History of film - Knowledge

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across the world to capture new subjects for presentation. After the cinematographer shot scenes, they often exhibited their recordings locally and then sent them back to the company factory in Lyon to make duplicate prints for sale to whoever wanted them. In the process of filming actualities, especially those of real events, filmmakers discovered and experimented with multiple camera techniques to accommodate for their unpredictable nature. Due to the short length (often only one shot) of many actualities, catalogue records indicate that production companies marketed to exhibitors by promoting multiple actualities with related subject matters that could be purchased to complement each other. Exhibitors who bought the films often presented them in a program and would provide spoken accompaniment to explain the action on screen to audiences.

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dubbed by film historian Tom Gunning as "the cinema of attractions", offered a relatively cheap and simple way of providing entertainment to the masses. Rather than focusing on stories, Gunning argues, filmmakers mainly relied on the ability to delight audiences through the "illusory power" of viewing sequences in motion, much as they did in the Kinetoscope era that preceded it. Despite this, early experimentation with fiction filmmaking (both in actuality film and other genres) did occur. Films were mostly screened inside temporary storefront spaces, in tents of traveling exhibitors at fairs, or as "dumb" acts in vaudeville programs. During this period, before the process of

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of the films through a partnership with a French toolmaking company, Charles Pathé sought to make Pathé-Frères the leading film producer in the country. Within the next few years, Pathé-Frères became the largest film studio in the world, with satellite offices in major cities and an expanding selection of films available for presentation. The company's films were varied in content, with directors specializing in various genres for fairground presentations throughout the early 1900s.

1109: 1618: 486: 1773:(1914), the title "The birth of the evil thought" precedes a series of three shots of the protagonist looking at a spider, and ants eating an insect. Symbolist art and literature from the turn of the century also had a more general effect on a small number of films made in Italy and Russia. The supine acceptance of death resulting from passion and forbidden longings was a major feature of this art, and states of delirium dwelt on at length were important as well. 5569: 251: 271: 2056: 1605:. The dialogue was eventually inserted into the middle of the scene and became commonplace by 1912. The introduction of dialogue titles transformed the nature of film narrative. When dialogue titles came to be always cut into a scene just after a character starts speaking, and then left with a cut to the character just before they finish speaking, then one had something that was effectively the equivalent of a present-day 401: 2286: 3656:, were in the industry in no less than three different centuries. In the 19th century, Chaplin made his theatrical debut at the age of eight, in 1897, in a clog dancing troupe, The Eight Lancaster Lads. In the 21st century, Bloom is still enjoying a full and productive career, having appeared in dozens of films and television series produced up to and including 2022. She received particular acclaim for her role in 2482:(Britain's first sound feature), were among the directors to bring greater fluidity to talkies and experiment with the expressive use of sound (Eyman, 1997). In this, they both benefited from, and pushed further, technical advances in microphones and cameras, and capabilities for editing and post-synchronizing sound (rather than recording all sound directly at the time of filming). 1254:, Porter was inspired in part by the works of Méliès, Smith, and Williamson and drew upon their newly crafted techniques to further the development of continuous narrative through editing. When he began making longer films in 1902, he put a dissolve between every shot, just as Georges Méliès was already doing, and he frequently had the same action repeated across the dissolves. 1303:, in 1905 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The idea rapidly took off and by 1908, there were around 8,000 nickelodeon theaters across the country. With the arrival of the nickelodeon, audience demand for a larger quantity of story films with a variety of subjects and locations led to a need to hire more creative talent and caused studios to invest in more elaborate stage designs. 2402:(Parkinson, 1995). Thus began what is now often called "The Golden Age of Hollywood", which refers roughly to the period beginning with the introduction of sound until the late 1940s. The American cinema reached its peak of efficiently manufactured glamour and global appeal during this period. The top actors of the era are now thought of as the classic film stars, such as 59:' short films in Paris on 28 December 1895, can be regarded as the breakthrough of projected cinematographic motion pictures. The earliest films were in black and white, under a minute long, without recorded sound, and consisted of a single shot from a steady camera. The first decade saw film move from a novelty, to an established mass entertainment industry, with 1495:), that a change-over to renting prints began. Messter replied with a series of longer films starring Henny Porten, but although these did well in the German-speaking world, they were not particularly successful internationally, unlike the Asta Nielsen films. Another of the growing German film producers just before World War I was the German branch of the French 1329: 548: 195:, live actors, smoke (on which projections may have been cast), odors, sounds and even electric shocks. While many first magic lantern shows were intended to frighten viewers, advances by projectionists allowed for creative and even educational storytelling that could appeal to wider family audiences. Newly pioneered techniques such as the use of 4118:, with the emergence of more artistic and mature films, and significant improvement in cinematic techniques among filmmakers. The studio system produced frenetic activity in the local film industry as many films were made annually and several local talents started to earn recognition abroad. The premiere Philippine directors of the era included 238:(introduced in 1838) and photography (introduced in 1839) for a more complete illusion of reality, but for decades such experiments were mostly hindered by the need for long exposure times, with motion blur around objects that moved while the reflected light fell on the photo-sensitive chemicals. A few people managed to get decent results from 2237:, which characterized American film for decades to come and provided models for other film industries. The studios' efficient, top-down control over all stages of their product enabled a new and ever-growing level of lavish production and technical sophistication. At the same time, the system's commercial regimentation and focus on glamorous 1707: 789:. Méliès was an illusionist who had previously used magic lantern projections to enhance his magic act. In 1895, Méliès attended the demonstration of the Cinematographe and recognized the potential of the device to aid his act. He attempted to buy a device from the Lumière brothers, but they refused. Months later, he bought a camera from 2443:

equipment and their own uncertainty as to how to use the new medium. Many stage performers, directors and writers were introduced to cinema as producers sought personnel experienced in dialogue-based storytelling. Many major silent filmmakers and actors were unable to adjust and found their careers severely curtailed or even ended.

5259:. Against some expectations, the rise of the multiplex cinema did not allow less mainstream films to be shown, but simply allowed the major blockbusters to be given an even greater number of screenings. However, films that had been overlooked in cinemas were increasingly being given a second chance on home video. 2124:. The first Expressionist films made up for a lack of lavish budgets by using set designs with wildly non-realistic, geometrically absurd angles, along with designs painted on walls and floors to represent lights, shadows, and objects. The plots and stories of the Expressionist films often dealt with madness, 1985:'s Keystone company. They reduced the usual frenetic pace of Sennett's films to give the audience a chance to appreciate the subtlety and finesse of their movement, and the cleverness of their gags. By 1917 Chaplin was also introducing more dramatic plot into his films, and mixing the comedy with sentiment. 519:. On 28 December 1895, the brothers gave their first commercial screening in Paris (though evidence exists of demonstrations of the device to small audiences as early as October 1895). The screening consisted of ten films and lasted roughly 20 minutes. The program consisted mainly of actuality films such as 1315:

competition and placed limits on the amount of foreign films to encourage the growth of the American film industry, but it also discouraged the creation of feature films. By 1915, the MPPC had lost most of its hold on the film industry as the companies moved towards the wider production of feature films.

331:), which displayed short loops on a small milk glass screen. By 1891, he had started mass production of a more economical, coin-operated peep-box viewing device of the same name that was exhibited at international exhibitions and fairs. Some machines were installed for longer periods, including some at 1280:

and is significant for the use of shots suggesting simultaneous action occurring at different locations. Porter's use of both staged and real outdoor environments helped to create a sense of space while the placement of the camera in a wider shot established depth and allowed for an extended duration

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hired to lead the creative process. Prior to this focus on production, Pathé had become involved with the industry by exhibiting and selling what were likely counterfeit versions of the Kinetoscope in his phonograph shop. With the creative leadership of Zecca and the capability to mass-produce copies

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made pioneering contributions to the development of devices that could capture and display moving images, laying the groundwork for the emergence of cinema as an artistic medium. The scenes in these experiments primarily served to demonstrate the technology itself and were usually filmed with family,

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led to much more than just the popularization of blockbuster filmmaking. The film's revolutionary use of special effects, sound editing and music had led it to become widely regarded as one of the single most important films in the medium's history, as well as the most influential film of the 1970s.

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The change was remarkably swift. By the end of 1929, Hollywood was almost all-talkie, with several competing sound systems (soon to be standardized). Total changeover was slightly slower in the rest of the world, principally for economic reasons. Cultural reasons were also a factor in countries like

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Throughout the early 20th century, screen artists continued to learn how to work with cameras and create illusions using space and time in their shots. This newly introduced form of creativity made way for a whole new group of people to be introduced to stardom, including David W. Griffith, who made

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At this time, studios were blacked out to allow shooting to be unaffected by changing sunlight. This was replaced with floodlights and spotlights. The widespread adoption of irising-in and out to begin and end scenes caught on in this period. This is the revelation of a film shot in a circular mask,

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later described as having "the most fully developed narrative of any film made in England up to that time", opens as the first shot shows Chinese Boxer rebels at the gate; it then cuts to the missionary family in the garden, where a fight ensues. The wife signals to British sailors from the balcony,

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in 1900: "By extremely careful photography the ghost appears *quite transparent*. After indicating that he has been killed by a sword-thrust, and appealing for vengeance, he disappears. A 'vision' then appears showing the fatal duel in the snow." Smith also initiated the special effects technique of

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Experiments in film editing, special effects, narrative construction, and camera movement during this period by filmmakers in France, England, and the United States became influential in establishing an identity for film going forward. At both the Edison and Lumière studios, loose narratives such as

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to display the first moving picture show to a paying audience on 1 November 1895, in Berlin. But they did not have the quality or financial resources to acquire momentum. Most of these films never passed the experimental stage and their efforts garnered little public attention until after cinema had

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studio. The Kinetoscope quickly became a global sensation with multiple viewing parlors across major cities by 1895. As the initial novelty of the images wore off, the Edison Company was slow to diversify their repertoire of films and waning public interest caused business to slow by Spring 1895. To

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in London, and in several U.S. stores. Shifting the focus of the medium from technical and scientific interest in motion to entertainment for the masses, he recorded wrestlers, dancers, acrobats, and scenes of everyday life. Nearly 34,000 people paid to see his shows at the Berlin Exhibition Park in

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expanded and significantly shaped the American film business, creating many "firsts" in the film industry, such as adding titles and subtitles to films for the first time, releasing scrolls for the first time, introducing film posters for the first time, producing color pictures for the first time,

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of the forward motion in reverse frame by frame, producing a print in which the original action was exactly reversed. To do this he built a special printer in which the negative running through a projector was projected into the gate of a camera through a special lens giving a same-size image. This

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accompanying the projection of animated images, but it was not a simple add on but to precisely match the series of musical pieces with moving images. In effect, to add sound to the silent cinema, it was necessary to solve problems of synchronization, since the image and the sound were recorded and

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The Lumière brothers' primary business interests were in selling cameras and film equipment to exhibitors, not the actual production of films. Despite this, filmmakers across the world were inspired by the potential of film as exhibitors brought their shows to new countries. This era of filmmaking,

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By the 16th century, entertainers often conjured images of ghostly apparitions, using techniques such as camera obscura and other forms of projection to enhance their performances. Magic lantern shows developed in the latter half of the 17th century seem to have continued this tradition with images

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Sound further tightened the grip of major studios in numerous countries: the vast expense of the transition overwhelmed smaller competitors, while the novelty of sound lured vastly larger audiences for those producers that remained. In the case of the U.S., some historians credit sound with saving

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had been involved in film-making from 1896, but did not make a significant number of films per year until 1910. When the worldwide film boom started, he, and the few other people in the German film business, continued to sell prints of their own films outright, which put them at a disadvantage. It

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The main shot shows a street scene with a young man tying the shoelace and then caressing the foot of his girlfriend, while an old man observes this through a telescope. There is then a cut to close shot of the hands on the girl's foot shown inside a black circular mask, and then a cut back to the

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and started producing, directing, and distributing a body of work that would eventually contain over 500 short films. Recognizing the narrative potential afforded by combining his theater background with the newly discovered effects for the camera, Méliès designed an elaborate stage that contained

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in film literature and the media, which posited that a film director's films express their personal vision and creative insights. The development of the auteur style of filmmaking helped to give these directors far greater control over their projects than would have been possible in earlier eras.

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Creatively, however, the rapid transition was a difficult one, and in some ways, film briefly reverted to the conditions of its earliest days. The late '20s were full of static, stagey talkies as artists in front of and behind the camera struggled with the stringent limitations of the early sound

290:, were not initially intended to be viewed in motion and were typically presented as a serious, even scientific, method of studying locomotion. The sequences almost exclusively involved humans or animals performing a simple movement in front of the camera. Starting in 1878 with the publication of 6169:

with little or no theatrical window. The era witnessed a profound transformation in how films are produced, distributed, and consumed globally. The pandemic led to a rapid acceleration in the shift towards streaming, as a primary means of film distribution. The film industry adapted and produced

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of the country at the start of the war. Although film production began again in 1915, it was on a reduced scale, and the biggest companies gradually retired from production. Italian film production held up better, although so called "diva films", starring anguished female leads were a commercial

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to limit infringement on his patents. Members of the trust controlled every aspect of the filmmaking process from the creation of film stock, the production of films, and the distribution to cinemas through licensing arrangements. The trust led to increased quality filmmaking spurred by internal

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With the advertisement of film technologies over content, actualities initially began as a "series of views" that often contained shots of beautiful and lively places or performance acts. Following the success of their 1895 screening, The Lumière brothers established a company and sent cameramen

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The general trend in the development of cinema, led from the United States, was towards using the newly developed specifically filmic devices for expression of the narrative content of film stories, and combining this with the standard dramatic structures already in use in commercial theatre.

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angles within a scene also became well-established as a technique for dissecting a scene into shots in American films. If the direction of the shot changes by more than ninety degrees, it is called a reverse-angle cutting. The leading figure in the full development of reverse-angle cutting was

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that a new phase in the use of the Insert Shot starts. As well as the symbolic inserts already mentioned, the film also made extensive use of large numbers of Big Close Up shots of clutching hands and tapping feet as a means of emphasizing those parts of the body as indicators of psychological

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Following the successful exhibition of the Cinématographe, development of a motion picture industry rapidly accelerated in France. Multiple filmmakers experimented with the technology as they worked to attain the same success that the Lumière brothers had with their screening. These filmmakers

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Post-classical cinema is the changing methods of storytelling of the New Hollywood producers. The new methods of drama and characterization played upon audience expectations acquired during the classical/Golden Age period: story chronology may be scrambled, storylines may feature unsettling

478:, were conducted in an attempt to achieve the device's original goal of providing visual accompaniment for sound recordings. Limitations in syncing the sound to the visuals, however, prevented widespread application. During that same period, inventors began advancing technologies towards 649:

In its infancy, film was rarely recognized as an art form by presenters or audiences. Regarded by the upper class as a "vulgar" and "lowbrow" form of cheap entertainment, films largely appealed to the working class and were often too short to hold any strong narrative potential. Initial

3292: 226:, which was popular in several European countries for a while. Plateau thought it could be further developed for use in phantasmagoria and Stampfer imagined a system for longer scenes with strips on rollers, as well as a transparent version (probably intended for projection). Plateau, 466:

peep-box viewer, with celluloid loops containing about half a minute of motion picture entertainment. After an early preview on 20 May 1891, Edison introduced the machine in 1893. Many of the movies presented on the Kinetoscope showcased well-known vaudeville acts performing in

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discs on a large screen in the darkened Grand Auditorium of a Post Office Building in Berlin. From 22 February to 30 March 1895, a commercial 1.5-hour program of 40 different scenes was screened for audiences of 300 people at the old Reichstag and received circa 4,000 visitors.

2594:, where the influence of the country's traditional song-and-dance drama made the musical the basic form of most sound films (Cook, 1990); virtually unnoticed by the Western world for decades, this Indian popular cinema would nevertheless become the world's most prolific. ( 531:. The most advanced demonstration of film projection thus far, the Cinématographe was an instant success, bringing in an average of 2,500 to 3,000 francs daily by the end of January 1896. Following the first screening, the order and selection of films were changed often. 405: 9492: 626:

as early as 1891, as well as private and government contracts. In its nineteen years of operation, the Limelight Department produced about 300 films of various lengths, making it one of largest film producers of its time. The Limelight Department made a 1904 film by

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that divides the actors and the audience. Throughout his career, Méliès consistently placed the camera in a fixed position and eventually fell out of favor with audiences as other filmmakers experimented with more complex and creative techniques. Méliès is most

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stimulated a film genre known as the "chase film." In the film, a tramp steals a leg of mutton from a butcher's boy in the first shot, is chased by the butcher's boy and assorted dogs in the following shot, and is finally caught by the dogs in the third shot.

2087:. In 1920, there were two major changes to the film industry: the introduction of sound and the creation of studio systems. In the 1920s, talent who had been working independently began joining studios and working with other actors and directors. In 1927, 556: 1331: 1129:

a sequence consisting of three shots: a train enters a tunnel; a man and a woman exchange a brief kiss in the darkness and then return to their seats; the train exits the tunnel. Smith created the scenario in response to the success of a genre known as a

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tinting, too, gained popularity during these periods. Amber tinting meant daytime, or vividly-lit nighttime, blue tints meant dawn or dimly-lit night, red tinting represented fire scenes, green tinting meant a mysterious atmosphere, and brown tints (aka

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and similar ancient traditions combined storytelling with series of images that were shown or indicated one after the other. Predecessors to film that had already used light and shadows to create art before the advent of modern film technology include

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experimented with the use of different camera techniques in their films. Paul's 'Cinematograph Camera No. 1' of 1895 was the first camera to feature reverse-cranking, which allowed the same film footage to be exposed several times, thereby creating

4203:(1965) were among the biggest money-makers of the decade. The growth in independent producers and production companies, and the increase in the power of individual actors also contributed to the decline of traditional Hollywood studio production. 1679:

failure. In Denmark, the Nordisk company increased its production so much in 1915 and 1916 that it could not sell all its films, which led to a very sharp decline in Danish production, and the end of Denmark's importance on the world film scene.

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During the immediate post-war years the cinematic industry was also threatened by television, and the increasing popularity of the medium meant that some film theatres would bankrupt and close. The demise of the "studio system" spurred the

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Overall, from about 1910, American films had the largest share of the market in all European countries except France, and even in France, the American films had just pushed the local production out of first place on the eve of World War I.

1926:, first shown to audiences in 1914, was the first major screenplay to incorporate synchronized sound, moving film, and color slides. Until 1927, most motion pictures were produced without sound. This period is commonly referred to as the 340:. Though little evidence remains for most of these recordings, some scenes probably depicted staged comical sequences. Extant records suggest some of his output directly influenced later works by the Edison Company, such as the 1894 film 650:

advertisements promoted the technologies used to screen films rather than the films themselves. As the devices became more familiar to audiences, their potential for capturing and recreating events was exploited primarily in the form of

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Atmospheric inserts were developed in Europe in the late 1910s. This kind of shot is one in a scene which neither contains any of the characters in the story, nor is a Point of View shot seen by one of them. An early example is when

553: 1333: 1069:) film chronicles a photographer's struggle to capture a ghost on camera. Using the double exposure of the film, Smith overlaid a transparent ghostly figure onto the background in a comical manner to taunt the photographer. Smith's 1444:

for Kosmorama, This combined the circus, sex, jealousy and murder, all put over with great conviction, and pushed the other Danish filmmakers further in this direction. By 1912, the Danish film companies were multiplying rapidly.

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was clearly defined, exhibitors were allowed to exercise their creative freedom in their presentations. To enhance the viewers' experience, some showings were accompanied by live musicians in an orchestra, a theatre organ, live

1182:. In the film. a man becomes irritated by the presence of the filmmaker and "swallows" the camera and its operator through the use of interpolated close-up shots. He combined these effects, along with superimpositions, use of 9496: 5877:

became the highest-grossing film of all time, 3D films gained brief popularity with many other films being released in 3D, with the best critical and financial successes being in the field of feature film animation such as

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boasted a "bigger is better" approach to marketing films to a dwindling US audience. This resulted in the revival of epic films to take advantage of the new big screen formats. Some of the most successful examples of these

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motion pictures, the way "Hollywood" released its films would now change. Films, for the most part, would premiere in a wider number of theatres, although, to this day, some films still premiere using the route of the

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of 1952. Distressed by the increasing number of closed theatres, studios and companies would find new and innovative ways to bring audiences back. These included attempts to widen their appeal with new screen formats.

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Hollywood studios increasingly focused on producing a smaller number of very large budget films with massive marketing and promotional campaigns. This trend had already been foreshadowed by the commercial success of

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resulted in the closure of film theaters around the world in response to lockdowns. Many films slated to release in the early 2020s faced delays in development, production, and distribution, with others released on

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reproduced by separated devices, which were difficult to initiate and to maintain rigged. On August 31, 1903, Messter held the first sound projection that took place in Germany at the "Apollo" Theater in Berlin.

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was released. The film went on to become the most successful martial arts film in cinematic history, popularized the martial arts film genre across the world, and cemented Bruce Lee's status as a cultural icon.

1082:. He did this by repeating the action a second time, while filming it with an inverted camera, and then joining the tail of the second negative to that of the first. The first films made using this device were 4611:). During the 1970s, filmmakers increasingly depicted explicit sexual content and showed gunfight and battle scenes that included graphic images of bloody deaths – a notable example of this is 5850:. This camera system used the latest HD video cameras, not film, and was built for Cameron by Emmy nominated Director of Photography Vince Pace, to his specifications. The same camera system was used to film 1749:(1915), where a wobbly hand-held shot of a door and its keyhole represents the POV of a drunken man. The use of anamorphic (in the general sense of distorted shape) images first appears in these years when 349:

Advances towards motion picture projection technologies were based on the popularity of magic lanterns, chronophotographic demonstrations, and other closely related forms of projected entertainment such as

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were a complex transitional period for the film industry. The exhibition of films changed from short one-reel programmes to feature films. Exhibition venues became larger and began charging higher prices.

1134:. In a phantom ride film, cameras would capture the motion and surroundings from the front of a moving train. The separate shots, when edited together, formed a distinct sequence of events and established 989:(1899) by cranking the camera apparatus very slowly. When the film was projected at the usual 16 frames per second, the scenery appeared to be passing at great speed. Hepworth used the opposite effect in 1499:

company, Deutsche Éclair. This was expropriated by the German government, and turned into DECLA when the war started. But altogether, German producers only had a minor part of the German market in 1914.

1513:, is limited to the U.S. market, which has reached a saturation level, so the U.S. seeks additional profits from foreign markets. Movies are defined as "pure" American phenomenon in the United States. 5618:

and released by Disney. After the success of Toy Story, computer animation would grow to become the dominant technique for feature-length animation, which would allow competing film companies such as

4488:. By the late 1960s however, Hollywood filmmakers were beginning to create more innovative and ground-breaking films that reflected the social revolution taken over much of the western world such as 1777: 1413:, a fairground showman, and after a brief period imitating the successes of French and British filmmakers, in 1907 he produced 67 films, most directed by Viggo Larsen, with sensational subjects like 4107:, marking the beginning of his productive career. Both the quality and quantity of filmmaking had increased rapidly by the end of the 1950s. South Korean films, such as Lee Byeong-il's 1956 comedy 1879:

between parallel actions came to be used – more so in American films than in European ones. Cross-cutting was used to get new effects of contrast, such as the cross-cut sequence in

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By 1914, continuity cinema was the established mode of commercial cinema. One of the advanced continuity techniques involved an accurate and smooth transition from one shot to another. Cutting to

78:(1980s), and the internet (1990s), influenced the distribution and consumption of films. Film production usually responded with content to fit the new media, and technical innovations (including 8511: 1643:

In the United States, these changes brought destruction to many film companies, the Vitagraph company being an exception. Film production began to shift to Los Angeles during World War I. The

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Shadowgraphy and shadow puppetry represent early examples of the intent to use moving imagery for entertainment and storytelling. Thought to have originated in the Far East, the art form used

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humor, and became a huge success throughout the Far East. As a result, Chan continued this trend with martial arts action films containing even more elaborate and dangerous stunts, including

404: 2302:, which was mostly silent but contained what is generally regarded as the first synchronized dialogue (and singing) in a feature film; but this process was actually accomplished first by 1741:

It was during this period that camera effects intended to convey the subjective feelings of characters in a film really began to be established. These could now be done as Point of View (

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as directors. They started out by imitating the subjects favoured by the Danish film industry, but by 1913 they were producing their own strikingly original work, which sold very well.

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With the worldwide film boom, more countries now joined Britain, France, Germany and the United States in serious film production. In Italy, production was spread over several centers,

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marked the end of the visionary "auteur" directors of the "New Hollywood", who had unrestrained creative and financial freedom to develop films. The phenomenal success in the 1970s of

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made a series of films that combined the realities of people's lives with their surroundings in a striking manner, while Mauritz Stiller developed sophisticated comedy to a new level.

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became something of a popular culture phenomenon and resulted in a spate of similar sex films. The porn cinemas finally died out during the 1980s, when the popularization of the home

1872:, 1914), is even more complex, with a series of reveries and flash-backs that contrast the protagonist's real passage through life with what might have been, if his son had not died. 5565:

was released in 1990. It is considered by many as one of the greatest movies to be made, particularly in the gangster genre. It is said to be the highest point of Scorsese's career.

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The early 1990s saw the development of a commercially successful independent cinema in the United States. Although cinema was increasingly dominated by special-effects films such as

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in Rome. "Hollywood" films were still largely aimed at family audiences, and it was often the more old-fashioned films that produced the studios' biggest successes. Productions like

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There has been an increasing globalization of cinema during this decade, with foreign-language films gaining popularity in English-speaking markets. Examples of such films include

1953:(1915), brought out the moral dilemmas facing their characters in a more subtle way than Griffith. DeMille was also in closer touch with the reality of contemporary American life. 1957:

was also highly ranked for the pictorial beauties of his films, together with the subtlety of his handling of fantasy, while at the same time he was capable of getting greater

1889:(1918), in which a supposedly dead husband is having a liaison with a Chinese prostitute in an opium den, while simultaneously his unknowing wife is being remarried in church. 5951: 5664:, the industry once again started to make theatrical releases more attractive, with new 3D technologies and epic (fantasy and superhero) films becoming a mainstay in cinemas. 793:

and began experiments with the device by creating actualities. During this period of experimentation, Méliès discovered and implemented various special effects including the

6228: 1798:, i.e. close-ups of objects other than faces, had already been established by the Brighton school, but were infrequently used before 1914. It is really only with Griffith's 1332: 1239:, was achieved by replacing the actor with a dummy for the final shot. The technique used in the film is seen as one of the earliest known uses of special effects in film. 552: 5299: 4111:, had begun winning international awards. In contrast to the beginning of the 1950s, when only 5 films were made per year, 111 films were produced in South Korea in 1959. 949:

From 1896, Messter was interested in the search of a method of reproduction and synchronization of the sound effects of the cinematographic performance at the time of the

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https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/A_Short_History_of_Film_Third_Edition/fF9TDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22History+of+film%22+-wikipedia&printsec=frontcover

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in 1994. The same year marked the beginning of film and video distribution online. Animated films aimed at family audiences also regained their popularity, with Disney's

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would tout films featuring "Emergo" "Percepto", the first of a series of gimmicks that would remain popular marketing tools for Castle and others throughout the 1960s.

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is the first feature-length film to use the Vitaphone sound-on-disc sound system with a synchronized musical score and sound effects, though it has no spoken dialogue.

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As films grew longer, specialist writers were employed to simplify more complex stories derived from novels or plays into a form that could be contained on one reel.

5100:(niche) markets usually offered lower quality, cheap productions that were not deemed very suitable for the general audiences of television and theatrical releases. 2340:. The trend convinced the largely reluctant industrialists that "talking pictures", or "talkies", were the future. A lot of attempts were made before the success of 10008: 8538: 5250:

appealed to a "middlebrow" audience which was increasingly being ignored by the major Hollywood studios. While the films of the 1970s had helped to define modern

2370:, where silents co-existed successfully with sound well into the 1930s, indeed producing what would be some of the most revered classics in those countries, like 1767:

Symbolic effects taken over from conventional literary and artistic tradition continued to make some appearances in films during these years. In D. W. Griffith's

1267:

from previous Edison films with newly shot footage and spliced them together to convey a dramatic story of the rescue of a woman and her child by heroic firemen.

1122:

In 1898, George Albert Smith experimented with close-ups, filming shots of a man drinking beer and a woman using sniffing tobacco. The following year, Smith made

1491:, the owner of a chain of cinemas, brought Asta Nielsen and Urban Gad to Germany from Denmark in 1911, and set up a production company, Projektions-AG "Union" ( 1460:

cinema chain, started fiction film production for them in 1909, directing a number of the films himself. Production increased in 1912, when the company engaged

681:

The first paying audience for a motion picture gathered at Madison Square Garden to see a staged actuality that purported itself to be a boxing fight filmed by

9752: 9101: 5630:

to effectively compete with Disney with successful films of their own. During the late 1990s, another cinematic transition began, from physical film stock to

6115:

were frequently listed in critics' polls for the best films of the 2010s. In 2010, the first woman to win the Best Director Award in Oscar history appeared.

300:

began making hundreds of chronophotographic studies of the motion of animals and humans in real-time. He was soon followed by other chronophotographers like

1276:(1903), had a running time of twelve minutes, with twenty separate shots and ten different indoor and outdoor locations. The film is seen as a first in the 890:, the industry's first female director. Her earlier films share many characteristics and themes with her contemporary competitors, such as the Lumières and 729:

From 1910 on, regular newsreels were exhibited and soon became a popular way of discovering the news before the advent of television – the

5938:

In 2011, the largest film industries by number of feature films produced were those of India, the United States, China, Nigeria, and Japan. In Hollywood,

242:

techniques, but these were only very rarely marketed and no form of animated photography had much cultural impact before the advent of chronophotography.

946:

on the projectors to oscillatingly cause intermittent movement to advance the frames of the film and he set up the first film studio in Germany in 1900.

10033: 2867:

The onset of US involvement in World War II also brought a proliferation of films as both patriotism and propaganda. American propaganda films included

1035:

Development of continuous action across multiple shots was furthered in England by a loosely associated group of film pioneers collectively termed "the

3565:

was nominated as the best actress at the Oscar for her role in the film Carman Jones. She became the first black woman to be nominated for this award.

2963:. It is often considered the greatest film of all time. It would set the stage for the modern motion picture, as it revolutionized film story telling. 63:

and studios established throughout the world. Conventions toward a general cinematic language developed, with film editing, camera movements and other

8515: 3640:(1957). Television began competing seriously with films projected in theatres, but surprisingly it promoted more filmgoing rather than curtailing it. 1509:

taking out commercial bills for the first time, contacting exhibitors and studying their needs for the first time. The world's largest film supplier,

993:(1901). The Chief's movements are sped up by cranking the camera much faster than 16 frames per second, producing what modern audiences would call a " 5558:

introduced a manifesto aimed to purify filmmaking. Its first few films gained worldwide critical acclaim, after which the movement slowly faded out.

4860:

and pornography videotapes allowed audiences to watch sex films at home. In the early 1970s, English-language audiences became more aware of the new

1943:

had the highest standing among American directors in the industry, because of the dramatic excitement he conveyed to the audience through his films.

1293:

in the country, which allowed permanent exhibitors to rent films from the company at a lower cost than the producers that sold their films outright.

5743:

began, and by its end in 2011, it had become the highest-grossing film franchise of all time until the Marvel Cinematic Universe passed it in 2015.

10134: 7945: 2241:

discouraged daring and ambition beyond a certain degree, a prime example being the brief but still legendary directing career of the iconoclastic

1585:

was most generally useful because it made possible the elimination of uninteresting parts of the action that play no part in advancing the drama.

1004:, a conclusive shift from static singular shots to a series of scenes can be hard to determine. Despite these limitations, Michael Brooke of the 8968: 1471:

Russia began its film industry in 1908 with Pathé shooting some fiction subjects there, and then the creation of real Russian film companies by

8582: 7299: 5864: 2752:

The desire for wartime propaganda against the opposition created a renaissance in the film industry in Britain, with realistic war dramas like

2733:", and in animation. Not long after television became prevalent in the early 1950s, colour became more or less standard for theatrical movies. 2214:, to cite just a few examples, made these performers' faces well known on every continent. The Western visual norm that would become classical 9982: 2187:, gained the position it has held, more or less, ever since: film factory for the world and exporting its product to most countries on earth. 9519: 1907: 9695: 9606: 9583: 6941:. The UCLA Film and Television Archive studies in history, criticism, and theory. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 53–56. 1402:, known locally as "Cretinetti", and elsewhere as "Foolshead" and "Gribouille", achieving worldwide fame with his almost surrealistic gags. 10204: 5826: 5703:, when 150 inexpensive DV cameras were distributed across Iraq, transforming ordinary people into collaborative filmmakers. The success of 718:

receipts and was the longest film produced at the time. Audiences had probably been drawn to the Corbett-Fitzsimmons film en masse because

171:

cast by hands or objects to assist in the creation of narratives. Shadow puppetry enjoyed popularity for centuries around Asia, notably in

6715: 5321: 603:

in May to widespread financial success. The film, which featured the first kiss in cinematic history, led to the earliest known calls for

327:

started presenting his chronophotographic recordings in motion, using a device he called the Elektrischen Schnellseher (also known as the

5282:(1979), both of which were unsuccessful as television series, were remade as films and became hugely successful in Japan. In particular, 2659: 2494: 1032:

gradually came to be used to provide dialogue and narration for the film, thus dispensing the need for narration provided by exhibitors.

593:, the story is arguably the earliest narrative film in history, as well as the first film to be directed by a woman. That same year, the 4842:

During the mid-1970s, more pornographic theatres, euphemistically called "adult cinemas", were established, and the legal production of

2150:(1931) had a large international influence that can still be recognised in the works of current filmmakers, game designers and artists. 1721:

which gradually gets larger until it expands beyond the frame. Other shaped slits were used, including vertical and diagonal apertures.

1363:

was the first company in the field in 1905, and remained the largest in the country through this period. Its most substantial rival was

2697:

dye baths, some had the frames painted in multiple transparent colours by hand, and since 1905 there was a mechanized stencil-process (

1142:, Smith more definitively experimented with continuity of action across successive shots and began using inserts in his films, such as 10174: 4206:

There was also an increasing awareness of foreign language cinema in America during this period. During the late 1950s and 1960s, the

2180:

gained power, giving Hollywood and the American film industry the final edge in its competition with other movie producing countries.

1858:

structures continued to develop in this period, with the usual way of entering and leaving a flash-back being through a dissolve. The

9087: 6155: 6002: 5918:

is also note-worthy for pioneering highly sophisticated use of motion capture technology and influencing several other films such as

4553:(1961), which like his previous films also had a profound influence around the world. The influence of this film is most apparent in 2657:, who had previously been in the short cartoon business, stepped into feature films with the first English-speaking animated feature 730: 9726: 2707:, the first commercially successful cinematographic colour process, produced films in two colours (red and cyan) from 1908 to 1914. 86:) and more spectacular films to keep theatrical screenings attractive. Systems that were cheaper and more easily handled (including 9386: 7451: 6761:"Ottomar Anschütz, Kinogeschichte, lebender Bilder, Kino, erste-Kinovorführung, Kinovorführung, Projektion, Kinoe, Bewegungsbilder" 4273: 3630: 1176:

who come and rescue them. The film also used the first "reverse angle" cut in film history. The following year, Williamson created

183:

of death, monsters and other scary figures. Around 1790, this practice was developed into a type of multimedia ghost show known as

3274: 1817:(1917), in which there is a series of shots of waves beating on a rocky shore to demonstrate the harsh lives of the fishing folk. 8022: 3515: 1024:

to explain actions and dialogue on screen began in the early 1900s. Filmed intertitles were first used in Robert W. Paul's film,

9848: 9779: 9325: 9637: 6047: 4617: 4439:

Further, the nuclear paranoia of the age, and the threat of an apocalyptic nuclear exchange (like the 1962 close-call with the

3313: 2621:(both 1931) became popular. Dialogue now took precedence over slapstick in Hollywood comedies: the fast-paced, witty banter of 1581:

had an insert shot of a snake slithering over the "Evil Plant". By 1914 it was widely held in the American film industry that

9812: 9275: 7313:

de Klerk, Nico (1999). "A Few Remaining Hours: News Films and the Interest in Technology in Amsterdam Film Shows, 1896–1910".

5733:

was released on DVD in both the theatrical version and in a special extended version intended only for home cinema audiences.

5407:. The next step he took was in combining this comedy martial arts genre with a new emphasis on elaborate and highly dangerous 521: 10237: 9672: 9002: 8682: 8392: 8212: 8165: 7996: 7971: 7922: 7815: 7775: 7521: 7488: 7461: 7275: 7173: 7138: 7057: 6946: 6913: 6796: 6349: 6324: 6036:. Film series based on young adult novels became popular, shifting from fantasy to dystopian sci-fi. Notable series included 5052: 1092: 1047:, among others. Smith and Williamson experimented with action continuity and were likely the first to incorporate the use of 10148: 4177:

declined, because many films were now being made on location in other countries, or using studio facilities abroad, such as

814:. The stage construction and editing techniques allowed for the development of more complex stories, such as the 1896 film, 110:. Improving over time, digital production methods became more popular during the 1990s, resulting in increasingly realistic 10568:"The Moving-Picture Show: ... How The Films Are Made, Who Writes The 'Plots', Who Censors The Plays, And What It All Costs" 9822: 5898: 4371:

continued in the 1960s at the hands of many directors, and Egyptian cinema greatly appreciated women at that time, such as

3375: 2566: 1595:

began to be used as categories; the main division was into comedy and drama, but these categories were further subdivided.

1510: 10679: 7941:, Pierre-Jean Benghozi and Christian Delage, eds. Paris: Harmattan, Collection Champs Visuels, 1997. English translation: 7048:

Gunning, Tom (2006). "The Cinema of Attraction: Early Film, Its Spectator and the Avant-Garde". In Strauven, Wanda (ed.).

5096:

became a significant "second venue" for exhibition of films, and an additional source of revenue for the film industries.

1760:. In this film the effect of a drug administered to a group of people was suggested by shooting the scenes reflected in a 9953: 9153: 6261: 5958: 5729: 5661: 5175:(1983) helped to establish him as one of the most critically acclaimed American film makers of the era. Also during 1983 2798: 1272: 1211: 474: 10084: 3008:

also produced a series of atmospheric and influential small-budget horror films, some of the more famous examples being

1008:

attributes real film continuity, involving action moving from one sequence into another, to Robert W. Paul's 1898 film,

942:

was one of the dominant German producers before the rise of UFA, with which it merged eventually. Messter first added a

10722: 10349: 7096:

Rothstein, Edward; B, S.-Ilent Films Were Never Silent When the Evil Landlord Twirled His Moustache (8 February 1981).

6266: 5493:

became famous. These Hong Kong action trends were later adopted by many Hollywood action films in the 1990s and 2000s.

4829: 4319:(all in 1965–1966) helped to reduce prohibitions of sex and nudity on screen, while the casual sex and violence of the 4093:

also experienced a 'Golden Age' in the 1950s, beginning with director Lee Kyu-hwan's tremendously successful remake of

3687:

Following the end of World War II in the 1940s, the following decade, the 1950s, marked a 'golden age' for non-English

3568:

In the U.S., a post-WW2 tendency toward questioning the establishment and societal norms and the early activism of the

815: 7353:

Turvey, Gerry (2004). "Panoramas, Parades and the Picturesque: The Aesthetics of British Actuality Films, 1895–1901".

10539: 10510: 10445: 10274: 10118: 9475: 9447: 9356: 9309: 9037: 8938: 8913: 8862: 8812: 8740: 8707: 7853: 7652: 6974: 6838: 6574: 6384: 5985:. Disney releases were frequently the top-grossing films annually in the latter half of the decade, with titles like 3362: 2810: 1627:

included deliberately distorted forms, complex tinting, and streaks of light painted directly onto the sets. It uses

1000:

The first films to move from single shots to successive scenes began around the turn of the 20th century. Due to the

17: 9067: 6563:"Dickensian 'Dissolving Views': The Magic Lantern, Visual Story-telling and the Victorian Technological Imagination" 9756: 6217: 5667:

The documentary film also rose as a commercial genre for perhaps the first time, with the success of films such as

5592: 3472: 2190:

By the 1920s, the United States reached what is still its era of greatest-ever output, producing an average of 800

2077:

cinema had been the most globally popular. The war came as a devastating interruption to European film industries.

745:

when he pioneered the use of time lapse and micro cinematography in his 1910 documentary on the growth of flowers.

674:

asserted that the intentional staging and recreation of events for newsreels "brought storytelling to the screen".

29:

This article is about the history of film as an artistic medium. For the history of motion-picture technology, see

9302:

Transnational Cinematic and Popular Music Icons : Lena Horne, Dorothy Dandridge, and Queen Latifah, 1917–2017

9139: 9053: 7097: 4987:", which dominated Indian cinema throughout the late 20th century. These "Masala" films portrayed action, comedy, 6401: 5727:

systems became increasingly sophisticated, as did some of the special edition DVDs designed to be shown on them.

4051: 2170: 1540:

New film techniques that were introduced in this period include the use of artificial lighting, fire effects and

1044: 1040: 632: 337: 5369:(1988), which although initially unsuccessful at Japanese theaters, went on to become an international success. 2108:, the earliest large-scale film studio complex (founded 1912) Today its one of the major film studios worldwide. 10712: 10298: 6185: 6132: 5920: 5779: 5397: 5246: 5111:

combine would dominate "Hollywood" cinema for much of the 1980s, and lead to much imitation. Two follow-ups to

4930: 3550: 3356: 3230: 2941: 1311: 1263:

for the Edison Manufacturing Company and distributed the film the following year. In the film, Porter combined

981: 846: 628: 5129:

films helped to make sequels of successful films more of an expectation than ever before. Lucas also launched

1900:) were used usually for full-length films instead of individual scenes. D.W. Griffiths' ground-breaking epic, 622:, Australia. The Limelight Department produced evangelistic material for use by the Salvation Army, including 10469:

Munslow, Alun (December 2007). "Film and history: Robert A. Rosenstone and History on Film/Film on History".

6287: 5482: 5036: 5007:, who remains one of the most popular film stars in South Asia. The most popular Indian film of all time was 4569: 4422: 4392: 3022: 2881: 706: 462:. Building upon previous machines by Muybridge, Marey, Anschütz and others, Dickson and his team created the 149: 94:) allowed for an increasing number of people to create films of varying qualities, for any purpose including 9192: 5746:

Due to advances in film projection technology, feature films were now able to be released simultaneously to

5652:

platforms like YouTube provided means for anyone with access to internet and cameras (a standard feature of

3695:. Many of the most critically acclaimed Asian films of all time were produced during this decade, including 1728:". This began in 1915, with some shots being intentionally thrown out of focus for expressive effect, as in 1479:. The Khanzhonkov company quickly became much the largest Russian film company, and remained so until 1918. 1425:. By 1910, new smaller Danish companies began joining the business, and besides making more films about the 985:. Both filmmakers experimented with the speeds of the camera to generate new effects. Paul shot scenes from 5969: 4667: 4502: 3389: 3071:'s experiences in World War II would influence his largely autobiographical films of later decades such as 2730: 2726: 2669: 2452: 2434: 2218:

was developed and exported – although its adoption was slower in some non-Western countries without strong

1864: 1426: 1405:

The most important film-producing country in Northern Europe up until the First World War was Denmark. The

1247: 1223: 1172: 1036: 886:, the firm initially sold photographic equipment and began film production in 1897, under the direction of 594: 139:

The use of film as an art form traces its origins to several earlier traditions in the arts such as (oral)

10687: 8458: 7083:"Birth of An Industry: Blackface Minstrelsy and the Rise of American Animation: Vaudeville and the Movies" 7082: 2966:

The strictures of wartime also brought an interest in more fantastical subjects. These included Britain's

1285:

served as one of the vehicles that would launch the film medium into mass popularity. That same year, the

512: 378:, was displayed to over 500,000 visitors over the course of 12,800 shows. On 25, 29 and 30 November 1894, 203:

allowed for smoother transitions between two projected images and aided in providing stronger narratives.

56: 8539:"Opinion: Yes, the new Mary Queen of Scots film is inaccurate – but historians can't agree on her anyway" 6246: 5997: 5256: 5251: 4835: 4813: 4174: 3624: 3063: 2990: 2308: 2134: 1922: 1914: 1623: 1300: 1259: 1156: 1114: 187:. These popular shows entertained audiences using mechanical slides, rear projection, mobile projectors, 7942: 7745: 6514:"Next Slide Please: The Magical, Scientific, and Corporate Discourses of Visual Projection Technologies" 2394:, the live narrator who was a major part of Japanese silent cinema, found his acting career was ending. 1250:

in 1901. A former projectionist hired by Thomas Edison to develop his new projection model known as the

6256: 6093: 5883: 5737: 5598: 5509: 5139: 4979:

in popularity. Hindi filmmakers combined the Hollywood musical formula with the conventions of ancient

3170: 2623: 2458: 2345: 2032: 1828: 1561: 1144: 45: 30: 10644: 5383:, also experienced a revival in the 1980s, largely due to the reinvention of the action film genre by 2485: 1671:(1916), but, due to the high quality of film produced in the US, the market for their films was high. 10419: 9703: 8565: 8237: 6032: 5809: 5240: 5171: 4661: 4508: 4199: 4115: 3521: 3395: 3280: 3256: 3188: 3000: 2688: 2675: 2117: 1970: 1897: 1601:

containing lines of dialogue began to be used consistently from 1908 onwards, such as in Vitagraph's

1167: 1016: 663: 60: 6678:"Copycats: Anschütz Chronophotographs as Direct Source Materials for Early Edison Kinetoscope Films" 2693:

Circa 80 percent of the films of the 1890s to the 1920s had colours. Many made use of monochromatic

710:

was released. The film was a complete recording of a heavyweight world championship boxing match at

10727: 10707: 10381: 9171: 8374: 6426:

Castle, Terry (1988). "Phantasmagoria: Spectral Technology and the Metaphorics of Modern Reverie".

6251: 5537: 5441: 5342: 5057: 4955:

genre had declined in Hollywood by this time, musical films were quickly gaining popularity in the

4869: 3600: 3544: 3236: 3182: 3053: 2546: 2007: 1755: 1652: 1544:(i.e. lighting in which most of the frame is dark) for enhanced atmosphere during sinister scenes. 1488: 441:

friends or passing traffic as the moving subjects. The earliest surviving film, known today as the

9527: 8100: 6998: 5580:

to finance and produce non-mainstream fare. One of the most successful independents of the 1990s,

4474:, an observational style of film making as well as the advent of more overtly partisan films like 4467:

were produced in a Hollywood that was once known for its overt patriotism and wartime propaganda.

355: 10717: 10524: 9614: 6212: 6099: 5803: 5615: 5372: 5272: 4917: 4909:. However, he did not gain fame in the Western world until shortly after his death in 1973, when 4787: 4608: 4564: 4532: 4490: 4279: 4099: 3866: 3016: 2828: 2376: 1958: 1769: 1378: 1074: 1020:

was one of the first films to show a continuity of action across multiple scenes. The use of the

926: 694: 468: 455: 10567: 10214: 8828: 5181:

was released, which was very profitable and resulted in even greater fame for its leading actor

2176:

Many German and German-based directors, actors, writers and others emigrated to the US when the

1686:

was seriously weakened by the war. The most important of the new film producers at the time was

527: 491: 458:, to help develop a device that could produce visuals to accompany the sounds produced from the 10663: 10596: 10189: 9106: 9102:"Berlin: How Studio Babelsberg Beat the Odds, from 'The Pianist' to 'The Matrix Resurrections'" 8027: 6719: 6241: 5975: 5852: 5758: 5418: 5337: 4655: 4476: 4432: 4344:. In Latin America, the dominance of the "Hollywood" model was challenged by many film makers. 4226: 4165: 3981:, whose films had a profound influence on world cinema, with directors such as Akira Kurosawa, 3882: 3636: 3628:(1959). He began, however, getting more involved in live action films, producing classics like 3606: 3204: 3010: 2329: 2184: 2155: 2010:, both in bourgeois comedy and in spectacle, and applied this to his films, culminating in his 1124: 1097: 1005: 826: 704:

In subsequent years, screenings of actualities and newsreels proved to be profitable. In 1897,

690: 447:(1888), was captured by Louis Le Prince and briefly depicted members of his family in motion. 425: 374: 7602: 5525:(1997), the latter of which became the highest-grossing film of all time at the time up until 4046:

that have flooded art houses since the mid-fifties owe a tremendous debt to the Apu trilogy".

301: 10658: 10399: 10390: 10388:

Hennefeld, Maggie (December 2016). "Death from Laughter, Female Hysteria, and Early Cinema".

9730: 9578: 9550: 8262: 6374: 6271: 6222: 6105: 5847: 5705: 5679: 5669: 5634:

technology. Meanwhile, DVDs became the new standard for consumer video, replacing VHS tapes.

5345:(OVA) films also began during this decade; the most influential of these early OVA films was 5210: 4976: 4767: 4745: 4643: 4637:

may be blurred. The beginnings of post-classical storytelling may be seen in 1940s and 1950s

4459: 4090: 3974: 3860: 3850:(1954). These films have had a profound influence on world cinema. In particular, Kurosawa's 3644: 3612: 3569: 3528: 3510: 3099: 3044: 3038: 2984: 2967: 2842: 2649: 2629: 2478: 2083: 1949: 1902: 1885: 1855: 1813: 1661: 1476: 1435: 1410: 1385: 1150: 1061: 1014:. Only a still from the second shot remains extant today. Released in 1901, the British film 802: 659: 443: 433: 413: 192: 10674: 8564: 7987:

Strauven, Wanda (2006). "From 'Primitive Cinema' to 'Marvelous'". In Strauven, Wanda (ed.).

5411:, reminiscent of the silent film era. The first film in this new style of action cinema was 5341:(1988), all of which were very successful in Japan and received worldwide critical acclaim. 1992:

put a slow intensity of acting combined with Symbolist overtones onto film in a unique way.

701:, which allowed for longer continuous runtimes and was less abrasive on the celluloid film. 10732: 9875:"2002 Sight & Sound Top Films Survey of 253 International Critics & Film Directors" 8409: 8348: 8075: 7163: 6314: 6207: 6127: 6111: 6017: 5893: 5821: 5515: 5447: 5177: 5030:

The end of the decade saw the first major international marketing of Australian cinema, as

4892: 4843: 4685: 4559: 4444: 4417: 4388: 4376: 3846: 3658: 3407: 3086: 2848: 2754: 2611: 2468: 2353: 2303: 2289: 2012: 1996: 1461: 1243: 1216: 906:(1905). Many of Guy's early dance films were popular in music-hall attractions such as the 879: 856: 779: 611: 598: 359: 342: 176: 64: 9121: 8606:"EDWIN S. PORTER'S THE GREAT TRAIN ROBBERY: A Focus on the Origins of Narrative Structure" 6760: 6619: 5774:

was the first major feature film to have been at least partially shot in IMAX technology.

4211: 3998: 1651:

Feature Play Company, and Famous Players, both formed in 1913, and later amalgamated into

8: 7939:

Une Histoire Économique du Cinéma Français (1895–1995), Regards Croisés Franco-Américains

6026: 5904: 5842: 5764: 5619: 5586: 5521: 4984: 4727: 4297: 4237: 4193: 4187: 3822: 3484: 3317: 3176: 2917: 2823: 2760: 2572: 2512: 2257: 2022: 1940: 1869: 1795: 1734: 1712: 1656: 1556: 1299:

opened the first permanent theater devoted exclusively to the presentation of films, the

1236: 1232: 1096:, made before September 1900. Cecil Hepworth took this technique further by printing the 1048: 794: 786: 762: 711: 292: 207: 9390: 5967:

was the most successful movie of all-time at the box office. Other top earners included

4629:", main characters may behave in a morally ambiguous fashion, and the lines between the 2132:

and other "intellectual" topics triggered by the experiences of World War I. Films like

953:. So Messter invented the Tonbilder Biophon to show films, in which a gramophone played 887: 855:, where he used his expertise in effects and narrative construction to create the first 836:. In Méliès' films, he based the placement of the camera on the theatrical construct of 590: 579: 562: 379: 324: 313: 10486: 10128: 10009:"Remembering Ezz Eldin Zulfikar: The romantic film pioneer – Film – Arts & Culture" 9452: 8625: 8304: 8218: 8138: 8002: 7893: 7781: 7726: 7558: 7432: 7378: 7330: 7293: 7222: 7214: 7144: 7063: 6919: 6884: 6742: 6697: 6662: 6658: 6623: 6615: 6580: 6543: 6494: 6459: 6451: 6281: 6166: 6081: 6075: 5879: 5873: 5858: 5527: 5278: 5195: 5165: 4972: 4848: 4677:. This sparked heated controversy over the perceived escalation of violence in cinema. 4649: 4285: 3908: 3733: 3676: 3618: 3478: 3347: 3245: 3134: 3110: 2893: 2793: 2639: 2557: 2522: 2386: 2242: 2234: 2215: 1823: 1742: 1667: 1566: 1521: 851: 615: 332: 297: 227: 134: 115: 9418: 8672: 7478: 6788:

The man who invented motion pictures: a true tale of obsession, murder, and the movies

6641:

Lawrence, Amy (2003). "Counterfeit Motion: The Animated Films of Eadweard Muybridge".

6598:

Latsis (2015). "Landscape in Motion: Muybridge and the Origins of Chronophotography".

4333: 654:

and actualities. During the creation of these films, cinematographers often drew upon

102:. The technical quality was usually lower than professional movies, but improved with 10535: 10506: 10490: 10441: 10345: 10270: 10114: 9852: 9471: 9333: 9305: 9033: 9008: 8998: 8934: 8909: 8858: 8808: 8736: 8713: 8703: 8678: 8617: 8574: 8388: 8296: 8208: 8171: 8161: 8142: 8130: 7992: 7967: 7918: 7885: 7849: 7811: 7785: 7771: 7718: 7676: 7658: 7648: 7550: 7517: 7484: 7457: 7424: 7370: 7322: 7281: 7271: 7226: 7206: 7169: 7134: 7105: 7053: 6980: 6970: 6942: 6909: 6876: 6844: 6834: 6802: 6792: 6701: 6650: 6627: 6584: 6570: 6562: 6535: 6486: 6463: 6443: 6380: 6355: 6345: 6320: 6201: 6190: 6161: 5963: 5542: 5532: 5453: 5392: 5365: 5327: 5150: 5024: 4884: 4777: 4772: 4402: 4303: 4131: 3580: 3574: 3562: 3500:(1961). Also during this period a number of other significant films were produced in 3078: 3067:, and many of those in the film industry had served in some capacity during the war. 3027: 2927: 2903: 2887: 2869: 2804: 2780: 2718: 2407: 2207: 2161: 2121: 2113: 2101: 1963: 1859: 1782: 1683: 1644: 1533: 1472: 1453: 1383:

made a big impression worldwide, and it was followed by even bigger productions like

1372: 1056: 976: 806: 798: 771: 383: 363: 351: 328: 287: 277: 261: 91: 9789: 9641: 7912: 5153:

extensively. American independent cinema struggled more during the decade, although

2713:'s natural three-strip colour process was very successfully introduced in 1932 with 2430: 1776: 305: 51:

The advent of film as an artistic medium is not clearly defined. There were earlier

10478: 10431: 10403: 9897: 9826: 9784: 8380: 8120: 8112: 7805: 7761: 7753: 7710: 7577: 7509: 7416: 7362: 7198: 6923: 6903: 6689: 6607: 6525: 6435: 5656:) to publish videos to the world. Also competing with the increasing popularity of 5623: 5577: 5478: 5413: 5228: 5113: 5108: 5004: 4980: 4911: 4818: 4803: 4733: 4722: 4578: 4485: 4408: 4397: 4384: 4345: 4291: 4264: 4241: 4178: 4002: 3990: 3928: 3914: 3490: 3444: 3120: 3094: 2898: 2815: 2617: 2586: 2581: 2473: 2463: 2399: 2070: 1954: 1944: 1880: 1808: 1787: 1706: 1541: 1496: 1449: 954: 907: 719: 682: 671: 500: 437: 222:

led to the invention of the Fantascope, also known as the stroboscopic disk or the

196: 10604:

The St. James Women Filmmakers Encyclopedia: Women on the Other Side of the Camera

9357:"Hybrid Cinematics: Rethinking the role of filmmakers of color in American Cinema" 2516:(1929), and the form would find its first major creator in choreographer/director 1628: 863: 785:

The most widely cited progenitor of narrative filmmaking is the French filmmaker,

320:

to project animations of the contours of his recordings, traced onto glass discs.

125:

have emerged during the history of film, and enjoyed variable degrees of success.

10691: 10572: 10209: 10152: 9874: 9027: 8486: 8433: 8323: 8287:

Gray, Frank (1998). "Smith the Showman: The Early Years of George Albert Smith".

8189: 8116: 8049: 7949: 6276: 6235: 6121: 6116: 6070: 6065: 5770: 5752: 5685: 5649: 5470: 5465: 5435: 5376: 5360: 5346: 5263: 5223: 5154: 5097: 4956: 4921: 4751: 4697: 4681: 4604: 4514: 4453: 4448: 4427: 4368: 4268: 4215: 4207: 4152: 4119: 4010: 3982: 3969: 3960: 3956: 3941: 3933: 3897: 3855: 3810: 3805: 3797: 3779: 3769: 3753: 3722: 3711: 3649: 3585: 3449: 3419: 3325: 3285: 3250: 3225: 3220: 3145: 3139: 3115: 3090: 3073: 2978: 2972: 2932: 2912: 2908: 2591: 2447: 2411: 2367: 2363: 2298: 2223: 2195: 2089: 2074: 2066: 2059: 1978: 1974: 1636: 1465: 1368: 1307: 1277: 1183: 1178: 1102: 1010: 871: 604: 536: 525:

as truthful documents of the world, but the show also included the staged comedy

479: 429: 418: 366:

in Paris. Reynaud's device, which projected a series of animated stories such as

231: 223: 215: 188: 8954: 7241: 6693: 5551:(1992) had significant commercial success both at the cinema and on home video. 3841: 3831: 3696: 2381: 2096: 1698:

also came into prominence with a series of very successful comedies and dramas.

883: 10649: 10498: 10334:

The Transformation of Cinema 1907–1915 (History of the American Cinema, Vol. 2)

9523: 9426: 9249: 9072: 8384: 7746:"The Gentleman in the Stalls: Georges Méliès and Spectatorship in Early Cinema" 6611: 6195: 6059: 5981: 5939: 5699: 5631: 5547: 5459: 5403: 5312: 5204: 5200: 5062: 5000: 4948:, laying the foundations for the rise of Hong Kong action cinema in the 1980s. 4936: 4853: 4792: 4782: 4762: 4757: 4549: 4544: 4526: 4413: 4380: 4349: 4341: 4337: 4257: 4156: 4135: 3827: 3774: 3680: 3555: 3423: 3351: 3302: 3241: 3165: 3151: 3106: 3061:. Soldiers returning from the war would provide the inspiration for films like 2832: 2789: 2785: 2517: 2419: 2337: 2312:. This drama consisted of picture slides and moving pictures synchronized with 2253: 2249: 2219: 2166: 2003: 1695: 1691: 1648: 1578: 1398:

Italian companies also had a strong line in slapstick comedy, with actors like

1296: 1286: 1205: 1079: 1059:

of the film in the camera. The effect was pioneered by Smith in the 1898 film,

971: 967: 790: 738: 644: 368: 219: 211: 184: 157: 111: 107: 52: 10639: 10482: 9961: 9574:"THE 'WORLD' OF SATYAJIT RAY: LEGACY OF INDIA'S PREMIER FILM MAKER ON DISPLAY" 8434:"BFI Screenonline: Mary Jane's Mishap or, Don't Fool with the Paraffin (1903)" 8007: 7839: 7757: 7662: 7285: 7218: 7067: 6806: 6786: 5584:, was bought by Disney the year before the release of Tarantino's runaway hit 5060:

also garnered international attention for his violent, low-budget action film

3648:

is probably a unique film in at least one interesting respect. Its two leads,

2771: 1371:

was historical epics, with large casts and massive scenery. As early as 1911,

1186:

to denote a scene change, and other techniques to create a film language, or "

1108: 961: 758: 10701: 10407: 9012: 8717: 8621: 8578: 8300: 8175: 8134: 8101:"A short history of superimposition: From spirit photography to early cinema" 7889: 7722: 7554: 7428: 7374: 7326: 7210: 7109: 7023: 6880: 6654: 6539: 6490: 6447: 6359: 6144: 5943: 5933: 5888: 5846:

which was released as the first full-length 3-D IMAX feature filmed with the

5797: 5715: 5690: 5674: 5643: 5604: 5581: 5502: 5474: 5332: 5308: 5234: 5219: 5125: 5075: 5047: 5042: 5019: 4999:" song and dance routines thrown in. This trend began with films directed by 4941: 4865: 4824: 4717: 4705: 4701: 4600: 4596: 4590: 4537: 4471: 4325: 4246: 4220: 4147: 4063: 4047: 4040: 4014: 3964: 3949: 3945: 3816: 3791: 3595: 3496: 3427: 3329: 3269: 3210: 3068: 2766: 2747: 2644: 2606: 2561: 2325: 2317: 2280: 2230: 2199: 2146: 2045: 1989: 1973:

was the leader in developing "polite comedy", while slapstick was refined by

1876: 1818: 1761: 1729: 1617: 1582: 1552: 1483: 1429:, they contributed other new subjects. The most important of these finds was 1360: 1290: 1264: 950: 935: 911: 753: 742: 623: 516: 451: 317: 161: 103: 10238:"They're here to save the world: but how many superhero movies can we take?" 7366: 6984: 6939:

Before the nickelodeon: Edwin S. Porter and the Edison Manufacturing Company

6848: 5080:

During the 1980s, audiences began increasingly watching films on their home

4924:" films. This trend eventually came to an end in 1978 with the martial arts 2698: 2537: 2055: 1547:

Continuity of action from shot to shot was also refined, such as in Pathé's

1399: 10363: 10242: 9817: 8222: 7168:. Internet Archive. Palo Alto, Calif. : Mayfield Pub. Co. p. 12. 7148: 6039: 6013: 5942:

greatly increased in popularity and financial success, with films based on

5720: 5627: 5490: 5316: 5207:, which earned him $ 60-$ 90m after including his percentage of the gross. 5137:

in 1982, while Spielberg enjoyed one of the decade's greatest successes in

5104: 4952: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4880: 4689: 4626: 4554: 4496: 4440: 4353: 4232: 4127: 4104: 4083: 4035: 4026: 4018: 4006: 3978: 3937: 3923: 3748: 3706: 3692: 3688: 3671: 3653: 3590: 3411: 3370: 3297: 3032: 2960: 2955: 2950: 2922: 2875: 2819: 2722: 2694: 2664: 2577: 2528: 2507: 2349: 2203: 1982: 1675: 1588:

In 1909, 35mm became the internationally recognized theatrical film gauge.

1430: 1406: 1187: 1165:

James Williamson perfected narrative building techniques in his 1900 film,

1131: 943: 939: 723: 541: 309: 140: 10669: 10629: 10546:

Reel Racism. Confronting Hollywood's Construction of Afro-American Culture

10342:

The Missing Reel: The Untold Story of the Lost Inventor of Moving Pictures

7513: 6319:. Internet Archive. Palo Alto, Calif. : Mayfield Pub. Co. p. 4. 5218:

British cinema was given a boost during the early 1980s by the arrival of

4709:

This led to some great critical and commercial successes, like Scorsese's

4182: 2194:

films annually, or 82% of the global total (Eyman, 1997). The comedies of

485: 10058: 6053: 6021: 5987: 5961:, with 2019 having the most films in the top 50. The 2019 superhero film 5724: 5657: 5653: 5608:(1994). During 1995, the first feature-length computer-animated feature, 5388: 5384: 5355: 5159: 5119: 5092:, which proved unsuccessful. Eventually, the sale and rental of films on 5085: 4945: 4925: 4873: 4861: 4808: 4711: 4693: 4673: 4634: 4481: 4464: 4315: 4160: 4030: 3986: 3959:'s 'Golden Age' of the 1950s, it was producing 200 films annually, while 3892: 3836: 3701: 3454: 3440: 3198: 3058: 2936: 2714: 2710: 2704: 2654: 2533: 2489: 2415: 2403: 2371: 1927: 1892: 1598: 1228: 1192: 1101:

arrangement came to be called a "projection printer", and eventually an "

994: 891: 841: 734: 698: 686: 463: 316:. In 1879, Muybridge started lecturing on animal locomotion and used his 239: 235: 200: 153: 144: 95: 68: 9919: 9213: 8629: 8605: 8125: 7897: 7873: 7562: 7538: 6733:

Myrent, Glenn (1989). "Emile Reynaud: First Motion Picture Cartoonist".

6547: 5825:(multiple European languages). Italy is the most awarded country at the 5568: 4271:

and others lead to a group of realistic and innovative dramas including

4033:

being influenced by his cinematic style. According to Michael Sragow of

3248:

would experience the best of their creative partnership with films like

2891:(1945). Notable American films from the war years include the anti-Nazi 2050: 1200: 894:. She explored dance and travel films, often combining the two, such as 726:

since he had played a fictionalized version of himself in a stage play.

578:

established short relationship dynamics and simple storylines. In 1896,

9940: 9329: 9032:. London: BFI modern classics, British Film Institute. pp. 62–63. 8308: 7766: 7730: 7436: 7382: 7334: 6888: 6746: 6498: 6455: 5815: 5694: 5562: 5422: 5291: 5186: 5093: 5031: 4988: 4739: 4630: 4612: 4520: 4372: 4320: 4071: 4067: 4043: 3994: 3948:. Japanese cinema later became one of the main inspirations behind the 3902: 3738: 3431: 3215: 3193: 3129: 3082: 3005: 2775: 2667:

in 1937. 1939, a major year for American cinema, brought such films as

2552: 2541: 2446:

This awkward period was fairly short-lived. 1929 was a watershed year:

2313: 2274: 1840: 1750: 1725: 1606: 1525: 1457: 1029: 1021: 837: 811: 655: 459: 122: 79: 75: 55:

screenings by others, however, the commercial, public screening of ten

41: 10436: 9638:"Satyajit Ray Collection receives Packard grant and lecture endowment" 9068:"Babelsberg: World's oldest large-scale film studio – DW – 01/04/2022" 7407:

MacGowan, Kenneth (1955). "The Story Comes to the Screen: 1896–1906".

4680:

During the 1970s, a new group of American filmmakers emerged, such as

2492:

introduces each of the seven dwarfs in a scene from the original 1937

2183:

The American industry, or "Hollywood", as it was becoming known after

1603:

An Auto Heroine; or, The Race for the Vitagraph Cup and How It Was Won

1573:. Insert shots were also used for artistic purposes; the Italian film 1452:

was smaller and slower to get started than the Danish industry. Here,

250: 74:

Popular new media, including television (mainstream since the 1950s),

10624: 8643: 8459:"BBC – A History of the World – Object: Kinemacolor 35mm cine-camera" 6530: 6513: 5947: 5710: 5610: 5430: 5426: 5380: 5350: 5182: 5134: 5089: 4992: 4960: 4888: 4638: 4075: 4059: 4022: 3871: 3758: 3717: 3505: 3403: 3384: 3367: 3339: 3321: 3157: 2946: 2597: 2333: 2321: 2211: 2169:

became a pioneer in animation, producing animated feature films like

2140: 1647:

was formed in 1912 as an umbrella company. New entrants included the

1441: 1251: 1135: 1066: 1001: 715: 619: 567: 270: 99: 9696:"Before and After: Origins and Death in the Work of Jean-Luc Godard" 7714: 7701:

Kovács, Katherine Singer (1976). "Georges Méliès and the "Féerie"".

7420: 6677: 5785: 4447:) prompted a reaction within the film community as well. Films like 1367:

in Rome, which started producing in 1906. The great strength of the

1235:

being executed in full view of the camera. The effect, known as the

10684: 7202: 6439: 5910: 5555: 5486: 5190: 5088:

tried legal action to ban home ownership of VCRs as a violation of

3539: 3458: 3343: 3336: 3332:, and many of these fled to Europe, especially the United Kingdom. 2634: 2238: 2129: 2125: 1052: 918:, a big-budget production for the time, which included 300 extras. 651: 87: 9983:"10 times Salah Zulfakar pioneered best scenes in Egyptian cinema" 6012:'s Marvel Cinematic Universe's success with their own franchises. 5950:

released every year. The superhero genre was the most dominant in

3932:(1977). Other famous Japanese filmmakers from this period include 1505: 1055:

between shots. A basic technique for trick cinematography was the

867: 825:, regarded as a first in the horror film genre, and the 1899 film 775: 9668: 9468:

Satyajit Ray: The Inner Eye: The Biography of a Master Film-Maker

6293: 6180: 6087: 6024:

or photorealistic remakes of its classic animated films, such as

5837: 5304: 5014: 4895:

films and added a much greater sense of realism to them with his

4079: 3535: 3501: 3462: 2643:, 1933), or the often subversively anarchic nonsense talk of the 2418:, and the greatest box office draw of the 1930s, child performer 2285: 1687: 1391: 1340: 1190:". James Williamson's use of continuous action in his 1901 film, 899: 635:, which is believed to be the first ever film about bushrangers. 504: 83: 10059:"عائلة كرامازوف المصرية.. تشعبت فنياً وأسرياً بالزواج "المزدوج"" 9941:

Is the Curtain Finally Falling on the Philippine Kovie Industry?

7840:

Wheeler Winston Dixon, Gwendolyn Audrey Foster (30 March 2018).

5429:). The film added elaborate, dangerous stunts to the fights and 3291: 2935:. Bogart would star in 36 films between 1934 and 1942 including 2173:, the oldest surviving and oldest European made animated movie. 882:

was the main regional rival of Pathé-Frères. Founded in 1895 by

10634: 8877: 8566:"A Bloody Rivalry for the Throne, This Time With Margot Robbie" 7955: 6009: 5791: 5531:(2009), also directed by James Cameron, independent films like 5287: 5009: 4968: 4357: 4309: 4240:. As well, audiences were becoming aware of Italian films like 3876: 3763: 3743: 3727: 3306: 2503: 2391: 2177: 2105: 1592: 1356: 1318: 938:

was an important figure in the early years of cinema. His firm

168: 6477:

Mannoni, Laurent; Brewster, Ben (1996). "The Phantasmagoria".

2502:

Sound films emphasized black history, and benefited different

1227:, produced in 1895 by the Edison Company for viewing with the 1090:. The earliest surviving example of this technique is Smith's 10085:"10 groundbreaking films that made Youssef Chahine a pioneer" 10034:"The golden age of Egyptian cinema – Focus – Al-Ahram Weekly" 7625: 7623: 6344:(2 ed.). New York: Thames & Hudson Ltd. p. 16. 6229:

History of the Kinetograph, Kinetoscope, and Kinetophonograph

5408: 5294: 5267: 4996: 4964: 4364: 3785: 3467: 3161:

was released, usually considered the last film of this type.

2860: 2854: 2165:(1929) partly created the genre of science fiction films and 2093:

was released, bringing sound to the motion picture industry.

1364: 1352: 1348: 1118:(1900), with the telescope POV simulated by the circular mask 689:

on May 20, 1895. Commissioned by Latham, the French inventor

638: 10653: 8205:

Silver Screen to Digital: A Brief History of Film Technology

7874:"In the Belly of the Beast: The Early Years of Pathé-Frères" 5469:(1988). Other new trends which began in the 1980s were the " 5149:

which was one of the first films from a major studio to use

4816:". However, the enormous success of George Lucas' 1977 film 4252: 3324:

of many actors, writers and directors, including Chayefsky,

3316:

investigated Hollywood in the early 1950s. Protested by the

1827:(1919) has a symbolic sequence dissolving from a picture of 1565:, made in July 1908. Another development was the use of the 748: 424:

Throughout the late 19th century, several inventors such as

10463:

Celluloid Mavericks: A History of American Independent Film

10109:

K. Moti Gokulsing, K. Gokulsing, Wimal Dissanayake (2004).

9851:. Internet Encyclopedia of Cinematographers. Archived from 8829:"On the 'Danishness' of Danish Films in Germany until 1918" 6867:

Rossell, Deac (1995). "A Chronology of Cinema, 1889–1896".

6170:

notable works that reflected changing dynamics of the era.

5747: 5145: 3168:

embarked on their series of celebrated comedies, including

2725:. Technicolor was initially used mainly for musicals like " 1492: 962:

England: Robert W Paul, Cecil Hepworth, The Brighton School

733:

to the South Pole was filmed for the newsreels as were the

172: 10205:"As Its Box Office Booms, Chinese Cinema Makes a 3-D Push" 9193:"When German Exiles Lit up Hollywood's Screens – USC News" 7620: 4058:. Other famous Indian filmmakers from this period include 3542:

would last for only two years, 1952–1954, and helped sell

3426:

continued to cause disruptions when they showed their new

2506:

to a greater extent than silents did. Most obviously, the

754:

France: Georges Méliès, Pathé Frères, Gaumont Film Company

515:

filmed a number of short scenes with their invention, the

10659:

List of Early Sound Films 1894–1929 at Silent Era website

9250:"World's first colour film footage viewed for first time" 6902:

Grainge, Paul; Jancovich, Mark; Monteith, Sharon (2007).

6833:(2nd ed.). New York: Norton. pp. 5–13, 20, 22. 5130: 5081: 4883:, the 1970s saw a dramatic increase in the popularity of 4857: 4771:. It also, however, resulted in some failures, including 3604:(1957). Disney continued making animated films, notably; 2229:

This development was contemporary with the growth of the

1310:

between the major film companies in America known as the

805:

in his films. At the end of 1896, Méliès established the

482:

that would eventually overtake Edison's peep-box format.

9154:"Out of darkness: the influence of German Expressionism" 7917:. Internet Archive. New York : Abrams. p. 78. 6901: 5307:

franchise of mecha anime. This was also the decade when

4791:, which helped to bring about the demise of its backer, 3808:'s 'Golden Age' of the 1950s, successful films included 2945:(1941), one of the first films now considered a classic 2510:

was born; the first classic-style Hollywood musical was

1674:

In France, film production shut down due to the general

10306:

Reel Women: Pioneers of the Cinema, 1896 to the Present

9727:"Film Reviews: Grave of the Fireflies (Hotaru no Haka)" 8955:"Timeline of Greatest Film History Milestones'..."1914" 8855:

The Red Rooster Scare Making Cinema American, 1900–1910

8674:

The early development of the motion picture (1887–1909)

6969:(2nd ed.). New York: Harry N. Abrams. p. 26. 6402:"The Magic Lantern Shows that Influenced Modern Horror" 5056:

gained critical acclaim. In 1979, Australian filmmaker

4704:. This coincided with the increasing popularity of the 3218:

was also rapidly becoming a force in world cinema with

2390:(Japan, 1932). But even in Japan, a figure such as the 1665:(1915). Griffith followed this up with the even bigger 544:

and commentary spoken by the showman or projectionist.

8076:"BFI Screenonline: Scrooge, or, Marley's Ghost (1901)" 6131:

became the first non-English-language film to win the

5359:(1985). The most famous anime film of this decade was 4891:, who departed from the artistic style of traditional 4653:. 1971 marked the release of controversial films like 4470:

In documentary film the sixties saw the blossoming of

489:

A frame from the Lumière brothers staged comedy film,

10111:

Indian Popular Cinema: A Narrative of Cultural Change

9665:"Satyajit Ray is this Spanish director's inspiration" 8263:"BFI Screenonline: Smith, G.A. (1864–1959) Biography" 8242:

University of Brighton College of Arts and Humanities

7810:. Internet Archive. Boston : Allyn & Bacon. 5266:

experienced a revival, largely due to the success of

5143:

the same year. 1982 also saw the release of Disney's

3137:. Major films of this type during the 1940s included 2788:. These existed alongside more flamboyant films like 2051:

Golden years of European cinema, Hollywood triumphant

1918:, are some notable examples of tinted silent films. 1306:

In 1908, Thomas Edison spearheaded the creation of a

1201:

United States: The Edison Company and Edwin S. Porter

737:

demonstrations that were happening at the same time.

697:

and crafted a mechanism that came to be known as the

10503:

The Emergence of Cinema: The American Screen to 1907

10376:

Dixon, Wheeler Winston and Gwendolyn Audrey Foster.

8857:. University of California Press. pp. 176–179. 8349:"BFI Screenonline: Attack on a China Mission (1900)" 8158:

The modern supernatural and the beginnings of cinema

7265: 5554:

Filmmakers associated with the Danish film movement

3538:

also proliferated to lure in audiences. The fad for

741:

was an early nature documentary pioneer working for

390: 336:

summer 1892. Others saw it in London or at the 1893

10680:

A Brief, Early History of Computer Graphics in Film

10428:

The Altering Eye: Contemporary International Cinema

10391:

differences: A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies

8995:

Hollywood lighting from the silent era to film noir

7844:(3rd ed.). Rutgers University Press. pp. 7835: 7833: 7831: 7829: 7827: 4543:In Japanese cinema, Academy Award-winning director 4536:is often considered the beginning of the so-called 4329:in 1962 would render the series popular worldwide. 3320:before the committee, the hearings resulted in the 2840:allowed Disney to make more animated features like 1065:. According to Smith's catalogue records, the (now 662:and the intentional placement of the camera in the 234:and others tried to combine the technique with the 10202: 7744:Kessler, Frank (2012-12-31), Christie, Ian (ed.), 3447:distinction until 1967, was announced with 1953's 2116:cinema, marked by those times, saw the era of the 1824:Nelson; The Story of England's Immortal Naval Hero 1724:A new idea taken over from still photography was " 1612: 1359:gave birth to the first film magazines. In Turin, 693:created the device with additional expertise from 10264: 10190:"3D Box Office Hits Lowest Levels in Eight Years" 10108: 9841: 7937:Willems, Gilles "Les origines de Pathé-Natan" In 7633:. Jefferson: McFarland Company, Inc, 2000. Print. 5750:cinema, the first was in 2002's Disney animation 5576:Major American studios began to create their own 5375:, which was in a state of decline due to endless 3963:gained greater recognition through international 2741: 1389:(1912), which ran for 90 minutes, and Pastrone's 979:. This technique was first used in his 1901 film 714:. It generated more income in box office than in 10699: 9493:"Martin Scorsese hits DC, hangs with the Hachet" 9389:. Asian American Film Commentary. Archived from 9172:"Top 10 Sci-Fi Films of the 1920s – scifist 2.0" 8992: 8202: 7991:. Amsterdam University Press. pp. 105–120. 7824: 7402: 7400: 7398: 7396: 7394: 7392: 7131:American Cinema 1890–1909: Themes and Variations 7052:. Amsterdam University Press. pp. 381–388. 6791:(1st ed.). New York: Simon & Schuster. 5957:The list of top-grossing films was dominated by 5013:(1975), a "Masala" film inspired by a real-life 4387:were on a date with many productions, including 3278:A production scene from the 1950 Hollywood film 3133:was screened in Italy, marking the beginning of 3123:, considered part of the canon of classic cinema 1912:, and the Robert Wiene epic from the same year, 1351:was the first major film production centre, and 987:On a Runaway Motor Car through Piccadilly Circus 10327:Glorious Technicolor: The Movies' Magic Rainbow 9640:. UC Santa Cruz Currents online. Archived from 8798: 8796: 8794: 8792: 8790: 8788: 8786: 8784: 8782: 8780: 8778: 8776: 8774: 8772: 7449: 7165:Light and shadows: a history of motion pictures 6708: 6476: 6316:Light and shadows: a history of motion pictures 2398:the Hollywood studio system in the face of the 1323: 472:remedy declining profits, experiments, such as 10685:The History of the Discovery of Cinematography 10320:All our yesterdays: 90 years of British cinema 10295:The Cine Goes to Town: French Cinema 1896–1914 9745: 9233: 8906:Film Style and Technology-History and Analysis 8770: 8768: 8766: 8764: 8762: 8760: 8758: 8756: 8754: 8752: 7752:, Amsterdam University Press, pp. 35–44, 7348: 7346: 7344: 5865:The Adventures of Sharkboy and Lavagirl in 3-D 5829:, with 14 awards won, 3 Special Awards and 31 4603:during the 1950s and 1960s and the end of the 3026:. The decade probably also saw the so-called " 1961:from his actors at appropriate moments, as in 395: 323:In 1887, the German inventor and photographer 10456:British Genres: Cinema and Society, 1930–1960 9629: 8931:Film Theory and Contemporary Hollywood Movies 8899: 8897: 8895: 8893: 8891: 8889: 8666: 8664: 7476: 7389: 3665: 2907:(1943), Hitchcock's direction of a script by 1395:of 1914, which ran for two and a half hours. 658:values established by past art forms such as 175:, and eventually spread to Europe during the 10133:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 9276:"The Bicycle Thief / Bicycle Thieves (1949)" 9206: 8802: 8203:Montanaro, Carlo; Gabhann, Liam Mac (2019). 7867: 7865: 6824: 6822: 6820: 6818: 6816: 6565:. In Geiger, Jeffrey; Littau, Karin (eds.). 5827:Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film 4920:, however, was in decline due to a wave of " 4599:was the period following the decline of the 4236:which broke the rules of Hollywood cinema's 2256:, and the Metro Pictures Corporation create 1319:Continued international growth (1900s–1910s) 610:Another early film producer was Australia's 354:. From October 1892 to March 1900, inventor 286:Most early photographic sequences, known as 10269:. Cavendish Square Publishing. p. 80. 8969:"When Hollywood's Power Players Were Women" 8880:A Second Life-German Cinema's First Decades 8749: 8700:The transformation of the cinema, 1907–1915 8481: 8479: 8410:"BFI Screenonline: Big Swallow, The (1901)" 7341: 5840:popularity the first being James Cameron's 4975:, overtaking the more critically acclaimed 2425: 2358:with synchronized sound effects and music. 2006:got his inspiration from the stage work of 1559:also began using cross-cutting in the film 852:Le Voyage Dans La Lune (A Trip to the Moon) 668:The Quarterly of Film Radio and television, 589:was first released. Directed and edited by 9867: 9598: 9448:Anime, Japanese Cinema's Second Golden Age 9412: 9410: 9408: 8967:Jones, Naomi McDougall (9 February 2020). 8886: 8882:. Amsterdam University Press. p. 229. 8677:. Internet Archive. New York, Arno Press. 8661: 8023:"The Indian Chief and the Seidlitz Powder" 7409:The Quarterly of Film Radio and Television 7298:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 7189:Gaines, Jane M. (2004). "First Fictions". 7095: 6905:Film Histories: An Introduction and Reader 6726: 6569:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 23. 6511: 5756:; and the first live action was in 2003's 4356:in contrast to Hollywood and the European 4097:(1955). That year also saw the release of 910:films – also a staple of the Lumières and 639:Proliferation of actualities and newsreels 10611:Before Caligari: German Cinema, 1895–1920 10594:Silent Witnesses: Russian Films 1908–1919 10435: 10387: 9889: 8124: 8006: 7862: 7765: 7569: 6813: 6529: 6339: 6156:Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cinema 6003:acquisition of 21st Century Fox by Disney 5214:Original script from the 1989 film Batman 4905:(1971), which was a major success across 3572:was reflected in Hollywood films such as 2717:'s animated Academy Award-winning short " 2185:its new geographical center in California 2120:movement. Berlin was its center with the 1655:. The biggest success of these years was 921: 749:Experimentation with narrative filmmaking 614:. Commencing in 1898, it was operated by 10666:– American Cinematographer, January 1930 10613:Edizioni Biblioteca dell'Immagine, 1990. 10373:, New York: Thunder's Mouth press, 2006. 10339: 9934: 9635: 9465: 9348: 9025: 8878:Michael Wedel, Thomas Elsaesser (1996). 8476: 8372: 8315: 8207:. Indiana University Press. p. 65. 7986: 7645:World film directors: Volume I 1890–1945 7406: 7312: 6669: 6640: 6306: 5567: 5209: 5084:. In the early part of that decade, the 4256:(1963) and the stark dramas of Sweden's 4151: 3675: 3290: 3273: 3105: 2484: 2429: 2284: 2095: 2054: 1831:to a peacock, and then to a battleship. 1775: 1705: 1616: 1520: 1327: 1204: 1107: 991:The Indian Chief and the Seidlitz Powder 925: 765:(left) painting a backdrop in his studio 757: 546: 484: 399: 260:cabinet cards utilized the technique of 10694:An Illustrated Chronology by Paul Burns 10609:Usai, P.C. & Codelli, L. (editors) 10573:The World's Work: A History of Our Time 10534:. New York: Thames & Hudson, 1995. 10468: 10235: 9771: 9405: 9380: 9378: 9376: 9374: 9359:. Massachusetts Institute of Technology 9354: 8997:. New York: Columbia University Press. 8852: 8603: 8562: 8041: 7743: 7642: 7268:The Routledge companion to film history 7047: 6866: 6784: 6675: 6372: 5421:as well as the "Three Brothers" (Chan, 5417:(1983), which saw the formation of the 4173:During the 1960s, the studio system in 3430:techniques. The most notorious film is 3418:was screened. After their criticism of 2633:(1934), the sexual double entendres of 2544:use of song and dance in comedies like 2233:and its greatest publicity method, the 2081:a name for himself with his 1915 film, 1536:in 1907. Arc floodlights hang overhead. 362:("Optical Theatre") film system at the 143:, literature, theatre and visual arts. 14: 10700: 10565: 10558:Schrader, Paul. "Notes on Film Noir". 10497: 10425: 10371:The Story of Film: A Worldwide History 10203:Brenhouse, Hillary (31 January 2011). 10082: 9810: 9777: 9724: 9613:. Satyajit Ray Society. Archived from 9517: 9416: 9140:"Studio Babelsberg (Potsdam, Germany)" 9054:"Studio Babelsberg (Potsdam, Germany)" 8928: 8697: 8487:"BFI Screenonline: Stop Thief! (1901)" 8155: 8098: 7910: 7803: 7700: 7352: 7188: 6936: 6732: 6597: 6425: 5395:genres successfully in the 1978 films 5270:films. At the beginning of the 1980s, 4971:(now Mumbai) that ended up dominating 4812:originated the concept of the modern " 4114:The 1950s was also a 'Golden Age' for 3973:(1955–1959) from critically acclaimed 3870:(1980), and has also inspired several 3314:House Un-American Activities Committee 2316:records of talks and music. The early 1553:cross-cutting between parallel actions 1073:was described in the catalogue of the 770:established new companies such as the 666:of their image. In a 1955 article for 10505:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 10416:New Hollywood Cinema: An Introduction 9355:Daniels, Tracy K. (11 January 2008). 9299: 8966: 8933:. Taylor & Francis. p. 126. 8903: 8805:You Could Be the Winner (Volume – II) 8730: 8670: 8563:Soloski, Alexis (14 September 2018). 7961: 7677:"Film History Milestones – Pre-1900s" 7595: 7536: 7480:Early cinema: space, frame, narrative 6964: 6960: 6958: 6862: 6860: 6858: 6560: 6399: 6376:Ghost Images: Cinema of the Afterlife 6001:. Disney's success culminated in the 4607:, (which was replaced in 1968 by the 2222:traditions in art and drama, such as 1690:, who made a series of thrillers and 1549:le Cheval emballé (The Runaway Horse) 1312:Motion Picture Patents Company (MPPC) 1138:from one shot to the next. Following 511:In the latter half of 1895, brothers 48:that began in the late 19th century. 10187: 9895: 9823:University of California, Santa Cruz 9571: 9371: 9326:"The Golden Age of the Foreign Film" 8807:. Sankalp Publication. p. 223. 8536: 8286: 8073: 7871: 7503: 7239: 7161: 6828: 6716:"Le Théâtre optique – Émile Reynaud" 6312: 6149: 6008:Major film studios tried to emulate 4887:, largely due to its reinvention by 3508:shortly before his death, including 3470:and historical spectaculars include 3406:avante-gardists caused riots at the 2729:" (1939), in costume films such as " 1645:Universal Film Manufacturing Company 1569:, first used in 1910 in Vitagraph's 1415:Den hvide Slavinde (The White Slave) 1409:company was set up there in 1906 by 1162:continuation of the original scene. 722:(a.k.a. Gentleman Jim) had become a 10430:. Cambridge: Open Book Publishers. 10236:Helmore, Edward (1 November 2014). 9662: 9419:"The 'Sight & Sound' of Canons" 9384: 8585:from the original on 2 January 2022 8512:"The execution of Mary Stuart 1895" 7539:"James J. Corbett: Theatrical Star" 7080: 6262:List of motion picture film formats 4983:to create a new film genre called " 3196:directed his influential thrillers 3057:directed by Italian-born filmmaker 2799:The Life and Death of Colonel Blimp 2296:During late 1927, Warners released 840:framing, the metaphorical plane or 522:Workers Leaving the Lumière Factory 475:The Dickson Experimental Sound Film 67:contributing specific roles in the 24: 10553:British Cinema: A Critical History 10521:The Oxford History of World Cinema 10286: 10113:. Trentham Books. pp. 98–99. 9917: 9725:Thomas, Daniel (20 January 2003). 9417:Totaro, Donato (31 January 2003). 8803:Ahmed Sayeed (24 September 2019). 8610:ETC: A Review of General Semantics 8407: 8321: 8156:Leeder, Murray (10 January 2017). 8047: 7989:The Cinema of Attractions Reloaded 7266:William Howard Guynn, ed. (2011). 7133:. Rutgers University Press. 2009. 7098:"Silent Films Had a Musical Voice" 7050:The Cinema of Attractions Reloaded 6955: 6855: 6718:. 11 November 2008. Archived from 6373:Ruffles, Tom (27 September 2004). 6267:List of the first films by country 5578:"independent" production companies 5322:Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind 3295:Poster for the 1956 Egyptian film 2682: 560:A 1900 restaging of the 1897 film 25: 10744: 10618: 10313:Film History. Theory and Practice 10311:Robert C. Allen, Douglas Gomery: 10246:. Guardian News and Media Limited 10175:"You don't know Jack (Nicholson)" 9778:Jivani, Alkarim (February 2009). 9693: 9490: 9273: 7575: 7504:Abel, Richard, ed. (2004-03-01). 6400:Meier, Allison C. (12 May 2018). 6073:. Other acclaimed films included 5477:gained fame; and especially the " 5387:. He had previously combined the 5311:was founded. The studio produced 4785:'s hugely expensive Western epic 4352:called for a politically engaged 4340:films and became the "father" of 4274:Saturday Night and Sunday Morning 4263:In Britain, the "Free Cinema" of 4109:Sijibganeun nal (The Wedding Day) 3896:(1964), and inspired films with " 3854:has been remade several times as 3422:and split with the movement, the 3048:at the peak of their popularity. 2245:in the late teens and the 1920s. 1701: 1516: 1171:. The film, which film historian 914:film catalogs. In 1906, she made 391:Novelty era (1890s – early 1900s) 10329:. AS Barnes & Company, 1980. 10258: 10229: 10196: 10181: 10167: 10141: 10102: 10083:Medhat, Noha (25 January 2016). 10076: 10051: 10026: 10001: 9975: 9946: 9911: 9898:"A Brief History of Korean Film" 9804: 9718: 9687: 9663:Ray, Suchetana (11 March 2008). 9656: 9565: 9548: 9542: 9511: 9484: 9459: 9440: 9318: 9293: 9088:"110 years of Studio Babelsberg" 8929:Warren, Buckland (3 June 2009). 8644:"The Great Train Robbery (1903)" 8537:Reid, Steven (21 January 2019). 8235: 7804:Wexman, Virginia Wright (2010). 6512:Eisenhauer, Jennifer F. (2006). 6218:History of science fiction films 5836:In 2003, there was a revival in 5709:led to a revival of interest in 4846:films began. Porn films such as 4050:'s cinematographic technique of 3952:movement of the 1960s to 1980s. 3900:" storytelling methods, such as 2584:'s classic "giant monster" film 934:German inventor and film tycoon 866:began film production under the 450:In June 1889, American inventor 269: 249: 40:chronicles the development of a 10635:An Introduction to Early cinema 10426:Kolker, Robert Phillip (2009). 10322:(British Film Institute, 1986). 9755:. The Statesman. Archived from 9604: 9385:Lee, Kevin (5 September 2002). 9267: 9242: 9227: 9185: 9164: 9146: 9132: 9114: 9094: 9080: 9060: 9046: 9019: 8986: 8960: 8947: 8922: 8871: 8846: 8821: 8724: 8691: 8636: 8597: 8556: 8530: 8504: 8451: 8426: 8401: 8376:100 Westerns: BFI Screen Guides 8366: 8341: 8280: 8255: 8229: 8196: 8182: 8149: 8092: 8067: 8015: 7980: 7964:Alice Guy Blaché Cinema Pioneer 7931: 7904: 7797: 7737: 7694: 7669: 7636: 7631:An Introduction to World Cinema 7530: 7497: 7470: 7443: 7306: 7259: 7233: 7182: 7155: 7123: 7089: 7074: 7041: 7016: 6991: 6930: 6895: 6778: 6753: 6634: 5689:. A new genre was created with 5257:limited/roadshow release system 3922:was also an inspiration behind 3342:translated into a type of near- 3164:In the late 1940s, in Britain, 3081:was founded in October 1947 by 2838:Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs 2660:Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs 2171:The Adventures of Prince Achmed 1613:During World War I and industry 1575:La mala planta (The Evil Plant) 1456:, a newsreel cameraman for the 633:Bushranging in North Queensland 206:In 1833, scientific study of a 10465:. Thunder's Mouth Press, 2001. 10380:, 2nd edition. New Brunswick: 10340:Rawlence, Christopher (1990). 10336:Charles Scribner's Sons, 1990. 10315:, New York: Alfred Knopf, 1985 10308:. London: B.T. Batsford, 1991. 10299:University of California Press 9954:"History of Philippine Cinema" 9636:Newman J (17 September 2001). 9238:. Nicolae Sfetcu. p. 774. 8908:. Starword. pp. 108–139. 8379:. Bloomsbury Publishing (UK). 6908:. Edinburgh University Press. 6591: 6554: 6505: 6470: 6419: 6393: 6366: 6333: 6186:Culture-historical archaeology 6133:Academy Award for Best Picture 5921:Rise of the Planet of the Apes 5871:After James Cameron's 3D film 5780:Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon 5300:Macross: Do You Remember Love? 5053:The Chant of Jimmie Blacksmith 4289:. Other British films such as 3551:Creature from the Black Lagoon 3416:Treatise on Slime and Eternity 3357:Invasion of the Body Snatchers 3352:invading armies of evil aliens 2742:World War II and its aftermath 2306:in 1914 with the lengthy film 1419:Isbjørnejagt (Polar Bear Hunt) 13: 1: 10640:Origins of Cinema Documentary 10566:Steele, Asa (February 1911). 9234:Nicolae Sfetcu (6 May 2014). 8702:. C. Scribner. pp. 4–6. 8324:"As Seen Through a Telescope" 8099:Natale, Simone (2012-03-21). 6567:Cinematicity in Media History 6379:. McFarland. pp. 15–17. 6300: 6288:The Story of Film: An Odyssey 5730:The Lord of the Rings trilogy 5203:'s portrayal of the demented 4963:" was coined for the growing 4876:among its leading exponents. 4423:My Wife, the Director General 4336:produced several French- and 3967:. One of the most famous was 3051:1946 saw RKO Radio releasing 2784:in 1942, which won a special 1745:) shots, as in Sidney Drew's 1246:started making films for the 1039:". These filmmakers included 707:The Corbett-Fitzsimmons Fight 382:projected moving images from 210:illusion in spoked wheels by 128: 106:and affordable, high-quality 10519:Nowell-Smith, Geoffrey, ed. 10188:Lang, Brent (4 April 2018). 9520:"Raging Bull: A film review" 9470:. I. B. Tauris. p. 96. 8117:10.1080/17460654.2012.664745 8105:Early Popular Visual Culture 7506:Encyclopedia of Early Cinema 7240:Hunt, Kristin (7 May 2020). 5970:Star Wars: The Force Awakens 5952:American box office receipts 4577:was also the origin of the " 3631:20,000 Leagues Under the Sea 2925:, and the immensely popular 2731:The Adventures of Robin Hood 2590:. The trend thrived best in 2268: 1865:The Man That Might Have Been 1324:New film producing countries 1224:The Execution of Mary Stuart 731:British Antarctic Expedition 670:film producer and historian 595:Edison Manufacturing Company 296:cabinet cards, photographer 7: 10664:Early History of Wide Films 10360:A History of Narrative Film 9943:. Accessed 25 January 2009. 9427:Canada Council for the Arts 9214:"Film History of the 1920s" 7914:Birth of the motion picture 7911:Toulet, Emmanuelle (1995). 7477:Tom Elsaesser, ed. (1990). 6831:A history of narrative film 6694:10.2979/filmhistory.28.2.06 6247:List of cinema of the world 6173: 6048:The Tale of Princess Kaguya 5398:Snake in the Eagle's Shadow 4931:Snake in the Eagle's Shadow 4647:(1955), and in Hitchcock's 3517:Around the World in 80 Days 3064:The Best Years of Our Lives 2309:The Photo-Drama of Creation 2135:The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari 1933: 1923:The Photo-Drama of Creation 1915:The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari 1694:through the war years, but 1624:The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari 1260:Life of an American Fireman 1157:As Seen Through a Telescope 1115:As Seen Through a Telescope 1026:Scrooge, or Marley's Ghost. 982:Scrooge, or, Marley's Ghost 396:Advances towards projection 114:and popular feature-length 10: 10749: 10606:. Visible Ink Press, 1999. 10265:Susan Dudley Gold (2014). 9195:. News.usc.edu. 1997-03-17 8735:. McFarland. p. 278. 8385:10.5040/9781838710590.0039 7943:The origins of Pathé-Natan 7578:"Smith, Percy (1880–1945)" 7024:"Film History Before 1920" 6620:10.2979/filmhistory.27.3.1 6612:10.2979/filmhistory.27.3.1 6257:List of color film systems 6153: 6142: 6094:Portrait of a Lady on Fire 5931: 5884:Illumination Entertainment 5641: 5510:Terminator 2: Judgment Day 5500: 5481:" genre, revolving around 5140:E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial 5073: 4798:The financial disaster of 4618:The Last House on the Left 4588: 4145: 4103:by the renowned director, 3669: 3666:Golden age of Asian cinema 3267: 2811:A Matter of Life and Death 2745: 2686: 2346:List of film sound systems 2344:, that can be seen in the 2278: 2272: 2043: 1423:Løvejagten (The Lion Hunt) 685:using a device called the 642: 454:assigned a lab assistant, 132: 31:History of film technology 28: 10723:Film and video technology 10630:What is a Camera Obscura? 10483:10.1080/13642520701652103 10420:Columbia University Press 10362:, 2nd edition. New York: 9572:Kehr, Dave (5 May 1995). 9495:. Hatchet. Archived from 9300:Aaron, Lefkovitz (2017). 9174:. Scifist.net. 2019-01-13 8993:Keating, Patrick (2010). 8957:, Retrieved 15 April 2009 8953:American Movie Classics, 8671:North, Joseph H. (1973). 8604:Mashiah, Igal I. (1980). 8373:Buscombe, Edward (2006). 8328:BFI Screenonline Database 8054:BFI Screenonline Database 7966:. Yale University Press. 7758:10.1515/9789048515059-005 7483:. London : BFI Pub. 6340:Parkinson, David (2012). 6125:won six awards. In 2020, 6069:achieved 100% ratings on 5810:The Passion of the Christ 5572:Cinema admissions in 1995 5379:films after the death of 4375:. The Zulfikar brothers; 3396:The Bad and the Beautiful 3189:The Man in the White Suit 2778:'s celebrated naval film 2689:Color motion picture film 2118:German Expressionist film 1764:of the fair-ground type. 1758:(The Madness of Dr. Tube) 1710:Complex vignette shot in 1168:Attack on a China Mission 1093:The House That Jack Built 1017:Attack on a China Mission 585:The Fairy of the Cabbages 513:Auguste and Louis Lumière 61:film production companies 10670:Hollywood Movies History 10625:Cinema: From 1890 To Now 10408:10.1215/10407391-3696631 10382:Rutgers University Press 9813:"An Art Wedded to Truth" 9811:Sragow, Michael (1994). 9026:Bukatman, Scott (1997). 8238:"The Kiss in the Tunnel" 8160:. Springer. p. 86. 7543:Journal of Sport History 7450:Gina De Angelis (2003). 7162:Bohn, Thomas W. (1987). 7005:. 1895-10-19. p. 20 6937:Musser, Charles (1991). 6765:www.ottomar-anschuetz.de 6518:Studies in Art Education 6313:Bohn, Thomas W. (1987). 6252:List of cinematic firsts 6138: 6016:created franchises like 5927: 5899:How To Train Your Dragon 5807:(Brazilian Portuguese), 5637: 5538:Sex, Lies, and Videotape 5496: 5343:Original video animation 5069: 4870:Rainer Werner Fassbinder 4641:films, in films such as 4584: 4141: 3961:Indian independent films 3683:, Japanese film director 3376:The Manchurian Candidate 3263: 3183:Kind Hearts and Coronets 2736: 2547:Under the Roofs of Paris 2426:Creative impact of sound 2324:were soon superseded by 2263: 2039: 1981:, who both started with 1756:la Folie du Docteur Tube 1088:The Awkward Sign Painter 1002:loss of many early films 10645:History of Film Formats 10548:. Westview Press, 2000. 10525:Oxford University Press 10378:A Short History of Film 9960:. Aenet. Archived from 8731:Larry, Langman (2000). 8698:Bowser, Eileen (1990). 8491:www.screenonline.org.uk 8438:www.screenonline.org.uk 8414:www.screenonline.org.uk 8353:www.screenonline.org.uk 8267:www.screenonline.org.uk 8080:www.screenonline.org.uk 7842:A Short History of Film 7367:10.2979/FIL.2004.16.1.9 6967:A world history of film 6829:Cook, David A. (1990). 6663:10.1525/fq.2004.57.2.15 6213:History of horror films 5768:. Later in the decade, 5616:Pixar Animation Studios 5485:, largely pioneered by 5373:Hong Kong action cinema 5273:Space Battleship Yamato 4918:Hong Kong action cinema 4899:style. This began with 4761:, and Polish immigrant 4609:MPAA film rating system 4218:produced films such as 3867:Battle Beyond the Stars 3532:(1963) plus many more. 3443:, which would remain a 2605:At this time, American 1909:Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde 1906:, the famous 1920 film 1800:The Avenging Conscience 1770:The Avenging Conscience 1283:The Great Train Robbery 1273:The Great Train Robbery 1242:The American filmmaker 1212:The Great Train Robbery 1145:Grandma's Reading Glass 1112:The first two shots of 1075:Warwick Trading Company 695:William Kennedy Dickson 503:, used their self-made 456:William Kennedy Dickson 10597:British Film Institute 9607:"Ordeals of the Alien" 9551:"Ivory, James (1928–)" 9107:The Hollywood Reporter 8853:Richard, Abel (1999). 8028:British Film Institute 7948:9 January 2008 at the 7872:Abel, Richard (1993). 7643:Wakeman, John (1987). 7242:"The First Movie Kiss" 7003:Democrat and Chronicle 6999:"The World Of Science" 6965:Sklar, Robert (2002). 6785:Fischer, Paul (2022). 6676:Rossell, Deac (2016). 6242:List of books on films 5976:Avengers: Infinity War 5853:Spy Kids 3D: Game Over 5759:The Matrix Revolutions 5573: 5473:" subgenre, for which 5419:Jackie Chan Stunt Team 5338:Grave of the Fireflies 5297:anime. The success of 5215: 5037:Picnic at Hanging Rock 5017:as well as Kurosawa's 4830:The Poseidon Adventure 4477:In the Year of the Pig 4389:Ezz El Dine Zulfikar's 4323:films, beginning with 4221:Les quatre cents coups 4170: 4166:Saladin the Victorious 3684: 3309: 3288: 3124: 2970:melodramas (including 2576:(both 1931). In 1933, 2499: 2439: 2293: 2109: 2062: 1849:His Phantom Sweetheart 1843:in his films, such as 1791: 1747:The Story of the Glove 1717: 1632: 1537: 1344: 1219: 1154:. In 1900, Smith made 1140:The Kiss in the Tunnel 1125:The Kiss in the Tunnel 1119: 1006:British Film Institute 931: 922:Germany: Oskar Messter 821:The House of the Devil 766: 691:Eugene Augustin Lauste 574:the 1895 Edison film, 570: 496: 426:Wordsworth Donisthorpe 421: 10713:Art history by medium 10400:Duke University Press 8733:Destination Hollywood 7514:10.4324/9780203482049 6585:10.3366/j.ctt9qdrrf.7 6272:List of years in film 6223:History of television 5848:Reality Camera System 5680:Bowling for Columbine 5670:March of the Penguins 5648:Since the late 2000s 5571: 5213: 4977:Bengali film industry 4844:hardcore pornographic 4668:The French Connection 4644:Rebel Without a Cause 4503:2001: A Space Odyssey 4155: 4091:cinema of South Korea 4054:also originates from 3861:The Magnificent Seven 3679: 3570:civil rights movement 3363:The War of the Worlds 3294: 3277: 3109: 3100:Motion Painting No. 1 3054:It's a Wonderful Life 2985:Here Comes Mr. Jordan 2829:Shakespearean history 2630:It Happened One Night 2488: 2433: 2288: 2122:Filmstudio Babelsberg 2099: 2084:The Birth of a Nation 2058: 2023:die Austernprinzessin 1903:The Birth of a Nation 1886:The Whispering Chorus 1814:The Pride of the Clan 1779: 1715:(The Oyster Princess) 1713:die Austernprinzessin 1709: 1676:military mobilization 1662:The Birth of a Nation 1620: 1524: 1477:Aleksandr Khanzhonkov 1458:Svenskabiografteatern 1450:Swedish film industry 1337: 1281:of motion on screen. 1257:In 1902, Porter shot 1208: 1111: 1071:The Corsican Brothers 1062:Photographing a Ghost 929: 761: 559: 501:Skladanowsky brothers 488: 444:Roundhay Garden Scene 438:Skladanowsky brothers 434:William Friese-Greene 414:Roundhay Garden Scene 411: 256:Eadweard Muybridge's 10602:Unterburger, Amy L. 10544:Rocchio, Vincent F. 10344:. Charles Atheneum. 9818:The Atlantic Monthly 9675:on 15 September 2009 9586:on 15 September 2009 9518:Antani, Jay (2004). 9466:Robinson, A (2003). 8904:Barry, Salt (1992). 8190:"Santa Claus (1898)" 7962:Simon, Joan (2009). 7629:Gazetas, Aristides. 7537:Woods, Alan (1976). 7456:. The Oliver Press. 6722:on 11 November 2008. 6561:Marsh, Joss (2013). 6208:History of animation 6018:DC Extended Universe 5894:DreamWorks Animation 5822:Inglourious Basterds 5762:and a re-release of 5719:renewed interest in 5593:Beauty and the Beast 4893:Chinese martial arts 4836:The Towering Inferno 4686:Francis Ford Coppola 4560:A Fistful of Dollars 4445:Cuban Missile Crisis 4418:Salah Zulfikar Films 4377:Ezz El-Dine Zulfikar 4367:, the golden age of 4036:The Atlantic Monthly 3473:The Ten Commandments 3408:Cannes Film Festival 3093:, and the same year 2897:(1943), scripted by 2532:, 1934). In France, 2304:Charles Taze Russell 2210:and the romances of 2065:At the start of the 1684:German film industry 1653:Famous Players–Lasky 1621:The visual style of 1377:La Caduta di Troia ( 880:Gaumont Film Company 857:science fiction film 780:Gaumont Film Company 612:Limelight Department 469:Edison's Black Maria 338:Chicago World's Fair 177:Age of Enlightenment 65:cinematic techniques 10675:Technicolor History 9958:Philippine Journeys 9530:on 14 February 2009 9393:on 18 February 2012 9304:. Lexington Books. 9110:. 10 February 2022. 9090:. 10 February 2022. 8518:on 30 December 2013 8192:. BFI Screenonline. 7952:La Trobe University 7607:wildfilmhistory.org 7081:Sammond, Nicholas. 6924:10.3366/j.ctt1r28dt 5905:Shrek Forever After 5843:Ghosts of the Abyss 5765:The Matrix Reloaded 5660:and other forms of 5331:(1986), as well as 5189:'s 1989 version of 4995:all at once, with " 4409:Dearer Than My Life 4238:narrative structure 3920:The Hidden Fortress 3890:was also remade as 3823:The Hidden Fortress 3177:Passport to Pimlico 2918:Yankee Doodle Dandy 2915:biographical film, 2814:(1946), as well as 2513:The Broadway Melody 2498:theatrical trailer. 2028:The Oyster Princess 1870:William J. Humphrey 1735:Fanchon the Cricket 1657:David Wark Griffith 1233:Mary Queen of Scots 1084:Tipsy, Topsy, Turvy 1041:George Albert Smith 1028:In most countries, 849:for his 1902 film, 817:Le Manoir du Diable 712:Carson City, Nevada 508:become successful. 375:Autour d'une cabine 302:Étienne-Jules Marey 293:The Horse in Motion 258:The Horse in Motion 116:computer animations 10690:2020-10-05 at the 10650:Film Sound History 10530:Parkinson, David. 10471:Rethinking History 10217:on 2 February 2011 10177:. 8 November 2013. 10155:on 9 November 2006 9989:. 13 November 2017 9922:. Korean Film Page 9792:on 1 February 2009 9733:on 6 February 2003 9644:on 4 November 2005 9499:on 2 November 2007 9456:, 20 January 2002. 9453:The New York Times 8571:The New York Times 7102:The New York Times 6282:Runaway production 6202:Film & History 6167:streaming services 6082:The Social Network 6076:Mad Max: Fury Road 6020:. Disney produced 5880:Universal Pictures 5859:Aliens of the Deep 5662:home entertainment 5614:, was produced by 5574: 5363:'s cyberpunk film 5284:Mobile Suit Gundam 5279:Mobile Suit Gundam 5262:During the 1980s, 5247:A Room with a View 5241:The Killing Fields 5216: 5172:The King of Comedy 5025:Spaghetti Westerns 4973:South Asian cinema 4959:, where the term " 4885:martial arts films 4662:A Clockwork Orange 4426:(1966) as well as 4332:During the 1960s, 4286:This Sporting Life 4210:directors such as 4200:The Sound of Music 4171: 4124:Gregorio Fernández 3909:The Usual Suspects 3734:Sansho the Bailiff 3685: 3619:Lady and the Tramp 3310: 3289: 3246:Emeric Pressburger 3231:Great Expectations 3135:Italian neorealism 3125: 3111:Italian neorealist 2982:), and films like 2942:The Maltese Falcon 2894:Watch on the Rhine 2794:Emeric Pressburger 2761:Went the Day Well? 2676:Gone with The Wind 2640:She Done Him Wrong 2558:Universal Pictures 2500: 2440: 2387:I Was Born, But... 2380:(China, 1934) and 2352:. Debuts the film 2320:processes such as 2294: 2243:Erich von Stroheim 2216:continuity editing 2110: 2063: 1792: 1718: 1633: 1567:point of view shot 1538: 1345: 1338:Italian epic film 1278:Western film genre 1220: 1151:Mary Jane's Mishap 1120: 977:multiple exposures 932: 916:The Life of Christ 898:performed by Miss 847:widely known today 767: 616:The Salvation Army 600:The May Irwin Kiss 571: 497: 422: 333:The Crystal Palace 298:Eadweard Muybridge 228:Charles Wheatstone 135:Precursors of film 92:smartphone cameras 10437:10.11647/OBP.0002 9877:. Cinemacom. 2002 9785:Sight & Sound 9759:on 3 January 2008 9423:Offscreen Journal 9387:"A Slanted Canon" 9280:Chicago Sun-Times 9236:The Art of Movies 9126:Studio Babelsberg 9004:978-0-231-52020-1 8833:www.kosmorama.org 8684:978-0-405-04101-3 8408:Brooke, Michael. 8394:978-1-83871-059-0 8322:Brooke, Michael. 8214:978-0-86196-746-9 8167:978-1-137-58371-0 8050:"Come Along, Do!" 8048:Brooke, Michael. 7998:978-90-5356-945-0 7973:978-0-300-15250-0 7924:978-0-8109-2874-9 7817:978-0-205-62528-4 7807:A history of film 7777:978-90-485-1505-9 7582:BFI Screenonlinee 7523:978-1-134-56676-1 7490:978-0-85170-244-5 7463:978-1-881508-78-6 7277:978-1-136-89939-3 7175:978-0-87484-702-4 7140:978-0-8135-4442-7 7059:978-90-5356-945-0 6948:978-0-520-06080-7 6915:978-0-7486-1906-1 6798:978-1-9821-1482-4 6351:978-0-500-20410-8 6326:978-0-87484-702-4 6191:Experimental film 6162:COVID-19 pandemic 6150:COVID-19 pandemic 6117:Katherine Bigelow 5964:Avengers: Endgame 5862:IMAX (2005), and 5543:Quentin Tarantino 5533:Steven Soderbergh 5454:Project A Part II 5393:martial arts film 5328:Castle in the Sky 5151:computer graphics 4967:film industry in 4778:At Long Last Love 4773:Peter Bogdanovich 4570:Last Man Standing 4393:The River of Love 4212:François Truffaut 4132:Lamberto Avellana 4116:Philippine cinema 3999:François Truffaut 3691:, especially for 3659:The King's Speech 3581:On the Waterfront 3575:Blackboard Jungle 3563:Dorothy Dandridge 3079:The Actors Studio 3023:The Body Snatcher 2996:I Married a Witch 2921:(1942), starring 2904:Shadow of a Doubt 2888:Objective, Burma! 2882:Forever and a Day 2870:Desperate Journey 2836:. The success of 2805:A Canterbury Tale 2781:In Which We Serve 2719:Flowers and Trees 2408:Katharine Hepburn 2328:methods like Fox 2208:Douglas Fairbanks 2162:Woman in the Moon 2102:Babelsberg Studio 1860:Vitagraph Company 1829:Kaiser Wilhelm II 1783:Old Wives for New 1762:distorting mirror 1635:The years of the 1534:Vitagraph Studios 1530:The Bargain Fiend 1473:Aleksandr Drankov 1454:Charles Magnusson 1427:white slave trade 1373:Giovanni Pastrone 1335: 1289:opened the first 807:Star Film Company 801:, and the use of 799:multiple exposure 772:Star Film Company 576:Washday Troubles, 557: 528:L'Arroseur Arrosé 492:L'Arroseur Arrosé 409: 384:Electrotachyscope 352:illustrated songs 343:Fred Ott's Sneeze 329:Electrotachyscope 288:chronophotography 278:electrotachyscope 262:chronophotography 82:(1950s), 3D, and 46:film technologies 18:History of cinema 16:(Redirected from 10740: 10589: 10587: 10585: 10516: 10494: 10454:Landry, Marcia. 10451: 10439: 10411: 10355: 10332:Bowser, Eileen. 10325:Basten, Fred E. 10281: 10280: 10262: 10256: 10255: 10253: 10251: 10233: 10227: 10226: 10224: 10222: 10213:. 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Archived from 8508: 8502: 8501: 8499: 8497: 8483: 8474: 8473: 8471: 8469: 8455: 8449: 8448: 8446: 8444: 8430: 8424: 8423: 8421: 8420: 8405: 8399: 8398: 8370: 8364: 8363: 8361: 8359: 8345: 8339: 8338: 8336: 8334: 8319: 8313: 8312: 8284: 8278: 8277: 8275: 8273: 8259: 8253: 8252: 8250: 8248: 8233: 8227: 8226: 8200: 8194: 8193: 8186: 8180: 8179: 8153: 8147: 8146: 8128: 8096: 8090: 8089: 8087: 8086: 8074:Davidson, Ewan. 8071: 8065: 8064: 8062: 8060: 8045: 8039: 8038: 8036: 8035: 8019: 8013: 8012: 8010: 7984: 7978: 7977: 7959: 7953: 7935: 7929: 7928: 7908: 7902: 7901: 7869: 7860: 7859: 7837: 7822: 7821: 7801: 7795: 7794: 7793: 7792: 7769: 7741: 7735: 7734: 7698: 7692: 7691: 7689: 7687: 7681:www.filmsite.org 7673: 7667: 7666: 7647:. H. W. Wilson. 7640: 7634: 7627: 7618: 7617: 7615: 7613: 7599: 7593: 7592: 7590: 7588: 7573: 7567: 7566: 7534: 7528: 7527: 7501: 7495: 7494: 7474: 7468: 7467: 7447: 7441: 7440: 7404: 7387: 7386: 7350: 7339: 7338: 7310: 7304: 7303: 7297: 7289: 7263: 7257: 7256: 7254: 7252: 7237: 7231: 7230: 7197:(1): 1293–1317. 7186: 7180: 7179: 7159: 7153: 7152: 7127: 7121: 7120: 7118: 7116: 7093: 7087: 7086: 7078: 7072: 7071: 7045: 7039: 7038: 7036: 7034: 7028:www.filmsite.org 7020: 7014: 7013: 7011: 7010: 6995: 6989: 6988: 6962: 6953: 6952: 6934: 6928: 6927: 6899: 6893: 6892: 6864: 6853: 6852: 6826: 6811: 6810: 6782: 6776: 6775: 6773: 6771: 6757: 6751: 6750: 6730: 6724: 6723: 6712: 6706: 6705: 6673: 6667: 6666: 6638: 6632: 6631: 6595: 6589: 6588: 6558: 6552: 6551: 6533: 6531:10.2307/25475781 6509: 6503: 6502: 6474: 6468: 6467: 6428:Critical Inquiry 6423: 6417: 6416: 6414: 6412: 6397: 6391: 6390: 6370: 6364: 6363: 6337: 6331: 6330: 6310: 6100:The Tree of Life 5624:20th Century Fox 5479:heroic bloodshed 5229:Chariots of Fire 5133:, a division of 5005:Amitabh Bachchan 4912:Enter the Dragon 4723:William Friedkin 4579:Man with No Name 4533:Bonnie and Clyde 4491:Bonnie and Clyde 4486:Emile de Antonio 4412:(1965) starring 4398:Mahmoud Zulfikar 4385:Mahmoud Zulfikar 4346:Fernando Solanas 4280:A Kind of Loving 4265:Lindsay Anderson 4242:Federico Fellini 4100:Yangsan Province 4039:, the "youthful 4003:Steven Spielberg 3991:Abbas Kiarostami 3773:(1959), and the 3715:(1955–1959) and 3445:20th Century Fox 3390:Sunset Boulevard 3371:fifth columnists 3121:Vittorio De Sica 3095:Oskar Fischinger 3028:women's pictures 3017:Isle of the Dead 2899:Dashiell Hammett 2816:Laurence Olivier 2727:The Wizard of Oz 2670:The Wizard of Oz 2618:The Public Enemy 2582:Merian C. Cooper 2560:began releasing 2474:Alfred Hitchcock 2464:Rouben Mamoulian 2453:Chinatown Nights 2436:The Wizard of Oz 2400:Great Depression 1955:Maurice Tourneur 1945:Cecil B. DeMille 1881:Cecil B. DeMille 1809:Maurice Tourneur 1788:Cecil B. DeMille 1542:low-key lighting 1379:The Fall of Troy 1369:Italian industry 1336: 1184:wipe transitions 1045:James Williamson 955:Unter den Linden 908:serpentine dance 810:trapdoors and a 720:James J. Corbett 683:Woodville Latham 672:Kenneth Macgowan 581:La Fée aux Choux 563:La Fée aux Choux 558: 410: 380:Ottomar Anschütz 325:Ottomar Anschütz 314:Ottomar Anschütz 273: 253: 197:dissolving views 57:Lumière brothers 21: 10748: 10747: 10743: 10742: 10741: 10739: 10738: 10737: 10728:Film production 10708:History of film 10698: 10697: 10692:Wayback Machine 10621: 10616: 10592:Tsivian, Yuri. 10583: 10581: 10551:Sargeant, Amy. 10532:History of Film 10513: 10499:Musser, Charles 10477:(11): 565–575. 10461:Merritt, Greg. 10448: 10369:Cousins, Mark. 10358:Cook, David A. 10352: 10318:Barr, Charles. 10293:Abel, Richard. 10289: 10287:Further reading 10284: 10277: 10267:Kathryn Bigelow 10263: 10259: 10249: 10247: 10234: 10230: 10220: 10218: 10201: 10197: 10186: 10182: 10173: 10172: 10168: 10158: 10156: 10147: 10146: 10142: 10126: 10125: 10121: 10107: 10103: 10093: 10091: 10081: 10077: 10067: 10065: 10057: 10056: 10052: 10042: 10040: 10032: 10031: 10027: 10017: 10015: 10007: 10006: 10002: 9992: 9990: 9981: 9980: 9976: 9967: 9965: 9952: 9951: 9947: 9939: 9935: 9925: 9923: 9918:Paquet, Darcy. 9916: 9912: 9902: 9900: 9896:Marshall, Jon. 9894: 9890: 9880: 9878: 9873: 9872: 9868: 9858: 9856: 9849:"Subrata Mitra" 9847: 9846: 9842: 9832: 9830: 9809: 9805: 9795: 9793: 9780:"Mumbai rising" 9776: 9772: 9762: 9760: 9751: 9750: 9746: 9736: 9734: 9723: 9719: 9709: 9707: 9706:on 14 June 2006 9692: 9688: 9678: 9676: 9661: 9657: 9647: 9645: 9634: 9630: 9620: 9618: 9605:Ray, Satyajit. 9603: 9599: 9589: 9587: 9570: 9566: 9556: 9554: 9553:. Screen Online 9549:Hall, Sheldon. 9547: 9543: 9533: 9531: 9516: 9512: 9502: 9500: 9489: 9485: 9478: 9464: 9460: 9445: 9441: 9431: 9429: 9415: 9406: 9396: 9394: 9383: 9372: 9362: 9360: 9353: 9349: 9339: 9337: 9336:on 19 June 2008 9324: 9323: 9319: 9312: 9298: 9294: 9284: 9282: 9272: 9268: 9259: 9257: 9248: 9247: 9243: 9232: 9228: 9218: 9216: 9212: 9211: 9207: 9198: 9196: 9191: 9190: 9186: 9177: 9175: 9170: 9169: 9165: 9158:www.acmi.net.au 9152: 9151: 9147: 9138: 9137: 9133: 9120: 9119: 9115: 9100: 9099: 9095: 9086: 9085: 9081: 9066: 9065: 9061: 9052: 9051: 9047: 9040: 9024: 9020: 9005: 8991: 8987: 8977: 8975: 8965: 8961: 8952: 8948: 8941: 8927: 8923: 8916: 8902: 8887: 8876: 8872: 8865: 8851: 8847: 8837: 8835: 8827: 8826: 8822: 8815: 8801: 8750: 8743: 8729: 8725: 8710: 8696: 8692: 8685: 8669: 8662: 8652: 8650: 8642: 8641: 8637: 8602: 8598: 8588: 8586: 8561: 8557: 8547: 8545: 8543:The Independent 8535: 8531: 8521: 8519: 8510: 8509: 8505: 8495: 8493: 8485: 8484: 8477: 8467: 8465: 8457: 8456: 8452: 8442: 8440: 8432: 8431: 8427: 8418: 8416: 8406: 8402: 8395: 8371: 8367: 8357: 8355: 8347: 8346: 8342: 8332: 8330: 8320: 8316: 8285: 8281: 8271: 8269: 8261: 8260: 8256: 8246: 8244: 8234: 8230: 8215: 8201: 8197: 8188: 8187: 8183: 8168: 8154: 8150: 8097: 8093: 8084: 8082: 8072: 8068: 8058: 8056: 8046: 8042: 8033: 8031: 8021: 8020: 8016: 7999: 7985: 7981: 7974: 7960: 7956: 7950:Wayback Machine 7936: 7932: 7925: 7909: 7905: 7870: 7863: 7856: 7838: 7825: 7818: 7802: 7798: 7790: 7788: 7778: 7742: 7738: 7715:10.2307/1225446 7699: 7695: 7685: 7683: 7675: 7674: 7670: 7655: 7641: 7637: 7628: 7621: 7611: 7609: 7601: 7600: 7596: 7586: 7584: 7576:Dixon, Bryony. 7574: 7570: 7535: 7531: 7524: 7502: 7498: 7491: 7475: 7471: 7464: 7453:Motion Pictures 7448: 7444: 7421:10.2307/1209964 7405: 7390: 7351: 7342: 7311: 7307: 7291: 7290: 7278: 7264: 7260: 7250: 7248: 7238: 7234: 7187: 7183: 7176: 7160: 7156: 7141: 7129: 7128: 7124: 7114: 7112: 7094: 7090: 7079: 7075: 7060: 7046: 7042: 7032: 7030: 7022: 7021: 7017: 7008: 7006: 6997: 6996: 6992: 6977: 6963: 6956: 6949: 6935: 6931: 6916: 6900: 6896: 6865: 6856: 6841: 6827: 6814: 6799: 6783: 6779: 6769: 6767: 6759: 6758: 6754: 6731: 6727: 6714: 6713: 6709: 6674: 6670: 6639: 6635: 6596: 6592: 6577: 6559: 6555: 6510: 6506: 6475: 6471: 6424: 6420: 6410: 6408: 6398: 6394: 6387: 6371: 6367: 6352: 6342:History of film 6338: 6334: 6327: 6311: 6307: 6303: 6298: 6277:Outline of film 6236:Kammerspielfilm 6176: 6158: 6152: 6147: 6141: 6122:The Hurt Locker 6071:Rotten Tomatoes 6066:Minding the Gap 5940:superhero films 5936: 5930: 5771:The Dark Knight 5753:Treasure Planet 5686:Fahrenheit 9/11 5650:streaming media 5646: 5640: 5505: 5499: 5471:girls with guns 5466:Dragons Forever 5436:Wheels on Meals 5377:Bruceploitation 5361:Katsuhiro Otomo 5347:Noboru Ishiguro 5303:also sparked a 5264:Japanese cinema 5224:Goldcrest Films 5155:Martin Scorsese 5098:Direct-to-video 5078: 5072: 4957:cinema of India 4922:Bruceploitation 4698:Terrence Malick 4682:Martin Scorsese 4605:production code 4593: 4587: 4515:Midnight Cowboy 4509:Rosemary's Baby 4454:Dr. Strangelove 4449:Stanley Kubrick 4428:Youssef Chahine 4369:Egyptian cinema 4334:Ousmane Sembène 4269:Tony Richardson 4216:Jean-Luc Godard 4208:French New Wave 4150: 4144: 4120:Gerardo de Leon 4056:The Apu Trilogy 4052:bounce lighting 4011:Jean-Luc Godard 3983:Martin Scorsese 3970:The Apu Trilogy 3942:Hiroshi Inagaki 3934:Kenji Mizoguchi 3898:Rashomon effect 3874:films, such as 3806:Japanese cinema 3798:Throne of Blood 3770:Kaagaz Ke Phool 3754:Floating Clouds 3723:Kenji Mizoguchi 3712:The Apu Trilogy 3674: 3668: 3650:Charlie Chaplin 3625:Sleeping Beauty 3586:Paddy Chayefsky 3504:, developed by 3424:Ultra-Lettrists 3420:Charlie Chaplin 3385:self-commentary 3326:Charlie Chaplin 3286:Charlton Heston 3272: 3266: 3251:Black Narcissus 3221:Brief Encounter 3205:The Fallen Idol 3146:Rome, Open City 3140:Bicycle Thieves 3116:Bicycle Thieves 3091:Cheryl Crawford 3074:The Big Red One 2991:Heaven Can Wait 2979:The Wicked Lady 2973:The Man in Grey 2933:Humphrey Bogart 2913:George M. Cohan 2909:Thornton Wilder 2827:, based on the 2750: 2744: 2739: 2721:", directed by 2691: 2685: 2683:Color in cinema 2448:William Wellman 2428: 2412:Humphrey Bogart 2348:. And in 1926, 2342:The Jazz Singer 2299:The Jazz Singer 2283: 2277: 2271: 2266: 2196:Charlie Chaplin 2090:The Jazz Singer 2067:First World War 2060:Charlie Chaplin 2053: 2048: 2042: 1997:Victor Sjöström 1979:Charles Chaplin 1936: 1780:Insert shot in 1704: 1692:adventure films 1637:First World War 1615: 1519: 1466:Mauritz Stiller 1462:Victor Sjöström 1328: 1326: 1321: 1308:corporate trust 1270:Porter's film, 1244:Edwin S. Porter 1217:Edwin S. Porter 1203: 1179:The Big Swallow 1103:optical printer 1057:double exposure 1037:Brighton School 1011:Come Along, Do! 964: 924: 872:Ferdinand Zecca 756: 751: 647: 641: 605:film censorship 547: 537:post-production 480:film projection 430:Louis Le Prince 419:Louis Le Prince 400: 398: 393: 360:Théâtre Optique 284: 283: 282: 281: 280: 274: 266: 265: 264:to study motion 254: 232:Antoine Claudet 224:phenakistiscope 216:Michael Faraday 189:superimposition 154:shadow puppetry 137: 131: 108:digital cameras 53:cinematographic 42:visual art form 38:history of film 34: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10746: 10736: 10735: 10730: 10725: 10720: 10718:Cinematography 10715: 10710: 10696: 10695: 10682: 10677: 10672: 10667: 10661: 10656: 10647: 10642: 10637: 10632: 10627: 10620: 10619:External links 10617: 10615: 10614: 10607: 10600: 10590: 10563: 10556: 10549: 10542: 10528: 10517: 10511: 10495: 10466: 10459: 10452: 10446: 10423: 10412: 10385: 10374: 10367: 10356: 10351:978-0689120688 10350: 10337: 10330: 10323: 10316: 10309: 10302: 10290: 10288: 10285: 10283: 10282: 10275: 10257: 10228: 10195: 10180: 10166: 10140: 10119: 10101: 10075: 10050: 10025: 10000: 9974: 9945: 9933: 9910: 9888: 9866: 9855:on 2 June 2009 9840: 9803: 9770: 9744: 9717: 9694:Habib, André. 9686: 9655: 9628: 9611:The Unmade Ray 9597: 9564: 9541: 9524:Filmcritic.com 9510: 9491:Ingui, Chris. 9483: 9476: 9458: 9439: 9404: 9370: 9347: 9317: 9310: 9292: 9274:Ebert, Roger. 9266: 9241: 9226: 9205: 9184: 9163: 9145: 9131: 9113: 9093: 9079: 9073:Deutsche Welle 9059: 9045: 9038: 9018: 9003: 8985: 8959: 8946: 8939: 8921: 8914: 8885: 8870: 8863: 8845: 8820: 8813: 8748: 8741: 8723: 8708: 8690: 8683: 8660: 8635: 8616:(4): 355–362. 8596: 8555: 8529: 8503: 8475: 8450: 8425: 8400: 8393: 8365: 8340: 8314: 8279: 8254: 8228: 8213: 8195: 8181: 8166: 8148: 8111:(2): 125–145. 8091: 8066: 8040: 8014: 8008:j.ctt46n09s.10 7997: 7979: 7972: 7954: 7930: 7923: 7903: 7884:(4): 363–385. 7861: 7854: 7823: 7816: 7796: 7776: 7736: 7703:Cinema Journal 7693: 7668: 7653: 7635: 7619: 7594: 7568: 7549:(2): 162–175. 7529: 7522: 7496: 7489: 7469: 7462: 7442: 7388: 7340: 7305: 7276: 7258: 7232: 7219:10.1086/421882 7203:10.1086/421882 7181: 7174: 7154: 7139: 7122: 7088: 7073: 7068:j.ctt46n09s.27 7058: 7040: 7015: 6990: 6975: 6954: 6947: 6929: 6914: 6894: 6854: 6839: 6812: 6797: 6777: 6752: 6741:(3): 191–202. 6725: 6707: 6668: 6643:Film Quarterly 6633: 6590: 6575: 6553: 6524:(3): 198–214. 6504: 6485:(4): 390–415. 6469: 6440:10.1086/448473 6418: 6392: 6385: 6365: 6350: 6332: 6325: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6296: 6291: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6269: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6249: 6244: 6239: 6232: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6198: 6196:Fictional film 6193: 6188: 6183: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6154:Main article: 6151: 6148: 6143:Main article: 6140: 6137: 6060:Leave No Trace 5982:Jurassic World 5932:Main article: 5929: 5926: 5721:musical cinema 5700:Voices of Iraq 5642:Main article: 5639: 5636: 5632:digital cinema 5548:Reservoir Dogs 5501:Main article: 5498: 5495: 5489:and for which 5460:Police Story 2 5404:Drunken Master 5313:Hayao Miyazaki 5201:Jack Nicholson 5074:Main article: 5071: 5068: 5001:Manmohan Desai 4991:, romance and 4981:Indian theatre 4940:, directed by 4937:Drunken Master 4854:Linda Lovelace 4825:disaster films 4793:United Artists 4783:Michael Cimino 4763:Roman Polanski 4758:Days of Heaven 4589:Main article: 4586: 4583: 4545:Akira Kurosawa 4527:The Wild Bunch 4414:Salah Zulfikar 4381:Salah Zulfikar 4350:Octavio Getino 4342:African Cinema 4338:Wolof-language 4258:Ingmar Bergman 4181:in the UK and 4157:Salah Zulfikar 4146:Main article: 4143: 4140: 4136:Cirio Santiago 3965:film festivals 3828:Akira Kurosawa 3775:Akira Kurosawa 3681:Akira Kurosawa 3670:Main article: 3667: 3664: 3556:William Castle 3436:Howls for Sade 3428:hypergraphical 3387:of films like 3346:manifested in 3303:Salah Zulfikar 3268:Main article: 3265: 3262: 3242:Michael Powell 3171:Whisky Galore! 3166:Ealing Studios 3152:La Terra Trema 3045:Mildred Pierce 3039:Random Harvest 2790:Michael Powell 2746:Main article: 2743: 2740: 2738: 2735: 2687:Main article: 2684: 2681: 2663:, released by 2624:The Front Page 2615:and Wellman's 2607:gangster films 2518:Busby Berkeley 2459:The Man I Love 2427: 2424: 2420:Shirley Temple 2338:RCA Photophone 2273:Main article: 2270: 2267: 2265: 2262: 2254:Louis B. Mayer 2206:adventures of 2167:Lotte Reiniger 2052: 2049: 2044:Main article: 2041: 2038: 2033:Madame DuBarry 2004:Ernst Lubitsch 1975:Fatty Arbuckle 1964:A Girl's Folly 1941:D. W. Griffith 1935: 1932: 1845:The Right Girl 1703: 1702:New techniques 1700: 1696:Ernst Lubitsch 1614: 1611: 1579:Mario Caserini 1577:, directed by 1571:Back to Nature 1562:The Fatal Hour 1557:D. W. Griffith 1518: 1517:Film technique 1515: 1487:was only when 1440:, directed by 1325: 1322: 1320: 1317: 1297:John P. Harris 1287:Miles Brothers 1248:Edison Company 1215:, produced by 1202: 1199: 1080:reverse motion 972:Robert W. Paul 968:Cecil Hepworth 963: 960: 923: 920: 791:Robert W. Paul 787:Georges Méliès 763:Georges Méliès 755: 752: 750: 747: 739:F. Percy Smith 645:Actuality film 643:Main article: 640: 637: 624:lantern slides 566:, directed by 517:Cinématographe 397: 394: 392: 389: 369:Pauvre Pierrot 358:exhibited his 306:Georges Demenÿ 275: 268: 267: 255: 248: 247: 246: 245: 244: 220:Simon Stampfer 212:Joseph Plateau 185:phantasmagoria 158:camera obscura 133:Main article: 130: 127: 112:visual effects 44:created using 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10745: 10734: 10731: 10729: 10726: 10724: 10721: 10719: 10716: 10714: 10711: 10709: 10706: 10705: 10703: 10693: 10689: 10686: 10683: 10681: 10678: 10676: 10673: 10671: 10668: 10665: 10662: 10660: 10657: 10655: 10654:FilmSound.org 10651: 10648: 10646: 10643: 10641: 10638: 10636: 10633: 10631: 10628: 10626: 10623: 10622: 10612: 10608: 10605: 10601: 10598: 10595: 10591: 10580:: 14018–14032 10579: 10575: 10574: 10569: 10564: 10561: 10557: 10554: 10550: 10547: 10543: 10541: 10540:0-500-20277-X 10537: 10533: 10529: 10526: 10522: 10518: 10514: 10512:0-684-18413-3 10508: 10504: 10500: 10496: 10492: 10488: 10484: 10480: 10476: 10472: 10467: 10464: 10460: 10457: 10453: 10449: 10447:9781906924034 10443: 10438: 10433: 10429: 10424: 10421: 10417: 10414:King, Geoff. 10413: 10409: 10405: 10401: 10397: 10393: 10392: 10386: 10383: 10379: 10375: 10372: 10368: 10365: 10361: 10357: 10353: 10347: 10343: 10338: 10335: 10331: 10328: 10324: 10321: 10317: 10314: 10310: 10307: 10304:Acker, Ally. 10303: 10300: 10296: 10292: 10291: 10278: 10276:9781627129411 10272: 10268: 10261: 10245: 10244: 10239: 10232: 10216: 10212: 10211: 10206: 10199: 10191: 10184: 10176: 10170: 10154: 10150: 10144: 10136: 10130: 10122: 10120:1-85856-329-1 10116: 10112: 10105: 10090: 10086: 10079: 10064: 10060: 10054: 10039: 10035: 10029: 10014: 10010: 10004: 9988: 9984: 9978: 9964:on 2018-04-16 9963: 9959: 9955: 9949: 9942: 9937: 9921: 9914: 9899: 9892: 9876: 9870: 9854: 9850: 9844: 9828: 9824: 9820: 9819: 9814: 9807: 9791: 9787: 9786: 9781: 9774: 9758: 9754: 9748: 9732: 9728: 9721: 9705: 9701: 9697: 9690: 9674: 9670: 9666: 9659: 9643: 9639: 9632: 9616: 9612: 9608: 9601: 9585: 9581: 9580: 9575: 9568: 9552: 9545: 9529: 9525: 9521: 9514: 9498: 9494: 9487: 9479: 9477:1-86064-965-3 9473: 9469: 9462: 9455: 9454: 9449: 9443: 9428: 9424: 9420: 9413: 9411: 9409: 9392: 9388: 9381: 9379: 9377: 9375: 9358: 9351: 9335: 9331: 9327: 9321: 9313: 9311:9781498555753 9307: 9303: 9296: 9281: 9277: 9270: 9255: 9251: 9245: 9237: 9230: 9215: 9209: 9194: 9188: 9173: 9167: 9159: 9155: 9149: 9141: 9135: 9127: 9123: 9117: 9109: 9108: 9103: 9097: 9089: 9083: 9075: 9074: 9069: 9063: 9055: 9049: 9041: 9039:0-85170-623-1 9035: 9031: 9030: 9022: 9014: 9010: 9006: 9000: 8996: 8989: 8974: 8970: 8963: 8956: 8950: 8942: 8940:9781135895747 8936: 8932: 8925: 8917: 8915:9780950906621 8911: 8907: 8900: 8898: 8896: 8894: 8892: 8890: 8881: 8874: 8866: 8864:9780520214781 8860: 8856: 8849: 8834: 8830: 8824: 8816: 8814:9789388660662 8810: 8806: 8799: 8797: 8795: 8793: 8791: 8789: 8787: 8785: 8783: 8781: 8779: 8777: 8775: 8773: 8771: 8769: 8767: 8765: 8763: 8761: 8759: 8757: 8755: 8753: 8744: 8742:9780786406814 8738: 8734: 8727: 8719: 8715: 8711: 8709:0-684-18414-1 8705: 8701: 8694: 8686: 8680: 8676: 8675: 8667: 8665: 8649: 8645: 8639: 8631: 8627: 8623: 8619: 8615: 8611: 8607: 8600: 8584: 8580: 8576: 8572: 8567: 8559: 8544: 8540: 8533: 8517: 8513: 8507: 8492: 8488: 8482: 8480: 8464: 8463:www.bbc.co.uk 8460: 8454: 8439: 8435: 8429: 8415: 8411: 8404: 8396: 8390: 8386: 8382: 8378: 8377: 8369: 8354: 8350: 8344: 8329: 8325: 8318: 8310: 8306: 8302: 8298: 8294: 8290: 8283: 8268: 8264: 8258: 8243: 8239: 8236:Gray, Frank. 8232: 8224: 8220: 8216: 8210: 8206: 8199: 8191: 8185: 8177: 8173: 8169: 8163: 8159: 8152: 8144: 8140: 8136: 8132: 8127: 8122: 8118: 8114: 8110: 8106: 8102: 8095: 8081: 8077: 8070: 8055: 8051: 8044: 8030: 8029: 8024: 8018: 8009: 8004: 8000: 7994: 7990: 7983: 7975: 7969: 7965: 7958: 7951: 7947: 7944: 7940: 7934: 7926: 7920: 7916: 7915: 7907: 7899: 7895: 7891: 7887: 7883: 7879: 7875: 7868: 7866: 7857: 7855:9780813595146 7851: 7847: 7843: 7836: 7834: 7832: 7830: 7828: 7819: 7813: 7809: 7808: 7800: 7787: 7783: 7779: 7773: 7768: 7763: 7759: 7755: 7751: 7747: 7740: 7732: 7728: 7724: 7720: 7716: 7712: 7708: 7704: 7697: 7682: 7678: 7672: 7664: 7660: 7656: 7654:0-8242-0757-2 7650: 7646: 7639: 7632: 7626: 7624: 7608: 7604: 7603:"Percy Smith" 7598: 7583: 7579: 7572: 7564: 7560: 7556: 7552: 7548: 7544: 7540: 7533: 7525: 7519: 7515: 7511: 7508:. Routledge. 7507: 7500: 7492: 7486: 7482: 7481: 7473: 7465: 7459: 7455: 7454: 7446: 7438: 7434: 7430: 7426: 7422: 7418: 7414: 7410: 7403: 7401: 7399: 7397: 7395: 7393: 7384: 7380: 7376: 7372: 7368: 7364: 7360: 7356: 7349: 7347: 7345: 7336: 7332: 7328: 7324: 7320: 7316: 7309: 7301: 7295: 7287: 7283: 7279: 7273: 7269: 7262: 7247: 7243: 7236: 7228: 7224: 7220: 7216: 7212: 7208: 7204: 7200: 7196: 7192: 7185: 7177: 7171: 7167: 7166: 7158: 7150: 7146: 7142: 7136: 7132: 7126: 7111: 7107: 7103: 7099: 7092: 7084: 7077: 7069: 7065: 7061: 7055: 7051: 7044: 7029: 7025: 7019: 7004: 7000: 6994: 6986: 6982: 6978: 6976:0-8109-0606-6 6972: 6968: 6961: 6959: 6950: 6944: 6940: 6933: 6925: 6921: 6917: 6911: 6907: 6906: 6898: 6890: 6886: 6882: 6878: 6874: 6870: 6863: 6861: 6859: 6850: 6846: 6842: 6840:0-393-95553-2 6836: 6832: 6825: 6823: 6821: 6819: 6817: 6808: 6804: 6800: 6794: 6790: 6789: 6781: 6766: 6762: 6756: 6748: 6744: 6740: 6736: 6729: 6721: 6717: 6711: 6703: 6699: 6695: 6691: 6687: 6683: 6679: 6672: 6664: 6660: 6656: 6652: 6648: 6644: 6637: 6629: 6625: 6621: 6617: 6613: 6609: 6605: 6601: 6594: 6586: 6582: 6578: 6576:9780748676118 6572: 6568: 6564: 6557: 6549: 6545: 6541: 6537: 6532: 6527: 6523: 6519: 6515: 6508: 6500: 6496: 6492: 6488: 6484: 6480: 6473: 6465: 6461: 6457: 6453: 6449: 6445: 6441: 6437: 6433: 6429: 6422: 6407: 6403: 6396: 6388: 6386:9780786420056 6382: 6378: 6377: 6369: 6361: 6357: 6353: 6347: 6343: 6336: 6328: 6322: 6318: 6317: 6309: 6305: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6289: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6237: 6233: 6231: 6230: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6203: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6178: 6171: 6168: 6163: 6157: 6146: 6145:2020s in film 6136: 6134: 6130: 6129: 6124: 6123: 6118: 6114: 6113: 6108: 6107: 6102: 6101: 6096: 6095: 6091:. Films like 6090: 6089: 6084: 6083: 6078: 6077: 6072: 6068: 6067: 6062: 6061: 6056: 6055: 6050: 6049: 6044: 6042: 6041: 6035: 6034: 6033:The Lion King 6029: 6028: 6023: 6019: 6015: 6011: 6006: 6004: 6000: 5999: 5994: 5990: 5989: 5984: 5983: 5978: 5977: 5972: 5971: 5966: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5953: 5949: 5945: 5941: 5935: 5934:2010s in film 5925: 5923: 5922: 5917: 5913: 5912: 5907: 5906: 5901: 5900: 5895: 5891: 5890: 5889:Despicable Me 5885: 5881: 5876: 5875: 5869: 5867: 5866: 5861: 5860: 5855: 5854: 5849: 5845: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5832: 5828: 5824: 5823: 5818: 5817: 5812: 5811: 5806: 5805: 5800: 5799: 5798:Spirited Away 5794: 5793: 5788: 5787: 5782: 5781: 5775: 5773: 5772: 5767: 5766: 5761: 5760: 5755: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5742: 5740: 5736:In 2001, the 5734: 5732: 5731: 5726: 5722: 5718: 5717: 5716:Moulin Rouge! 5712: 5708: 5707: 5702: 5701: 5696: 5692: 5691:Martin Kunert 5688: 5687: 5682: 5681: 5676: 5675:Michael Moore 5672: 5671: 5665: 5663: 5659: 5655: 5651: 5645: 5644:2000s in film 5635: 5633: 5629: 5625: 5621: 5617: 5613: 5612: 5607: 5606: 5605:The Lion King 5601: 5600: 5595: 5594: 5589: 5588: 5583: 5582:Miramax Films 5579: 5570: 5566: 5564: 5559: 5557: 5552: 5550: 5549: 5544: 5540: 5539: 5534: 5530: 5529: 5524: 5523: 5518: 5517: 5516:Jurassic Park 5512: 5511: 5504: 5503:1990s in film 5494: 5492: 5488: 5484: 5480: 5476: 5475:Michelle Yeoh 5472: 5468: 5467: 5462: 5461: 5456: 5455: 5450: 5449: 5448:Armour of God 5444: 5443: 5438: 5437: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5420: 5416: 5415: 5410: 5406: 5405: 5400: 5399: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5368: 5367: 5362: 5358: 5357: 5352: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5339: 5334: 5333:Isao Takahata 5330: 5329: 5324: 5323: 5318: 5317:fantasy films 5314: 5310: 5309:Studio Ghibli 5306: 5302: 5301: 5296: 5293: 5290:franchise of 5289: 5285: 5281: 5280: 5275: 5274: 5269: 5265: 5260: 5258: 5253: 5249: 5248: 5243: 5242: 5237: 5236: 5231: 5230: 5225: 5221: 5220:David Puttnam 5212: 5208: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5197: 5193:'s creation, 5192: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5179: 5174: 5173: 5168: 5167: 5162: 5161: 5156: 5152: 5148: 5147: 5142: 5141: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5127: 5126:Indiana Jones 5122: 5121: 5116: 5115: 5110: 5106: 5101: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5077: 5076:1980s in film 5067: 5065: 5064: 5059: 5058:George Miller 5055: 5054: 5049: 5048:Fred Schepisi 5045: 5044: 5043:The Last Wave 5039: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5026: 5022: 5021: 5020:Seven Samurai 5016: 5012: 5011: 5006: 5003:and starring 5002: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4970: 4966: 4962: 4958: 4954: 4949: 4947: 4944:and starring 4943: 4942:Yuen Woo-ping 4939: 4938: 4933: 4932: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4914: 4913: 4908: 4904: 4903: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4877: 4875: 4871: 4867: 4866:Werner Herzog 4864:cinema, with 4863: 4859: 4855: 4852:and its star 4851: 4850: 4845: 4840: 4838: 4837: 4832: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4820: 4815: 4811: 4810: 4805: 4801: 4800:Heaven's Gate 4796: 4794: 4790: 4789: 4788:Heaven's Gate 4784: 4780: 4779: 4774: 4770: 4769: 4764: 4760: 4759: 4754: 4753: 4748: 4747: 4742: 4741: 4736: 4735: 4730: 4729: 4724: 4720: 4719: 4718:The Godfather 4714: 4713: 4707: 4706:auteur theory 4703: 4702:Robert Altman 4699: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4678: 4676: 4675: 4670: 4669: 4664: 4663: 4658: 4657: 4652: 4651: 4646: 4645: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4627:twist endings 4622: 4620: 4619: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4601:studio system 4598: 4597:New Hollywood 4592: 4591:1970s in film 4582: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4571: 4566: 4562: 4561: 4556: 4552: 4551: 4546: 4541: 4539: 4538:New Hollywood 4535: 4534: 4529: 4528: 4523: 4522: 4517: 4516: 4511: 4510: 4505: 4504: 4499: 4498: 4493: 4492: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4478: 4473: 4472:Direct Cinema 4468: 4466: 4462: 4461: 4456: 4455: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4437: 4435: 4434: 4429: 4425: 4424: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4410: 4405: 4404: 4399: 4395: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4361: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4330: 4328: 4327: 4322: 4318: 4317: 4312: 4311: 4306: 4305: 4300: 4299: 4294: 4293: 4288: 4287: 4282: 4281: 4276: 4275: 4270: 4266: 4261: 4259: 4255: 4254: 4249: 4248: 4247:La Dolce Vita 4243: 4239: 4235: 4234: 4229: 4228: 4223: 4222: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4204: 4202: 4201: 4196: 4195: 4190: 4189: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4168: 4167: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4149: 4148:1960s in film 4139: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4112: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4101: 4096: 4095:Chunhyang-jon 4092: 4087: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4064:Ritwik Ghatak 4061: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4048:Subrata Mitra 4045: 4042: 4041:coming-of-age 4038: 4037: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4015:Isao Takahata 4012: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3971: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3957:Indian cinema 3953: 3951: 3950:New Hollywood 3947: 3946:Nagisa Oshima 3943: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3930: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3916: 3911: 3910: 3905: 3904: 3899: 3895: 3894: 3889: 3885: 3884: 3879: 3878: 3873: 3869: 3868: 3863: 3862: 3857: 3856:Western films 3853: 3852:Seven Samurai 3849: 3848: 3843: 3839: 3838: 3833: 3830:, as well as 3829: 3825: 3824: 3819: 3818: 3817:Seven Samurai 3813: 3812: 3807: 3802: 3800: 3799: 3794: 3793: 3792:Seven Samurai 3788: 3787: 3782: 3781: 3776: 3772: 3771: 3766: 3765: 3760: 3756: 3755: 3750: 3746: 3745: 3740: 3736: 3735: 3730: 3729: 3724: 3720: 3719: 3714: 3713: 3708: 3704: 3703: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3682: 3678: 3673: 3663: 3661: 3660: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3646: 3641: 3639: 3638: 3633: 3632: 3627: 3626: 3621: 3620: 3615: 3614: 3609: 3608: 3603: 3602: 3597: 3596:Reginald Rose 3593: 3592: 3587: 3583: 3582: 3577: 3576: 3571: 3566: 3564: 3559: 3557: 3553: 3552: 3547: 3546: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3531: 3530: 3525: 3524: 3523:South Pacific 3519: 3518: 3513: 3512: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3498: 3493: 3492: 3487: 3486: 3481: 3480: 3475: 3474: 3469: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3451: 3446: 3442: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3402:In 1950, the 3400: 3398: 3397: 3392: 3391: 3386: 3380: 3378: 3377: 3372: 3369: 3365: 3364: 3359: 3358: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3338: 3333: 3331: 3330:Dalton Trumbo 3327: 3323: 3319: 3318:Hollywood Ten 3315: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3299: 3293: 3287: 3283: 3282: 3281:Julius Caesar 3276: 3271: 3270:1950s in film 3261: 3259: 3258: 3257:The Red Shoes 3253: 3252: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3238: 3233: 3232: 3227: 3223: 3222: 3217: 3213: 3212: 3211:The Third Man 3207: 3206: 3201: 3200: 3195: 3191: 3190: 3185: 3184: 3179: 3178: 3173: 3172: 3167: 3162: 3160: 3159: 3154: 3153: 3148: 3147: 3142: 3141: 3136: 3132: 3131: 3122: 3118: 3117: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3102: 3101: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3075: 3070: 3069:Samuel Fuller 3066: 3065: 3060: 3056: 3055: 3049: 3047: 3046: 3041: 3040: 3035: 3034: 3029: 3025: 3024: 3019: 3018: 3013: 3012: 3007: 3003: 3002: 3001:Blithe Spirit 2997: 2993: 2992: 2987: 2986: 2981: 2980: 2975: 2974: 2969: 2964: 2962: 2958: 2957: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2943: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2929: 2924: 2920: 2919: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2905: 2900: 2896: 2895: 2890: 2889: 2884: 2883: 2878: 2877: 2872: 2871: 2865: 2863: 2862: 2857: 2856: 2851: 2850: 2845: 2844: 2839: 2835: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2812: 2807: 2806: 2801: 2800: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2786:Academy Award 2783: 2782: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2768: 2767:The Way Ahead 2763: 2762: 2757: 2756: 2755:49th Parallel 2749: 2748:1940s in film 2734: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2706: 2702: 2700: 2696: 2690: 2680: 2678: 2677: 2672: 2671: 2666: 2662: 2661: 2656: 2652: 2651: 2646: 2645:Marx Brothers 2642: 2641: 2636: 2632: 2631: 2626: 2625: 2620: 2619: 2614: 2613: 2612:Little Caesar 2608: 2603: 2601: 2599: 2593: 2589: 2588: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2574: 2569: 2568: 2563: 2562:gothic horror 2559: 2555: 2554: 2549: 2548: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2530: 2525: 2524: 2519: 2515: 2514: 2509: 2505: 2497: 2496: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2481: 2480: 2475: 2471: 2470: 2465: 2461: 2460: 2455: 2454: 2449: 2444: 2438: 2437: 2432: 2423: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2395: 2393: 2389: 2388: 2383: 2379: 2378: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2359: 2357: 2356: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2326:sound-on-film 2323: 2319: 2318:sound-on-disc 2315: 2311: 2310: 2305: 2301: 2300: 2291: 2287: 2282: 2281:1930s in film 2276: 2261: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2246: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2231:studio system 2227: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2204:swashbuckling 2201: 2200:Buster Keaton 2197: 2193: 2188: 2186: 2181: 2179: 2174: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2163: 2158: 2157: 2151: 2149: 2148: 2143: 2142: 2137: 2136: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2107: 2103: 2098: 2094: 2092: 2091: 2086: 2085: 2078: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2061: 2057: 2047: 2046:1920s in film 2037: 2035: 2034: 2029: 2025: 2024: 2019: 2015: 2014: 2009: 2008:Max Reinhardt 2005: 2000: 1998: 1993: 1991: 1990:Yevgeni Bauer 1986: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1966: 1965: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1951: 1946: 1942: 1931: 1929: 1925: 1924: 1919: 1917: 1916: 1911: 1910: 1905: 1904: 1899: 1894: 1890: 1888: 1887: 1882: 1878: 1877:cross cutting 1873: 1871: 1867: 1866: 1861: 1857: 1852: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1837: 1832: 1830: 1826: 1825: 1820: 1819:Maurice Elvey 1816: 1815: 1810: 1804: 1801: 1797: 1789: 1785: 1784: 1778: 1774: 1772: 1771: 1765: 1763: 1759: 1757: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1739: 1737: 1736: 1731: 1730:Mary Pickford 1727: 1722: 1716: 1714: 1708: 1699: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1680: 1677: 1672: 1670: 1669: 1664: 1663: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1641: 1638: 1630: 1629:Mise-en-scène 1626: 1625: 1619: 1610: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1594: 1589: 1586: 1584: 1583:cross-cutting 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1563: 1558: 1554: 1551:(1907) where 1550: 1545: 1543: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1514: 1512: 1507: 1501: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1489:Paul Davidson 1485: 1484:Oskar Messter 1480: 1478: 1474: 1469: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1446: 1443: 1439: 1437: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1403: 1401: 1396: 1394: 1393: 1388: 1387: 1382: 1380: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1343: 1342: 1316: 1313: 1309: 1304: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1292: 1291:film exchange 1288: 1284: 1279: 1275: 1274: 1268: 1266: 1265:stock footage 1262: 1261: 1255: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1240: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1225: 1218: 1214: 1213: 1207: 1198: 1195: 1194: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1180: 1174: 1170: 1169: 1163: 1160: 1158: 1153: 1152: 1147: 1146: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1128: 1126: 1117: 1116: 1110: 1106: 1104: 1099: 1095: 1094: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1063: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1033: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1018: 1013: 1012: 1007: 1003: 998: 996: 992: 988: 984: 983: 978: 973: 969: 959: 956: 952: 951:silent movies 947: 945: 941: 937: 936:Oskar Messter 930:Oskar Messter 928: 919: 917: 913: 912:Thomas Edison 909: 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 885: 881: 876: 873: 869: 865: 864:Charles Pathé 860: 858: 854: 853: 848: 843: 839: 835: 833: 829: 824: 822: 818: 813: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 783: 781: 777: 773: 764: 760: 746: 744: 743:Charles Urban 740: 736: 732: 727: 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 708: 702: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 679: 675: 673: 669: 665: 661: 657: 653: 646: 636: 634: 630: 625: 621: 617: 613: 608: 606: 602: 601: 596: 592: 588: 586: 582: 577: 569: 565: 564: 545: 543: 542:sound effects 538: 532: 530: 529: 524: 523: 518: 514: 509: 506: 502: 494: 493: 487: 483: 481: 477: 476: 470: 465: 461: 457: 453: 452:Thomas Edison 448: 446: 445: 439: 435: 431: 427: 420: 416: 415: 388: 385: 381: 377: 376: 371: 370: 365: 361: 357: 356:Émile Reynaud 353: 347: 345: 344: 339: 334: 330: 326: 321: 319: 318:Zoopraxiscope 315: 311: 307: 303: 299: 295: 294: 289: 279: 272: 263: 259: 252: 243: 241: 237: 233: 229: 225: 221: 217: 213: 209: 204: 202: 198: 194: 190: 186: 180: 178: 174: 170: 165: 163: 162:magic lantern 159: 155: 151: 146: 142: 136: 126: 124: 119: 117: 113: 109: 105: 104:digital video 101: 97: 93: 90:, video, and 89: 85: 81: 77: 72: 70: 66: 62: 58: 54: 49: 47: 43: 39: 32: 27: 19: 10610: 10603: 10593: 10582:. Retrieved 10577: 10571: 10560:Film Comment 10559: 10552: 10545: 10531: 10520: 10502: 10474: 10470: 10462: 10455: 10427: 10418:. New York: 10415: 10395: 10389: 10377: 10370: 10364:W. W. Norton 10359: 10341: 10333: 10326: 10319: 10312: 10305: 10294: 10266: 10260: 10248:. Retrieved 10243:The Guardian 10241: 10231: 10219:. Retrieved 10215:the original 10208: 10198: 10183: 10169: 10157:. Retrieved 10153:the original 10143: 10110: 10104: 10092:. Retrieved 10088: 10078: 10066:. Retrieved 10062: 10053: 10041:. Retrieved 10038:Ahram Online 10037: 10028: 10016:. Retrieved 10013:Ahram Online 10012: 10003: 9991:. Retrieved 9986: 9977: 9966:. Retrieved 9962:the original 9957: 9948: 9936: 9924:. Retrieved 9913: 9901:. Retrieved 9891: 9879:. Retrieved 9869: 9857:. Retrieved 9853:the original 9843: 9831:. Retrieved 9827:the original 9816: 9806: 9794:. Retrieved 9790:the original 9783: 9773: 9761:. Retrieved 9757:the original 9747: 9735:. Retrieved 9731:the original 9720: 9708:. 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Retrieved 7245: 7235: 7194: 7190: 7184: 7164: 7157: 7130: 7125: 7113:. Retrieved 7101: 7091: 7076: 7049: 7043: 7031:. Retrieved 7027: 7018: 7007:. Retrieved 7002: 6993: 6966: 6938: 6932: 6904: 6897: 6872: 6869:Film History 6868: 6830: 6787: 6780: 6768:. Retrieved 6764: 6755: 6738: 6735:Film History 6734: 6728: 6720:the original 6710: 6685: 6682:Film History 6681: 6671: 6649:(2): 15–25. 6646: 6642: 6636: 6603: 6600:Film History 6599: 6593: 6566: 6556: 6521: 6517: 6507: 6482: 6479:Film History 6478: 6472: 6434:(1): 26–61. 6431: 6427: 6421: 6409:. Retrieved 6405: 6395: 6375: 6368: 6341: 6335: 6315: 6308: 6286: 6234: 6227: 6200: 6159: 6126: 6120: 6110: 6104: 6098: 6092: 6086: 6080: 6074: 6064: 6058: 6052: 6046: 6045: 6040:Hunger Games 6037: 6031: 6025: 6014:Warner Bros. 6007: 5996: 5993:The Avengers 5992: 5986: 5980: 5974: 5968: 5962: 5956: 5937: 5919: 5915: 5909: 5903: 5897: 5887: 5872: 5870: 5863: 5857: 5851: 5841: 5835: 5820: 5819:(Mayan) and 5814: 5808: 5802: 5801:(Japanese), 5796: 5790: 5784: 5783:(Mandarin), 5778: 5776: 5769: 5763: 5757: 5751: 5745: 5739:Harry Potter 5738: 5735: 5728: 5725:Home theatre 5714: 5704: 5698: 5684: 5678: 5668: 5666: 5647: 5628:Warner Bros. 5609: 5603: 5602:(1992), and 5597: 5591: 5587:Pulp Fiction 5585: 5575: 5560: 5553: 5546: 5536: 5526: 5520: 5514: 5508: 5506: 5491:Chow Yun-fat 5464: 5463:(1988), and 5458: 5452: 5446: 5442:Police Story 5440: 5434: 5412: 5402: 5396: 5371: 5364: 5354: 5336: 5326: 5320: 5298: 5286:sparked the 5283: 5277: 5271: 5261: 5245: 5239: 5233: 5227: 5226:. The films 5217: 5194: 5176: 5170: 5169:(1985), and 5164: 5158: 5144: 5138: 5124: 5123:, and three 5118: 5112: 5102: 5086:film studios 5079: 5061: 5051: 5041: 5035: 5029: 5018: 5008: 4953:musical film 4950: 4935: 4929: 4926:comedy films 4910: 4902:The Big Boss 4900: 4897:Jeet Kune Do 4881:world cinema 4878: 4847: 4841: 4834: 4828: 4817: 4807: 4799: 4797: 4786: 4776: 4766: 4756: 4750: 4744: 4738: 4732: 4728:The Exorcist 4726: 4716: 4715:, Coppola's 4710: 4690:George Lucas 4679: 4672: 4666: 4660: 4654: 4648: 4642: 4623: 4616: 4594: 4574: 4568: 4558: 4555:Sergio Leone 4548: 4542: 4531: 4525: 4519: 4513: 4507: 4501: 4497:The Graduate 4495: 4489: 4475: 4469: 4458: 4452: 4438: 4431: 4421: 4420:production; 4407: 4406:(1964), and 4401: 4391: 4362: 4354:Third Cinema 4331: 4324: 4314: 4308: 4302: 4296: 4290: 4284: 4278: 4272: 4262: 4251: 4245: 4233:Jules et Jim 4231: 4225: 4219: 4205: 4198: 4194:My Fair Lady 4192: 4188:Mary Poppins 4186: 4172: 4164: 4128:Eddie Romero 4113: 4108: 4105:Kim Ki-young 4098: 4094: 4088: 4084:Mehboob Khan 4055: 4034: 4027:Wes Anderson 4019:Gregory Nava 4007:Carlos Saura 3979:Satyajit Ray 3975:Bengali film 3968: 3954: 3938:Mikio Naruse 3927: 3924:George Lucas 3919: 3913: 3907: 3901: 3891: 3887: 3881: 3875: 3865: 3859: 3851: 3845: 3842:Ishirō Honda 3835: 3832:Yasujirō Ozu 3821: 3815: 3809: 3803: 3796: 3790: 3784: 3778: 3768: 3762: 3752: 3749:Mikio Naruse 3742: 3732: 3726: 3716: 3710: 3707:Satyajit Ray 3700: 3697:Yasujirō Ozu 3693:Asian cinema 3689:world cinema 3686: 3672:Asian cinema 3657: 3654:Claire Bloom 3643: 3642: 3635: 3634:(1954), and 3629: 3623: 3622:(1955), and 3617: 3611: 3605: 3601:12 Angry Men 3599: 3589: 3579: 3573: 3567: 3560: 3549: 3545:House of Wax 3543: 3534: 3527: 3522: 3516: 3509: 3495: 3489: 3483: 3477: 3471: 3448: 3435: 3415: 3412:Isidore Isou 3401: 3394: 3388: 3381: 3374: 3361: 3355: 3337:Cold War era 3334: 3322:blacklisting 3311: 3298:Wakeful Eyes 3296: 3279: 3255: 3249: 3237:Oliver Twist 3235: 3229: 3228:adaptations 3219: 3209: 3203: 3197: 3187: 3181: 3175: 3169: 3163: 3156: 3150: 3144: 3138: 3128: 3126: 3114: 3098: 3087:Robert Lewis 3072: 3062: 3052: 3050: 3043: 3037: 3033:Now, Voyager 3031: 3021: 3015: 3009: 2999: 2995: 2989: 2983: 2977: 2971: 2968:Gainsborough 2965: 2961:Orson Welles 2956:Citizen Kane 2954: 2951:RKO Pictures 2940: 2926: 2923:James Cagney 2916: 2902: 2892: 2886: 2880: 2876:Mrs. Miniver 2874: 2868: 2866: 2859: 2853: 2847: 2841: 2837: 2831: 2822: 2809: 2803: 2797: 2779: 2765: 2759: 2753: 2751: 2723:Burt Gillett 2709: 2703: 2695:film tinting 2692: 2674: 2668: 2665:RKO Pictures 2658: 2648: 2638: 2628: 2622: 2616: 2610: 2604: 2595: 2585: 2578:RKO Pictures 2573:Frankenstein 2571: 2565: 2551: 2545: 2527: 2521: 2511: 2508:musical film 2501: 2493: 2477: 2467: 2457: 2451: 2445: 2441: 2435: 2396: 2385: 2382:Yasujirō Ozu 2375: 2360: 2354: 2341: 2307: 2297: 2295: 2247: 2228: 2191: 2189: 2182: 2175: 2160: 2154: 2153:Movies like 2152: 2145: 2139: 2133: 2111: 2088: 2082: 2079: 2064: 2031: 2027: 2021: 2017: 2011: 2002:In Germany, 2001: 1994: 1987: 1983:Mack Sennett 1969: 1962: 1948: 1937: 1921: 1920: 1913: 1908: 1901: 1898:sepia toning 1891: 1884: 1875:After 1914, 1874: 1863: 1853: 1848: 1844: 1835: 1833: 1822: 1812: 1805: 1799: 1796:insert shots 1793: 1781: 1768: 1766: 1754: 1746: 1740: 1733: 1723: 1719: 1711: 1681: 1673: 1666: 1660: 1642: 1634: 1622: 1602: 1597: 1590: 1587: 1574: 1570: 1560: 1548: 1546: 1539: 1529: 1506:Pathé Frères 1502: 1482:In Germany, 1481: 1470: 1447: 1434: 1431:Asta Nielsen 1422: 1418: 1414: 1404: 1397: 1390: 1384: 1376: 1375:'s two-reel 1346: 1339: 1305: 1295: 1282: 1271: 1269: 1258: 1256: 1241: 1222: 1221: 1210: 1191: 1188:film grammar 1177: 1166: 1164: 1155: 1149: 1143: 1139: 1132:phantom ride 1123: 1121: 1113: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1070: 1060: 1034: 1025: 1015: 1009: 999: 990: 986: 980: 965: 948: 944:Geneva drive 940:Messter Film 933: 915: 903: 895: 884:Léon Gaumont 877: 870:brand, with 868:Pathé-Frères 861: 850: 831: 827: 820: 816: 784: 776:Pathé Frères 768: 728: 724:matinee idol 705: 703: 680: 676: 667: 648: 629:Joseph Perry 609: 599: 584: 580: 575: 572: 561: 533: 526: 520: 510: 498: 490: 473: 449: 442: 423: 412: 373: 367: 364:Musée Grévin 348: 341: 322: 310:Albert Londe 291: 285: 276:An Anschütz 257: 208:stroboscopic 205: 181: 166: 150:shadowgraphy 141:storytelling 138: 120: 73: 50: 37: 35: 26: 10733:Film theory 10250:29 November 10063:جريدة القبس 9920:"1945–1959" 9557:12 February 9446:Dave Kehr, 9285:8 September 8522:30 December 8295:(1): 8–20. 8223:j.ctvsn3pvn 7767:1874/384504 7709:(1): 1–13. 7361:(1): 9–27. 7321:(1): 5–17. 7246:JSTOR Daily 7149:j.ctt5hhz03 6406:JSTOR Daily 6054:Summer 1993 6022:live-action 5988:Toy Story 3 5831:nominations 5813:(Aramaic), 5804:City of God 5741:film series 5711:epic cinema 5658:video games 5654:smartphones 5561:Scorsese's 5541:(1989) and 5519:(1993) and 5389:comedy film 5385:Jackie Chan 5356:Megazone 23 5325:(1984) and 5276:(1973) and 5252:blockbuster 5222:'s company 5166:After Hours 5160:Raging Bull 5117:, three to 4946:Jackie Chan 4874:Wim Wenders 4862:West German 4849:Deep Throat 4814:blockbuster 4749:, Malick's 4731:, Altman's 4712:Taxi Driver 4694:Woody Allen 4674:Dirty Harry 4635:protagonist 4565:Walter Hill 4563:(1964) and 4524:(1969) and 4482:Vietnam War 4465:Henry Fonda 4443:during the 4316:Georgy Girl 4197:(1964) and 4161:Nadia Lutfi 4031:Danny Boyle 3987:James Ivory 3912:(1995) and 3893:The Outrage 3880:(1975) and 3864:(1960) and 3840:(1953) and 3837:Tokyo Story 3820:(1954) and 3795:(1954) and 3767:(1957) and 3731:(1954) and 3702:Tokyo Story 3554:. Producer 3526:(1958) and 3494:(1960) and 3479:The Vikings 3455:VistaVision 3441:Cinemascope 3393:(1950) and 3199:Odd Man Out 3059:Frank Capra 3030:", such as 2949:. In 1941, 2937:John Huston 2885:(1943) and 2858:(1941) and 2808:(1944) and 2772:Noël Coward 2770:(1944) and 2715:Walt Disney 2711:Technicolor 2705:Kinemacolor 2655:Walt Disney 2564:films like 2550:(1930) and 2534:avant-garde 2523:42nd Street 2490:Walt Disney 2416:Greta Garbo 2404:Clark Gable 2377:The Goddess 2372:Wu Yonggang 2350:Warner Bros 2332:, DeForest 2250:Sam Goldwyn 2235:star system 2159:(1927) and 2144:(1922) and 1995:In Sweden, 1988:In Russia, 1971:Sidney Drew 1893:Silent film 1854:The use of 1794:The use of 1668:Intolerance 1649:Jesse Lasky 1599:Intertitles 1438:(The Abyss) 1301:nickelodeon 1229:Kinetoscope 1209:Still from 1193:Stop Thief! 1173:John Barnes 1030:intertitles 995:slow motion 902:(1905) and 842:fourth wall 735:suffragette 699:Latham loop 687:Eidoloscope 664:composition 464:Kinetoscope 240:stop motion 236:stereoscope 201:chromatrope 145:Cantastoria 123:film genres 96:home movies 10702:Categories 10221:18 October 10159:9 November 10094:4 December 10068:4 December 10043:4 December 10018:4 December 9993:4 December 9987:EgyptToday 9968:2009-05-22 9796:1 February 9763:19 October 9579:Daily News 9363:4 November 9330:Film Forum 9260:2023-05-09 9219:31 January 9199:2022-03-18 9178:2022-03-18 9122:"About us" 8419:2022-07-19 8085:2022-07-20 8034:2022-05-26 7791:2022-07-28 7663:1153630930 7286:1241889104 7115:4 November 7085:. USC.edu. 7033:20 October 7009:2022-06-21 6875:(2): 140. 6807:1201301040 6688:(2): 142. 6301:References 5816:Apocalypto 5789:(French), 5695:Eric Manes 5620:DreamWorks 5563:Goodfellas 5423:Sammo Hung 5292:Real Robot 5187:Tim Burton 5094:home video 5032:Peter Weir 4951:While the 4740:Annie Hall 4737:, Allen's 4656:Straw Dogs 4631:antagonist 4613:Wes Craven 4521:Easy Rider 4480:about the 4403:Soft Hands 4373:Soad Hosny 4321:James Bond 4227:Breathless 4072:Raj Kapoor 4068:Mrinal Sen 3995:Elia Kazan 3903:Andha Naal 3883:China Gate 3858:, such as 3826:(1958) by 3739:Raj Kapoor 3637:Old Yeller 3607:Cinderella 3432:Guy Debord 3216:David Lean 3194:Carol Reed 3155:. In 1952 3130:Ossessione 3119:(1948) by 3083:Elia Kazan 3011:Cat People 3006:Val Lewton 2928:Casablanca 2776:David Lean 2699:Pathécolor 2627:(1931) or 2553:Le Million 2538:René Clair 2495:Snow White 2314:phonograph 2279:See also: 2275:Sound film 2156:Metropolis 1959:naturalism 1928:silent era 1856:flash-back 1841:Ralph Ince 1751:Abel Gance 1726:soft focus 1607:sound film 1526:A.E. Smith 1400:André Deed 1386:Quo Vadis? 1237:stop trick 1022:intertitle 997:" effect. 838:proscenium 832:Cinderella 828:Cendrillon 812:fly system 795:stop trick 778:, and the 460:phonograph 436:, and the 417:(1888) by 160:, and the 129:Precursors 80:widescreen 76:home video 71:of films. 10491:145006358 10402:: 45–92. 10129:cite book 9013:787844837 8978:15 August 8838:18 August 8718:433110272 8653:18 August 8622:0014-164X 8589:16 August 8579:0362-4331 8548:16 August 8496:18 August 8468:18 August 8443:18 August 8358:18 August 8301:0892-2160 8272:17 August 8247:17 August 8176:968511967 8143:192110872 8135:1746-0654 7890:0892-2160 7786:192341772 7750:Audiences 7723:0009-7101 7555:0094-1700 7429:1549-0068 7375:0892-2160 7327:0892-2160 7294:cite book 7227:225091235 7211:0097-9740 7110:0362-4331 6881:0892-2160 6702:192159745 6655:0015-1386 6628:194973091 6540:0039-3541 6491:0892-2160 6464:162264583 6448:0093-1896 6411:15 August 6360:794136291 6106:Moonlight 5948:DC Comics 5795:(Hindi), 5706:Gladiator 5611:Toy Story 5431:slapstick 5427:Yuen Biao 5414:Project A 5381:Bruce Lee 5351:cyberpunk 5315:'s first 5183:Al Pacino 5135:Lucasfilm 5114:Star Wars 5109:Spielberg 5090:copyright 5034:'s films 4993:melodrama 4961:Bollywood 4889:Bruce Lee 4819:Star Wars 4804:Spielberg 4768:Chinatown 4746:Manhattan 4734:Nashville 4639:film noir 4581:" trend. 4547:produced 4460:Fail Safe 4292:Repulsion 4183:Cinecittà 4175:Hollywood 4076:Bimal Roy 4060:Guru Dutt 4023:Ira Sachs 3977:director 3929:Star Wars 3872:Bollywood 3759:Guru Dutt 3718:Jalsaghar 3645:Limelight 3613:Peter Pan 3561:In 1954, 3529:Cleopatra 3511:Oklahoma! 3506:Mike Todd 3491:Spartacus 3404:Lettrists 3368:communist 3340:zeitgeist 3301:starring 3284:starring 3158:Umberto D 3127:In 1943, 2953:released 2947:film noir 2843:Pinocchio 2820:1944 film 2653:, 1933). 2650:Duck Soup 2598:Bollywood 2596:See also 2587:King Kong 2580:released 2536:director 2479:Blackmail 2334:Phonofilm 2330:Movietone 2322:Vitaphone 2269:Sound era 2248:In 1924, 2212:Clara Bow 2141:Nosferatu 2013:die Puppe 1950:The Cheat 1930:of film. 1836:different 1811:directed 1803:tension. 1753:directed 1555:is used. 1442:Urban Gad 1436:Afgrunden 1411:Ole Olsen 1252:Vitascope 1231:, showed 1136:causality 1098:negatives 1053:close-ups 896:Le Boléro 888:Alice Guy 862:In 1900, 803:dissolves 716:live gate 656:aesthetic 652:newsreels 620:Melbourne 597:released 591:Alice Guy 568:Alice Guy 193:dissolves 100:video art 69:narrative 10688:Archived 10501:(1990). 10089:StepFeed 9881:19 April 9648:29 April 9621:21 April 9432:19 April 9397:24 April 9254:BBC News 8630:42575500 8583:Archived 8333:24 April 8059:24 April 7946:Archived 7898:27670731 7612:24 April 7587:24 April 7563:43609159 6985:46713129 6849:18834152 6770:19 April 6606:(3): 2. 6548:25475781 6174:See also 6128:Parasite 6112:Parasite 5911:Megamind 5868:(2005). 5856:(2003), 5596:(1991), 5556:Dogme 95 5513:(1991), 5487:John Woo 5457:(1987), 5451:(1986), 5445:(1985), 5439:(1984), 5191:Bob Kane 5178:Scarface 5163:(1980), 5023:and the 4827:such as 4752:Badlands 4621:(1972). 4573:(1996). 4530:(1969). 4518:(1969), 4512:(1968), 4506:(1968), 4500:(1967), 4494:(1967), 4436:(1963). 4396:(1960), 4360:cinema. 4250:(1960), 4191:(1964), 4179:Pinewood 3918:(2002). 3906:(1954), 3888:Rashomon 3886:(1998). 3847:Godzilla 3814:(1950), 3811:Rashomon 3801:(1957). 3789:(1952), 3783:(1950), 3780:Rashomon 3757:(1955), 3747:(1951), 3737:(1954), 3721:(1958), 3705:(1953), 3662:(2010). 3616:(1953), 3610:(1950), 3584:(1954), 3578:(1955), 3540:3-D film 3536:Gimmicks 3520:(1956), 3514:(1955), 3488:(1959), 3482:(1958), 3476:(1956), 3468:Biblical 3459:Cinerama 3450:The Robe 3399:(1952). 3350:such as 3344:paranoia 3224:and his 2959:made by 2879:(1942), 2873:(1942), 2864:(1942). 2852:(1940), 2849:Fantasia 2846:(1940), 2802:(1943), 2764:(1942), 2758:(1941), 2635:Mae West 2556:(1931). 2526:, 1933, 2469:Applause 2355:Don Juan 2290:Don Juan 2239:escapism 2138:(1920), 2130:betrayal 2126:insanity 2018:The Doll 1967:(1917). 1934:Film art 1732:starrer 1528:filming 1361:Ambrosio 199:and the 121:Various 88:8mm film 10599:, 1989. 10584:10 July 10562:, 1984. 10555:(2008). 10527:, 1999. 10422:, 2002. 10384:, 2013. 10366:, 1990. 10301:, 1998. 9710:29 June 9669:CNN-IBN 9503:29 June 8309:3815398 7731:1225446 7437:1209964 7383:3815556 7335:3815253 6889:3815166 6747:3814977 6499:3815390 6456:1343603 6294:Z movie 6181:B movie 6088:Get Out 6027:Aladdin 5838:3D film 5599:Aladdin 5522:Titanic 5305:Macross 5131:THX Ltd 5063:Mad Max 4721:films, 4575:Yojimbo 4550:Yojimbo 4433:Saladin 4298:Darling 4080:K. Asif 3955:During 3804:During 3502:Todd-AO 3485:Ben-Hur 3463:Todd-AO 3410:, when 3226:Dickens 3097:filmed 2931:, with 2833:Henry V 2824:Henry V 2567:Dracula 2542:surreal 2220:realist 2192:feature 2075:Italian 1790:, 1918) 1688:Joe May 1532:in the 1407:Nordisk 1392:Cabiria 1341:Cabiria 1049:inserts 900:Saharet 660:framing 631:called 505:Bioscop 169:shadows 84:4D film 10538: 10509: 10489: 10458:(1991) 10444: 10348: 10273: 10117: 9926:22 May 9903:22 May 9859:22 May 9833:11 May 9737:30 May 9679:6 June 9590:6 June 9474: 9340:29 May 9308: 9036: 9011: 9001: 8937: 8912: 8861: 8811: 8739: 8716: 8706: 8681: 8628: 8620: 8577: 8391: 8307: 8299: 8221: 8211: 8174: 8164: 8141: 8133: 8005: 7995: 7970: 7921: 7896: 7888: 7852: 7814: 7784: 7774: 7729: 7721: 7661: 7651: 7561: 7553: 7520: 7487: 7460: 7435: 7427: 7381: 7373: 7333: 7325: 7284: 7274: 7225: 7217: 7209: 7172: 7147: 7137: 7108: 7066: 7056: 6983: 6973: 6945: 6922: 6912: 6887: 6879: 6847: 6837: 6805: 6795: 6745: 6700: 6661: 6653: 6626: 6618: 6583: 6573: 6546: 6538: 6497: 6489: 6462: 6454: 6446: 6383: 6358: 6348: 6323: 6109:, and 6085:, and 6030:, and 6010:Disney 5998:Frozen 5995:, and 5979:, and 5959:Disney 5944:Marvel 5916:Avatar 5874:Avatar 5792:Lagaan 5786:Amélie 5713:, and 5528:Avatar 5483:Triads 5409:stunts 5288:Gundam 5235:Gandhi 5199:, saw 5196:Batman 5015:dacoit 5010:Sholay 4985:Masala 4969:Bombay 4700:, and 4650:Psycho 4358:auteur 4326:Dr. No 4310:Blowup 4169:(1963) 4134:, and 4044:dramas 3877:Sholay 3777:films 3764:Pyaasa 3744:Awaara 3728:Ugetsu 3497:El Cid 3461:, and 3366:) and 3348:themes 3328:, and 3307:Shadia 3240:, and 3192:, and 3149:, and 3113:movie 3089:, and 2911:; the 2504:genres 2392:benshi 2336:, and 2202:, the 2114:German 2106:Berlin 2071:French 2030:) and 1593:Genres 1497:Éclair 1357:Naples 892:Méliès 797:, the 495:(1895) 10487:S2CID 10398:(3). 9534:4 May 8626:JSTOR 8305:JSTOR 8219:JSTOR 8139:S2CID 8003:JSTOR 7894:JSTOR 7782:S2CID 7727:JSTOR 7559:JSTOR 7433:JSTOR 7379:JSTOR 7331:JSTOR 7223:S2CID 7215:JSTOR 7191:Signs 7145:JSTOR 7064:JSTOR 6920:JSTOR 6885:JSTOR 6743:JSTOR 6698:S2CID 6659:JSTOR 6624:S2CID 6616:JSTOR 6581:JSTOR 6544:JSTOR 6495:JSTOR 6460:S2CID 6452:JSTOR 6139:2020s 5928:2010s 5638:2000s 5497:1990s 5366:Akira 5353:film 5295:mecha 5268:anime 5205:Joker 5105:Lucas 5070:1980s 4997:filmi 4989:drama 4965:Hindi 4585:1970s 4463:with 4365:Egypt 4304:Alfie 4142:1960s 3786:Ikiru 3591:Marty 3264:1950s 2861:Bambi 2855:Dumbo 2737:1940s 2609:like 2592:India 2540:made 2529:Dames 2476:with 2466:with 2450:with 2368:Japan 2364:China 2264:1930s 2224:Japan 2178:Nazis 2104:near 2040:1920s 1511:Pathé 1365:Cines 1353:Milan 1349:Turin 966:Both 904:Tango 10586:2009 10536:ISBN 10507:ISBN 10442:ISBN 10346:ISBN 10271:ISBN 10252:2015 10223:2011 10210:Time 10161:2006 10135:link 10115:ISBN 10096:2021 10070:2021 10045:2021 10020:2021 9995:2021 9928:2009 9905:2009 9883:2009 9861:2009 9835:2009 9798:2009 9765:2007 9739:2009 9712:2006 9681:2009 9650:2006 9623:2008 9592:2009 9559:2007 9536:2009 9505:2006 9472:ISBN 9434:2009 9399:2009 9365:2014 9342:2009 9306:ISBN 9287:2011 9221:2017 9034:ISBN 9009:OCLC 8999:ISBN 8980:2020 8935:ISBN 8910:ISBN 8859:ISBN 8840:2020 8809:ISBN 8737:ISBN 8714:OCLC 8704:ISBN 8679:ISBN 8655:2020 8618:ISSN 8591:2020 8575:ISSN 8550:2020 8524:2013 8498:2020 8470:2020 8445:2020 8389:ISBN 8360:2020 8335:2011 8297:ISSN 8274:2020 8249:2020 8209:ISBN 8172:OCLC 8162:ISBN 8131:ISSN 8061:2011 7993:ISBN 7968:ISBN 7919:ISBN 7886:ISSN 7850:ISBN 7812:ISBN 7772:ISBN 7719:ISSN 7688:2021 7659:OCLC 7649:ISBN 7614:2011 7589:2011 7551:ISSN 7518:ISBN 7485:ISBN 7458:ISBN 7425:ISSN 7371:ISSN 7323:ISSN 7300:link 7282:OCLC 7272:ISBN 7253:2021 7207:ISSN 7170:ISBN 7135:ISBN 7117:2021 7106:ISSN 7054:ISBN 7035:2021 6981:OCLC 6971:ISBN 6943:ISBN 6910:ISBN 6877:ISSN 6845:OCLC 6835:ISBN 6803:OCLC 6793:ISBN 6772:2020 6651:ISSN 6571:ISBN 6536:ISSN 6487:ISSN 6444:ISSN 6413:2020 6381:ISBN 6356:OCLC 6346:ISBN 6321:ISBN 6160:The 6063:and 6038:The 5946:and 5908:and 5892:and 5748:IMAX 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