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History of The New York Times (1851–1896)

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Jones and Dyer accepted selling the paper at US$ 950,000 (equivalent to US$ 32.22 million in 2023) after a man who offered US$ 50,000 (equivalent to US$ 1.7 million in 2023) discovered that he could not pay the amount. The Jones estate ultimately received the full amount, including the aforementioned
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to further his agenda and forge the paper into an organ of the party through the estate of James B. Taylor. Jennings's efforts were stopped when Jones purchased Taylor's stock for US$ 150,000 (equivalent to US$ 4.29 million in 2023) on February 4, 1876, a figure widely reported in financial circles;
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needed to work while the new building was erected. The new building gradually took form over the next year, and by April 1889, construction completed. Jones would speak fondly of the new building, although annual profits dropped from US$ 100,000 (equivalent to US$ 3.39 million in 2023) in the
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was sold to the New-York Times Publishing Company, a company managed by Cary, George F. Spinney, and chaired by Miller, for US$ 1 million (equivalent to US$ 33.91 million in 2023). The company that Miller, Spinney, and Cary received was financially unsustainable. Fundamentally,
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s office, but neither him nor Jones's son-in-law, Henry L. Dyer, could manage the business properly. The profits left by Jones to his children were without regard for where they came from, and the rest of the family did not hold the paper with value. In late 1892, the staff of
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were leased. With Jones left his expertise on how to manage the rusted printing machines. The men soon discovered that they had rented a building on 41 Park Row at US$ 40,000 (equivalent to US$ 1.36 million in 2023), not the structure. The rivalry between
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in an editorial on May 23. Although much of the editorial staff believed the paper should support the Republican ticket, the editorials reflected the populace. On June 7, following Blaine's nomination, in an editorial titled, "Facing the Fire of Defeat",
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went up in price to four cents (equivalent to $ 0.78 in 2023), where it would remain until 1883. By May 1861, circulation had gone up by 40,000 issues. In December, the paper extended its columns from six to seven—in line with the English newspaper
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earned national recognition for its coverage of Tweed. In 1891, Jones died, creating a management imbroglio in which his children had insufficient business acumen to inherit the company and his will prevented an acquisition of the
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that could be offered me should induce me to dispose of a single share of my property to the Tammany faction, or to any man associated with it, or indeed to any person or party whatever until this struggle is fought out.
1336:. The paper took a financial hit from a net profit of US$ 188,000 (equivalent to US$ 6.15 million in 2023) in 1883 to US$ 56,000 (equivalent to US$ 1.9 million in 2023), although much of the loss was incurred by the 2939: 407: 1558:
gave the paper a death blow. The men could not find money to carry on the paper nor advertising, although they were able to sell US$ 250,000 (equivalent to US$ 8.48 million in 2023) in
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moved into the building in 1858, the paper became the first housed in a building specifically constructed for a newspaper. On September 14, 1857, Raymond shortened the paper's name to
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continued its coverage from July 22 to 29. Tweed was tried in 1873 and sentenced to twelve years in prison, although he only served a year. For their coverage of the Tweed Ring, the
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will not support Mr. Blaine for the presidency. It will advise no man to vote for him, and its reasons for this are perfectly well understood by everybody that has ever read it.
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increased to three cents (equivalent to $ 1.02 in 2023), a move that furthered the paper's decline. To advertise the new price, Jones had the borders printed in color.
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through W. C. Van Antwerp. The New York Life Insurance Company personally sued Jones and Miller, but later asked how the company could fix its wrongdoings and appointed
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announced it had printed 7,550,000 copies and circulated 24,000 copies a day, although these figures were contested by Bennett. The following day, the price of the
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s rivals seized on the opportunity to gain an advantage. According to Raymond, the incident cost the paper US$ 100,000 (equivalent to US$ 2.08 million in 2023).
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learned that the company would likely be sold to a man antithetical to Raymond and Jones's values, although the will stipulated the paper should never be sold.
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of inflating the price by bidding against Jennings and that part of the price represented "back dividends". Jennings resigned several months later and became a
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How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda
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was ever required or asked to urge upon the public views which he did not accept himself". Although his heirs owned a great majority of stock in the
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and the Tweed Ring. The death of Taylor, who was a business partner of Tweed's through the New-York Printing Company, in September 1870 allowed the
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promoting gold, but its prose was rendered innocuous after financial editor Caleb C. Norvell suggested that Corbin had an ulterior motive to "
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would be a proper candidate. Jennings's radical Republicanism clashed with Jones's moderate beliefs, and he plotted to solidify control of
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million to suppress the stories. In early 1871, Raymond's widow considered selling her stock to Tweed. Jones wired to multimillionaire
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in full, a feat unheard of in journalism, though not without criticism from readers who felt that the continuous coverage was vulgar.
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jovially suggested a monument of Tweed, a "benefactor of the people", should be erected, although a great deal of readers seriously.
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How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States
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s circulation numbers never exceeded 36,000—an outlier period that included the publication of the Tammany books and the election.
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for US$ 5 million (equivalent to US$ 127.17 million in 2023), much to Jones's chagrin. Tweed's offer was publicly rejected in the
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s circulation numbers remained low and the paper regularly paid high dividends, despite low salaries and living costs. The
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decreasing in price from four cents (equivalent to $ 1.31 in 2023) to two cents (equivalent to $ 0.68 in 2023).
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frequently culled from European newspapers at the time and from within the United States, particularly in California.
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experienced a transformation necessitated by the public's demand for recent updates on the war. To gather updates,
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published Tammany Hall's accounting books; Tweed was tried in 1873 and sentenced to twelve years in prison. The
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s reporting did not elicit a strong response from readers themselves. In October, the Astor Committee—of which
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was a Republican paper with a streak of independence. Emboldened by the political controversy surrounding the
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broke out. Thousands of Irish American rioters set flame to the draft registration office and attacked the
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increased to two cents (equivalent to $ 0.73 in 2023). Early investors of the company included
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and a US$ 250,000 (equivalent to US$ 7.89 million in 2023) fund for Grant, the latter earning the
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correspondents competed against other newspapers to gather as much information as possible.
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The Illustrated Gettysburg Reader: An Eyewitness History of the Civil War's Greatest Battle
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also supported reforming the tariff and introducing a merit system into civil service. The
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subsided. The release of the Tweed Ring's books severely damaged Tweed; he offered Jones
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president of the company. On the morning of August 12, 1891, Jones died at his home in
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faced a changing media landscape, both from within New York and internationally as the
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through transmissions. In the years following the Tammany campaign, the editors of the
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boasted that it had been circulated ten thousand times. On its first anniversary, the
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succeeded Foord as editor-in-chief. Amid breaks in the Republican Party in 1884, the
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In January 1871, county auditor James Watson was killed in a sleighing accident. The
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states. In 1869, Jones inherited the paper from Raymond, who had changed its name to
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during this time is unknown. In fall 1871, during the height of the Tweed campaign,
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rival papers refused to believe that the stock was worth that much and accused the
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was a member—found no wrongdoing, and the Tammany faction was reelected that year.
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lasting several years longer. The prevalence in rail transportation also ended the
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continued to support Cleveland for upholding many of the ideals laid out by Henry
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chose to attack Greeley for his beliefs and did not resurface his admiration for
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formed Raymond, Jones & Company on August 5, 1851. The first issue of the
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reconciled their beliefs with the overall Republican Party. In May 1872, the
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s directors—composed of Jones, Leonard Jerome, and James B. Taylor—elected
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undertook an active effort to undermine the financial wrongdoings of the
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mid-1880s to US$ 15,000 (equivalent to US$ 508,666.67 in 2023) in 1890.
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and met with failure. On April 20, 1861, eight days after the attack on
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s office to stave off the mob while two hundred policemen marched onto
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experienced significant circulation, particularly among conservatives;
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inherited the company and took over its editorial and financial end.
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also became involved in local issues; in 1868, the paper opposed the
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to follow, including objecting to "easy but unsound money"—including
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1876–1896: Democratic support, Jones's death, and financial hardship
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had moved to Nassau and Beekman Streets. The company purchased the
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A history of the Brick Presbyterian Church in the City of New York
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s business model depended on leaner newspaper production, and the
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suffered a reputational loss in August 1866. Raymond attended the
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later attacked Jennings, writing that his career was "doomed".
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began issuing a Sunday edition of the paper. For 3 years, both
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s editors rejected a third-term for Grant and did not believe
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1869–1876: Jones era, the Tweed Ring, and national recognition
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Stern, Robert A. M.; Mellins, Thomas; Fishman, David (1999).
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gathered to oppose Ulysses S. Grant's reelection bid and the
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supported Grant. Raymond also established principles for the
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s reporting of the accident a week prior mentioned Watson's
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to the Civil War in New York, on July 13, 1863, a series of
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was well received by conservatives. By its ninth issue, the
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was published on September 18, 1851, in the basement of 113
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published the Spanish Treaty of 1884 on December 8 through
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New York 1880: Architecture and Urbanism in the Gilded Age
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on March 14, 1883. Despite supporting Cleveland in the
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was the first publication to cover the sinking of the
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more recognition than shock. These exposés sustained
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New York Times Building (originally the Times Annex)
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officially disassociated with the Republican Party.
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1861–1869: Civil War, expansion, and Raymond's death
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Historic American Engineering Record 1454:. In part prompted by the construction of the 1284:in 1881, the same year that the paper exposed 512:, but faced financial difficulties during the 58:"History of The New York Times" 1851–1896 612:experimented with multiple formats, with the 408: 1834: 1292:'s support for Jay Gould in controlling the 1138:s continuous coverage of Tweed to cover the 1117:received praise from newspapers nationally. 632:could be sent to California from New York. 2987:History of newspapers in the United States 2723:The Story of the New York Times, 1851-1951 2631:"Election Results by Times Building Flash" 1031:in the following days over his editorial. 415: 401: 2918:Campbell, W. Joseph (February 10, 2012). 2777: 548:in the early 1800s. In 1851, journalists 109:Learn how and when to remove this message 2937: 2917: 2739:History of the New York Times: 1851-1921 1886: 1866: 1554:movement in 1893 that ultimately led to 1182:allowed the paper to cover the trial of 1090:published the first of these books. The 720: 669: 628:was started in 1852 and circulated when 523: 221:The New York Times International Edition 2549: 1909:"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–" 918:(equivalent to $ 206,000 in 2023), 714:states rather than telegraphs from the 2974: 2938:LaFrance, Adrienne (August 18, 2014). 2845:The Impact of the IRT in New York City 2815: 2717: 2530:Harlan, Jennifer (December 31, 2022). 2529: 2506: 2483: 2460: 2438: 2414: 2351: 2294: 2111: 2099: 2087: 2075: 2039: 2012: 1976: 1952: 1792: 1756: 1718:Landmarks Preservation Commission 1999 1705: 1693: 1681: 1669: 1642: 1627: 776:. Raymond sent sixteen men armed with 520:1851–1861: Origins and initial success 124:This article is part of a series about 2768: 2745: 2733: 2550:Lindner, Emmett (November 17, 2022). 2452: 2426: 2402: 2390: 2378: 2366: 2336: 2324: 2309: 2282: 2270: 2255: 2243: 2231: 2219: 2207: 2195: 2171: 2159: 2147: 2135: 2123: 2063: 2051: 2024: 2000: 1988: 1964: 1940: 1928: 1907:Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. 1828: 1816: 1804: 1780: 1768: 1729: 1657: 1582:The broad circulation numbers of the 1324:Citing his gubernatorial experience, 1268:, Hayes's vice president who won the 1178:. The appointment of John C. Reid as 2842: 2651:"New York Times Building Supplement" 1533:. The presses were dilapidated; the 764:office. Warned by the attack on the 47:adding citations to reliable sources 18: 2611:"A New Home For The New York Times" 2577:. New York City. September 18, 1851 1474:In the final year of Jones's life, 911:. On June 18, 1869, Raymond died. 339:New York Times Co. v. United States 13: 971:William M. Tweed § Corruption 937:occurred that year when investors 14: 2998: 2671:"A Times Annex Near Times Square" 2637:. New York City. November 6, 1904 1742:Stern, Mellins & Fishman 1999 616:circulating until the 1870s, and 2864:(Former) New York Times Building 2657:. New York City. January 1, 1905 1276:'s comity. Frank D. Root of the 1146:in greater detail, although the 802:to purchase more presses and to 725:The Tribune building during the 138: 23: 2677:. New York City. March 29, 1911 2617:. New York City. August 4, 1902 1596: 1576: 1480:New York Life Insurance Company 34:needs additional citations for 2697:. New York City. March 8, 1940 2447: 1086:on March 29. On July 8, 1871, 961:, replaced by George Shepard. 945:cornered the gold market. The 331:New York Times Co. v. Sullivan 244:The New York Times Book Review 1: 2597:. New York City. June 7, 1884 1610: 1312:supported neither Blaine nor 1304:in the 1880s. In April 1883, 995:actively sought to challenge 986:—George Jones, March 29, 1871 851:Republican National Committee 2591:"Facing the Fires of Defeat" 1901:American Antiquarian Society 1881:American Antiquarian Society 1615: 1374:Proclamation of the Republic 1354:Second Industrial Revolution 879:. The paper did not support 806:, an approach tested by the 710:relied on correspondents in 624:for presidential years. The 347:New York Times Co. v. Tasini 276:Executives and board members 228:International Herald Tribune 7: 2910: 2780:Postcards from Times Square 895:, falling in line with the 433:was established in 1851 by 387:The New York Times Building 237:The New York Times Magazine 16:Aspect of newspaper history 10: 3003: 2835: 2778:Lankevich, George (2001). 1444:1888 presidential election 1334:1884 presidential election 1270:1880 presidential election 1196:1876 presidential election 1003:to attack the Tweed Ring. 968: 893:1896 presidential election 885:1876 presidential election 692:1860 presidential election 316:The New York Times Company 2944:Crowdsourced a New Motto" 2825:(2 ed.). Cleveland: 2822:The Kingdom and the Power 2782:. Square One Publishers. 1548:sensationalist journalism 1456:New York Tribune Building 1391:New York dissipated, the 1364:; at a purported cost of 1294:Manhattan Railway Company 1144:Great Boston Fire of 1872 897:National Democratic Party 839:National Union Convention 727:New York City draft riots 641:Brick Presbyterian Church 369:MoveOn.org ad controversy 2827:World Publishing Company 2769:Knapp, Shepherd (1909). 2710: 2571:"A Word about Ourselves" 1588:The New-York Daily Times 1569: 1562:. In December 1891, the 1450:did not accept Democrat 1238:and vehemently attacked 1122:The New-York Daily Times 1111:The New-York Daily Times 1088:The New-York Daily Times 949:published an article by 2184:The New-York Times 1884 1540:William Randolph Hearst 1513:On April 13, 1893, the 914:At an annual salary of 528:The first issue of the 2843:Hood, Clifton (1978). 1556:an economic depression 1290:Theodoric R. Westbrook 1286:New York Supreme Court 1249: 1150:was able to cover the 983: 889:William Jennings Bryan 772:armed themselves with 730: 682: 677:, the headquarters of 651:designed a five-story 538:newspapers in New York 533: 2691:"John H. Finley Dead" 2464:(November 14, 2001). 1306:Charles Ransom Miller 1245: 975: 969:Further information: 789:Printing House Square 744:four days before the 724: 673: 532:on September 18, 1851 527: 506:Charles Ransom Miller 287:Meredith Kopit Levien 2750:. Washington, D.C.: 2727:Simon & Schuster 2595:New-York Daily Times 2575:New-York Daily Times 1346:Henry Jarvis Raymond 1220:Member of Parliament 1131:was able to use the 1054:John Jacob Astor III 935:Black Friday of 1869 798:The Civil War drove 758:violent disturbances 661:New-York Daily Times 637:New-York Daily Times 626:Times for California 610:New-York Daily Times 591:New-York Daily Times 583:New-York Daily Times 568:New-York Daily Times 550:Henry Jarvis Raymond 530:New-York Daily Times 461:New-York Daily Times 441:Henry Jarvis Raymond 430:New-York Daily Times 43:improve this article 2801:. Monacelli Press. 2746:Gragg, Rod (2013). 2487:(August 16, 2011). 1236:Rutherford B. Hayes 1164:Radical Republicans 1160:Liberal Republicans 1152:Franco-Prussian War 768:, the staff of the 614:Weekly Family Times 544:existed before the 479:. Under Jones, the 2982:The New York Times 2958:on August 18, 2014 2942:The New York Times 2695:The New York Times 2675:The New York Times 2655:The New York Times 2635:The New York Times 2615:The New York Times 2556:The New York Times 2536:The New York Times 2516:The New York Times 2493:The New York Times 2470:The New York Times 2454:The New York Times 2393:, p. 168-169. 2381:, p. 167-168. 2339:, p. 164-165. 2285:, p. 161-164. 2258:, p. 155-156. 2234:, p. 151-152. 2210:, p. 146-149. 2174:, p. 127-130. 2162:, p. 121-124. 2138:, p. 118-119. 1744:, p. 429-430. 1732:, p. 277-292. 1529:did not implement 1520:The New-York Times 1508:The New-York Times 1500:The New-York Times 1476:The New-York Times 1433:The New-York Times 1413:elevated railroads 1380:, which overthrew 1358:The New-York Times 1342:The New-York Times 1326:The New-York Times 1319:The New-York Times 1302:The New-York Times 1282:Star Route scandal 1262:The New-York Times 1254:The New-York Times 1224:The New-York Times 1211:The New-York Times 1184:Henry Ward Beecher 1172:The New-York Times 1140:Great Chicago Fire 1080:The New-York Times 1043:The New-York Times 1005:The New-York Times 993:The New-York Times 959:The New-York Times 924:The New-York Times 901:The New-York Times 865:The New-York Times 835:The New-York Times 824:The New-York Times 800:The New-York Times 793:The New-York Times 752:. Due to mounting 742:Battle of Franklin 738:Benjamin C. Truman 734:The New-York Times 731: 708:The New-York Times 696:The New-York Times 683: 679:The New-York Times 665:The New-York Times 653:Romanesque Revival 603:Christopher Morgan 542:The New York Times 534: 510:The New-York Times 504:. Editor-in-chief 493:The New-York Times 477:The New-York Times 465:American Civil War 214:Other publications 193:The New York Times 131:The New York Times 2725:. New York City: 2510:(July 16, 2015). 1535:Linotype machines 1314:Chester A. Arthur 1266:James A. Garfield 746:Department of War 649:Thomas R. Jackson 618:Semi-weekly Times 425: 424: 299:Notable employees 119: 118: 111: 93: 2994: 2967: 2965: 2963: 2957: 2952:. Archived from 2940:"118 Years Ago, 2934: 2932: 2930: 2905: 2903: 2901: 2896:. April 24, 2001 2891: 2882: 2880: 2878: 2873:. March 16, 1999 2868: 2859: 2857: 2855: 2849: 2830: 2812: 2793: 2774: 2765: 2742: 2730: 2706: 2704: 2702: 2686: 2684: 2682: 2666: 2664: 2662: 2646: 2644: 2642: 2626: 2624: 2622: 2606: 2604: 2602: 2586: 2584: 2582: 2566: 2564: 2562: 2546: 2544: 2542: 2526: 2524: 2522: 2503: 2501: 2499: 2480: 2478: 2476: 2442: 2436: 2430: 2424: 2418: 2417:, p. 68-69. 2412: 2406: 2400: 2394: 2388: 2382: 2376: 2370: 2364: 2355: 2349: 2340: 2334: 2328: 2322: 2313: 2307: 2298: 2297:, p. 65-66. 2292: 2286: 2280: 2274: 2268: 2259: 2253: 2247: 2241: 2235: 2229: 2223: 2217: 2211: 2205: 2199: 2193: 2187: 2181: 2175: 2169: 2163: 2157: 2151: 2145: 2139: 2133: 2127: 2121: 2115: 2114:, p. 44-51. 2109: 2103: 2097: 2091: 2090:, p. 41-42. 2085: 2079: 2073: 2067: 2061: 2055: 2049: 2043: 2037: 2028: 2022: 2016: 2010: 2004: 1998: 1992: 1986: 1980: 1974: 1968: 1962: 1956: 1955:, p. 30-31. 1950: 1944: 1943:, p. 73-74. 1938: 1932: 1926: 1920: 1919: 1917: 1915: 1904: 1898: 1884: 1878: 1863: 1832: 1831:, p. 68-69. 1826: 1820: 1819:, p. 64-65. 1814: 1808: 1807:, p. 63-64. 1802: 1796: 1795:, p. 24-25. 1790: 1784: 1778: 1772: 1771:, p. 56-57. 1766: 1760: 1754: 1745: 1739: 1733: 1727: 1721: 1715: 1709: 1703: 1697: 1696:, p. 14-15. 1691: 1685: 1679: 1673: 1667: 1661: 1655: 1646: 1640: 1631: 1625: 1604: 1600: 1594: 1592: 1580: 1524: 1504: 1397:Charles F. Brush 1367: 1330:Grover Cleveland 1257: 1240:Samuel J. Tilden 1228:Mulligan letters 1204: 1137: 1129:New-York Tribune 1126: 1104: 1101: 1069: 1065: 1051: 997:William M. Tweed 987: 928: 917: 881:Samuel J. Tilden 859: 820:The Sunday Times 808:New-York Tribune 786: 762:New-York Tribune 716:Associated Press 655:building at the 563:New-York Tribune 489:William M. Tweed 453:New-York Tribune 436:New-York Tribune 417: 410: 403: 282:A. G. Sulzberger 177:Online platforms 142: 141: 121: 120: 114: 107: 103: 100: 94: 92: 51: 27: 19: 3002: 3001: 2997: 2996: 2995: 2993: 2992: 2991: 2972: 2971: 2970: 2961: 2959: 2928: 2926: 2913: 2908: 2899: 2897: 2889: 2876: 2874: 2866: 2853: 2851: 2847: 2838: 2833: 2809: 2790: 2762: 2752:Regnery History 2713: 2700: 2698: 2680: 2678: 2660: 2658: 2640: 2638: 2620: 2618: 2600: 2598: 2580: 2578: 2560: 2558: 2540: 2538: 2520: 2518: 2497: 2495: 2474: 2472: 2457: 2450: 2445: 2437: 2433: 2425: 2421: 2413: 2409: 2401: 2397: 2389: 2385: 2377: 2373: 2365: 2358: 2350: 2343: 2335: 2331: 2323: 2316: 2308: 2301: 2293: 2289: 2281: 2277: 2269: 2262: 2254: 2250: 2242: 2238: 2230: 2226: 2218: 2214: 2206: 2202: 2194: 2190: 2182: 2178: 2170: 2166: 2158: 2154: 2146: 2142: 2134: 2130: 2122: 2118: 2110: 2106: 2098: 2094: 2086: 2082: 2074: 2070: 2062: 2058: 2050: 2046: 2038: 2031: 2023: 2019: 2011: 2007: 1999: 1995: 1987: 1983: 1975: 1971: 1963: 1959: 1951: 1947: 1939: 1935: 1927: 1923: 1913: 1911: 1896: 1888:McCusker, J. J. 1876: 1868:McCusker, J. J. 1864: 1835: 1827: 1823: 1815: 1811: 1803: 1799: 1791: 1787: 1779: 1775: 1767: 1763: 1755: 1748: 1740: 1736: 1728: 1724: 1716: 1712: 1704: 1700: 1692: 1688: 1680: 1676: 1668: 1664: 1656: 1649: 1641: 1634: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1613: 1608: 1607: 1601: 1597: 1590: 1581: 1577: 1572: 1544:Joseph Pulitzer 1531:cost accounting 1522: 1502: 1370:Harold Frederic 1365: 1274:Roscoe Conkling 1259: 1251: 1207:James G. Blaine 1202: 1192: 1180:managing editor 1135: 1124: 1107:Edwin D. Morgan 1102: 1099: 1067: 1063: 1049: 1047:Harper's Weekly 1010:Harper's Weekly 989: 985: 973: 967: 926: 915: 857: 784: 688: 659:site. When the 599:Edwin B. Morgan 522: 487:political boss 421: 392: 391: 382: 374: 373: 364: 354: 353: 325: 310: 309: 305:Maggie Haberman 300: 292: 291: 277: 264: 263: 215: 207: 206: 195: 139: 115: 104: 98: 95: 52: 50: 40: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3000: 2990: 2989: 2984: 2969: 2968: 2935: 2914: 2912: 2909: 2907: 2906: 2883: 2860: 2839: 2837: 2834: 2832: 2831: 2813: 2807: 2794: 2788: 2775: 2766: 2760: 2743: 2731: 2714: 2712: 2709: 2708: 2707: 2687: 2667: 2647: 2627: 2607: 2587: 2567: 2547: 2527: 2504: 2481: 2456: 2451: 2449: 2446: 2444: 2443: 2431: 2429:, p. 171. 2419: 2407: 2405:, p. 170. 2395: 2383: 2371: 2369:, p. 167. 2356: 2341: 2329: 2327:, p. 166. 2314: 2312:, p. 165. 2299: 2287: 2275: 2273:, p. 158. 2260: 2248: 2246:, p. 154. 2236: 2224: 2222:, p. 150. 2212: 2200: 2198:, p. 144. 2188: 2176: 2164: 2152: 2150:, p. 123. 2140: 2128: 2126:, p. 118. 2116: 2104: 2092: 2080: 2068: 2056: 2044: 2029: 2017: 2005: 2003:, p. 101. 1993: 1981: 1969: 1957: 1945: 1933: 1921: 1905:1800–present: 1833: 1821: 1809: 1797: 1785: 1773: 1761: 1746: 1734: 1722: 1710: 1698: 1686: 1674: 1662: 1647: 1632: 1619: 1617: 1614: 1612: 1609: 1606: 1605: 1595: 1574: 1573: 1571: 1568: 1484:John A. McCall 1464:George B. Post 1256:, June 7, 1884 1244: 1191: 1188: 1028:New York World 1019:Madison Avenue 974: 966: 963: 847:Andrew Johnson 750:John Schofield 687: 684: 622:Campaign Times 558:Horace Greeley 521: 518: 457:Horace Greeley 423: 422: 420: 419: 412: 405: 397: 394: 393: 390: 389: 383: 380: 379: 376: 375: 372: 371: 365: 360: 359: 356: 355: 352: 351: 343: 335: 326: 323: 322: 319: 318: 312: 311: 308: 307: 301: 298: 297: 294: 293: 290: 289: 284: 278: 275: 274: 271: 270: 266: 265: 262: 261: 254: 247: 240: 233: 232: 231: 216: 213: 212: 209: 208: 205: 204: 196: 191: 190: 187: 186: 182: 181: 180: 179: 174: 173: 172: 167: 162: 157: 144: 143: 135: 134: 126: 125: 117: 116: 31: 29: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2999: 2988: 2985: 2983: 2980: 2979: 2977: 2956: 2951: 2950: 2945: 2943: 2936: 2925: 2921: 2916: 2915: 2895: 2888: 2884: 2872: 2865: 2861: 2846: 2841: 2840: 2828: 2824: 2823: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2808:9781580930277 2804: 2800: 2795: 2791: 2789:9780757001000 2785: 2781: 2776: 2772: 2767: 2763: 2761:9781621570738 2757: 2753: 2749: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2719:Berger, Meyer 2716: 2715: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2557: 2553: 2548: 2537: 2533: 2528: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2508:Dunlap, David 2505: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2485:Dunlap, David 2482: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2462:Dunlap, David 2459: 2458: 2455: 2441:, p. 68. 2440: 2435: 2428: 2423: 2416: 2411: 2404: 2399: 2392: 2387: 2380: 2375: 2368: 2363: 2361: 2354:, p. 67. 2353: 2348: 2346: 2338: 2333: 2326: 2321: 2319: 2311: 2306: 2304: 2296: 2291: 2284: 2279: 2272: 2267: 2265: 2257: 2252: 2245: 2240: 2233: 2228: 2221: 2216: 2209: 2204: 2197: 2192: 2185: 2180: 2173: 2168: 2161: 2156: 2149: 2144: 2137: 2132: 2125: 2120: 2113: 2108: 2102:, p. 41. 2101: 2096: 2089: 2084: 2078:, p. 39. 2077: 2072: 2066:, p. 96. 2065: 2060: 2054:, p. 94. 2053: 2048: 2042:, p. 37. 2041: 2036: 2034: 2027:, p. 93. 2026: 2021: 2015:, p. 35. 2014: 2009: 2002: 1997: 1991:, p. 81. 1990: 1985: 1979:, p. 32. 1978: 1973: 1967:, p. 77. 1966: 1961: 1954: 1949: 1942: 1937: 1931:, p. 71. 1930: 1925: 1910: 1902: 1895: 1894: 1889: 1882: 1875: 1874: 1869: 1862: 1860: 1858: 1856: 1854: 1852: 1850: 1848: 1846: 1844: 1842: 1840: 1838: 1830: 1825: 1818: 1813: 1806: 1801: 1794: 1789: 1783:, p. 57. 1782: 1777: 1770: 1765: 1758: 1753: 1751: 1743: 1738: 1731: 1726: 1719: 1714: 1708:, p. 16. 1707: 1702: 1695: 1690: 1683: 1678: 1671: 1666: 1660:, p. 17. 1659: 1654: 1652: 1644: 1639: 1637: 1629: 1624: 1620: 1599: 1589: 1585: 1579: 1575: 1567: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1521: 1516: 1511: 1509: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1488:Poland, Maine 1485: 1481: 1477: 1472: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1452:David B. Hill 1449: 1445: 1441: 1440: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1421:Thomas Edison 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1385: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1322: 1320: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1258: 1255: 1248: 1243: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1212: 1208: 1201: 1197: 1194:Ahead of the 1187: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1134: 1130: 1123: 1118: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1072:James O'Brien 1062: 1057: 1055: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1035: 1030: 1029: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1011: 1007:, except for 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 991:Under Jones, 988: 982: 979: 972: 962: 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 936: 932: 925: 921: 912: 910: 909:Erie Railroad 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 861: 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 836: 832: 831: 825: 821: 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 796: 794: 790: 783: 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 728: 723: 719: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 693: 680: 676: 672: 668: 666: 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 635:By 1854, the 633: 631: 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 606: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 584: 579: 577: 573: 572:Nassau Street 569: 565: 564: 559: 555: 551: 547: 543: 539: 531: 526: 517: 515: 514:Panic of 1893 511: 507: 503: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 463:. During the 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 437: 432: 431: 418: 413: 411: 406: 404: 399: 398: 396: 395: 388: 385: 384: 378: 377: 370: 367: 366: 363: 362:Controversies 358: 357: 349: 348: 344: 341: 340: 336: 333: 332: 328: 327: 321: 320: 317: 314: 313: 306: 303: 302: 296: 295: 288: 285: 283: 280: 279: 273: 272: 268: 267: 260: 259: 255: 253: 252: 248: 246: 245: 241: 239: 238: 234: 230: 229: 225: 224: 223: 222: 218: 217: 211: 210: 203: 202: 198: 197: 194: 189: 188: 184: 183: 178: 175: 171: 168: 166: 163: 161: 158: 156: 153: 152: 151: 148: 147: 146: 145: 137: 136: 133: 132: 128: 127: 123: 122: 113: 110: 102: 91: 88: 84: 81: 77: 74: 70: 67: 63: 60: –  59: 55: 54:Find sources: 48: 44: 38: 37: 32:This article 30: 26: 21: 20: 2960:. Retrieved 2955:the original 2949:The Atlantic 2947: 2941: 2927:. Retrieved 2898:. Retrieved 2875:. Retrieved 2852:. Retrieved 2821: 2798: 2779: 2770: 2747: 2738: 2735:Davis, Elmer 2722: 2699:. Retrieved 2694: 2679:. Retrieved 2674: 2659:. Retrieved 2654: 2639:. Retrieved 2634: 2619:. Retrieved 2614: 2599:. Retrieved 2594: 2579:. Retrieved 2574: 2561:November 25, 2559:. Retrieved 2555: 2539:. Retrieved 2535: 2519:. Retrieved 2515: 2496:. Retrieved 2492: 2473:. Retrieved 2469: 2453: 2434: 2422: 2410: 2398: 2386: 2374: 2332: 2290: 2278: 2251: 2239: 2227: 2215: 2203: 2191: 2179: 2167: 2155: 2143: 2131: 2119: 2107: 2095: 2083: 2071: 2059: 2047: 2020: 2008: 1996: 1984: 1972: 1960: 1948: 1936: 1924: 1914:February 29, 1912:. Retrieved 1892: 1872: 1824: 1812: 1800: 1788: 1776: 1764: 1737: 1725: 1720:, p. 3. 1713: 1701: 1689: 1684:, p. 6. 1677: 1672:, p. 5. 1665: 1630:, p. 3. 1623: 1598: 1587: 1583: 1578: 1563: 1526: 1519: 1514: 1512: 1507: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1475: 1473: 1467: 1447: 1438: 1432: 1417:Third Avenue 1395:covered how 1392: 1386: 1357: 1349: 1341: 1337: 1325: 1323: 1318: 1309: 1301: 1297: 1280:exposed the 1277: 1261: 1260: 1253: 1250: 1246: 1231: 1223: 1215: 1210: 1199: 1193: 1171: 1155: 1147: 1132: 1128: 1121: 1119: 1114: 1110: 1096:Orange Riots 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1060: 1058: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1032: 1026: 1008: 1004: 1000: 992: 990: 984: 977: 976: 958: 946: 933:editor. The 931:John Bigelow 923: 920:George Jones 913: 904: 900: 868: 864: 862: 854: 843:Philadelphia 834: 828: 823: 819: 815: 807: 799: 797: 792: 781: 778:Minié rifles 774:Gatling guns 769: 765: 761: 733: 732: 707: 703: 695: 689: 678: 664: 660: 647:. Architect 636: 634: 625: 621: 617: 613: 609: 607: 594: 590: 586: 582: 580: 575: 567: 561: 556:working for 554:George Jones 545: 541: 535: 529: 509: 501: 496: 492: 485:Tammany Hall 480: 476: 468: 460: 459:praised the 452: 448: 445:George Jones 439:journalists 434: 428: 426: 345: 337: 329: 256: 249: 242: 235: 226: 219: 199: 192: 185:Publications 170:1998–present 154: 129: 105: 96: 86: 79: 72: 65: 53: 41:Please help 36:verification 33: 2817:Talese, Gay 2448:Works cited 2439:Berger 1951 2415:Berger 1951 2352:Berger 1951 2295:Berger 1951 2112:Berger 1951 2100:Berger 1951 2088:Berger 1951 2076:Berger 1951 2040:Berger 1951 2013:Berger 1951 1977:Berger 1951 1953:Berger 1951 1885:1700–1799: 1865:1634–1699: 1793:Berger 1951 1757:Dunlap 2001 1706:Berger 1951 1694:Berger 1951 1682:Berger 1951 1670:Berger 1951 1643:Dunlap 2011 1628:Berger 1951 1552:free silver 1425:Kinetoscope 1023:59th Street 1015:Thomas Nast 951:Abel Corbin 877:free silver 812:Fort Sumter 748:heard from 712:Confederate 681:until 1905. 675:41 Park Row 657:41 Park Row 645:Murray Hill 473:Confederate 2976:Categories 2892:(Report). 2869:(Report). 2701:August 12, 2521:August 20, 2427:Davis 1921 2403:Davis 1921 2391:Davis 1921 2379:Davis 1921 2367:Davis 1921 2337:Davis 1921 2325:Davis 1921 2310:Davis 1921 2283:Davis 1921 2271:Davis 1921 2256:Davis 1921 2244:Davis 1921 2232:Davis 1921 2220:Davis 1921 2208:Davis 1921 2196:Davis 1921 2172:Davis 1921 2160:Davis 1921 2148:Davis 1921 2136:Davis 1921 2124:Davis 1921 2064:Davis 1921 2052:Davis 1921 2025:Davis 1921 2001:Davis 1921 1989:Davis 1921 1965:Davis 1921 1941:Davis 1921 1929:Davis 1921 1829:Davis 1921 1817:Davis 1921 1805:Davis 1921 1781:Davis 1921 1769:Davis 1921 1730:Knapp 1909 1658:Davis 1921 1611:References 1462:architect 1460:Beaux-Arts 1389:Dickensian 1328:supported 1264:supported 1234:supported 1176:Fourierism 1168:convention 1068:US$ 10,000 943:James Fisk 875:and later 873:Greenbacks 853:, and The 804:stereotype 754:opposition 630:mail boats 455:publisher 324:Litigation 201:The Upshot 99:March 2024 69:newspapers 2900:August 7, 2854:August 3, 2681:August 7, 2661:August 3, 2641:August 3, 2621:August 3, 2541:August 7, 1616:Citations 1560:debenture 1403:replaced 1401:arc lamps 1366:US$ 8,000 1272:, during 1166:. At the 939:Jay Gould 916:US$ 9,000 863:In 1868, 830:The Times 700:Civil War 165:1945–1998 160:1896–1945 155:1851–1896 2962:July 28, 2929:July 24, 2924:BBC News 2911:Articles 2877:July 20, 2819:(1981). 2737:(1921). 2721:(1951). 2601:July 20, 2581:July 20, 2498:July 20, 2475:July 21, 1890:(1992). 1870:(1997). 1409:Broadway 1405:gaslight 1382:Pedro II 1288:justice 1142:and the 1013:through 978:No money 2836:Reports 1387:As the 1356:began. 1332:in the 1076:The Sun 1039:The Sun 1034:The Sun 891:in the 883:in the 782:Tribune 780:to the 766:Tribune 690:In the 560:at the 540:titled 381:Related 150:History 83:scholar 2805:  2786:  2758:  1603:offer. 1550:. The 1446:, the 1439:Oregon 1429:Quaker 1419:, and 1378:Brazil 1198:, the 1103:  814:, the 702:, the 574:. The 536:Seven 447:. The 350:(2001) 342:(1971) 334:(1964) 269:People 85:  78:  71:  64:  56:  2890:(PDF) 2867:(PDF) 2848:(PDF) 2711:Books 1897:(PDF) 1877:(PDF) 1591:' 1584:Times 1570:Notes 1564:Times 1527:Times 1523:' 1515:Times 1503:' 1496:Times 1492:Times 1468:Times 1448:Times 1393:Times 1362:cable 1350:Times 1338:Times 1310:Times 1298:Times 1278:Times 1232:Times 1216:Times 1203:' 1200:Times 1156:Times 1148:Times 1136:' 1133:Times 1125:' 1115:Times 1100:US$ 5 1092:Times 1084:Times 1064:' 1061:Times 1050:' 1001:Times 947:Times 927:' 905:Times 869:Times 858:' 855:Times 816:Times 785:' 770:Times 704:Times 595:Times 587:Times 576:Times 546:Times 502:Times 497:Times 481:Times 469:Times 449:Times 90:JSTOR 76:books 2964:2024 2931:2023 2902:2023 2879:2023 2856:2023 2803:ISBN 2784:ISBN 2756:ISBN 2703:2023 2683:2023 2663:2023 2643:2023 2623:2023 2603:2023 2583:2023 2563:2023 2543:2023 2523:2023 2500:2023 2477:2023 1916:2024 1542:and 1045:and 1021:and 955:bull 941:and 887:nor 822:and 608:The 601:and 581:The 552:and 443:and 427:The 251:Play 62:news 1437:SS 1423:'s 1415:on 1407:on 1399:'s 1376:in 841:in 833:. 45:by 2978:: 2946:. 2922:. 2754:. 2693:. 2673:. 2653:. 2633:. 2613:. 2593:. 2573:. 2554:. 2534:. 2514:. 2491:. 2468:. 2359:^ 2344:^ 2317:^ 2302:^ 2263:^ 2032:^ 1899:. 1879:. 1836:^ 1749:^ 1650:^ 1635:^ 1411:, 1384:. 1242:. 899:. 791:. 718:. 694:, 667:. 605:. 516:. 467:, 2966:. 2933:. 2904:. 2881:. 2858:. 2829:. 2811:. 2792:. 2773:. 2764:. 2741:. 2729:. 2705:. 2685:. 2665:. 2645:. 2625:. 2605:. 2585:. 2565:. 2545:. 2525:. 2502:. 2479:. 2186:. 1918:. 1903:. 1883:. 1759:. 1645:. 1252:— 729:. 416:e 409:t 402:v 258:T 112:) 106:( 101:) 97:( 87:· 80:· 73:· 66:· 39:.

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