251:
508:, wrote of the Shroud, which was then at Nice, "How is it possible that those sacred historians, who carefully related all the miracles that took place at Christ’s death, should have omitted to mention one so remarkable as the likeness of the body of our Lord remaining on its wrapping sheet?" He also noted that, according to St. John, there was one sheet covering Jesus's body, and a separate cloth covering his head. He then stated that "either St. John is a liar," or else anyone who promotes such a shroud is "convicted of falsehood and deceit".
39:
272:
399:, mentioning that the image had previously been denounced by his predecessor Henri de Poitiers, who had been concerned that no such image was mentioned in scripture. Bishop D'Arcis continued, "Eventually, after diligent inquiry and examination, he discovered how the said cloth had been cunningly painted, the truth being attested by the artist who had painted it, to wit, that it was a work of human skill and not miraculously wrought or bestowed." (In German:.) The artist is not named in the letter.
357:
inquiry that the relic was nothing but a painting, and opposed its exposition. Clement VI by four Bulls, 6 Jan., 1390, approved the exposition as lawful. In 1418 during the civil wars, the canons entrusted the
Winding Sheet to Humbert, Count de La Roche, Lord of Lirey. Margaret, widow of Humbert, never returned it but gave it in 1452 to the Duke of Savoy. The requests of the canons of Lirey were unavailing, and the Lirey Winding Sheet is the same that is now exposed and honoured at Turin."
642:
523:
325:
384:
403:
clever sleight of hand was depicted the twofold image of one man, that is to say, the back and the front, he falsely declaring and pretending that this was the actual shroud in which our
Saviour Jesus Christ was enfolded in the tomb, and upon which the whole likeness of the Saviour had remained thus impressed together with the wounds which He bore."
224:
220:, threatened the shroud on 11 April 1997. In 2002, the Holy See had the shroud restored. The cloth backing and thirty patches were removed, making it possible to photograph and scan the reverse side of the cloth, which had been hidden from view for centuries. The Shroud was exhibited to the public from August 8 to August 12, 2018.
754:
argues that the dimensions and format of the weave are typical of a medieval treadle loom. As it was unlikely that a forger would have deceived anyone with a single cloth with images on it, Freeman seeks an alternative function. He goes on to argue that the Shroud was a medieval prop used in Easter ritual plays depicting
308:
between 1192 and 1195, as evidence for the shroud's existence before the fourteenth century. However
Italian Shroud researcher Gian Marco Rinaldi interprets the item that is sometimes identified as the Shroud as a probable rectangular tombstone as seen on other sacred images. Rinaldi also points out
753:
analyses early depictions and descriptions of the Shroud and argues that the iconography of the bloodstains and all-over scourge marks are not known before 1300 and the Shroud was a painted linen at that date, with the paint having disintegrated leaving a discoloured linen image underneath. He also
402:
The letter of Bishop D'Arcis also mentions Bishop Henri's attempt to suppress veneration but notes that the cloth was quickly hidden "for 35 years or so", thus agreeing with the historical details already established above. The letter provides an accurate description of the cloth: "upon which by a
727:
Recently a study stated that the shroud of Turin had been faked by
Leonardo da Vinci. According to the study, the Renaissance artist created the artifact by using pioneering photographic techniques and a sculpture of his own head, and suggests that the image on the relic is Leonardo's face which
595:
was able to remove it from its heavily protected display case and prevent further damage. In 2002, the Holy See had the shroud restored. The cloth backing and thirty patches were removed. This made it possible to photograph and scan the reverse side of the cloth, which had been hidden from view.
563:
attempted to repair this damage with patches. Some have suggested that there was also water damage from the extinguishing of the fire. However, there is some evidence that the watermarks were made by condensation in the bottom of a burial jar in which the folded shroud may have been kept at some
356:
On 20 June 1353, Geoffroy de Charny, Lord of
Savoisy and Lirey, founded at Lirey in honour of the Annunciation a collegiate church with six canonries, and in this church he exposed for veneration the Holy Winding Sheet. Opposition arose on the part of the Bishop of Troyes, who declared after due
418:) did not revoke the permission given earlier to the church of Lirey to display the object, but instructed its clergy that it should not be treated as a relic and should not be presented to the public as the actual shroud of Christ, but as an image or representation of it. He prescribed
1702:
497:. A description of the cloth by two sacristans of the Sainte-Chapelle from around this time noted that it was stored in a reliquary: "enveloped in a red silk drape, and kept in a case covered with crimson velours, decorated with silver-gilt nails, and locked with a golden key."
596:
Using sophisticated mathematical and optical techniques, a ghostly part-image of the body was found on the back of the shroud in 2004. Italian scientists had exposed the faint imprint of the face and hands of the figure. The Shroud was publicly exhibited in 2000 for the
1295:, vol. 5) (Paris: Picard), p. 35 (letter J): "...nec alias solempnitates faciant que fieri solent in reliquiis ostendendis..." This stipulation was maintained in the final version of the letter (Reg. Avign. n° 261, folio 259), as cited in Pierre de Riedmatten (2008),
147:. Although there are numerous reports of Jesus' burial shroud, or an image of his head, of unknown origin, being venerated in various locations before the 14th century, there is no reliable historical evidence that these refer to the shroud currently at
283:
Although there are numerous reports of Jesus' burial shroud, or an image of his head, of unknown origin, being venerated in various locations before the fourteenth century, there is no historical evidence that these refer to the shroud currently at
680:" argument. The shroud in two dimensions presents a three-dimensional image projected onto a planar (two-dimensional) surface, just as in a photograph or painting. This perspective is consistent with both painting and with image formation using a
292:
although no legend connected with that image suggests that it contained the image of a beaten and bloody Jesus. Others have denied the possibility of the Turin shroud being identified with the Image of Edessa, on various grounds.
1323:, vol. 5) (Paris: Picard), p. 37 (letter K): "...quod figuram seu representationem predictam non ostendunt ut verum sudarium ... sed tanquam figuram seu representationem dicti sudarii". Also cited in Pierre de Riedmatten (2008),
667:
The man on the image is taller than the average first-century resident of Judaea and the right hand has longer fingers than the left, along with a significant increase of length in the right forearm compared to the left.
476:
agreed to pay an annual fee to the Lirey canons in exchange for their dropping claims of ownership of the cloth. Beginning in 1471, the shroud was moved between many cities of Europe, being housed briefly in
603:
Detailed comments on this operation were published by various Shroud researchers. In 2003, the principal restorer
Mechthild Flury-Lemberg, a textile expert from Switzerland, published a book with the title
544:, which gives a good representation of what was seen upon the shroud about the year 1540, confirms that the shroud housed in Turin today is the same one as in the middle of the 16th century. In 1578 the
696:, which causes us to see the gaunt face, long nose, deep eyes, and straight hair. These features are caused by dark vertical and horizontal bands that go across the eyes. Using enhancement software (
1382:, trans. by Count Valerian Krasinski, 1854; 2nd ed. Edinburgh: John Stone, Hunter, and Company, 1870; reprinted with an introduction by Joe Nickell, Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 2009.
628:) which is fiercely critical of the operation. He rejects the reasons provided by Flury-Lemberg and describes in detail what he calls "a disaster for the scientific study of the relic".
1598:
1434:
How and why the shroud was transferred to Turin was studied by
Filiberto Pingone, historian of the House of Savoy, who wrote the very first book on the Linen. See Filiberto Pingone,
143:
The period until 1390 is subject to debate and controversy among historians. Prior to the 14th century there are some allegedly congruent but controversial references such as the
616:). She describes the operation and the reasons it was believed necessary. In 2005, William Meacham, an archaeologist who has studied the Shroud since 1981, published the book
583:, for which a small piece from a corner of the shroud was removed, divided, and sent to laboratories. The radiocarbon dating tests established that the shroud was from the
1436:
La
Sindone dei Vangeli (Sindon Evangelica). Componimenti poetici sulla Sindone. Bolla di papa Giulio II (1506). Pellegrinaggio di S. Carlo Borromeo a Torino (1578)
132:
where he charged that the Shroud was a forgery. Historical records seem to indicate that a shroud bearing an image of a crucified man existed in the possession of
659:
Art historian W.S.A. Dale proposed that the Shroud was an icon created for liturgical use, and suggested an 11th-century date based on art-historical grounds.
712:(2nd century BC to the 1st century AD), but was also found in a burial site under a medieval church with skeletons which were dated pre-1390 and post Roman.
1623:
392:
373:
309:
that the alleged shroud in the Pray Codex does not contain any image of a human body, and that a wadded cloth is clearly visible on top of this object.
1438:. Introduzione, traduzione, note e riproduzione del testo originale a cura di Riccardo Quaglia, nuova edizione riveduta (2015), Biella 2015, p. 260,
592:
107:
235:. The oblong cloth shown here is unusual for depictions of the image, leading some to suggest that the artist was influenced by seeing the Shroud.
1691:
1361:
775:
61:
600:, and in 2010 with the approval of Pope Benedict XVI, and in 2015 with the approval of Pope Francis. Another exhibition is scheduled for 2025.
365:
in Paris, the coats of arms of this knight and his widow can be seen on a pilgrim medallion, which also shows an image of the Shroud of Turin.
1602:
321:, University of Chicago Press, 2003. This study is indispensable for its many illustrations that show features of the Shroud images now lost.
957:
762:' or 'whom do you seek?' which involved re-enacting gospel accounts of the resurrection, and is represented as such in the well-known Lirey
1347:"Cum ... ad ecclesiam ... causa devocionis eciam representacionis hujusmodi confluat non modica populi multitudo..." (U. Chevalier (1903),
1206:
1836:
1749:
1658:
785:
780:
422:
for the many pilgrims who came to the church out of devotion for "even a representation of this kind", so that veneration continued.
245:
76:
71:
1914:
1082:
1909:
1443:
1260:
1062:
645:
Similarities between traditional icons of Jesus and the image on the shroud have been suggested. This image shows the mosaic
376:, had prohibited veneration of the image. Thirty-two years after this pronouncement, the image was displayed again, and King
100:
903:
808:
174:. In 1532, the shroud suffered damage from a fire in the church in Chambery, France where it was stored. A drop of molten
517:
425:
In 1418, Humbert of
Villersexel, Count de la Roche, Lord of Saint-Hippolyte-sur-Doubs, moved the shroud to his castle at
429:, to provide protection against criminal bands, after he married Charny's granddaughter Margaret. It was later moved to
437:
of Lirey fought through the courts to force the widow to return the cloth, but the parliament of Dole and the Court of
1574:
1399:
1239:
1046:
1026:
1009:
989:
935:
890:
854:
625:
613:
430:
380:
ordered its removal to Troyes, citing the impropriety of the image. The sheriffs were unable to carry out the order.
911:
816:
438:
1744:
317:
The fullest academic account of the history of the Shroud since its first appearance in 1355 is John Beldon-Scott,
93:
66:
837:, The Authentication of the Turin Shroud, An Issue in Archeological Epistemogy, Current Anthropology, 24, 3, 1983
1331:
1303:
720:
In June 2009, the
British television station Channel 5 aired a documentary that claimed the shroud was forged by
540:
The history of the shroud from the middle of the 16th century is well recorded. The existence of a miniature by
201:
ever since. As of the 17th century the shroud has been displayed (e.g. in the chapel built for that purpose by
1651:
205:) and in 1898 it was first photographed during a public exhibition. The shroud remained the property of the
1861:
368:
During the fourteenth century, the shroud was often publicly exposed, though not continuously, because the
167:
were in the possession of a relic showing a red, monochromatic image of a bearded man on linen or cotton.
1561:
1546:"The double superficiality of the frontal image of the Turin Shroud", Giulio Fanti and Roberto Maggiolo,
766:. As such it was deservedly an object of veneration from the fourteenth century as it is still is today.
750:
700:
filters), the effect of these bands can be minimized. The result is a more detailed image of the shroud.
1365:
564:
point. In 1578, the shroud arrived again at its current location in Turin. It was the property of the
1770:
1716:
1414:
140:
around the years 1353 to 1357. The history from the 15th century to the present is well documented.
555:
In 1532, the shroud suffered damage from a fire in the chapel where it was stored. A drop of molten
1904:
1644:
260:
22:
559:
from the reliquary produced a symmetrically placed mark through the layers of the folded cloth.
178:
from the reliquary produced a symmetrically placed mark through the layers of the folded cloth.
697:
528:
301:
250:
156:
1883:
1721:
1420:
1191:
755:
1279:
1502:
1210:
473:
407:
396:
377:
472:
shortly thereafter raised to the dignity of a collegiate church. In 1464, Anne's husband,
8:
1815:
677:
182:
attempted to repair this damage with patches. Repairs were made to the shroud in 1694 by
1506:
183:
1876:
1856:
1754:
1349:
Autour des origines du suaire de Lirey. Avec documents inédits (Bibliothèque liturgique
1321:
Autour des origines du suaire de Lirey. Avec documents inédits (Bibliothèque liturgique
1293:
Autour des origines du suaire de Lirey. Avec documents inédits (Bibliothèque liturgique
647:
576:
337:
133:
81:
676:
Further evidence for the Shroud as an art object comes from what might be called the "
441:
left it to the widow, who traveled with the shroud to various expositions, notably in
1533:
1514:
1439:
1395:
1256:
1235:
1158:
Wilson, I., "The Evidence of the Shroud", Guild Publishing: London, 1986, p. 114 and
1042:
1022:
1005:
985:
939:
931:
886:
850:
721:
641:
621:
609:
305:
288:. Various speculations have attempted to link the Shroud of Turin with the legendary
228:
187:
1551:
522:
223:
186:
to improve the repairs of the Poor Clare nuns. Further repairs were made in 1868 by
1820:
1810:
1775:
1510:
759:
693:
652:
490:
453:
369:
271:
264:
38:
901:
Emmanuel Poulle, ″Les sources de l'histoire du linceul de Turin. Revue critique″,
708:
The burial posture of the shroud, with hands crossed over the pelvis, was used by
151:. A burial cloth, which some historians maintain was the Shroud, was owned by the
1871:
1841:
1726:
1667:
1413:
1335:
1307:
1271:
1185:
915:
834:
820:
803:
560:
549:
426:
289:
285:
232:
202:
198:
179:
164:
148:
30:
1021:
The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: Q–Z by Geoffrey W. Bromiley 1995
324:
1851:
1805:
1790:
1159:
1085:) (Cf. Codex Vossianus Latinus Q69 and Vatican Library Codex 5696, p. 35.)
565:
545:
457:
434:
415:
332:
The 14th century attribution of the origin of the shroud refers to a shroud in
256:
206:
194:
171:
1898:
1866:
1800:
1785:
849:
Mercer dictionary of the Bible by Watson E. Mills, Roger Aubrey Bullard 1998
763:
745:
597:
541:
533:
341:
333:
160:
137:
1531:. The image of the man from the front is taller than the image of his back.
469:
362:
1578:
1795:
1780:
1686:
1073:
908:
866:
813:
584:
501:
486:
44:
461:
1846:
681:
536:
made an error and showed the right hand crossed over the left, c. 1540.
419:
336:
dating to 1353–1357. It is related that the widow of the French knight
297:
276:
144:
129:
1562:
https://doncasterarchaeology.co.uk/Documents/The%20Corn%20Exchange.doc
1328:
1300:
1171:
958:"21 Years After Fire, Shroud of Turin Chapel Restored to Former Glory"
606:
Sindone 2002: L'intervento conservativo – Preservation – Konservierung
239:
1469:
838:
152:
587:, between the years 1260 and 1390. Another fire, possibly caused by
806:, ″Les sources de l'histoire du linceul de Turin. Revue critique″,
569:
494:
478:
411:
210:
1636:
1624:"Turin shroud was made for medieval Easter ritual, historian says"
1449:
442:
1457:
Radiocarbon Dating, Second Edition: An Archaeological Perspective
709:
328:
The pilgrim medallion of Lirey (Drawing by Arthur Forgeais, 1865)
383:
1701:
1362:"Skeptical Inquirer: Scandals and Follies of the 'Holy Shroud'"
556:
446:
345:
175:
125:
1184:
588:
580:
482:
217:
1493:
Dale, W.S.A. (1987). "The Shroud of Turin: Relic or Icon?".
946:, p. 447 (Graz: Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt, 1954).
1575:"as of 25 July 2008 – showing Roman rule ended before then"
1230:
English translation of Memorandum contained in Ian Wilson,
1253:
Inquest on the Shroud of Turin: Latest Scientific Findings
1107:
London: King's College Inaugural Lecture monograph (1980)
460:, Duchess of Savoy, stored it in the Savoyard capital of
1137:, Garden city, New York; Doubleday & Company. p. 115
572:, the rule of the House of Savoy having ended in 1946.
213:, the rule of the House of Savoy having ended in 1946.
1039:
Architecture for the shroud: relic and ritual in Turin
982:
Architecture for the shroud: relic and ritual in Turin
591:, threatened the shroud on 11 April 1997, but fireman
452:
The widow sold the shroud in exchange for a castle in
391:
In 1389, the image was denounced as a fraud by Bishop
319:
Architecture for the Shroud: Relic and Ritual in Turin
254:
The surrender of the Image of Edessa to the Byzantine
1495:
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B
1274:, "Le linceul de Turin victime d'Ulysse Chevalier ",
1146:
Bercovits, I. (1969) Dublin: Irish University Press.
877:
875:
758:. He believes it was used in a ceremony called the '
170:
In 1453 Margaret de Charny deeded the Shroud to the
240:
Fringe speculations about early artworks and relics
872:
671:
1896:
1122:The holy face and the paradox of representation.
548:took the shroud to Turin and it has remained at
197:took the shroud to Turin and it has remained at
1692:Conservation-restoration of the Shroud of Turin
776:Conservation-restoration of the Shroud of Turin
1599:"Was Turin Shroud faked by Leonardo da Vinci?"
296:Shroud proponents cite an illustration in the
1652:
1351:, vol. 5) (Paris: Picard), p. 38 (letter K)).
406:Despite the pronouncement of Bishop D'Arcis,
101:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1548:Journal of Optics A: Pure and Applied Optics
1160:http://www.newgeology.us/presentation24.html
1060:Shroud of Turin Saved From Fire in Cathedral
1659:
1645:
1411:
1325:Ulysse Chevalier pris en flagrant délit...
1297:Ulysse Chevalier pris en flagrant délit...
1182:
1127:
728:could have been projected onto the cloth,
631:
511:
312:
108:
94:
1837:Fringe theories about the Shroud of Turin
1585:
1234:, pp. 230–235 (Victor Gollancz Ltd; 1978
830:
828:
786:Radiocarbon dating of the Shroud of Turin
781:Fringe theories about the Shroud of Turin
662:
246:Fringe theories about the Shroud of Turin
1745:Shroud of Turin Research Project (STURP)
1596:
944:Glossarium Mediae et Infimae Latinitatis
735:
640:
636:
521:
387:Full-length image of the Shroud of Turin
382:
323:
270:
249:
222:
1488:
1486:
1118:The mandylion and Byzantine Iconoclasm.
895:
1897:
1459:. Left Coast Press, 2014, p. 165.
1276:Revue d'Histoire de l'Eglise de France
1152:
825:
1640:
1074:"The Sermon of Gregory Referendarius"
955:
928:The Templars and The Shroud of Christ
568:until 1983, when it was given to the
209:until 1983, when it was given to the
1492:
1483:
1424:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
1195:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
715:
687:
155:emperors but disappeared during the
1666:
1601:. London: telegraph. Archived from
1405:
1329:http://suaire-turin.fr/?page_id=176
1301:http://suaire-turin.fr/?page_id=176
1172:http://sindone.weebly.com/pray.html
526:In his painting of the shroud in a
518:Conservation of the Shroud of Turin
13:
1597:Jamieson, Alastair (1 July 2009).
1455:Taylor, R.E. and Bar-Yosef, Ofer.
1415:"The Holy Shroud (of Turin)"
1148:Illuminated Manuscripts in Hungary
749:in November 2014, British scholar
575:In 1988, the Holy See agreed to a
14:
1926:
1412:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913).
1364:. January 8, 2006. Archived from
1183:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913).
703:
124:begins in the year 1390 AD, when
1750:Radiocarbon dating of the shroud
1700:
1004:by Arthur Stapylton Barnes 2003
885:. New York: Pocket Books, 1980.
340:had it displayed in a church at
37:
1915:History of Catholicism in Italy
1616:
1567:
1555:
1540:
1521:
1462:
1428:
1394:by Paul Vignon, Paul Tice 2002
1385:
1372:
1354:
1341:
1313:
1285:
1265:
1245:
1224:
1199:
1176:
1170:G.M.Rinaldi, "Il Codice Pray",
1164:
1140:
1110:
1097:
1088:
1066:
1052:
1032:
1015:
995:
956:Daley, Jason (1 October 2018).
930:, p. 99 (Maverick House, 2011;
904:Revue d'Histoire Ecclésiastique
809:Revue d'Histoire Ecclésiastique
672:Analysis of optical perspective
1682:History of the Shroud of Turin
1529:Unraveling the Shroud of Turin
975:
949:
920:
860:
843:
797:
227:This 10th-century image shows
122:History of the Shroud of Turin
1:
1120:in H. Kessler, G. Wolf, eds,
791:
1910:Tourist attractions in Turin
1862:Relics associated with Jesus
1515:10.1016/0168-583X(87)90233-3
618:The Rape of the Turin Shroud
163:has cited that the Order of
7:
769:
743:In an article published by
395:in a letter to the Avignon
263:by the Edessenes, from the
216:A fire, possibly caused by
10:
1931:
1255:, Prometheus Books, 1998,
1105:The Sceptic and the Shroud
1041:by John Beldon Scott 2003
984:by John Beldon Scott 2003
756:the resurrection of Christ
515:
243:
1829:
1763:
1737:
1717:Chapel of the Holy Shroud
1709:
1698:
1687:Secondo Pia, photographer
1674:
1319:Cf. U. Chevalier (1903),
1291:Cf. U. Chevalier (1903),
692:Banding on the Shroud is
433:. After Humbert's death,
431:Saint-Hippolyte-sur-Doubs
348:). According to the 1913
1278:, t. 92, 2006, 343–358.
1058:NY Times April 12, 1997
907:, 2009/3–4, pp. 747–781.
456:in 1453. The new owner,
62:Conservation-restoration
1527:Angier, Natalie. 1982.
632:Historical attributions
512:16th century to present
489:, Chambéry, Avigliana,
313:14th and 15th centuries
128:Pierre d'Arcis wrote a
43:1898 negative image by
1207:"Das Turiner Grabtuch"
1124:Bologna, (1998), 33–54
698:fast Fourier transform
663:Analysis of proportion
656:
537:
529:Descent from the cross
388:
359:
329:
302:Illuminated manuscript
280:
268:
236:
157:Sack of Constantinople
1884:Resurrection of Jesus
1722:Royal Palace of Turin
1537:, October, pp. 54–60.
1421:Catholic Encyclopedia
1192:Catholic Encyclopedia
1135:The Mysterious Shroud
644:
637:Christian iconography
525:
386:
354:
350:Catholic Encyclopedia
327:
274:
253:
226:
136:in the small town of
1392:The Shroud of Christ
1002:Holy Shroud of Turin
474:Louis, Duke of Savoy
408:Antipope Clement VII
397:Antipope Clement VII
378:Charles VI of France
1630:. October 23, 2014.
1507:1987NIMPB..29..187D
1378:John Calvin, 1543,
1094:Wilson, pp. 148–175
812:, 2009/3–4, p. 776.
730:The Daily Telegraph
678:Mercator projection
464:in the newly built
1877:Sudarium of Oviedo
1857:Holy Face of Jesus
1755:VP8 Image Analyzer
1581:on April 15, 2009.
1564:as of 25 July 2008
1380:Treatise on Relics
1334:2016-05-06 at the
1306:2016-05-06 at the
1133:Wilson, Ian.(1986)
914:2011-07-10 at the
819:2011-07-10 at the
657:
648:Christ Pantocrator
577:radiocarbon dating
538:
506:Treatise on Relics
389:
338:Geoffroi de Charny
330:
281:
269:
237:
134:Geoffroy de Charny
82:Holy Face of Jesus
1892:
1891:
1534:Discover Magazine
1444:978-1-4452-8258-9
1282:(in french only).
1261:978-1-57392-272-2
940:Charles Du Fresne
883:The Sacred Shroud
722:Leonardo da Vinci
716:Leonardo da Vinci
688:Variegated images
374:Henri de Poitiers
306:Budapest, Hungary
229:Abgarus of Edessa
188:Clotilde of Savoy
118:
117:
1922:
1821:Frederick Zugibe
1811:Phillip H. Wiebe
1776:Ulysse Chevalier
1704:
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1637:
1632:
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1620:
1614:
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1583:
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1577:. Archived from
1571:
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1544:
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1519:
1518:
1501:(1–2): 187–192.
1490:
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1327:(Retrieved from
1317:
1311:
1299:(Retrieved from
1289:
1283:
1269:
1263:
1249:
1243:
1232:The Turin Shroud
1228:
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1218:
1209:. Archived from
1203:
1197:
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1188:
1180:
1174:
1168:
1162:
1156:
1150:
1144:
1138:
1131:
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1116:Averil Cameron,
1114:
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1103:Averil Cameron,
1101:
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1064:
1056:
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1030:
1019:
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993:
979:
973:
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947:
938:), Frale citing
924:
918:
899:
893:
881:Humber, Thomas:
879:
870:
864:
858:
847:
841:
832:
823:
801:
694:background noise
653:Daphni Monastery
454:Varambon, France
370:bishop of Troyes
265:Madrid Skylitzes
184:Sebastian Valfrè
110:
103:
96:
67:Research project
41:
18:
17:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1920:
1919:
1905:Shroud of Turin
1895:
1894:
1893:
1888:
1842:Image of Edessa
1825:
1759:
1733:
1727:Turin Cathedral
1705:
1696:
1670:
1668:Shroud of Turin
1665:
1635:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1608:
1606:
1595:
1586:
1573:
1572:
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1377:
1373:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1346:
1342:
1336:Wayback Machine
1318:
1314:
1308:Wayback Machine
1290:
1286:
1272:Emmanuel Poulle
1270:
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1000:
996:
980:
976:
966:
964:
962:Smithsonian Mag
954:
950:
926:Barbara Frale,
925:
921:
916:Wayback Machine
900:
896:
880:
873:
869:31 January 2005
865:
861:
848:
844:
835:William Meacham
833:
826:
821:Wayback Machine
804:Emmanuel Poulle
802:
798:
794:
772:
760:Quem Quaeritis?
751:Charles Freeman
741:
718:
706:
690:
674:
665:
639:
634:
593:Mario Trematore
561:Poor Clare Nuns
550:Turin Cathedral
520:
514:
427:Montfort, Doubs
315:
290:Image of Edessa
286:Turin Cathedral
248:
242:
233:Image of Edessa
231:displaying the
203:Guarino Guarini
199:Turin Cathedral
180:Poor Clare Nuns
165:Knights Templar
149:Turin Cathedral
114:
77:Fringe theories
53:
48:
31:Shroud of Turin
12:
11:
5:
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1918:
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1890:
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1852:House of Savoy
1849:
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1833:
1831:
1827:
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1823:
1818:
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1808:
1806:Raymond Rogers
1803:
1798:
1793:
1791:Walter McCrone
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1778:
1773:
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1738:Investigations
1735:
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1605:on 4 July 2009
1584:
1566:
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1404:
1384:
1371:
1368:on 2006-01-08.
1353:
1340:
1312:
1284:
1264:
1244:
1223:
1198:
1186:"Troyes"
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704:Burial posture
702:
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673:
670:
664:
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638:
635:
633:
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566:House of Savoy
546:House of Savoy
513:
510:
466:Saint-Chapelle
458:Anne of Cyprus
416:Western Schism
393:Pierre D'Arcis
314:
311:
257:parakoimomenos
244:Main article:
241:
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207:House of Savoy
195:House of Savoy
172:House of Savoy
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1867:acheiropoieta
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1802:
1801:Lynn Picknett
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1789:
1787:
1786:Barbara Frale
1784:
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1774:
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1771:Pierre Barbet
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1254:
1251:Joe Nickell,
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1240:0-575-02483-6
1237:
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1213:on 2009-03-18
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936:1-905379-73-0
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891:0-671-41889-0
888:
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855:0-86554-373-9
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782:
779:
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774:
773:
767:
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764:pilgrim badge
761:
757:
752:
748:
747:
746:History Today
738:
737:History Today
733:
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723:
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649:
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629:
627:
626:1-4116-5769-1
623:
619:
615:
614:88-88441-08-5
611:
607:
601:
599:
598:Great Jubilee
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
573:
571:
567:
562:
558:
553:
551:
547:
543:
542:Giulio Clovio
535:
534:Giulio Clovio
531:
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342:Lirey, France
339:
335:
334:Lirey, France
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161:Barbara Frale
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138:Lirey, France
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72:Carbon dating
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1681:
1628:the Guardian
1627:
1618:
1607:. Retrieved
1603:the original
1579:the original
1569:
1557:
1550:, June 2004
1547:
1542:
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1528:
1523:
1498:
1494:
1474:. Retrieved
1472:. shroud.com
1470:"shroud.com"
1464:
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1366:the original
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1287:
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1267:
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1211:the original
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967:26 September
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552:ever since.
539:
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470:Pope Paul II
465:
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363:Museum Cluny
360:
355:
349:
344:(diocese of
331:
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282:
255:
215:
193:In 1578 the
192:
169:
142:
121:
119:
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1796:Joe Nickell
1781:Yves Delage
1764:Researchers
867:BBC article
585:Middle Ages
502:John Calvin
420:indulgences
304:written in
45:Secondo Pia
1899:Categories
1847:Pray Codex
1816:Ian Wilson
1609:2009-07-03
1476:2009-04-12
1217:2010-03-20
1083:In Italian
792:References
732:reported.
682:bas relief
655:in Athens.
516:See also:
298:Codex Pray
277:Pray Codex
261:Theophanes
145:Pray Codex
130:memorandum
1081:</ref(
651:from the
504:, in his
481:, Turin,
159:in 1204.
153:Byzantine
1710:Location
1332:Archived
1304:Archived
1280:Abstract
912:Archived
909:Abstract
817:Archived
814:Abstract
770:See also
570:Holy See
500:In 1543
495:Pinerolo
479:Vercelli
468:, which
462:Chambéry
439:Besançon
412:antipope
211:Holy See
47:(detail)
23:a series
21:Part of
1830:Related
1675:History
1503:Bibcode
839:Article
739:article
710:Essenes
579:of the
532:scene,
414:of the
410:(first
361:In the
57:History
1442:
1398:
1259:
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1049:p. xxi
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1029:p. 495
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857:p. 822
853:
624:
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557:silver
493:, and
491:Rivoli
447:Geneva
435:canons
346:Troyes
176:silver
126:Bishop
25:on the
1872:blood
1402:p. 21
1077:(PDF)
1012:p. 62
992:p. 26
589:arson
581:relic
483:Ivrea
443:Liège
300:, an
218:arson
1440:ISBN
1396:ISBN
1257:ISBN
1236:ISBN
1043:ISBN
1023:ISBN
1006:ISBN
986:ISBN
969:2021
932:ISBN
887:ISBN
851:ISBN
622:ISBN
610:ISBN
487:Susa
445:and
275:The
120:The
1511:doi
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
