286:
516:
933:
1164:
899:
882:
648:
955:
2666:
1092:
1527:
2967:"Of necessity, the airplanes will be stowed below decks; they would be solidly fixed anchored to their bases, each in its place, so they would not be affected with the pitching and rolling. Access to this lower decks would be by an elevator sufficiently long and wide to hold an airplane with its wings folded. A large, sliding trap would cover the hole in the deck, and it would have waterproof joints, so that neither rain nor seawater, from heavy seas could penetrate below." Military Aviation, p. 36
2085:
916:
1682:
28:
1694:
1267:
865:
1014:
1318:
467:
848:
2321:
1284:
1417:
419:, a modern navy was built, taking advantage of new technologies like steam and ship armour, which made older fleets effectively obsolete. This force was an important instrument in the constitution and keeping of the French Empire. The fleet maintained a high standard, and between the two world wars (1925–1939), a significant effort was made counter the threat of the German and Italian navies. With the
1335:
1301:
1786:
1876:
2963:"An airplane-carrying vessel is indispensable. These vessels will be constructed on a plan very different from what is currently used. First of all the deck will be cleared of all obstacles. It will be flat, as wide as possible without jeopardizing the nautical lines of the hull, and it will look like a landing field." Military Aviation, p. 35
1518:(January 1862–March 1867). Napoleon III, using as a pretext the Mexican Republic's refusal to pay its foreign debts, planned to establish a French sphere of influence in North America by creating a French-backed monarchy in Mexico, a project which was supported by Mexican conservatives tired of the anti-clerical Mexican republic.
1836:"An airplane-carrying vessel is indispensable. These vessels will be constructed on a plan very different from what is currently used. First of all the deck will be cleared of all obstacles. It will be flat, as wide as possible without jeopardizing the nautical lines of the hull, and it will look like a landing field."
1558:
carrying shell-firing guns, and prematurely deemed the battleship obsolete. However, in the early 1890s the pre-dreadnought battleship revived with surprising vigour and new protections against torpedoes and mines, and the torpedo boats proved to have inadequate nautical qualities for the open ocean.
1866:
the description of a ship to operate airplanes at sea, with a flat flight deck, an island superstructure, deck elevators and a hangar bay. That year the US Naval Attaché in Paris sent a report on his observations and the first experiments to test the concept were made in the United States from 1910.
932:
1617:
Right at the turn of the century, French design absorbed influences from foreign practice. Her newer battleships had two twin-300mm gun turrets instead of single mounts, less exaggerated tumble-home of the hull, and abandonment of the ram bow. This led to improved seakeeping characteristics, though
329:
Inconsistent support for her navy. To be effective, navies require infrastructure, ports, dockyards, foundries which must be maintained in peacetime. Officers and crews need plenty of experience at sea. Shortage of resources and political misunderstanding repeatedly damaged the service, creating a
1890:
Every naval fleet consists of a variety of ships of different sizes, and no fleet has enough resources to make every vessel supreme in its class. Nonetheless, different countries strive to excel in particular classes. Between the world wars, the French fleet was remarkable in its building of small
1613:
in 1894. French yards busily turned out warships for foreign customers, especially
Imperial Russia, which copied French styles in designing many of its cruisers and battleships. Despite her leads in some areas of technology (boilers, metallurgy), France did not have the productive capacity of her
1454:
to punish the
Vietnamese for their mistreatment of French Catholic missionaries and force the court to accept a French presence in the country. An important factor in his decision was the belief that France risked becoming a second-rate power by not expanding its influence in East Asia. Also, the
1122:
dissolved the Fleet
Gunners Corps, which effectively put a halt to the training in gunnery, abysmally degrading the rate of fire and precision of batteries; in addition, the French doctrine was to fire at the rigging of enemy ships to disable them; this doctrine could prove effective with highly
1025:
During the
American War of Independence the French Navy played a decisive role in supporting the American side. The French Navy was the only standing navy to fight the British, alongside the modest Continental and American state navies and American privateers. In a hard-fought effort, the French
1721:
s by the end of 1914 and three improved dreadnoughts by mid-1916. During the war, the main French effort was on land. While capital ships already on the ways were completed, few new warships were laid down. Despite its dated roster, the Marine
Nationale performed well in World War I. The main
534:, France was in an unstable state, and striving to guarantee her independence from Spanish and papal influences. This prompted both an emphasis on land forces, which drained resources, and an alliance with England, which would have unfavourably seen France challenging her naval supremacy.
750:
in 1692 saw a French fleet engage an Anglo-Dutch fleet, with both sides suffering heavily. However, once wind and tide changed, the French suffered heavily as they tried to get back to port for repairs. Some of the damaged French ships were forced to beach themselves at
1490:
river, give full civil rights and freedom of religion to
Christians, and give France a huge indemnity. This, combined with the intervention in Vietnam, set the stage for further French influence in China, leading up to a sphere of influence over parts of Southern China.
2011:
hands spent the war trying to observe neutrality towards the Axis powers, while avoiding capture by the Allies and the Free French. They obtained anecdotal tactical successes which weighted for nought against the overall strategic disaster, like the battles of
1566:. Often carrying only half the main armament of their British contemporaries, French battleships had armoured masts with electric elevators inside, outsized funnels, and elaborate davit systems to swing out boats from the narrow upper decks.
1123:
trained crews, but was impractical with poorly trained gunners, and resulted in a number of instances where French ships did not manage to score a single hit on dangerously exposed
British ships (as happened with the fight of the
1204:
in 1884. It also served as an effective link between the growing parts of the French empire. The French Navy were leaders in many areas of warship development, first with incremental improvements upon existing designs with the
515:
481:
Medieval fleets, in France as elsewhere, were almost entirely composed of merchant ships enlisted into naval service in time of war. But the early beginning of the French Navy goes back to the Middle Ages, when it defeated the
555:. The designs were moderately large ships, for a lack of harbours fit for very large units, but very heavily armed with large calibre guns; these ships displaced between 300 and 2000 tonnes and bore up to 50 24-pound
1068:
and 32 smaller units; a further 12 ships of the line and 10 frigates were under construction and expected to be launched within the year. The crews counted 75,000 sailors, 5,000 gunners, 2,000 officers and 14,000
1635:, which made all the world's capital ships obsolete overnight. Through 1911, while rival navies were turning out new dreadnoughts, all France's available shipyards were dedicated to producing the six-ship
999:. He created what were to be, in effect, the ultimate designs of wind-powered fighting ship, with standard frigates carrying 18-pounder guns, and standard ships of the line of 64, 74, 80 and 118 guns; his
970:
to undertake far reaching voyages of discovery. (L’expédition de Lapérouse, 1785–1788, réplique française au voyage de Cook). Upon King Louis XVI's orders, Lapérouse departed Brest, France, in command of
1670:. Meanwhile, a large cruiser fleet was also built, seeing service in the Mediterranean, the Channel, and in France's imperial dominions in Indochina, Pacific Islands, West Africa, and the Caribbean.
786:, the French and British navies had a roughly even record of success in their many conflicts. This changed decisively in that year with a series of disasters for the French, who had begun the year
1856:
As heavier-than-air aircraft developed in the early 20th century, various navies began to take an interest in their potential use as scouts for their big gun warships. In 1909 the French inventor
285:
1984:
gain control. It was essential that they should be put out of action. Some vessels were in
British-controlled ports in Britain or Egypt and these were either persuaded to re-join the Allies as
690:'s ambitious policy of ship building, the French Navy began to gain a magnificence matching the symbolism of the Louis XIV era, as well as an actual military significance. The ship of the line
2898:
2054:
The orders to French commanders to scuttle their ships in case of an attempted take-over had been reinforced, however, and, often despite the presence of German troops, this was done in the
3381:
2043:, the commander of the Forces de Haute Mer (the High Seas Fleet) advocated sailing to attack the Allied invasion fleet while others, such as the Vichy Secretary of the Navy, Contre-Amiral
490:, on 23 September 1338. The Battle of Arnemuiden was also the first naval battle using artillery. The most notable naval battle involving the French was the severe defeat they suffered at
2853:
Later commentators state that the French gunners were adequate artillerymen but very poor naval gunners — that is they were incapable of compensating for the movements of their own ships
1209:, but also pioneering the introduction of several new technologies: steam propulsion, the screw propeller, armour plate protection, steel construction, and protected gun mounts.
1709:
The development of the French Navy slowed down in the beginning of the 20th century, and as a result, it was outnumbered by the German and US Navies. It was late to introduce new
2971:"The ship will be headed straight into the wind, the stern clear, but a padded bulwark set up forward in case the airplane should run past the stop line" Military Aviation, p. 37
1144:
in 1804, and the Battle of
Trafalgar in 1805, where the British all but annihilated a combined Franco-Spanish fleet. This disaster guaranteed British naval domination during the
1363:"), although he was determined to follow a strong foreign policy to extend France's power and glory. The French Navy was involved in a multitude of actions around the world.
2157:, made an effort to resist the boarding. In capturing the submarine, two British officers and one French sailor were killed. Other ships were the two obsolete battleships
759:. The crews were saved, but the lost fifteen ships of the line were not replaced and France did not seriously challenge the combined English and Dutch fleet for decades.
448:; because, before being named "nationale", the Navy had been named "royale" (the navy did not sport the royal titles common with other European navies like the British
733:. The event is regarded as one of the most glorious deeds of the French Navy, and Tourville earned a fame which lasts to present times (a number of ships were named
2123:
The French fleet was widely dispersed. Some vessels were in port in France; others had escaped from France to
British-controlled ports, mainly in Britain itself or
2035:, where the main part of the surviving French fleet lay. This was a major German objective and forces under SS command had been detailed to capture them (Operation
944:, showing the French port of Brest. The work was produced in order to show the successful rebuilding of French naval facilities in Brest during the 1760s and 1770s.
837:
was somewhat larger than it had been in 1763, and, crucially, had replaced numerous old vessels with more effective modern designs. Also worthy of note: in 1766,
2552:
1189:
contributed to geography in Southern and Western Pacific, Australia, New Zealand, and Antarctica, and brought back previously unknown plants and animal species.
1642:
pre-dreadnoughts which, though they featured turbine/quad screw propulsion, still mounted only four heavy guns each, as against at least ten for a dreadnought.
3067:
Blatt, Joel. "The Parity That Meant Superiority: French Naval Policy towards Italy at the Washington Conference, 1921-22, and Interwar French Foreign Policy."
2893:
1003:
ship of the line became the backbone of the French and British navies. The largest units, the 118-guns, were said to be "as manoeuvrable as a frigate" (the
1821:. She was commissioned as a seaplane tender, and carried float-planes in hangars on the main deck, from where they were lowered onto the sea with a crane.
1137:
doctrine was for their well-trained gunners to fire at the enemy's hull, a much easier target, to kill and maim the crew and gradually degrade firepower.
544:, to take advantage of the relatively calm sea. Initially, the plan called for 40 galleys, but was downsized to 24 of them, notably because of a lack of
338:
The creation of the first actual State Navy, under Louis XIII, thanks to the politics of Richelieu. This navy was largely ruined by the troubles of the
2818:
3414:
2542:
967:
424:
2746:
2731:
1933:, but the plans were canceled when the Germans produced the so-called "pocket battleships"; the French responded with a class of two ships of the
1966:. The French surrender and its armistice terms, however, completely changed the situation: the French fleet immediately withdrew from the fight.
246:
1587:
were built as "sample battleships", as the design for a true class of battleships was fiddled with. It eventually materialised with the 3-ship
1499:
1999:. The Royal Navy delivered an ultimatum but, when agreement proved impossible, they opened fire and sank or damaged much of the French fleet (
1569:
France built a considerable fleet of these vessels, though seldom with such uniform class characteristics as seen in Britain and Germany. The
2509:
2079:
1562:
French capital ships of this time were instantly identifiable by their small size (10,000 tons), huge spur rams, great height and pronounced
1141:
2058:. No capital ships and few others were taken in reparable condition. A few ships fled Toulon and joined the Allies, notably the submarine
1723:
1717:, and it entered the First World War with relatively few modern vessels: only one dreadnought in commission at war's start, with all four
1384:
3301:
Tritten, James J. "The Influence of French Naval Thought on the U.S. Navy" (Defense Technical Information Center, DTIC ADA306841, 1995)
2093:
2047:
favoured joining the Allies. On several warships, there were spontaneous demonstrations in favour of sailing with the Allies, chanting "
2415:
1974:
The British perceived the French fleet as a potentially lethal threat, should the French become formal enemies or, more likely, should
671:
Under the tutelage of the "Sun King," the French Navy was well financed and equipped, managing to score several early victories in the
584:. Fleets of this period were often largely composed of merchant vessels, hastily loaded with cannons, undercrewed and poorly handled.
2341:
2328:
1155:. This started the French tendency to prefer large numbers of smaller but powerful and swift units, rather than large capital ships.
787:
1546:
doctrine had a more powerful influence within the French Navy than elsewhere. Derived from the traditions of privateer warfare, the
319:(Spain and Portugal), so she had to keep two naval forces and divide resources between the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean.
393:
2785:
L'Art des Armées Navales ou Traité des Evolutions Navales, see Naval Warfare in the Age of Sail, Brian Tunstall, 1990, pp. 59–64,
2253:
1628:(completed 1907), French pre-dreadnought design finally caught up with U.S. and British standards; but 1907 also saw the debut of
587:
With newly built ships, designed as ships of war and crewed by sailors and trained gunners, fighting experience was gained in the
444:("the Royal"). The reason for this nickname is uncertain. Speculation includes: it might be for its traditional attachment to the
2055:
428:
2425:
537:
When Richelieu became Minister of the Navy, he decided on a plan to rebuild a powerful navy, divided into two distinct forces.
377:
898:
3330:
3316:
3268:
3238:
Pritchard, James. "From shipwright to naval constructor: The professionalization of 18th-Century French Naval Shipbuilders."
3098:
2790:
272:
683:. Financial troubles, however, forced the navy back to port and allowed the English and the Dutch to regain the initiative.
1515:
881:
3409:
2608:
2004:
696:
is illustrative of the trend of the time. Colbert is credited with forging a good part of the naval tradition of France.
203:
3207:
James, Alan. "The Development of French Naval Policy in the Seventeenth Century: Richelieu's Early Aims and Ambitions."
1662:. With the alliance with Britain, France's naval assets were concentrated in the Mediterranean, largely to face off the
600:
2059:
1471:
in 1867), allowed freedom of action for French missionaries and gave France a large indemnity for the cost of the war.
1050:
588:
1582:
1421:
1340:
3364:
2806:
2774:
2709:
2687:
2358:
1112:
921:
747:
45:
2680:
2476:
1027:
385:
3198:
2515:
2494:
2366:
2303:
2164:
1049:
fought in a series of campaigns against the British (1770–1780), contending for supremacy against Vice-Admiral Sir
131:
126:
3142:
2634:
1943:
class falling somewhere in between battlecruisers and battleships. The large battleship niche was filled with the
3124:
3082:
3062:
1468:
853:
691:
311:
Since the establishment of her present territory, France had to face three major challenges on the naval level:
208:
1004:
358:
2628:
2220:
2214:
2170:
1812:
1790:
904:
178:
3025:
1726:. France's most significant losses during the war were four pre-dreadnought battleships, victims of mines and
1272:
1224:
604:
2618:
2537:
1495:
1431:
1182:
In the nineteenth century, the navy recovered to become the second finest in the world after the Royal Navy.
838:
815:
397:
183:
1171:
762:
France turned to commerce-raiding rather than large fleet actions with great success under such captains as
2822:
2649:
2613:
2489:
2208:
1907:
1880:
1588:
1076:
722:
198:
193:
2365:
is under test, due for 2008. The experience acquired with the building of the SNLE-NG will also lead to a
1693:
1576:
1467:, opened three ports to French trade, allowed free passage of French warships to Cambodia (which led to a
1124:
2226:
1163:
966:
was keen on technical subjects and geography, and encouraged explorations including the commissioning of
656:
607:
and nephew of Cardinal Richelieu. The Navy built a French empire, conquering the "Nouvelle-Guyenne" (now
564:
2176:
1622:
870:
3352:(Naval Institute Press, 2017), Eugenia Kiesling translates and summarizes original five volume study,
2562:
2458:
2390:
2374:
2354:
2325:
1944:
1934:
1906:, which imposed restrictions on cruisers and battleships, but not on destroyers and smaller units. The
1323:
1254:
1096:
996:
718:
188:
2946:
2000:
1046:
915:
2623:
2586:
2557:
2499:
2315:
1652:
1289:
1245:
1186:
1167:
940:
265:
168:
81:
71:
3011:
2929:
1645:
The first French dreadnoughts did not appear until 1914, and two classes totalling seven ships, the
596:
2674:
2547:
2144:
2073:
1918:
1646:
1570:
1038:. The career of de Grasse ended when he was captured during the decisive French defeat at the 1782
1031:
1018:
494:, losing almost 200 ships and up to 20,000 killed while the English lost only 2 ships and 600 men.
389:
147:
1383:(March 1854–March 1856). During this war Napoleon successfully established a French alliance with
27:
2158:
1903:
1862:
1846:
1636:
1610:
783:
710:, the French Navy managed to score a decisive victory over a combined Spanish-Dutch fleet at the
581:
76:
3091:
The Fall and Rise of French Sea Power: France's Quest for an Independent Naval Policy, 1940–1963
2349:
The navy is in the midst of major technological and procurement changes. A naval version of the
1459:
was spreading. This eventually led to a full-out invasion in 1861. By 1862 the war was over and
3291:
Thomas, Martin. "After Mers-el-Kébir: The Armed Neutrality of the Vichy French Navy, 1940-43."
2916:
2691:
2202:
2189:
1899:
1629:
1606:
1531:
1443:
1317:
1306:
1232:
992:
803:
680:
647:
1891:
numbers of ships that were "over the top" with relation to their equivalents of other powers.
699:
The French Navy of this period was also in the forefront of the development of naval tactics.
400:
expanded French geography, naval maps, and founded outposts. The downfall occurred during the
2568:
2420:
2370:
1958:
At the outset of the war, the French Navy participated in a number of operations against the
1927:
1681:
1663:
1218:
1197:
1039:
887:
847:
738:
687:
563:. The first ships were ordered from the Dutch, and French production started with the famous
475:
370:
350:
215:
88:
2469:
954:
771:
236:
2942:
2369:, which are expected for 2017. Surface forces are upgrading in numbers and modernity, with
2007:
and inhibited further defections to the Allies. From this point on, the ships remaining in
1498:. The French Navy also had a small presence in Japan in 1867–1868, around the actions of a
1451:
1391:
592:
573:
520:
487:
471:
305:
258:
110:
1597:
France's conceptual and technological edge proved attractive to the newly industrialising
1266:
1140:
Efforts to make the navy into a powerful force under Napoleon were dashed by the death of
864:
8:
2760:« Les larmes de nos souverains ont le goût salé de la mer qu'ils ont ignorée ».
2590:
2581:
2532:
2024:
1825:
was further modified in November 1913 with a 10-metre flat deck to launch her seaplanes.
1427:
1334:
1206:
1130:
1119:
1000:
963:
822:
524:
405:
381:
366:
346:
3223:
From Versailles To Mers El-Kébir: The Promise of Anglo-French Naval Cooperation, 1919-40
2981:
3323:
French Warships in the Age of Sail, 1786-1861: Design, Constructions, Careers and Fates
3309:
French Warships in the Age of Sail, 1626-1786: Design, Constructions, Careers and Fates
3253:
3226:
3183:
3152:
2999:
2249:
2128:
2105:
2017:
1460:
1456:
1214:
988:
830:
672:
531:
508:
409:
362:
301:
66:
1486:. China was forced to concede more trading rights, allow freedom of navigation of the
818:. The year marked the beginning of the period of clear British dominance on the seas.
3360:
3326:
3312:
3264:
3194:
3094:
2802:
2786:
2770:
2291:
2287:
2257:
2117:
2101:
2097:
1755:
1151:
From then on, the French Navy was limited to frigate actions and privateers such as
1108:
1035:
711:
454:
401:
316:
3279:
The English and French Navies, 1500-1650: Expansion, Organisation and State-Building
3250:
Anatomy of a naval disaster : the 1746 French naval expedition to North America
2891:[French Navy 1914–1918. A Naval Reference Book] (supplement to the magazine
2113:
2003:) on 3 July 1940, to stop the fleet from falling into Axis hands. The action soured
1283:
2453:
2447:
2337:
2268:
2244:
2235:
2154:
1894:
For example, the French chose to build "super-destroyers" which were deemed during
1818:
1749:
1479:
1201:
1091:
1071:
1057:
806:. The French Navy was also unable to prevent the loss of the important colonies of
767:
707:
664:
652:
241:
103:
98:
50:
2181:, 8 torpedo boats, 5 submarines and a number of other ships of lesser importance.
979:
on 1 August 1785 on a scientific voyage of the Pacific inspired by the voyages of
2527:
2430:
2350:
2040:
2013:
1940:
1804:
1743:
1733:
A number of major ships of the French Navy at the outbreak / end of World War I:
1598:
1145:
825:, France was financially incapable of building up a fleet to challenge Britain's
799:
730:
616:
491:
445:
231:
3389:
1857:
1841:
1602:
1300:
300:
goes back to the Middle Ages, its history can be said to effectively begin with
3390:
Pictorial history of French navy vessels, 1850-1916, from BigBadBattleships.com
2504:
2442:
2044:
1376:
1372:
1152:
1034:
in 1781, ensuring that the Franco-American ground forces would win the ongoing
660:
503:
The tears of our sovereigns have the salted taste of the sea that they ignored.
420:
323:
173:
3376:
2842:
1542:
3403:
3377:
French naval leaders and the French navy in the American War for independence
3302:
2362:
1996:
1714:
1594:, which introduced armament nearly on a par with its British contemporaries.
795:
2888:
2819:"L'Expédition de Lapérouse, 1785-1788, réplique française au voyage de Cook"
2112:, FNFL). To distinguish the FNFL from the Vichy French forces, Vice-Admiral
2084:
1526:
983:. He never returned and his ships were later found wrecked at the island of
3357:
3345:
2402:
2378:
2008:
1980:
1975:
1895:
1767:
1667:
1551:
1475:
1400:
ran aground after a storm that destroyed many Allied ships. The remains of
1356:
1100:
545:
483:
416:
315:
Geographically France had two large sections of coastline separated by the
1926:
In 1933, the French Navy was considering building a super-battleship, the
798:; when the French emerged they were decisively defeated in the battles of
523:
in a Dutch yard, arriving in a Dutch port under guidance of a Dutch ship,
3132:
The Age of the Ship of the Line: The British and French Navies, 1650-1815
2595:
2276:
1985:
1959:
1808:
1737:
1710:
1659:
1563:
1464:
1380:
296:
19:
3079:
The Road to Oran: Anglo-French Naval Relations, September 1939-July 1940
2252:, climbing cliffs under fire to destroy German shore batteries. Captain
2184:
Most of these ships were surrendered to the FNFL (notably the submarine
1013:
3243:
3033:
2286:
French warships of the FNFL supported the landings in southern France (
2260:, and became an inspiring symbol when he was arrested, tortured by the
2150:
2136:
2124:
2028:
1503:
1193:
1175:
1134:
980:
826:
807:
700:
676:
636:
624:
620:
560:
552:
466:
449:
334:
The history of the French Navy can be divided into the following eras:
322:
Politically and strategically France's main threats came overland from
3394:
3296:
3106:
3072:
2479:, commander of the French fleet which help the USA secure independence
1192:
The French Navy also conducted a successful blockade of Mexico in the
572:
In 1627, the Navy was not ready to challenge the English fleet at the
354:
2463:
2299:
2272:
2140:
1914:
1902:
as the equivalent of light cruisers. This was a way of bypassing the
1807:
led to the earliest development of ships designed to carry aircraft,
1773:
1761:
1447:
763:
756:
752:
628:
423:
in 1940, most of the Navy never got a chance to fight. What survived
3180:
Royal Republicans: The French Naval Dynasties Between the World Wars
2283:. The aqua-lung became a major improvement for commando operations.
2039:). French naval authorities were divided on their response: Admiral
1158:
3191:
A History of the French Navy from its Beginnings to the Present Day
2863:
2238:
took inspiration from the British commandos to train new units of "
2132:
2120:, and a cocarde also featuring the cross of Lorraine for aircraft.
1969:
1800:
1435:
1238:
1065:
984:
93:
3382:
fr:Administration et administrateurs de la Marine royale française
2294:). These units also played their parts in the war in the Pacific.
2139:
were simply boarded on the night of 3 July 1940. The then-largest
2261:
1555:
1487:
1483:
1111:, in eliminating numerous officers of noble lineage (among them,
1080:
1061:
632:
577:
3286:
The Development of a Modern Navy: French Naval Policy, 1871–1904
3261:
La Royale: L'histoire illustrée de la Marine nationale française
2320:
790:. The British responded by blockading the French fleets at both
289:
Uniforms of French naval officers and sailors from 1690 to 1930.
3166:
Technology and Naval Combat in the Twentieth Century and Beyond
2353:
is replacing older aircraft. Newer strategic submarines of the
2197:
When French Africa joined the Allies, important ships based in
2032:
1727:
811:
791:
612:
608:
556:
541:
339:
3121:
Revolution and Political Conflict in the French Navy 1789-1794
2381:
are being issued, notably adding cruise missile capabilities.
2116:
created the bow flag displaying the French colours with a red
1416:
3026:"The Scuttle of the French Fleet at Touon, November 27, 1942"
2889:"ВМС Франции 1914 — 1918. Справочник по корабельному составу"
2280:
2198:
1992:
1963:
755:, where they were annihilated by English long boats and with
2633:
Three ships were named for the Grand Admiral of France: see
2234:
Beside warships, the FNFL developed special forces: Captain
1875:
1870:
1463:
conceded three provinces in the south, called by the French
703:(1652–1700) produced the first major work on naval tactics.
2267:
The FNFL also harboured technical innovators, like Captain
2188:), and other were leased by the British (like the corvette
1785:
452:); or simply because of the location of its headquarters,
3157:
Estival, Bernard. "The French navy and the Algerian war."
991:
in the South Pacific. Vessels designed by French engineer
1605:
was invited for four years to design a new fleet for the
1086:
540:
The Mediterranean force was to be completely composed of
2574:
1923:
submarine was the largest and most powerful of its day.
1229:
became the first purpose-built steam-powered battleship.
1083:, Le Havre, Dunkerque, Bordeaux, Bayonne and Marseille.
2108:, including a naval arm, the Free Naval French Forces (
1614:
rival across the Channel, or her new nemesis, Germany.
326:
which required a strong army rather than a strong navy.
2961:
Clement Ader on the structure of the aircraft carrier:
2248:. These commandos distinguished themselves during the
1917:
is still the world's fastest class of destroyer. The
1359:
famously proclaimed that "The Empire means peace" ("
2864:"W.L. Clowes on the 1854-56 Russian ("Crimean") War"
2589:, commander of the French and Spanish fleets at the
1442:
Napoleon III took the first steps to establishing a
841:
led the first French circumnavigation of the world.
2748:
Dictionnaire des batailles navales franco-anglaises
2733:
Dictionnaire des batailles navales franco-anglaises
2031:) Vichy France, including the French naval port of
1828:
1780:
2405:, the admiral was a major theorist in 20th century
1213:France led in the development of artillery firing
1159:From the Bourbon Restoration to the Second Empire
829:. However, efforts were made, and by the time of
3401:
3164:Halpern, Paul. "The French Navy, 1880–1914." in
2904:). Morskaya Kollektsiya (in Russian). No. 3
2801:Jenkins, History of the French Navy, pp. 82–86,
2769:Jenkins, History of the French Navy, pp. 15–31,
1970:Destruction of the French fleet and Vichy France
1536:(1882–1905), painting by Paul Jazet (1848–1918).
1379:led to France's successful participation in the
2483:
1991:Important parts of the fleet, however, were in
1185:During this period, explorer and naval officer
1075:. Ships were based mostly in Brest, Toulon and
330:series of brilliant eras followed by disasters.
2436:
1673:
1521:
717:During the War of the Grand Alliance, Admiral
2194:), constituting the embryo of a naval force.
2080:List of ships of the Free French Naval Forces
1550:emphasised small, maneuverable craft such as
1250:, the first mechanically propelled submarine.
266:
3114:French Naval & Colonial Troops 1872–1914
2751:, Presses de l'Université Laval, 2004, p. 21
2736:, Presses de l'Université Laval, 2004, p. 21
2067:
968:Jean-François de Galaup, comte de Lapérouse
548:— each galley was 400 or 500 slave strong.
497:
440:The French Navy is affectionately known as
376:A period of rebirth under the impulsion of
1030:managed to repulse a British fleet at the
273:
259:
3395:The French Navy during the napoleonic era
3218:(2 vol, Macdonald, 1969) in World War II.
3149:The French Navy and American Independence
2710:Learn how and when to remove this message
1962:, patrolling the Atlantic and bombarding
1886:, the fastest destroyer class ever built.
1871:Fleet construction between the World Wars
1434:, 1866. Here the ship is photographed in
1387:, which continued after the war's close.
3415:History of organizations based in France
3284:Ropp, Theodore, and Stephen S. Roberts.
3141:(U. of Nebraska Press, 2007), 445 pages
3139:The French Navy and the Seven Years' War
3093:. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press.
2673:This article includes a list of general
2643:
2319:
2083:
1874:
1784:
1525:
1514:The French Navy was heavily involved in
1415:
1162:
1090:
1012:
958:Etat de la Marine royale de France, 1785
953:
646:
642:
551:The oceanic force was to be composed of
514:
465:
284:
3307:Winfield, Rif and Roberts, Stephen S.,
3258:
3188:
2886:
2367:newer type of nuclear attack submarines
2056:scuttling of the French fleet at Toulon
1404:were used to construct a fortress. The
1350:
569:, a prestige ship typical of this era.
429:scuttling of the French fleet at Toulon
353:. The effort was not pursued under the
3402:
3288:(United States Naval Institute, 1987).
3088:
2023:In November, 1942, the Allies invaded
1259:became the first steel-hulled warship.
1087:French Revolution and the First Empire
519:A warship, built in 1626 on orders of
408:, leaving the British with undisputed
3173:Anglo-French Naval Rivalry, 1840–1870
3112:Chartrand, René and Gerry Embleton.
2598:, mostly known for his literary works
2575:Other important French naval officers
2027:. In response, the Germans occupied (
1722:operation of the French Navy was the
1115:), all but crippled the French Navy.
1017:French Navy ships of the line in the
995:started being constructed during the
576:, which led to the construction of a
396:. In the same period, explorers like
3151:(Princeton University Press, 2015).
3057:Auphan, Paul, & Jacques Mordal.
2659:
2340:, but the French only have one, the
2336:French naval doctrine calls for two
2201:were obtained (notably the cruisers
2131:, the ships in the British ports of
1988:ships or were boarded and disarmed.
1482:, and in 1860 French troops entered
599:won by France's first Grand Admiral
3123:(Cambridge University Press, 2002)
3107:https://www.miwsr.com/2022-051.aspx
3105:Pp. xiv, 344. Review accessible at
2609:List of ships of the line of France
1953:
706:Before the Nine Years' War, in the
13:
3339:
3051:
2679:it lacks sufficient corresponding
1609:, which led to her success in the
1244:In 1863, the French Navy launched
782:Until what the British called the
427:was eventually annihilated in the
361:and the beginning of the reign of
345:A rebuilt and brilliant era under
26:
14:
3426:
3370:
3168:(Routledge, 2013) pp. 47–63.
2602:
1494:In 1866, French Navy troops made
1469:French protectorate over Cambodia
1450:. He approved the launching of a
748:Battles of Barfleur and La Hougue
721:won a significant victory in the
3193:. London: Macdonald and Jane's.
3175:(Oxford University Press, 1993).
2664:
2304:Japanese Instrument of Surrender
2242:", which later would become the
2127:in Egypt. At the first stage of
2110:Forces navales françaises libres
1832:
1829:Genesis of the flat-deck carrier
1781:The first proto-aircraft carrier
1764:: 35/42 (capacity over 500 tons)
1692:
1680:
1500:French military mission to Japan
1333:
1316:
1299:
1282:
1265:
1056:In 1789, the French Navy had 71
987:, which is part of the isolated
931:
914:
897:
880:
863:
846:
729:). France gained control of the
470:The French fleet (right) in the
3263:. Babouji-MDV Maîtres du Vent.
3235:(MMP Books, 2012) against China
3233:Sino-French Naval War 1884-1885
3225:(Naval Institute Press, 2015).
3061:(Naval Institute Press, 2016).
3059:The French Navy in World War II
3018:
2974:
2955:
2936:
2880:
2856:
2254:Henri Honoré d'Estienne d'Orves
1390:The French line-of-battle ship
821:Following the disasters of the
627:, several other islands in the
2847:
2836:
2811:
2795:
2779:
2763:
2754:
2739:
2724:
2629:List of French Navy ship names
2409:
2309:
1366:
1241:when she was launched in 1853.
663:in use during the time of the
595:with notable victories at the
461:
1:
2982:"Chapter 1 - The Early Years"
2655:
2619:List of battleships of France
2363:new nuclear ballistic missile
2149:, which had sought refuge in
2049:Vive de Gaulle! Appareillage!
1789:French seaplane carrier
1704:
1516:French intervention in Mexico
1432:French campaign against Korea
1129:, or at the beginning of the
3325:(Seaforth Publishing, 2015)
3311:(Seaforth Publishing, 2017)
3159:Journal of Strategic Studies
3134:(U of Nebraska Press, 2009).
2969:On the technique of landing:
2650:List of French naval battles
2614:List of French sail frigates
2521:
2484:Heroes of the First Republic
1496:an attempt to colonize Korea
1411:
1371:Napoleon III's challenge to
1196:of 1838 and obliterated the
949:
743:to commemorate the battle).
7:
2437:Heroes of the Ancien Régime
2384:
2153:in June 1940 following the
1674:French naval uniforms, 1884
1601:, when the French engineer
1522:Pre-dreadnought battleships
1375:claims to influence in the
989:Santa Cruz group of islands
777:
601:Jean Armand de Maillé-Brézé
10:
3431:
3410:History of the French Navy
2391:Military history of France
2313:
2302:during the signing of the
2271:, who invented the modern
2240:Commandos Fusiliers-Marins
2077:
2071:
1811:. In 1911 the French Navy
1618:the ships remained small.
1478:, France took part in the
1237:became the first seagoing
1217:for the Navy, invented by
1172:Castle of San Juan de Ulúa
1097:Battle of the Basque Roads
997:American Revolutionary War
788:planning to invade Britain
611:), "Nouvelle France" (now
394:American Revolutionary War
164:History of the French Navy
3293:English Historical Review
3081:(Psychology Press, 2004)
3069:French Historical Studies
2986:Carriers: Airpower at Sea
2624:Current French Navy ships
2587:Pierre-Charles Villeneuve
2396:
2357:have mostly replaced the
2316:Future of the French Navy
2155:German invasion of France
1509:
1444:French colonial influence
1430:was the lead ship in the
1168:Battle of Veracruz (1838)
941:The Outer Harbor of Brest
380:, which culminated under
169:Future of the French Navy
3277:Redding, Benjamin W. D.
2887:Balakin, Sergey (2000).
2074:Free French Naval Forces
2068:Free French Naval Forces
1803:in 1910 with the French
1658:, were completed during
1452:naval expedition in 1858
1420:The French frigate
1032:Battle of the Chesapeake
1019:Battle of the Chesapeake
498:Louis XIII and Richelieu
390:Battle of the Chesapeake
148:Ranks in the French Navy
3178:Hood, Robert Chalmers.
3089:Canuel, Hugues (2021).
2924:Cite magazine requires
2694:more precise citations.
2256:attempted to unite the
1611:First Sino-Japanese War
1455:idea that France had a
1361:L'Empire, c'est la paix
1010:is a typical example).
784:Annus Mirabilis of 1759
686:Under the impulsion of
435:
3281:(Boydell Press, 2021).
3259:Randier, Jean (2006).
3240:Technology and Culture
3071:12.2 (1981): 223-248.
2333:
2089:
2005:Anglo-French relations
1887:
1860:published in his book
1796:
1664:Austro-Hungarian fleet
1607:Imperial Japanese Navy
1537:
1439:
1179:
1104:
1022:
959:
668:
605:Urbain de Maillé-Brézé
597:Battle of Cádiz (1640)
527:
513:
478:
290:
32:
31:Naval Ensign of France
3354:Théories stratégiques
3211:12.4 (1998): 384-402.
3189:Jenkins, E H (1973).
2644:List of naval battles
2553:Nicolas Thomas Baudin
2323:
2225:, and the battleship
2087:
1878:
1799:The invention of the
1788:
1529:
1502:, and the subsequent
1426:commanded by Admiral
1419:
1355:In a speech in 1852,
1219:Henri-Joseph Paixhans
1198:Imperial Chinese Navy
1166:
1094:
1040:Battle of the Saintes
1016:
957:
723:Battle of Beachy Head
688:Jean-Baptiste Colbert
650:
643:Louis XIV and Colbert
518:
501:
469:
371:French and Indian War
351:Jean-Baptiste Colbert
288:
30:
3119:Cormack, William S.
2894:Modelist-Konstruktor
2745:Jean-Claude Castex,
2730:Jean-Claude Castex,
2371:two large destroyers
1904:Treaty of Washington
1863:L'Aviation Militaire
1847:L'Aviation Militaire
1724:Dardanelles Campaign
1438:harbour, circa 1865.
1351:Global interventions
1133:). By contrast, the
727:Bataille de Bévezier
659:in 1780, flying the
657:Battle of Martinique
574:Siege of La Rochelle
530:During the reign of
488:Battle of Arnemuiden
472:Battle of Arnemuiden
365:; consequently, the
349:, largely thanks to
174:Ensigns and pennants
111:Maritime Gendarmerie
3242:28.1 (1987): 1-25.
3161:25.2 (2002): 79-94.
2591:Battle of Trafalgar
2563:Savorgnan de Brazza
2092:In the wake of the
2025:French North Africa
1699:'Going into battle'
1428:Pierre-Gustave Roze
1207:Commission de Paris
1131:Battle of Trafalgar
1120:National Convention
833:death in 1774, the
525:Jacob Gerritsz Loef
410:control of the seas
132:Current deployments
3350:Strategic Theories
3248:Pritchard, James.
3221:Melton, George E.
3214:le Masson, Henri.
3182:(LSU Press, 1985)
3147:Dull, Jonathan R.
3137:Dull, Jonathan R.
3130:Dull, Jonathan R.
2472:, famous privateer
2466:, famous privateer
2450:, famous privateer
2334:
2250:Battle of Normandy
2143:in the world, the
2129:Operation Catapult
2106:Free French Forces
2090:
2001:Operation Catapult
1888:
1797:
1756:protected cruisers
1746:battleships: 17/13
1540:In the 1880s, the
1538:
1457:civilizing mission
1440:
1408:was a total loss.
1180:
1105:
1036:Battle of Yorktown
1023:
960:
772:René Duguay-Trouin
669:
603:, son of Marshall
589:Franco-Spanish War
528:
509:Cardinal Richelieu
479:
476:Hundred Years' War
388:'s victory at the
373:ended in disaster.
359:Philippe d'Orléans
291:
67:Naval Action Force
33:
3331:978-1-84832-204-2
3317:978-1-4738-9351-1
3295:(1997): 643-670.
3270:978-2-35261-022-9
3100:978-1-68247-616-1
2791:978-0-7858-1426-9
2720:
2719:
2712:
2635:French ship
2510:Latouche-Tréville
2343:Charles de Gaulle
2338:aircraft carriers
2292:Operation Neptune
2288:Operation Dragoon
2258:French Resistance
2169:, the destroyers
2118:cross of Lorraine
2102:Charles de Gaulle
2098:Appeal of 18 June
1854:
1853:
1817:became the first
1750:armoured cruisers
1396:and the corvette
1170:: bombing of the
1142:Latouche Tréville
1113:Charles d'Estaing
1109:French Revolution
1058:ships of the line
993:Jacques-Noël Sané
712:Battle of Palermo
593:Thirty Years' War
402:French Revolution
317:Iberian Peninsula
283:
282:
204:Ships of the line
3422:
3386:
3274:
3231:Olender, Piotr.
3204:
3104:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3041:
3032:. Archived from
3030:bobhenneman.info
3022:
3016:
3015:
3009:
3005:
3003:
2995:
2993:
2992:
2978:
2972:
2959:
2953:
2940:
2934:
2933:
2927:
2922:
2920:
2912:
2910:
2909:
2902:
2884:
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2877:
2875:
2874:
2860:
2854:
2851:
2845:
2840:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2830:
2821:. Archived from
2815:
2809:
2799:
2793:
2783:
2777:
2767:
2761:
2758:
2752:
2743:
2737:
2728:
2715:
2708:
2704:
2701:
2695:
2690:this article by
2681:inline citations
2668:
2667:
2660:
2558:Dumont d'Urville
2516:Villaret-Joyeuse
2290:) and Normandy (
2269:Jacques Cousteau
2245:Commandos Marine
2236:Philippe Kieffer
1954:Second World War
1833:
1819:seaplane carrier
1740:battleships: 4/7
1713:battleships and
1696:
1684:
1480:Second Opium War
1337:
1320:
1303:
1286:
1269:
1202:Battle of Fuzhou
1187:Dumont d'Urville
1072:Fusiliers Marins
935:
918:
901:
884:
867:
850:
823:Seven Years' War
768:Claude de Forbin
708:Franco-Dutch War
665:House of Bourbon
653:ship of the line
511:
367:Seven Years' War
275:
268:
261:
242:Legion of Honour
99:Marine Commandos
72:Submarine Forces
51:Maritime Prefect
16:
15:
3430:
3429:
3425:
3424:
3423:
3421:
3420:
3419:
3400:
3399:
3384:
3373:
3342:
3340:Primary sources
3271:
3216:The French Navy
3201:
3171:Hamilton, C.I.
3101:
3054:
3052:Further reading
3049:
3048:
3039:
3037:
3024:
3023:
3019:
3007:
3006:
2997:
2996:
2990:
2988:
2980:
2979:
2975:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2956:
2941:
2937:
2926:|magazine=
2925:
2923:
2914:
2913:
2907:
2905:
2896:
2885:
2881:
2872:
2870:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2852:
2848:
2841:
2837:
2828:
2826:
2817:
2816:
2812:
2800:
2796:
2784:
2780:
2768:
2764:
2759:
2755:
2744:
2740:
2729:
2725:
2716:
2705:
2699:
2696:
2686:Please help to
2685:
2669:
2665:
2658:
2646:
2605:
2577:
2548:d'Entrecasteaux
2528:Jacques Cartier
2524:
2495:Dupetit-Thouars
2486:
2439:
2431:Georges Leygues
2412:
2399:
2387:
2379:modern missiles
2318:
2312:
2298:was present in
2279:, who improved
2222:Georges Leygues
2082:
2076:
2070:
2041:Jean de Laborde
1972:
1956:
1941:fast battleship
1873:
1831:
1805:Fabre Hydravion
1783:
1744:pre-dreadnought
1707:
1700:
1697:
1688:
1685:
1676:
1524:
1512:
1414:
1369:
1353:
1346:
1338:
1329:
1321:
1312:
1304:
1295:
1287:
1278:
1270:
1161:
1146:Napoleonic Wars
1089:
952:
945:
936:
927:
919:
910:
902:
893:
885:
876:
868:
859:
851:
800:Lagos, Portugal
780:
731:English Channel
673:Nine Years' War
645:
559:, firing 150mm-
512:
507:
500:
464:
446:French monarchy
438:
295:history of the
279:
216:Historic fleets
104:Naval Fusiliers
46:Naval Ministers
12:
11:
5:
3428:
3418:
3417:
3412:
3398:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3379:
3372:
3371:External links
3369:
3368:
3367:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3336:
3335:
3334:
3305:
3299:
3289:
3282:
3275:
3269:
3256:
3246:
3236:
3229:
3219:
3212:
3209:French History
3205:
3199:
3186:
3176:
3169:
3162:
3155:
3145:
3135:
3128:
3117:
3116:(Osprey, 2018)
3110:
3099:
3086:
3077:Brown, David.
3075:
3065:
3053:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3017:
3008:|website=
2973:
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2653:
2652:
2645:
2642:
2641:
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2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2604:
2603:Lists of ships
2601:
2600:
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2573:
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2555:
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2451:
2445:
2443:Jean de Vienne
2438:
2435:
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2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2406:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2393:
2386:
2383:
2377:planned. More
2314:Main article:
2311:
2308:
2264:and executed.
2114:Émile Muselier
2072:Main article:
2069:
2066:
2045:Gabriel Auphan
1971:
1968:
1955:
1952:
1872:
1869:
1852:
1851:
1838:
1837:
1830:
1827:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1777:
1771:
1765:
1759:
1753:
1747:
1741:
1715:light cruisers
1706:
1703:
1702:
1701:
1698:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1679:
1675:
1672:
1523:
1520:
1511:
1508:
1413:
1410:
1377:Ottoman Empire
1368:
1365:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1347:
1339:
1332:
1330:
1322:
1315:
1313:
1305:
1298:
1296:
1288:
1281:
1279:
1271:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1251:
1242:
1230:
1221:
1160:
1157:
1153:Robert Surcouf
1088:
1085:
951:
948:
947:
946:
938:1777 painting
937:
930:
928:
923:Ville de Paris
920:
913:
911:
903:
896:
894:
886:
879:
877:
869:
862:
860:
852:
845:
779:
776:
644:
641:
505:
499:
496:
463:
460:
437:
434:
433:
432:
421:Fall of France
413:
374:
343:
332:
331:
327:
324:Central Europe
320:
281:
280:
278:
277:
270:
263:
255:
252:
251:
250:
249:
244:
239:
237:Military Medal
234:
226:
225:
221:
220:
219:
218:
213:
212:
211:
206:
201:
196:
191:
186:
179:Historic ships
176:
171:
166:
158:
157:
153:
152:
151:
150:
142:
141:
137:
136:
135:
134:
129:
121:
120:
116:
115:
114:
113:
108:
107:
106:
101:
91:
89:Naval Aviation
86:
85:
84:
79:
69:
61:
60:
56:
55:
54:
53:
48:
40:
39:
35:
34:
23:
22:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3427:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3374:
3366:
3365:1-68247-278-7
3362:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3304:
3300:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3287:
3283:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3266:
3262:
3257:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3234:
3230:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3217:
3213:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3196:
3192:
3187:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3174:
3170:
3167:
3163:
3160:
3156:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3133:
3129:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3115:
3111:
3108:
3102:
3096:
3092:
3087:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3055:
3036:on 2012-01-07
3035:
3031:
3027:
3021:
3013:
3001:
2987:
2983:
2977:
2958:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2939:
2931:
2918:
2917:cite magazine
2903:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2883:
2869:
2865:
2859:
2850:
2844:
2839:
2825:on 2021-01-16
2824:
2820:
2814:
2808:
2807:0-356-04196-4
2804:
2798:
2792:
2788:
2782:
2776:
2775:0-356-04196-4
2772:
2766:
2757:
2750:
2749:
2742:
2735:
2734:
2727:
2723:
2714:
2711:
2703:
2693:
2689:
2683:
2682:
2676:
2671:
2662:
2661:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2639:
2638:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2579:
2578:
2570:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2517:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2487:
2478:
2474:
2471:
2470:Duguay-Trouin
2468:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2382:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2347:
2345:
2344:
2339:
2332:
2331:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2307:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2284:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2246:
2241:
2237:
2232:
2230:
2229:
2224:
2223:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2211:
2206:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2193:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2180:
2179:
2174:
2173:
2172:Le Triomphant
2168:
2167:
2162:
2161:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2147:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2086:
2081:
2075:
2065:
2063:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2021:
2019:
2015:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1997:Mers-el-Kebir
1994:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1982:
1977:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1942:
1938:
1937:
1932:
1930:
1924:
1922:
1921:
1916:
1912:
1910:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1892:
1885:
1883:
1877:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1859:
1849:
1848:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1835:
1834:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1815:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1794:
1793:
1787:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1768:torpedo boats
1766:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1725:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1695:
1690:
1687:French sailor
1683:
1678:
1677:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1655:
1650:
1649:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1634:
1633:
1627:
1625:
1619:
1615:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1586:
1585:
1584:Jauréguiberry
1580:
1579:
1574:
1573:
1567:
1565:
1560:
1557:
1553:
1552:torpedo boats
1549:
1545:
1544:
1535:
1534:
1530:The ironclad
1528:
1519:
1517:
1507:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1492:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1472:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1424:
1418:
1409:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1394:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1364:
1362:
1358:
1344:
1343:
1342:Jauréguiberry
1336:
1331:
1327:
1326:
1319:
1314:
1310:
1309:
1302:
1297:
1293:
1292:
1285:
1280:
1276:
1275:
1268:
1263:
1262:
1258:
1257:
1253:In 1876, the
1252:
1249:
1248:
1243:
1240:
1236:
1235:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1211:
1210:
1208:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1188:
1183:
1177:
1174:, during the
1173:
1169:
1165:
1156:
1154:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1127:
1121:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1103:, April 1809.
1102:
1098:
1093:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1073:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1052:
1051:Edward Hughes
1048:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1020:
1015:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
969:
965:
956:
943:
942:
934:
929:
925:
924:
917:
912:
908:
907:
900:
895:
891:
890:
883:
878:
874:
873:
866:
861:
857:
856:
849:
844:
843:
842:
840:
836:
835:Marine Royale
832:
828:
824:
819:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
775:
773:
769:
765:
760:
758:
754:
749:
744:
742:
741:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
715:
713:
709:
704:
702:
697:
695:
694:
689:
684:
682:
678:
674:
666:
662:
658:
654:
649:
640:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
585:
583:
580:to establish
579:
575:
570:
568:
567:
562:
558:
554:
549:
547:
546:galley slaves
543:
538:
535:
533:
526:
522:
517:
510:
504:
495:
493:
489:
485:
477:
473:
468:
459:
457:
456:
451:
447:
443:
430:
426:
425:Mers-el-Kebir
422:
418:
414:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
341:
337:
336:
335:
328:
325:
321:
318:
314:
313:
312:
309:
307:
303:
299:
298:
293:Although the
287:
276:
271:
269:
264:
262:
257:
256:
254:
253:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
229:
228:
227:
223:
222:
217:
214:
210:
209:Sail frigates
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
181:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
161:
160:
159:
155:
154:
149:
146:
145:
144:
143:
139:
138:
133:
130:
128:
127:Current fleet
125:
124:
123:
122:
118:
117:
112:
109:
105:
102:
100:
97:
96:
95:
92:
90:
87:
83:
80:
78:
75:
74:
73:
70:
68:
65:
64:
63:
62:
58:
57:
52:
49:
47:
44:
43:
42:
41:
37:
36:
29:
25:
24:
21:
18:
17:
3358:Raoul Castex
3353:
3349:
3346:Raoul Castex
3322:
3308:
3292:
3285:
3278:
3260:
3249:
3239:
3232:
3222:
3215:
3208:
3200:0356-04196-4
3190:
3179:
3172:
3165:
3158:
3148:
3138:
3131:
3120:
3113:
3090:
3078:
3068:
3058:
3038:. Retrieved
3034:the original
3029:
3020:
2989:. Retrieved
2985:
2976:
2957:
2950:
2938:
2906:. Retrieved
2892:
2882:
2871:. Retrieved
2867:
2858:
2849:
2838:
2827:. Retrieved
2823:the original
2813:
2797:
2781:
2765:
2756:
2747:
2741:
2732:
2726:
2706:
2700:October 2009
2697:
2678:
2637:Maillé Brézé
2636:
2538:Bougainville
2403:Raoul Castex
2355:SNLE-NG type
2348:
2342:
2335:
2330:Le Téméraire
2329:
2295:
2285:
2266:
2243:
2239:
2233:
2227:
2221:
2215:
2209:
2203:
2196:
2190:
2185:
2183:
2177:
2171:
2165:
2159:
2145:
2122:
2109:
2104:founded the
2091:
2060:
2053:
2048:
2036:
2022:
2009:Vichy French
1990:
1981:Kriegsmarine
1979:
1976:Nazi Germany
1973:
1957:
1945:
1935:
1928:
1925:
1919:
1909:Le Fantasque
1908:
1896:World War II
1893:
1889:
1882:Le Fantasque
1881:
1861:
1858:Clément Ader
1855:
1845:
1842:Clément Ader
1822:
1813:
1809:float planes
1798:
1791:
1732:
1718:
1708:
1668:Adriatic Sea
1653:
1647:
1644:
1637:
1631:
1623:
1620:
1616:
1603:Émile Bertin
1596:
1589:
1583:
1577:
1571:
1568:
1561:
1547:
1541:
1539:
1532:
1513:
1493:
1473:
1441:
1422:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1389:
1370:
1360:
1357:Napoleon III
1354:
1341:
1324:
1307:
1290:
1273:
1255:
1246:
1233:
1225:
1191:
1184:
1181:
1150:
1139:
1125:
1117:
1106:
1070:
1055:
1044:
1024:
1005:
976:
972:
961:
939:
922:
905:
888:
871:
855:Soleil-Royal
854:
839:Bougainville
834:
820:
804:Quiberon Bay
781:
761:
745:
739:
734:
726:
716:
705:
698:
693:Soleil Royal
692:
685:
675:against the
670:
661:white ensign
586:
571:
565:
550:
539:
536:
529:
502:
484:English Navy
480:
453:
441:
439:
417:Napoleon III
406:First Empire
398:Bougainville
333:
310:
294:
292:
232:Cross of War
163:
3385:(in French)
2965:On stowage:
2943:Description
2897: [
2692:introducing
2596:Pierre Loti
2410:Politicians
2375:11 frigates
2310:Modern navy
2277:Yves Rocard
2088:FNFL ensign
1986:Free French
1960:Axis powers
1738:dreadnought
1730:torpedoes.
1711:dreadnought
1660:World War I
1632:Dreadnought
1590:Charlemagne
1564:tumble-home
1548:Jeune École
1543:Jeune École
1465:Cochinchina
1381:Crimean War
1367:Crimean War
977:La Boussole
973:L'Astrolabe
906:Royal Louis
561:round shots
474:during the
462:Middle Ages
392:during the
297:French Navy
184:Battleships
20:French Navy
3404:Categories
3040:2011-12-28
2991:2019-03-13
2947:photograph
2908:2019-03-13
2873:2019-03-13
2829:2010-07-29
2675:references
2656:References
2490:Casabianca
2359:elder SNLE
2151:Portsmouth
2137:Portsmouth
2125:Alexandria
2078:See also:
2061:Casabianca
2029:Case Anton
1774:submarines
1762:destroyers
1705:World Wars
1504:Boshin War
1325:Redoutable
1256:Redoutable
1194:Pastry War
1176:Pastry War
1135:Royal Navy
1045:In India,
981:James Cook
889:Foudroyant
831:Louis XV's
827:Royal Navy
816:Guadeloupe
808:New France
757:fire ships
701:Paul Hoste
681:Dutch Navy
677:Royal Navy
637:Madagascar
625:Guadeloupe
621:Martinique
582:a blockade
553:men-of-war
521:Louis XIII
458:in Paris.
455:rue Royale
450:Royal Navy
306:Louis XIII
199:Submarines
194:Destroyers
59:Components
3010:ignored (
3000:cite book
2868:pdavis.nl
2543:Lapérouse
2533:Champlain
2522:Explorers
2500:du Chayla
2477:de Grasse
2464:Jean Bart
2459:Tourville
2416:Richelieu
2300:Tokyo Bay
2296:Richelieu
2273:aqua-lung
2228:Richelieu
2141:submarine
2094:Armistice
1946:Richelieu
1936:Dunkerque
1915:destroyer
1879:France's
1770:: 180/164
1630:HMS
1448:Indochina
1423:Guerrière
1412:East Asia
1223:In 1850,
1101:Ile d'Aix
1079:, and in
1077:Rochefort
1066:corvettes
1028:de Grasse
964:Louis XVI
950:Louis XVI
764:Jean Bart
753:Cherbourg
740:Tourville
719:Tourville
629:Caribbean
442:La Royale
386:de Grasse
382:Louis XVI
347:Louis XIV
302:Richelieu
140:Personnel
119:Equipment
2580:Admiral
2569:Cousteau
2567:Captain
2514:Admiral
2475:Admiral
2454:Duquesne
2426:Choiseul
2385:See also
2361:, and a
2216:Montcalm
2175:and the
2133:Plymouth
2096:and the
2018:Ko Chang
1939:type, a
1801:seaplane
1654:Bretagne
1556:cruisers
1436:Nagasaki
1402:Henri IV
1393:Henri IV
1373:Russia's
1291:Plongeur
1274:Napoléon
1247:Plongeur
1239:ironclad
1226:Napoléon
1062:frigates
985:Vanikoro
778:Louis XV
735:Bévezier
714:(1676).
679:and the
591:and the
566:Couronne
532:Henry IV
506:—
404:and the
378:Choiseul
369:and the
363:Louis XV
189:Cruisers
94:FORFUSCO
3252:(1995)
2688:improve
2582:Courbet
2505:Surcouf
2421:Colbert
2326:SNLE-NG
2262:Gestapo
2204:Suffren
2186:Surcouf
2178:Léopard
2166:Courbet
2146:Surcouf
1920:Surcouf
1898:by the
1850:, 1909
1776:: 50/61
1758:: 13/12
1752:: 22/18
1719:Courbet
1666:in the
1656:classes
1648:Courbet
1624:Liberté
1621:In the
1578:Masséna
1488:Yangtze
1484:Beijing
1461:Vietnam
1385:Britain
1345:(1897).
1328:(1876).
1311:(1863).
1294:(1876).
1277:(1850).
1200:at the
1081:Lorient
1047:Suffren
725:(1690,
655:at the
633:Bahamas
617:Tortuga
578:seawall
557:cannons
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