1321:, the leader of Egypt's Constitution Party, who stated "Morsi today usurped all state powers & appointed himself Egypt's new pharaoh" on his Twitter feed. The move led to massive protests and violent action throughout Egypt. On 5 December 2012, Tens of thousands of supporters and opponents of Egypt's president clashed, hurling rocks and Molotov cocktails and brawling in Cairo's streets, in what was described as the largest violent battle between Islamists and their foes since the country's revolution. Six senior advisors and three other officials resigned from the government and the country's leading Islamic institution called on Morsi to stem his powers. Protesters also clamored from coastal cities to desert towns.
963:
1086:
1363:
1226:, and poor living conditions. The protests' main goal at the beginning was mainly to protest against the above-mentioned problems, but due to the reactions of the system which was considered late, inadequate and inconvenient the demonstrations started to develop and evolve so that the goal was to oust President Mubarak's regime. Most observers and analysts noticed a unique feature about the revolution that it did not have any leader and it is a clear example of "The
4058:
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1144:, founded in Egypt in 1928, remains an illegal organization and may not be recognized as a political party (current Egyptian law prohibits the formation of political parties based on religion). Members are known publicly and openly speak their views. Members of the Brotherhood have been elected to the People's Assembly and local councils as independents. The Egyptian political opposition also includes groups and popular movements such as
35:
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Palestinians had been restored. A UN resolution supported by the United States and the Soviet Union called for an end to hostilities and for peace talks to begin. For
President Anwar Sadat, however, the war was much more a victory than a draw, as the Egyptian successes restored Egyptian pride and led to peace talks with the Israelis and to Egypt regaining the entire Sinai peninsula.
896:
than 3 percent of the gross domestic product (GDP) in 1952–53 to more than 5 percent by 1978. Expenditures on school construction increased 1,000 percent between 1952 and 1976, and the total number of primary schools doubled to 10,000. By the mid-1970s, the educational budget represented more than 25 percent of the government's total current budget expenses.
1310:
acquitted, and extends the mandate of the constituent assembly by two months. Additionally, the declaration authorizes Morsi to take any measures necessary to protect the revolution. Liberal and secular groups previously walked out of the constitutional constituent assembly because they believed that it would impose strict
Islamic practices, while
1168:
started rising in the
National Democratic Party and succeeded in getting a newer generation of neo-liberals into the party and eventually the government. Gamal Mubarak branched out with a few colleagues to set up Medinvest Associates Ltd., which manages a private equity fund, and to do some corporate
1108:
coalition, helped Egypt improve its macroeconomic performance. During the 1990s and 2000s, inflation was lowered from double-digit to single digit rate. Gross domestic product (GDP) per capita based on purchasing-power-parity (PPP) increased fourfold between 1981 and 2006, from US$ 1355 in 1981, to $
895:
Educational opportunities were "dramatically expanded" after the revolution. The Free
Officers pledged to provide free education for all citizens and abolished all fees for public schools. They doubled the Ministry of Education's budget in one decade; government spending on education grew from less
1331:
On 30 June 2013, on the first anniversary of the election of Morsi, millions of protesters across Egypt took to the streets and demanded the immediate resignation of the president. On 1 July, the
Egyptian Armed Forces issued a 48-hour ultimatum that gave the country's political parties until 3 July
1309:
On 22 November 2012, President Morsi issued a declaration immunizing his decrees from challenge and seeking to protect the work of the constituent assembly drafting the new constitution. The declaration also requires a retrial of those accused in the
Mubarak-era killings of protesters, who had been
1039:
or "open door" that relaxed government controls over the economy and encouraged private investment. While the reforms created a wealthy and successful upper class and a small middle class, these reforms had little effect upon the average
Egyptian who began to grow dissatisfied with Sadat's rule. In
953:
Israel was stunned by the attack but recuperated by infusion of weaponry from the U.S. Arab oil producers announced a boycott of
Western backers of Israel: a 5% cut in output, to be followed by reductions every month until Israel had withdrawn from all the occupied territories and the rights of the
941:
Having defeated the
Israeli forces to this extent, Egyptian forces, rather than advancing under air cover, decided to immediately penetrate further into the Sinai desert. In spite of huge losses they kept advancing, creating the chance to open a gap between army forces. That gap was exploited by a
748:
Within six months, all civilian political parties were banned, getting replaced by the "Liberation Rally" government party, the elites seeing a need for a "transitional authoritarianism" in light of Egypt's poverty, illiteracy and lack of a large middle class. In
October and November 1954 the large
842:
Nasser ruled as an autocrat but remained extremely popular within Egypt and throughout the Arab world due to his socialist policies at home and anti-imperialist internationalism in the region. His willingness to stand up to the Western powers and to Israel won him support throughout the region. It
1456:
of June 2014 El-Sisi won with a percentage of 96.1%. On 8 June 2014, Abdel Fatah el-Sisi was officially sworn in as Egypt's new president. Under President el-Sisi, Egypt has implemented a rigorous policy of controlling the border to the Gaza Strip, including the dismantling of tunnels between the
1051:
and brought to trial a number of former government officials accused of criminal excesses during the Nasser era. Sadat tried to expand participation in the political process in the mid-1970s but later abandoned this effort. In the last years of his life, Egypt was wracked by violence arising from
921:
In 1971, Sadat concluded a treaty of friendship with the Soviet Union, but a year later he ordered Soviet advisers to leave. Nevertheless, up to 4,000 military Soviet advisers were being shared with Syria, and Soviet engineers continued to maintain Egyptian military radar and equipment during the
1132:
and a well-known rights activist. Shortly after mounting an unprecedented presidential campaign, Nour was jailed on forgery charges critics called phony; he was released on 18 February 2009. Brotherhood members were allowed to run for parliament in 2005 as independents, garnering 88 seats, or 20
744:
and lack of progress in fighting poverty, disease, and illiteracy in Egypt. In the following two years, the Free Officers consolidated power, and, following a brief experiment with civilian rule, abrogated the 1953 constitution, and declared Egypt a republic on 18 June 1953, Muhammad Naguib as
867:. In the 1967 Six Day War, Israel attacked Egypt after claiming that Egyptian forces mobilized on Israel's border with Egypt. The Egyptian, Syrian and Jordanian armed forces were routed by the Israelis, after Nasser convinced the Syrians and Jordanians to attack Israel. Israel occupied the
1074:, Vice President since 1975 and air force commander during the October 1973 war, was elected president later that month. He was subsequently "re-elected" by referendum for three more 6-year terms, most recently in September 2005, all but the 2005 vote lacking any competing candidate.
886:
This defeat was a severe blow to Nasser's prestige at home and abroad. Following the defeat, Nasser made a dramatic offer to resign, which was only retracted in the face of mass demonstrations urging him to stay. The last three years of his control over Egypt were far more subdued.
1159:
President Mubarak had tight, autocratic control over Egypt. A dramatic drop in support for Mubarak, or a dramatic increase in people dissatisfied with his practices and his domestic economic reform program increased with surfacing news about his son
1297:
negated the decision by President Mohamed Morsi to call the nation's parliament back into session. On 2 August 2012, Egypt's Prime Minister Hisham Qandil announced his 35-member cabinet comprising 28 newcomers including four from the influential
1332:
to meet the demands of the Egyptian people. The presidency rejected the Egyptian Army's 48-hour ultimatum, vowing that the president would pursue his own plans for national reconciliation to resolve the political crisis. On 3 July, General
1077:
Mubarak maintained Egypt's commitment to the Camp David peace process, but was able to coax Arab countries into resuming diplomatic relations with Egypt and re-establishing Egypt's position as an Arab leader. Egypt was readmitted to the
1014:
steadily improved, and Egypt became one of America's largest recipients of foreign aid. Sadat's willingness to break ranks by making peace with Israel earned him the enmity of most other Arab states, however. In 1977, Egypt fought a
1120:(NDP). A constitutional amendment in May 2005 changed the presidential election to a multicandidate popular vote rather than a popular validation of a candidate nominated by the People's Assembly and on 7 September Mubarak
982:
In foreign relations Sadat also launched momentous change from the Nasser era. President Sadat shifted Egypt from a policy of confrontation with Israel to one of peaceful accommodation through negotiations. Following the
1324:
Morsi offered a "national dialogue" with opposition leaders but refused to cancel a 15 December vote on a draft constitution written by an Islamist-dominated assembly that has ignited two weeks of political unrest.
1807:
1464:
with no real opposition. In April 2019, Egypt’s parliament extended presidential terms from four to six years. President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi was also allowed to run for third term in next election in 2024.
1239:
1761:
1336:, head of the Egyptian Armed Forces, announced that he had removed President Morsi from power, suspended the constitution and would be calling new presidential and Shura Council elections and appointed
1959:
1328:
A constitutional referendum was held in two rounds on 15 and 22 December 2012, with 64% support, and 33% against. It was signed into law by a presidential decree issued by Morsi on 26 December 2012.
760:. Less than six percent of Egypt's population owned more than 65% of the land in Egypt, while at the top and less than 0.5% of Egyptians owned more than one-third of all fertile land. the process of
1230:". On 11 February 2011, President Mubarak resigned, relinquishing power to an interim military authority. The democratically elected president, Mohammed Morsi, followed Mubarak's resignation.
861:
to passage of Israeli ships. On 26 May Nasser declared, "The battle will be a general one and our basic objective will be to destroy Israel". Israel considered the Straits of Tiran closure a
1290:
On 8 July 2012, Egypt's new president Mohamed Morsi announced he was overriding the military edict that dissolved the country's elected parliament and he called lawmakers back into session.
1472:. New constitutional reforms have been implemented, meaning strengthening the role of military and limiting the political opposition. The constitutional changes were accepted in a
2008:
821:'s war of liberation against the French in Algeria and against Britain's presence in the Arab world, resulted in the invasion of Egypt in October by France, Britain, and Israel.
3907:
2940:
2034:
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1276:. On 24 June 2012, Egypt's election commission announced that Morsi had won the run-off. On 30 June 2012, Mohamed Morsi was sworn in as Egypt’s new president.
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1963:
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During the 1990s, a series of International Monetary Fund arrangements, coupled with massive external debt relief resulting from Egypt's participation in the
1101:
From 1991, Mubarak undertook an ambitious domestic economic reform program to reduce the size of the public sector and expand the role of the private sector.
756:
The revolutionaries wanted an end to British occupation but did not have a unified ideology or plan for Egypt. One issue that many agreed on was the need for
2232:
1194:
Beginning on 25 January 2011, a series of street demonstrations, protests, and civil disobedience acts took place in Egypt, with organizers counting on the
1285:
753:
organization was suppressed and President Naguib was ousted and arrested. He was replaced by Nasser. Nasser remained president until his death in 1970.
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being extremely corrupt and favored in government tenders and privatization. As Alaa started getting out of the picture by 2000, Mubarak's second son
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17:
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2525 in 1991, to $ 3686 in 2001 and to an estimated $ 4535 in 2006. Despite this, most Egyptians suffered a drop in their standard of living.
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in the Revolution of 1952, and oversaw authoritarian governments, with varying limits on political participation and freedom of speech. Under
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2210:
4540:
2408:
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was partially to smash Nasser's independence that the United States armed Israel to the teeth in preparation for the Six Day War in 1967.
619:. The abolition of a monarchy and aristocracy viewed widely as sympathetic to Western interests, particularly since the ousting of Khedive
52:
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discontent with Sadat's rule and sectarian tensions, and it experienced a renewed measure of repression including extra judicial arrests.
99:
4149:
1253:
71:
2957:
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Liberalization also included the reinstitution of due process and the legal banning of torture. Sadat dismantled much of the existing
586:
1416:. On 28 April, the verdict against all except 37 of them was changed to life sentence, but another nearly 700 Islamists including the
3786:
3314:
2796:
2258:
1720:
1353:
704:
615:, the establishment of a presidential republic, and a period of profound economic, and political change in Egypt, and throughout the
623:, over seven decades earlier, helped strengthen the authentically Egyptian character of the republic in the eyes of its supporters.
4555:
4124:
3798:
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78:
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1487:) Party, which strongly supports president El-Sisi. The party even increased its majority, partly because of new electoral rules.
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saw 34 members of the opposition win seats in the 454-seat assembly, facing a clear majority of 388 affiliated with the ruling
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termed them, have also played an important political opposition role, writing, organizing, and mobilizing public opposition.
1113:
85:
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1006:, signed by Egypt and Israel and witnessed by the US on 17 September 1978. The accords led to 26 March 1979, signing of the
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involving hundreds of thousands of Egyptians when the state announced that it was retiring subsidies on basic foodstuffs.
3518:
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1152:, although they are somewhat less organized than officially registered political parties. Bloggers, or cyberactivists as
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1438:. The presidential election, which took place between 26 and 28 May 2014, saw el-Sisi win 96 percent of votes counted.
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Sadat used his immense popularity with the Egyptian people to try to push through vast economic reforms that ended the
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in 1989. Egypt also has played a moderating role in such international forums as the UN and the Nonaligned Movement.
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1035:. Sadat introduced greater political freedom and a new economic policy, the most important aspect of which was the
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of the Suez Canal and advanced 15 km, reaching the depth of the range of safe coverage of its own air force.
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of developing countries in September 1961, and continued to be a leading force in the movement until his death.
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Nasser evolved into a charismatic leader, not only of Egypt but of the Arab world, promoting and implementing "
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2233:"Egypt's El-Sisi bids military farewell, says he will run for presidency - Politics - Egypt - Ahram Online"
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for another six-year term with 87 percent of the popular vote, followed by a distant but strong showing by
272:
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On 26 May he declared, "The battle will be a general one and our basic objective will be to destroy Israel
828:. It existed until Syria's secession in 1961, although Egypt continued to be known as the UAR until 1971.
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of land; limited the rental rate for land; established cooperatives for farmers; minimum wages, etc.
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began on 11 September 1952, when (among many provisions) a law prohibited ownership of more than 200
737:
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were all drawn from professional military backgrounds, due in large part to the central role of the
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The Cambridge History of Egypt Volume 2 Modern Egypt, from 1517 to the end of the twentieth century
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to inspire the crowds to mobilize. The demonstrations and riots were reported to have started over
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When the United States held up military sales in reaction to Egyptian neutrality regarding the
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2035:"Violence breaks out across Egypt as protesters decry Mohammed Morsi's constitutional 'coup'"
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that followed, exacerbated by growing tensions with Israel over guerrilla attacks from
750:
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of 1974 and 1975, Sadat created a fresh opening for progress by his dramatic visit to
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1010:, by which Egypt regained control of the Sinai in May 1982. Throughout this period,
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2009:"Egypt's President Morsi takes sweeping new powers |publisher"Washington Post"
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858:
620:
529:
424:
145:
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3398:
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1260:, founded on 26 March 2012, started to work for implementing a new constitution.
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have been weak and divided and are not yet credible alternatives to the NDP. The
868:
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4102:
2335:
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4015:
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3393:
2905:
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2188:"Soud s islamisty v Egyptě: Na popraviště půjde více než 500 Mursího stoupenců"
1747:
1735:
1421:
1215:
1028:
996:
975:
967:
931:
918:, acceded to the office of the Presidency. He was not elected democratically.
802:
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772:
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Timeline of the Egyptian Crisis under the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces
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692:
684:
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corporateName=Commonwealth Parliament; address=Parliament House, Canberra.
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992:
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In 1958 Egypt joined with the Republic of Syria to form a state called the
790:
562:
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were held in March–June 2012, with a runoff between former Prime Minister
3090:
2821:
2811:
2604:
2259:"Abdel Fatah al-Sisi sweeps to victory in Egyptian presidential election"
1094:
1079:
946:, and he and his tanks managed to penetrate onto Egyptian soil, reaching
915:
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810:
784:
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680:
676:
672:
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1922:"Egypt unveils new cabinet, Tantawi keeps defence post". 3 August 2012.
1125:
872:
832:
814:
798:
616:
1808:"The Egyptian constitutional referendum of March 2011 a new beginning"
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1748:
Interview with MR. GAMAL MUBARAK Chairman Of Medinvest Associates Ltd
1032:
988:
957:
880:
156:
1841:"Muslim Brotherhood's Mohammed Morsi wins Egypt's presidential race"
1753:
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confirmed a clear majority of the seats for Egypt’s Mostaqbal Watn (
34:
2651:
1105:
995:
of the United States to President Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister
384:
2354:"Egypt's Sisi wins 97 percent in election with no real opposition"
2211:"Soud v Egyptě vynesl za protesty trest smrti nad skoro 700 lidmi"
2167:
Holpuch, Amanda; Siddique, Haroon; Weaver, Matthew (4 July 2013).
1434:
confirmed on 26 March 2014 that he would run for president in the
732:, initiated the Egyptian Revolution of 1952 with the overthrowing
724:, a group of disaffected officers in the Egyptian army founded by
1036:
1401:
was prepared, which took effect on 18 January 2014. After that,
934:
with Israel. Egypt's armed forces achieved initial successes in
2683:
2641:
2488:
1145:
1112:
There was much less progress in political reform. The November
765:
741:
736:, whom the military blamed for Egypt's poor performance in the
2461:. Vol. 31, No. 4 (Jul., 1983), pp. 679–704. Available at
4137:
2714:
2519:
2462:
2427:"Pro-Sisi party wins majority in Egypt's parliamentary polls"
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648:
627:
604:
2409:"Sisi wins snap Egyptian referendum amid vote-buying claims"
991:
in November 1977. This led to the invitation from President
3127:
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1344:
as acting president. Mansour was sworn in on 4 July 2013.
2372:"Egypt parliament extends presidential term to six years"
626:
Following the formal abolition of the monarchy in 1953,
2132:"Mohamed Morsi signs Egypt's new constitution into law"
1750:. Winne.com (14 January 1999). Retrieved on 2011-02-02.
2169:"Egypt's interim president sworn in - Thursday 4 July"
2089:"Morsi refuses to cancel Egypt's vote on constitution"
1460:
In April 2018, El-Sisi was re-elected by landslide in
1306:
as the Defence Minister from the previous Government.
2166:
2114:"Egyptian voters back new constitution in referendum"
1530:
Egypt during the Sadat years, By Kirk J. Beattie, p.2
1479:
In December 2020, final results of the parliamentary
1448:
Abdel Fattah el-Sisi § Presidency (2014–present)
805:
in mid-1956, Nasser nationalized the privately owned
2292:"El-Sisi wins Egypt's presidential race with 96.91%"
1962:. Associated Press. 23 November 2012. Archived from
1709:
by Tarek Osman, Yale University Press, 2010, p.130-1
1252:
was held; a provisional constitution came to force.
1960:"Rallies for, against Egypt president's new powers"
1878:"Egypt's president calls back dissolved parliament"
1613:(in Arabic, Dar Al-Shorouk, Cairo, 2007. quoted in
1286:
Timeline of the Egyptian Crisis under Mohamed Morsi
966:Celebrating the signing of the Camp David Accords:
59:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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1022:
958:International relations and the Camp David Accords
611:to the present day, which saw the toppling of the
4132:
2208:
2185:
1934:"Egypt's President Mursi assumes sweeping powers"
1901:"Court overrules Egypt's president on parliament"
1617:by Tarek Osman, Yale University Press, 2010, p.45
1412:On 24 March 2014, 529 of Morsi's supporters were
4532:
1738:. Arabmediasociety.com. Retrieved on 2011-02-02.
1680:
1678:
1468:Under El-Sisi Egypt is said to have returned to
999:to enter trilateral negotiations at Camp David.
1780:
1626:
2026:
646:from 1958 to 1961), and has been known as the
4118:
2504:
1859:"Mohamed Morsi sworn in as Egypt's president"
1675:
1424:were sentenced to death. As of 28 April, the
580:
1824:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1762:"AFP – Egypt braces for nationwide protests"
1759:
1620:
1538:
1536:
2063:"Egypt Sees Largest Clash Since Revolution"
1409:elections have to be held within 6 months.
1302:, six others and the former military ruler
1244:The military provisional government, under
4125:
4111:
2511:
2497:
2082:
2080:
2065:. The Wall Street Journal. 6 December 2012
1789:"Mubarak resigns; hands power to military"
1633:. Cambridge University Press. p. 95.
1314:backers threw their support behind Morsi.
587:
573:
2086:
1591:
1533:
1172:
801:withdrew their offer to help finance the
705:History of Egypt under Gamal Abdel Nasser
642:from 1958 to 1971 (including a period of
119:Learn how and when to remove this message
2458:Economic Development and Cultural Change
2256:
2006:
1786:
1084:
961:
797:in September 1955. When the US and the
2388:
2077:
2032:
831:Nasser helped establish with India and
817:and Israeli reprisals, support for the
14:
4533:
2336:"Egypt's War against the Gaza Tunnels"
2087:Fleishman, Jeffrey (6 December 2012).
2007:Birnbaum, Michael (22 November 2012).
1898:
1838:
1764:. Agence France-Presse. Archived from
1566:. Cambridge University Press. p.
1040:1977, Infitah policies led to massive
910:After Nasser's death, another of the "
778:
4106:
3537:
3348:
3171:
3012:
2531:
2492:
2453:Egypt's Development in the Seventies
2033:Spencer, Richard (23 November 2012).
1875:
1869:
1548:
1354:Post-coup unrest in Egypt (2013–2014)
1295:Supreme Constitutional Court of Egypt
1279:
1262:The first free presidential elections
793:, Nasser concluded an arms deal with
709:
4087:
2391:"Egypt's Return to Authoritarianism"
2318:"Egypt's Sisi sworn in as president"
1787:Whitlock, Craig (12 February 2011).
1611:Major Landowners in Egypt: 1914-1952
1441:
1357:
1347:
1062:History of Egypt under Hosni Mubarak
671:government, which changed to a more
57:adding citations to reliable sources
28:
4077:
2209:Czech News Agency (28 April 2014).
2186:Czech News Agency (24 March 2014).
1233:
691:calling for more freedom overthrew
24:
2441:
1183:
1133:percent of the People's Assembly.
906:History of Egypt under Anwar Sadat
25:
4572:
3458:Role of the Egyptian Armed Forces
2257:Kingsley, Patrick (29 May 2014).
1670:The USSR in Third World Conflicts
1042:spontaneous riots ('Bread Riots')
4086:
4076:
4066:
4057:
4056:
3315:Refugees of the Syrian civil war
2518:
2389:Mehmood, Ashna (31 March 2021).
1839:Weaver, Matthew (24 June 2012).
1760:Jailan Zayan (25 January 2011).
1627:Samir A. Mutawi (18 July 2002).
1361:
1114:2000 People's Assembly elections
1068:President Sadat was assassinated
679:orientation with his successors
556:
155:
33:
18:History of the Republic of Egypt
4556:Contemporary history by country
4541:History of Egypt (1900–present)
3799:Identification card controversy
2419:
2401:
2382:
2364:
2346:
2328:
2310:
2284:
2250:
2225:
2202:
2179:
2160:
2142:
2124:
2106:
2055:
2000:
1978:
1952:
1926:
1915:
1892:
1851:
1832:
1799:
1741:
1729:
1712:
1700:
1562:A Short History of Modern Egypt
1023:Domestic policy and the Infitah
857:In May 1967, Nasser closed the
44:needs additional citations for
2705:Khedivate and Kingdom of Egypt
1876:Fahmy, Mohamed (9 July 2012).
1662:
1650:
1603:
1524:
1055:
985:Sinai Disengagement Agreements
846:
13:
1:
3013:
1899:Watson, Ivan (10 July 2012).
1517:
1502:Egyptian Constitution of 1923
1002:The outcome was the historic
698:
68:"History of republican Egypt"
3332:Twin towns and sister cities
3172:
2844:Assassination of Anwar Sadat
1598:Egypt during the Sadat years
1543:Egypt during the Sadat years
1393:During the months after the
1338:Supreme Constitutional Court
1254:Parliamentary free elections
930:In 1973, Sadat launched the
899:
890:
630:was known officially as the
7:
3860:Vehicle registration plates
3538:
3514:Water supply and sanitation
3349:
2532:
1659:from Country Study of Egypt
1556:Afaf Lutfi al-Sayyid Marsot
1490:
1317:The move was criticized by
1190:Egyptian revolution of 2011
1179:Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014)
1128:, leader of the opposition
925:
716:Egyptian revolution of 1952
675:-oriented economy and less-
613:monarchy of Egypt and Sudan
609:Egyptian Revolution of 1952
603:spans the period of modern
601:History of Republican Egypt
10:
4577:
3519:Water resources management
2150:"Egypt's Morsi overthrown"
1686:"Egypt - October 1973 War"
1445:
1351:
1283:
1237:
1187:
1176:
1169:finance consultancy work.
1059:
903:
850:
782:
713:
702:
4145:
4052:
3878:
3550:
3546:
3533:
3414:Impact on the environment
3404:Entrepreneurship policies
3357:
3344:
3180:
3167:
3021:
3008:
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2878:
2544:
2540:
2527:
2480:Nasser and his generation
1600:, By Kirk J. Beattie, p.2
1545:, By Kirk J. Beattie, p.4
1250:Constitutional referendum
1118:National Democratic Party
1089:A section of present-day
1008:Egypt–Israel peace treaty
819:National Liberation Front
745:Egypt's first President.
318:Roman and Byzantine Egypt
3185:Administrative divisions
2861:2011 Egyptian revolution
2802:1952 Egyptian revolution
2598:Lighthouse of Alexandria
1736:Arab Media & Society
1723:19 February 2009 at the
728:, and headed by General
720:On 22–26 July 1952, the
3389:Egyptian stock exchange
1609:Dr. Assem Al-Desoky's
1497:History of modern Egypt
1304:Mohamed Hussein Tantawi
1246:Mohamed Hussein Tantawi
1070:by Islamic extremists.
914:", then Vice President
263:3rd Intermediate Period
243:2nd Intermediate Period
223:1st Intermediate Period
3720:International rankings
2725:Egyptian–Ethiopian War
1630:Jordan in the 1967 War
1457:Gaza strip and Sinai.
1210:, desire to raise the
1173:Civil unrest 2011-2014
1150:April 6 Youth Movement
1098:
979:
667:, the republic had an
649:Arab Republic of Egypt
4551:21st century in Egypt
4546:20th century in Egypt
3325:Terrorism and tourism
2783:1948 Arab–Israeli War
2615:Library of Alexandria
1986:"Twitter / ELBaradei"
1436:presidential election
1293:On 10 July 2012, the
1248:, initiated reforms.
1088:
1012:US–Egyptian relations
965:
942:tank division led by
661:armed forces of Egypt
203:Early Dynastic Period
4036:World Heritage Sites
3855:Units of measurement
3310:Proposed new capital
3056:Environmental issues
2817:United Arab Republic
2710:Muhammad Ali dynasty
2237:english.ahram.org.eg
1258:constituent assembly
879:from Syria, and the
837:Non-Aligned Movement
826:United Arab Republic
639:United Arab Republic
473:Muhammad Ali dynasty
53:improve this article
3708:Freedom of religion
3603:Mass sexual assault
2968:Timekeeping devices
2866:2013 Rabaa massacre
2839:Egyptian–Libyan War
2433:. 14 December 2020.
2138:. 26 December 2012.
2120:. 25 December 2012.
2040:The Daily Telegraph
2013:The Washington Post
1966:on 27 November 2012
1793:The Washington Post
1768:on 21 February 2011
1688:. Countrystudies.us
1507:Liberalism in Egypt
1334:Abdul Fatah al-Sisi
1228:wisdom of the crowd
1214:, lack of housing,
1093:, as seen from the
1066:On 6 October 1981,
779:Suez Crisis and War
655:Egypt's first four
308:Ptolemaic dynasties
3898:Art (contemporary)
3578:Capital punishment
3468:Telecommunications
3145:Towns and villages
3113:Qattara Depression
2926:Muslim Brotherhood
2896:Cigarette industry
2756:British occupation
2667:Crusader invasions
2637:Rashidun Caliphate
2478:Vatikiotis, P. J.
2447:Bruton, Henry J. (
2342:. 4 February 2018.
1988:. 22 November 2012
1940:. 22 November 2012
1707:Egypt on the Brink
1615:Egypt on the Brink
1512:Terrorism in Egypt
1428:is still ongoing.
1418:Muslim Brotherhood
1414:sentenced to death
1373:. You can help by
1312:Muslim Brotherhood
1300:Muslim Brotherhood
1280:Morsi's presidency
1270:Muslim Brotherhood
1204:state of emergency
1154:Courtney C. Radsch
1142:Muslim Brotherhood
1138:opposition parties
1099:
1029:socialist controls
1004:Camp David accords
980:
932:6 October 1973 war
807:Suez Canal Company
751:Muslim Brotherhood
726:Gamal Abdel Nasser
710:Revolution of 1952
665:Gamal Abdel Nasser
520:Sultanate of Egypt
510:British occupation
483:Khedivate of Egypt
355:Rashidun caliphate
176:Predynastic Period
4561:Republic of Egypt
4528:
4527:
4100:
4099:
4048:
4047:
4044:
4043:
3972:Football stadiums
3903:Botanical gardens
3782:Catholic dioceses
3674:Gender inequality
3598:Human trafficking
3529:
3528:
3463:Tallest buildings
3424:Military industry
3340:
3339:
3281:Political parties
3234:Islamic extremism
3222:Foreign relations
3163:
3162:
3004:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2744:French occupation
2662:Fatimid Caliphate
2657:Ikhshidid dynasty
2296:English.Ahram.org
2154:www.aljazeera.com
2093:Los Angeles Times
1863:www.aljazeera.com
1640:978-0-521-52858-0
1577:978-0-521-27234-6
1442:Sisi's presidency
1391:
1390:
1348:Second transition
1319:Mohamed ElBaradei
1224:freedom of speech
1196:Tunisian uprising
1049:political machine
633:Republic of Egypt
607:history from the
597:
596:
548:
547:
501:Late Modern Egypt
491:
490:
463:French occupation
433:
432:
395:Ikhshidid dynasty
365:Umayyad caliphate
336:
335:
290:Greco-Roman Egypt
281:
280:
184:
183:
167:Prehistoric Egypt
129:
128:
121:
103:
16:(Redirected from
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4089:
4080:
4079:
4070:
4060:
4059:
3865:Waste management
3630:Academic grading
3548:
3547:
3535:
3534:
3507:Railway stations
3485:Cultural tourism
3384:Economic regions
3346:
3345:
3169:
3168:
3010:
3009:
2679:Mamluk Sultanate
2610:Diocese of Egypt
2593:Battle of Actium
2542:
2541:
2529:
2528:
2513:
2506:
2499:
2490:
2489:
2449:Williams College
2435:
2434:
2423:
2417:
2416:
2415:. 23 April 2019.
2405:
2399:
2398:
2395:Modern Diplomacy
2386:
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2213:. ceskenoviny.cz
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1470:authoritarianism
1399:new constitution
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1383:
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1272:parliamentarian
1234:First transition
1200:police brutality
1017:short border war
859:Straits of Tiran
644:union with Syria
636:until 1958, the
589:
582:
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563:Egypt portal
561:
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530:Kingdom of Egypt
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4096:
4040:
4031:Public holidays
4021:National anthem
3874:
3787:Coptic Churches
3730:Egyptian Arabic
3640:Medical schools
3542:
3525:
3441:Nuclear program
3353:
3336:
3266:Nationality law
3259:Supreme Council
3244:Law enforcement
3176:
3159:
3135:Sinai Peninsula
3118:Red Sea Riviera
3017:
2996:
2972:
2874:
2761:1919 revolution
2749:Revolt of Cairo
2674:Ayyubid dynasty
2652:Tulunid dynasty
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2442:Further reading
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2360:. 2 April 2018.
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1725:Wayback Machine
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1485:Nation’s Future
1476:in April 2019.
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1371:needs expansion
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405:Fatimid dynasty
385:Tulunid dynasty
375:Abbasid dynasty
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3298:Prime Minister
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2324:. 8 June 2014.
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2298:. Ahram Online
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1407:parliamentary
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1369:This section
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1072:Hosni Mubarak
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912:free officers
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883:from Jordan.
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877:Golan Heights
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687:. In 2011 a
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42:This article
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3918:Coat of arms
3888:Architecture
3777:Christianity
3757:Prostitution
3703:Human rights
3662:Abaza family
3650:Universities
3615:Demographics
3568:Billionaires
3212:Constitution
3207:Conscription
3190:Governorates
3071:Halfaya Pass
2941:1954–present
2901:Constitution
2856:2010s Crisis
2791:
2768:World War II
2730:Urabi revolt
2647:Islamization
2581:31st Dynasty
2576:27th Dynasty
2479:
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2413:the Guardian
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2263:The Guardian
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2038:
2028:
2016:. Retrieved
2012:
2002:
1990:. Retrieved
1980:
1968:. Retrieved
1964:the original
1954:
1942:. Retrieved
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1928:
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1894:
1882:. Retrieved
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1692:29 September
1690:. Retrieved
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1668:Porter, BD.
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1330:
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1266:Ahmed Shafik
1243:
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1001:
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952:
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940:
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544:1953–present
539:
443:Early modern
322:30 BC–641 AD
257:1550–1069 BC
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237:2055–1650 BC
227:2181–2055 BC
217:2686–2181 BC
207:3150–2686 BC
180:6000–3000 BC
115:
106:
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75:
63:
51:Please help
46:verification
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2018:23 November
1992:23 November
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1080:Arab League
1056:Mubarak era
864:casus belli
853:Six-Day War
847:Six-Day War
785:Suez Crisis
762:land reform
758:land reform
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1518:References
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1222:, lack of
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1820:cite web
1721:Archived
1672:, p. 134
1583:5 August
1558:(1985).
1491:See also
1481:election
1462:election
1148:and the
1106:Gulf War
926:1973 War
871:and the
738:1948 War
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1907:10 July
1452:In the
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1037:infitah
766:feddans
693:Mubarak
399:935–969
389:868–905
379:750–935
369:661–750
359:641–661
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2269:
1884:8 July
1637:
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809:. The
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139:on the
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88:
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3950:list
3945:Flag
3933:Wine
3928:Beer
3608:Rape
3303:list
3291:list
3128:Nile
2921:Jews
2451:). "
2304:2014
2278:2017
2267:ISSN
2244:2017
2219:2014
2196:2014
2100:2012
2071:2012
2049:2012
2020:2012
1994:2012
1972:2012
1946:2012
1909:2012
1886:2012
1826:link
1774:2011
1694:2011
1635:ISBN
1585:2012
1572:ISBN
1405:and
1397:, a
1268:and
1162:Alaa
1136:The
835:the
815:Gaza
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4136:in
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1568:107
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