5766:
5760:
5758:
5756:
5747:
5740:
5732:
5726:
5722:
5715:
5707:
5701:
5697:
5690:
5688:
5686:
5676:
5674:
5672:
5670:
5668:
5658:
5656:
5648:
5642:
5633:
5624:
5622:
5620:
5618:
5616:
5608:
5602:
5593:
5591:
5581:
5579:
5569:
5567:
5557:
5548:
5539:
5537:
5535:
5533:
5523:
5517:Levathes, 37.
5514:
5508:Paludan, 142.
5505:
5496:
5494:
5492:
5482:
5480:
5470:
5468:
5466:
5456:
5454:
5444:
5438:Levathes, 77.
5435:
5426:
5420:Paludan, 136.
5417:
5415:
5405:
5396:
5387:
5385:
5375:
5366:
5360:
5355:
5346:
5337:
5328:
5319:
5312:
5306:
5297:
5288:
5279:
5270:
5268:
5258:
5249:
5240:
5231:
5229:
5227:
5217:
5208:
5206:
5196:
5194:
5186:
5180:
5178:
5176:
5174:
5172:
5162:
5160:
5158:
5150:
5144:
5142:
5140:
5130:
5121:
5112:
5110:
5108:
5106:
5104:
5102:
5092:
5083:
5074:
5068:Fairbank, 97.
5065:
5063:
5061:
5051:
5049:
5047:
5045:
5043:
5041:
5039:
5037:
5035:
5025:
5016:
5014:
5012:
5003:
4997:
4993:
4989:
4985:
4982:. Cambridge:
4981:
4980:
4972:
4965:
4961:
4956:
4948:
4944:
4943:
4936:
4928:
4924:
4923:
4916:
4910:
4905:
4896:
4890:
4885:
4876:
4874:
4872:
4870:
4868:
4866:
4856:
4854:
4852:
4850:
4848:
4846:
4844:
4842:
4840:
4830:
4821:
4819:
4817:
4815:
4805:
4796:
4787:
4778:
4776:
4774:
4772:
4770:
4760:
4758:
4748:
4746:
4744:
4742:
4732:
4730:
4728:
4726:
4724:
4714:
4712:
4710:
4708:
4698:
4689:
4680:
4678:
4668:
4659:
4657:
4647:
4641:
4637:
4636:
4630:
4624:
4620:
4619:
4613:
4611:
4609:
4607:
4605:
4596:
4592:
4585:
4579:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4560:
4558:9789812349842
4554:
4550:
4549:
4541:
4534:
4530:
4529:
4523:
4514:
4505:
4496:
4487:
4478:
4476:
4474:
4464:
4455:
4446:
4444:
4434:
4425:
4416:
4407:
4398:
4389:
4380:
4378:
4368:
4359:
4350:
4341:
4332:
4323:
4314:
4305:
4296:
4287:
4285:
4275:
4266:
4257:
4248:
4239:
4237:
4227:
4218:
4209:
4194:
4190:
4187:
4180:
4178:
4176:
4166:
4159:
4153:
4144:
4135:
4126:
4124:
4122:
4112:
4103:
4094:
4085:
4076:
4074:
4072:
4070:
4068:
4061:Schafer, 291.
4058:
4049:
4040:
4036:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4010:Wen Tianxiang
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3982:
3976:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3957:
3951:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3926:
3922:
3918:
3917:Neo-Confucian
3914:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3870:
3863:
3855:
3854:
3849:
3848:Neo-Confucian
3845:
3841:
3832:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3821:Zhang Hongfan
3818:
3814:
3813:Sung Wong Toi
3810:
3806:
3805:Lantau Island
3802:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3785:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3766:
3763:
3754:
3750:
3741:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3704:
3701:
3700:Liu Bingzhong
3697:
3691:
3684:
3680:
3677:ruled as the
3676:
3672:
3663:
3660:
3657:fighting the
3654:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3626:
3617:
3608:
3606:
3600:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3540:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3525:Uriyangkhadai
3522:
3517:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3490:Mongol Empire
3486:
3477:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3449:
3439:
3435:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3424:flamethrowers
3422:
3418:
3413:
3409:
3408:Wanyan Yongji
3404:
3400:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3378:
3368:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3329:Southern Song
3325:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3290:
3280:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3247:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3235:
3234:Lingwai Daida
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3212:
3207:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3181:
3178:
3174:
3173:
3167:
3163:
3161:
3158:was based at
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3140:Huang Huaixin
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3088:
3084:
3076:
3072:
3071:
3065:
3061:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3050:Abu Himyarite
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2975:Ti-hua-kia-lo
2972:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2954:
2953:Chola dynasty
2946:
2942:
2938:
2933:
2924:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2905:
2903:
2899:
2898:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2863:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2848:
2844:
2841:(between the
2840:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2822:
2812:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2776:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2753:
2744:
2740:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2713:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2666:
2662:
2657:
2654:
2650:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2610:
2606:
2605:Jin–Song Wars
2596:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2569:
2567:
2557:
2548:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2533:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2501:
2497:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2474:
2471:
2463:
2459:
2454:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2424:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2419:Baojia system
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2395:
2391:
2389:
2384:
2380:
2377:initiated by
2376:
2371:
2363:
2358:
2348:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2318:king of Annam
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2293:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2273:
2269:
2259:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2243:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2209:
2200:
2195:
2191:
2189:
2182:
2172:
2170:
2166:
2165:nán píng wáng
2162:
2158:
2152:
2150:
2145:
2143:
2142:Lý Thánh Tông
2139:
2135:
2131:
2126:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2109:
2104:
2095:
2092:
2088:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2076:Lý Thánh Tông
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2027:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2004:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1969:were defeated
1966:
1962:
1957:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1946:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1922:defeated the
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1908:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1889:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1814:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1799:
1795:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1759:Tangut script
1756:
1750:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1720:
1716:
1715:Tangut script
1711:
1703:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1682:
1679:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1637:
1633:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1616:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1599:(present-day
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1585:New Years Day
1582:
1578:
1574:
1566:
1562:
1557:
1547:
1543:
1533:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1502:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1488:
1483:
1482:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1448:Uyghur-Turkic
1444:
1440:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1404:
1399:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1372:
1369:
1365:
1360:
1354:
1349:
1347:
1341:
1339:
1338:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1294:
1289:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1248:
1244:
1239:
1235:
1233:
1230:corps of the
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1192:Southern Tang
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1163:Emperor Taizu
1160:
1159:Zhao Kuangyin
1156:
1152:
1148:
1139:
1134:
1130:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1093:Jin–Song wars
1090:
1086:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1029:
1027:
1024:, ending the
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
979:
974:
972:
967:
965:
960:
959:
957:
956:
949:
946:
944:
941:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
918:
917:
914:
912:
911:Naval history
909:
907:
904:
900:
897:
896:
895:
894:Music history
892:
890:
889:Media history
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
874:Legal history
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
856:
848:
847:
828:1949–present)
824:
823:
819:
818:
816:
808:
807:
801:
800:
798:
795:
794:
789:
779:
778:
774:
773:
769:
763:
762:
746:
745:
741:
740:
733:
732:
728:
727:
720:
719:
715:
714:
711:
690:
689:
685:
682:
677:
676:
672:
669:
664:
663:
659:
656:
655:
653:
645:
644:
643:Southern Song
640:
635:
634:
633:Northern Song
630:
629:
623:
622:
618:
617:
610:
609:
603:
602:
600:
597:
596:
591:
571:
568:
567:
566:
565:
561:
560:
556:
555:
548:
547:
543:
542:
535:
534:
528:
527:
524:
503:
502:
498:
495:
492:
491:
489:
481:
480:
476:
471:
470:
466:
465:
463:
460:
459:
454:
439:
438:
434:
433:
429:
428:
423:
422:
417:
416:
412:
411:
405:
404:
400:
399:
392:
391:
387:
382:
381:
377:
372:
371:
367:
364:(206–202 BCE)
362:
361:
357:
356:
350:
349:
345:
344:
339:(221–207 BCE)
337:
336:
332:
331:
328:
321:
315:
314:
304:(475–221 BCE)
302:
299:
283:
280:
279:
277:(771–256 BCE)
275:
274:
270:
265:
264:
260:
259:
242:
241:
237:
236:
218:
217:
213:
212:
195:
194:
190:
189:
171:
170:
166:
165:
161:
155:
154:
147:
146:
141:
140:
135:
134:
130:
129:
112:
111:
107:
106:
102:
101:
97:
96:
92:
86:
85:
80:
77:
75:
72:
70:
67:
66:
65:
64:
60:
56:
55:
52:
49:
48:
44:
40:
39:
36:
32:
27:
19:
7895:Song dynasty
7882:
7833:Guo Shoujing
7759:
7750:
7736:
7727:Architecture
7712:Fishing reel
7687:Movable type
7657:
7627:
7521:Zhou Jichang
7472:Zhang Zeduan
7321:Zhou Bangyan
7213:Fan Zhongyan
7194:
7182:
7168:Yaozhou ware
7163:Qingbai ware
6997:New Policies
6802:Southern Han
6793:Unification
6775:
6767:Song dynasty
6703:
6696:
6674:
6663:
6646:
6639:
6624:
6605:
6596:
6589:
6574:
6567:
6560:
6545:
6538:
6531:
6524:
6514:
6504:
6489:
6482:
6467:
6452:
6430:
6414:
6407:
6400:
6385:
6378:
6371:
6367:
6360:
6351:
6342:16 September
6340:. Retrieved
6332:
6313:
6306:
6299:
6285:
6271:
6264:
6257:(paperback).
6246:
6231:
6216:
6200:
6192:
6174:
6167:
6152:
6137:
6094:Rossabi, 94.
6082:Rossabi, 93.
6070:Rossabi, 90.
6052:
6043:
6038:Rossabi, 91.
6022:
6017:Rossabi, 88.
6013:
6008:Rossabi, 87.
6004:
5999:Rossabi, 85.
5995:
5986:
5981:Rossabi, 83.
5965:
5960:Rossabi, 81.
5938:
5921:Embree, 385.
5909:Rossabi, 82.
5889:
5884:Rossabi, 56.
5862:
5857:Rossabi, 50.
5841:Rossabi, 49.
5829:Rossabi, 46.
5803:
5797:
5772:
5768:
5745:
5739:
5720:
5714:
5695:
5646:
5641:
5632:
5606:
5601:
5572:Tillman, 29.
5556:
5547:
5522:
5513:
5504:
5443:
5434:
5425:
5404:
5395:
5390:Rossabi, 92.
5374:
5365:
5354:
5345:
5336:
5327:
5318:
5310:
5305:
5296:
5287:
5278:
5257:
5248:
5239:
5234:Coblin, 533.
5216:
5184:
5148:
5129:
5120:
5091:
5086:Morton, 102.
5082:
5073:
5024:
4978:
4971:
4955:
4941:
4935:
4921:
4915:
4904:
4895:
4884:
4829:
4804:
4795:
4786:
4697:
4688:
4667:
4646:
4633:
4629:
4616:
4594:
4590:
4584:
4575:
4572:Dinh Bo Linh
4567:
4547:
4540:
4526:
4522:
4513:
4504:
4495:
4486:
4463:
4454:
4433:
4424:
4415:
4406:
4397:
4388:
4367:
4358:
4349:
4340:
4331:
4326:Mote, 70–71.
4322:
4313:
4304:
4295:
4274:
4265:
4256:
4247:
4226:
4217:
4208:
4198:14 September
4196:. Retrieved
4188:
4165:
4157:
4152:
4143:
4134:
4111:
4102:
4093:
4084:
4057:
4048:
4039:
3972:
3968:
3954:
3952:
3928:Qing dynasty
3919:philosopher
3910:
3901:
3873:
3867:
3865:
3851:
3793:Zhang Shijie
3786:
3774:Emperor Gong
3767:
3758:
3753:Emperor Bing
3734:Uyghur Turks
3710:
3692:
3688:
3683:Yuan dynasty
3659:Golden Horde
3655:
3625:Yangzi River
3622:
3601:
3552:Trần dynasty
3541:
3537:Trần dynasty
3529:Dali Kingdom
3518:
3503:
3498:Yuan dynasty
3451:
3436:
3403:Genghis Khan
3396:
3391:Genghis Khan
3389:Portrait of
3326:
3310:Wanyan Liang
3307:
3297:
3263:region, and
3252:
3232:
3221:Persian Gulf
3214:
3209:
3199:
3185:
3170:
3126:towards the
3092:shipbuilding
3080:
3077:(1085–1145).
3075:Zhang Zeduan
3068:
3010:Tang dynasty
2989:sea captain
2974:
2950:
2906:
2895:
2864:
2856:Han Shizhong
2836:
2818:
2777:
2763:designed by
2752:siege towers
2749:
2714:
2694:Wanyan Aguda
2682:Iki Province
2674:Toi invasion
2658:
2649:Liao dynasty
2635:
2570:
2562:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2505:
2475:
2467:
2460:portrait of
2458:Yuan dynasty
2415:New Policies
2400:
2379:Fan Zhongyan
2372:
2368:
2337:Trần dynasty
2334:
2317:
2313:
2287:Lee Yang gon
2283:Lý Dương Côn
2265:
2256:Lê Văn Thịnh
2244:
2227:Khmer Empire
2224:
2212:
2208:Lý Nhân Tông
2204:
2184:
2164:
2153:
2146:
2122:
2106:
2084:
2056:China proper
2052:
2048:Yangzi River
2033:
2005:
1997:Dali kingdom
1977:Lê Long Đĩnh
1958:
1953:
1943:
1940:Đinh dynasty
1936:Đinh Bộ Lĩnh
1924:Southern Han
1905:
1902:Khúc Thừa Dụ
1896:, until the
1891:
1876:Khmer Empire
1815:
1800:
1796:
1751:
1739:Tang dynasty
1737:of the late
1724:
1683:
1654:
1649:Liao dynasty
1617:
1593:Liao dynasty
1589:Northern Han
1577:Northern Han
1570:
1542:Liao dynasty
1528:) to inform
1518:Ming dynasty
1510:Yuan dynasty
1499:
1485:
1479:
1464:Roman Empire
1421:astronomical
1406:
1401:
1391:
1373:
1356:
1351:
1345:
1342:
1335:
1313:
1298:wood-carved
1293:Liao dynasty
1276:
1232:Southern Han
1228:war elephant
1224:Yangzi River
1208:Liu Tingrang
1196:Northern Han
1184:Southern Han
1155:Tang dynasty
1144:
1113:Yuan dynasty
1082:
1078:Liao dynasty
1058:a border war
1030:
1010:China proper
990:Song dynasty
987:
884:LGBT history
820:
802:
775:
742:
729:
716:
686:
673:
660:
641:
631:
619:
608:Ten Kingdoms
604:
557:
544:
531:Northern and
529:
499:
477:
467:
435:
425:
419:
413:
407:(220–280 CE)
401:
388:
378:
368:
358:
346:
333:
273:Eastern Zhou
271:
263:Western Zhou
261:
238:
214:
191:
167:
143:
137:
131:
108:
98:
35:
26:
7835:(1231–1316)
7829:(1202–1261)
7827:Qin Jiushao
7823:(1192-1279)
7817:(1186–1249)
7811:(1031–1095)
7805:(1020–1101)
7799:(1010–1070)
7784:Zhang Sixun
7629:Zhu Fan Zhi
7618:Champa rice
7582:(1021–1086)
7559:(1235–1305)
7553:(1222–1307)
7547:(1210–1269)
7541:(1199–1295)
7535:(1190–1230)
7529:(1178–1249)
7508:Lin Tinggui
7504:(1140–1210)
7498:(1120–1182)
7492:(1100–1197)
7486:(1096–1119)
7484:Wang Ximeng
7480:(1094-1172)
7474:(1085–1145)
7468:(1082–1135)
7462:(1051–1107)
7443:(1049–1106)
7437:(1036–1093)
7431:(1020–1090)
7425:(1019–1079)
7419:(1000–1064)
7384:(1170–1231)
7378:(1140–1207)
7372:(1130–1200)
7366:(1127–1206)
7360:(1126–1193)
7358:Fan Chengda
7354:(1125–1209)
7335:(1085–1144)
7329:(1084–1155)
7327:Li Qingzhao
7323:(1056–1121)
7317:(1047–1126)
7311:(1045–1105)
7305:(1039–1112)
7299:(1037–1101)
7293:(1033–1107)
7287:(1032–1085)
7281:(1022–1077)
7275:(1019–1086)
7269:(1019–1083)
7263:(1017–1073)
7257:(1012–1067)
7251:(1011–1077)
7245:(1009–1066)
7239:(1007–1072)
7233:(1002–1060)
7231:Mei Yaochen
7158:Cizhou ware
7035:Chancellery
7030:Secretariat
6958:Family tree
6916:Diaoyucheng
6333:Fordham.edu
6148:(hardback).
5322:Giles, 950.
5300:Tillman, 3.
5273:Gernet, 25.
5199:Gernet, 22.
5133:Peers, 131.
5077:Peers, 130.
4640:Main/vol. 2
4189:Fordham.edu
3732:, Mongols,
3675:Kublai Khan
3569:Möngke Khan
3554:capital of
3506:Möngke Khan
3494:Kublai Khan
3454:Jin dynasty
3417:Ögedei Khan
3353:Wanyan Yong
3261:Indus River
3196:watchtowers
3152:Philippines
3060:(or Amoy).
3042:Pu Shougeng
2935:A Song era
2773:fire arrows
2769:millwrights
2761:clock tower
2642:Western Xia
2326:Jin dynasty
2306:Lý Anh Tông
2290: [
2275:Jin dynasty
2220:Kunlun Pass
2181:Lý–Song War
2040:Han Chinese
2016:Tai peoples
2012:Nong Zhigao
1993:Lý Công Uẩn
1983:sutras and
1971:by general
1945:Đại Cồ Việt
1932:Ngô dynasty
1916:Tang Empire
1836:(in modern
1731:Western Xia
1719:Western Xia
1613:Zhao Dezhao
1546:Western Xia
1506:Kublai Khan
1474:("Fu lin")
1456:Kara-Khanid
1441:kingdom of
1409:Zhang Sixun
1398:spelling):
1376:cartography
1359:bureaucracy
1262:lacquerware
1210:(929–987),
1171:Guo Zongxun
1089:Jin dynasty
931:Discoveries
926:Cartography
921:Archaeology
859:Art history
748:(1644–1912)
735:(1368–1644)
722:(1271–1368)
692:(1115–1234)
679:(1038–1227)
675:Western Xia
647:(1127–1279)
479:Eastern Jin
469:Western Jin
394:(25–220 CE)
390:Eastern Han
370:Western Han
249: 1046
229: 1046
225: 1250
202: 1600
178: 2070
119: 8500
100:Paleolithic
91:Prehistoric
7889:Categories
7780:(972–1051)
7697:Pound lock
7623:Nanhai One
7580:Wang Anshi
7478:Su Hanchen
7441:Li Gonglin
7411:Zhao Chang
7407:(970–1053)
7405:Xu Daoning
7401:(960–1030)
7382:Zhao Rukuo
7364:Yang Wanli
7273:Sima Guang
7261:Zhou Dunyi
7237:Ouyang Xiu
7227:(998–1061)
7221:(991–1055)
7215:(989–1052)
6946:Government
6210:0520050614
5349:Shen, 158.
4960:Ngô Thì Sĩ
4597:(1): 1–13.
4052:Graff, 87.
4026:References
3946:school of
3890:Sima Guang
3599:epidemic.
3556:Thang Long
3421:fire lance
3277:Zhao Rugua
3246:geographer
3239:Madagascar
3229:Zhou Qufei
3223:, and the
3188:Great Wall
3128:North Pole
3120:true north
3108:Navigation
2792:Huai River
2690:Hakata Bay
2581:Sima Guang
2403:Wang Anshi
2388:chancellor
2262:After 1082
2246:Vietnam's
2169:Vietnamese
2113:Lý dynasty
2068:Wang Anshi
2020:Lý dynasty
1989:Vietnamese
1961:Hou Renbao
1898:Vietnamese
1882:Background
1864:Lý dynasty
1826:Wang Anshi
1822:Sima Guang
1687:horologist
1522:Archbishop
1396:Wade–Giles
1384:gazetteers
1296:polychrome
1281:Xu Daoning
1247:Jingdezhen
1206:(d. 991),
1147:Later Zhou
1062:Lý dynasty
1054:Vietnamese
1050:Wang Anshi
1022:Later Zhou
936:Inventions
666:(916–1125)
637:(960–1127)
625:(960–1279)
292: – c.
290: 770
251: – c.
227: – c.
216:Late Shang
204: – c.
180: – c.
121: – c.
7771:Inventors
7648:Gunpowder
7557:Qian Xuan
7523:(12th c.)
7502:Liang Kai
7496:Zhao Boju
7435:Wang Shen
7417:Yi Yuanji
7413:(10th c.)
7285:Cheng Hao
7279:Zhang Zai
7267:Zeng Gong
7255:Cai Xiang
7249:Shao Yong
7173:Jian ware
7136:Guan ware
7126:Ding ware
6921:Xiangyang
6797:Later Shu
6590:The CōĻas
5447:Hall, 24.
5369:Wang, 14.
5331:Hall, 23.
4242:Mote, 69.
4031:Citations
3965:memorials
3907:Sima Qian
3778:Changzhou
3725:Han River
3713:Xiangyang
3647:Ariq Böke
3634:Jia Sidao
3605:khuriltai
3593:dysentery
3589:Chongqing
3539:by 1257.
3516:in 1258.
3361:Manchuria
3253:Geography
3249:Al-Idrisi
3231:wrote in
3177:trebuchet
3156:admiralty
3100:warehouse
3046:Guangzhou
3030:Near East
3028:from the
2966:Srivijaya
2917:West Lake
2902:Cai Wenji
2883:Manchuria
2721:catapults
2710:Bohai Sea
2702:Tong Guan
2456:An early
2130:elephants
1926:state on
1920:Ngô Quyền
1747:Li Deming
1743:Li Jiqian
1629:Bohai Sea
1526:Khanbaliq
1415:-powered
1413:hydraulic
1388:Song Zhun
1380:Lu Duosun
1368:municipal
1324:Manchuria
1279:, one of
1266:stoneware
1258:Porcelain
1243:porcelain
1216:Huyan Zan
1188:Later Shu
1119:in 1279.
1045:gunpowder
612:(907–979)
573:(690–705)
563:(618–907)
550:(581–618)
537:(420–589)
505:(304–439)
483:(317–420)
473:(266–316)
441:(266–420)
384:(9–23 CE)
110:Neolithic
74:Dynasties
7809:Shen Kuo
7797:Jia Xian
7778:Bi Sheng
7702:Dry dock
7591:Banknote
7551:Gong Kai
7423:Wen Tong
7399:Fan Kuan
7392:Painters
7376:Xin Qiji
7333:Zhu Bian
7315:Cai Jing
7291:Cheng Yi
7141:Jun ware
7111:Religion
6982:Military
6953:Emperors
6884:Yancheng
6869:Jingkang
6780:Timeline
6513:(1954).
6263:(1997).
5990:Lo, 492.
5789:24692275
5485:Lo, 491.
5459:Lo, 490.
4623:vol. 488
4533:vol. 281
4015:Yang Hui
3979:See also
3969:Song Shi
3948:sinology
3829:Lu Xiufu
3789:Zhao Shi
3721:Fancheng
3638:Lü Wende
3573:Shandong
3466:Chang'an
3345:grenades
3335:and the
3243:Moroccan
3206:writes:
3202:series,
3192:warships
3180:catapult
3116:Shen Kuo
3087:maritime
3083:Hangzhou
3014:Quanzhou
2995:Shandong
2987:Egyptian
2921:Hangzhou
2821:Hangzhou
2801:Zhejiang
2644:and the
2638:Jurchens
2609:Timeline
2482:Shen Kuo
2125:Yongzhou
2060:memorial
2044:Shandong
1965:Giao Chỉ
1907:jiedushi
1888:Đại Việt
1874:and the
1868:Đại Việt
1807:Shen Kuo
1657:Shanyuan
1579:and the
1567:, Taipei
1452:Gaochang
1450:city of
1392:Song Shi
1346:Song Shi
1337:jiedushi
1304:Guan Yin
1198:and the
1157:in 907.
1105:Hangzhou
1037:Shen Kuo
899:Timeline
826:(Taiwan,
806:of China
320:Imperial
69:Timeline
43:a series
41:Part of
7877:History
7851:Portals
7815:Song Ci
7803:Su Song
7692:Compass
7572:Economy
7533:Li Song
7447:Cui Bai
7225:Song Qi
7219:Yan Shu
7206:Writers
7146:Ru ware
7131:Ge ware
7103:Society
7099:Culture
6904:Caizhou
6894:Tangdao
6776:History
6130:Sources
5645:Ebrey,
5605:Ebrey,
5309:Ebrey,
5183:Ebrey,
5147:Ebrey,
4574:at the
4548:Vietnam
4156:Ebrey,
3973:Jin Shi
3944:Russian
3934:Father
3823:in the
3730:Koreans
3597:cholera
3565:Sichuan
3561:Guangxi
3474:Chengdu
3470:Sichuan
3462:Luoyang
3458:Kaifeng
3399:Mongols
3349:Jurchen
3322:Beijing
3302:Kaifeng
3225:Red Sea
3160:Dinghai
3144:drydock
3112:compass
3104:beacons
3034:Muslims
3032:, etc.
2991:Domiyat
2983:Fatimid
2887:Luoyang
2875:Qinzong
2871:Qin Hui
2867:Gaozong
2860:Kaifeng
2852:Yue Fei
2839:Huainan
2805:Jiangxi
2797:Jiangsu
2784:Nanjing
2765:Su Song
2729:rawhide
2725:Taiyuan
2676:of the
2670:pirates
2665:Sungari
2661:Huizong
2589:Mencius
2486:malaria
2478:premier
2428:tenants
2383:Tanguts
2324:of the
2272:Jurchen
2268:Kaifeng
2215:Guangxi
2157:Chinese
2149:Guizhou
2117:Kaifeng
2072:militia
2036:Di Qing
1973:Lê Hoàn
1904:became
1842:Gusiluo
1838:Qinghai
1834:Haidong
1780:Shaanxi
1729:of the
1727:Tanguts
1717:of the
1691:Su Song
1678:bullion
1673:tribute
1661:Kaifeng
1601:Beijing
1573:Khitans
1516:of the
1470:") and
1435:Ma Yize
1425:mercury
1328:Shaanxi
1212:Cao Bin
1204:Pan Mei
1176:Nanping
1109:Mongols
1101:Kaifeng
1085:Jurchen
1041:Su Song
994:Chinese
570:Wu Zhou
160:Ancient
139:Yangtze
7601:Guanzi
7596:Jiaozi
7429:Guo Xi
7370:Zhu Xi
7352:Lu You
7339:Zhu Yu
7303:Su Zhe
7297:Su Shi
7243:Su Xun
7116:Poetry
6899:Caishi
6769:topics
6710:
6685:
6655:
6631:
6613:
6597:Oriens
6581:
6552:
6496:
6474:
6459:
6441:
6421:
6392:
6320:
6292:
6278:
6253:
6238:
6223:
6208:
6181:
6159:
6144:
5810:
5787:
5727:
5702:
5649:, 170.
5609:, 171.
5313:, 151.
5187:, 150.
5151:, 168.
4998:
4555:
4160:, 138.
3932:Jesuit
3925:Manchu
3921:Zhu Xi
3900:. The
3844:Zhu Xi
3801:Mui Wo
3770:Fuzhou
3762:Fujian
3715:was a
3679:Khagan
3651:Xanadu
3521:Kublai
3357:Khitan
3318:Harbin
3122:(with
3096:harbor
3058:Xiamen
2913:shrine
2843:Yangzi
2809:Fujian
2807:, and
2757:Daoist
2688:, and
2646:Khitan
2577:regent
2547:Su Shi
2490:Su Shi
2462:Su Shi
2298:Goryeo
2161:pinyin
2159::南平王,
2111:; the
2080:Champa
2010:rebel
2008:Zhuang
2001:horses
1985:Taoist
1872:Champa
1830:Xining
1811:Yan'an
1788:Shanxi
1784:Hedong
1443:Goryeo
1439:Korean
1432:Muslim
1316:Wu-Yue
1300:statue
1264:, and
1190:, and
1180:Wu-Yue
1074:Khitan
1066:Tangut
1002:pinyin
768:Modern
424:, and
142:, and
133:Yellow
45:on the
7865:China
7821:Li Ye
7606:Huizi
7490:Li Di
7460:Mi Fu
6926:Yamen
6879:De'an
5785:JSTOR
3912:Shiji
3803:) on
3782:Tibet
3738:Bayan
3630:Ezhou
3595:, or
3577:Henan
3533:Tibet
3054:Yemen
3052:from
3018:Hindu
2985:-era
2964:that
2958:Tamil
2943:with
2941:hulls
2879:exile
2678:Heian
2566:Hubei
2314:Annam
2294:]
2232:Hanoi
2199:Hanoi
1954:Annam
1621:Hebei
1468:Daqin
1419:(for
1087:-led
1076:-led
1068:-led
193:Shang
7667:Coke
7545:Muqi
7101:and
6708:ISBN
6683:ISBN
6653:ISBN
6629:ISBN
6611:ISBN
6579:ISBN
6550:ISBN
6494:ISBN
6472:ISBN
6457:ISBN
6439:ISBN
6419:ISBN
6390:ISBN
6344:2016
6318:ISBN
6290:ISBN
6276:ISBN
6251:ISBN
6236:ISBN
6221:ISBN
6206:ISBN
6179:ISBN
6157:ISBN
6142:ISBN
5808:ISBN
5725:ISBN
5700:ISBN
4996:ISBN
4553:ISBN
4200:2016
3696:Dadu
3575:and
3464:and
3379:and
3355:and
3269:Iraq
3257:Aden
3194:for
3132:navy
3114:and
3022:Jews
3003:Imam
2937:junk
2854:and
2847:Huai
2845:and
2733:moat
2607:and
2250:and
1862:The
1832:and
1641:silk
1544:and
1484:and
1429:Arab
1145:The
1131:and
1039:and
1012:and
988:The
744:Qing
731:Ming
718:Yuan
662:Liao
621:Song
559:Tang
240:Zhou
231:BCE)
7788:fl.
7512:fl.
7451:fl.
7343:fl.
5777:doi
4988:doi
3587:in
3548:Aju
3106:).
2919:in
2881:in
2698:Jin
2091:Tày
2062:to
1956:.
1782:to
1775:fl.
1524:of
1411:'s
1302:of
688:Jin
546:Sui
437:Jin
421:Shu
415:Wei
380:Xin
348:Han
335:Qin
169:Xia
7891::
6681:.
6437:,
6335:.
6115:^
6099:^
6087:^
6075:^
6061:^
6031:^
5974:^
5947:^
5926:^
5914:^
5898:^
5871:^
5846:^
5834:^
5822:^
5783:.
5773:76
5771:.
5754:^
5684:^
5666:^
5654:^
5614:^
5589:^
5577:^
5565:^
5531:^
5490:^
5478:^
5464:^
5452:^
5413:^
5383:^
5266:^
5225:^
5204:^
5192:^
5170:^
5156:^
5138:^
5100:^
5059:^
5033:^
5010:^
4994:.
4986:.
4962:,
4945:.
4925:.
4864:^
4838:^
4813:^
4768:^
4756:^
4740:^
4722:^
4706:^
4676:^
4655:^
4638:,
4621:,
4603:^
4595:28
4593:.
4531:,
4472:^
4442:^
4376:^
4283:^
4235:^
4191:.
4174:^
4120:^
4066:^
3950:.
3772:.
3653:.
3460:,
3434:.
3024:,
2923:.
2803:,
2799:,
2684:,
2292:ko
2242:.
2167:,
2163::
2050:.
2026:.
1615:.
1563:,
1466:("
1306:,
1291:A
1260:,
1241:A
1186:,
1182:,
1178:,
1028:.
1000:;
998:宋朝
996::
427:Wu
418:,
287:c.
246:c.
222:c.
199:c.
175:c.
136:,
116:c.
7853::
7793:)
7786:(
7517:)
7510:(
7456:)
7449:(
7348:)
7341:(
7043:)
7039:(
6782:)
6778:(
6759:e
6752:t
6745:v
6714:.
6691:.
6659:.
6635:.
6619:.
6585:.
6556:.
6500:.
6478:.
6463:.
6447:.
6425:.
6396:.
6370:(
6346:.
6324:.
6242:.
6227:.
6185:.
6163:.
5816:.
5791:.
5779::
5748:.
5733:.
5708:.
5004:.
4990::
4949:.
4929:.
4561:.
4535:.
4202:.
3799:(
2947:.
2632:.
2285:(
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1334:(
992:(
977:e
970:t
963:v
296:)
285:(
255:)
244:(
220:(
208:)
197:(
184:)
173:(
125:)
114:(
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20:)
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