297:
527:
944:
1175:
910:
893:
659:
966:
2677:
1103:
1538:
2978:"Of necessity, the airplanes will be stowed below decks; they would be solidly fixed anchored to their bases, each in its place, so they would not be affected with the pitching and rolling. Access to this lower decks would be by an elevator sufficiently long and wide to hold an airplane with its wings folded. A large, sliding trap would cover the hole in the deck, and it would have waterproof joints, so that neither rain nor seawater, from heavy seas could penetrate below." Military Aviation, p. 36
2096:
927:
1693:
39:
1705:
1278:
876:
1025:
1329:
478:
859:
2332:
1295:
1428:
430:, a modern navy was built, taking advantage of new technologies like steam and ship armour, which made older fleets effectively obsolete. This force was an important instrument in the constitution and keeping of the French Empire. The fleet maintained a high standard, and between the two world wars (1925–1939), a significant effort was made counter the threat of the German and Italian navies. With the
1346:
1312:
1797:
1887:
2974:"An airplane-carrying vessel is indispensable. These vessels will be constructed on a plan very different from what is currently used. First of all the deck will be cleared of all obstacles. It will be flat, as wide as possible without jeopardizing the nautical lines of the hull, and it will look like a landing field." Military Aviation, p. 35
1529:(January 1862–March 1867). Napoleon III, using as a pretext the Mexican Republic's refusal to pay its foreign debts, planned to establish a French sphere of influence in North America by creating a French-backed monarchy in Mexico, a project which was supported by Mexican conservatives tired of the anti-clerical Mexican republic.
1847:"An airplane-carrying vessel is indispensable. These vessels will be constructed on a plan very different from what is currently used. First of all the deck will be cleared of all obstacles. It will be flat, as wide as possible without jeopardizing the nautical lines of the hull, and it will look like a landing field."
1569:
carrying shell-firing guns, and prematurely deemed the battleship obsolete. However, in the early 1890s the pre-dreadnought battleship revived with surprising vigour and new protections against torpedoes and mines, and the torpedo boats proved to have inadequate nautical qualities for the open ocean.
1877:
the description of a ship to operate airplanes at sea, with a flat flight deck, an island superstructure, deck elevators and a hangar bay. That year the US Naval Attaché in Paris sent a report on his observations and the first experiments to test the concept were made in the United States from 1910.
943:
1628:
Right at the turn of the century, French design absorbed influences from foreign practice. Her newer battleships had two twin-300mm gun turrets instead of single mounts, less exaggerated tumble-home of the hull, and abandonment of the ram bow. This led to improved seakeeping characteristics, though
340:
Inconsistent support for her navy. To be effective, navies require infrastructure, ports, dockyards, foundries which must be maintained in peacetime. Officers and crews need plenty of experience at sea. Shortage of resources and political misunderstanding repeatedly damaged the service, creating a
1901:
Every naval fleet consists of a variety of ships of different sizes, and no fleet has enough resources to make every vessel supreme in its class. Nonetheless, different countries strive to excel in particular classes. Between the world wars, the French fleet was remarkable in its building of small
1624:
in 1894. French yards busily turned out warships for foreign customers, especially
Imperial Russia, which copied French styles in designing many of its cruisers and battleships. Despite her leads in some areas of technology (boilers, metallurgy), France did not have the productive capacity of her
1465:
to punish the
Vietnamese for their mistreatment of French Catholic missionaries and force the court to accept a French presence in the country. An important factor in his decision was the belief that France risked becoming a second-rate power by not expanding its influence in East Asia. Also, the
1133:
dissolved the Fleet
Gunners Corps, which effectively put a halt to the training in gunnery, abysmally degrading the rate of fire and precision of batteries; in addition, the French doctrine was to fire at the rigging of enemy ships to disable them; this doctrine could prove effective with highly
1036:
During the
American War of Independence the French Navy played a decisive role in supporting the American side. The French Navy was the only standing navy to fight the British, alongside the modest Continental and American state navies and American privateers. In a hard-fought effort, the French
1732:
s by the end of 1914 and three improved dreadnoughts by mid-1916. During the war, the main French effort was on land. While capital ships already on the ways were completed, few new warships were laid down. Despite its dated roster, the Marine
Nationale performed well in World War I. The main
545:, France was in an unstable state, and striving to guarantee her independence from Spanish and papal influences. This prompted both an emphasis on land forces, which drained resources, and an alliance with England, which would have unfavourably seen France challenging her naval supremacy.
761:
in 1692 saw a French fleet engage an Anglo-Dutch fleet, with both sides suffering heavily. However, once wind and tide changed, the French suffered heavily as they tried to get back to port for repairs. Some of the damaged French ships were forced to beach themselves at
1501:
river, give full civil rights and freedom of religion to
Christians, and give France a huge indemnity. This, combined with the intervention in Vietnam, set the stage for further French influence in China, leading up to a sphere of influence over parts of Southern China.
2022:
hands spent the war trying to observe neutrality towards the Axis powers, while avoiding capture by the Allies and the Free French. They obtained anecdotal tactical successes which weighted for nought against the overall strategic disaster, like the battles of
1577:. Often carrying only half the main armament of their British contemporaries, French battleships had armoured masts with electric elevators inside, outsized funnels, and elaborate davit systems to swing out boats from the narrow upper decks.
1134:
trained crews, but was impractical with poorly trained gunners, and resulted in a number of instances where French ships did not manage to score a single hit on dangerously exposed
British ships (as happened with the fight of the
1215:
in 1884. It also served as an effective link between the growing parts of the French empire. The French Navy were leaders in many areas of warship development, first with incremental improvements upon existing designs with the
526:
492:
Medieval fleets, in France as elsewhere, were almost entirely composed of merchant ships enlisted into naval service in time of war. But the early beginning of the French Navy goes back to the Middle Ages, when it defeated the
566:. The designs were moderately large ships, for a lack of harbours fit for very large units, but very heavily armed with large calibre guns; these ships displaced between 300 and 2000 tonnes and bore up to 50 24-pound
1079:
and 32 smaller units; a further 12 ships of the line and 10 frigates were under construction and expected to be launched within the year. The crews counted 75,000 sailors, 5,000 gunners, 2,000 officers and 14,000
1646:, which made all the world's capital ships obsolete overnight. Through 1911, while rival navies were turning out new dreadnoughts, all France's available shipyards were dedicated to producing the six-ship
1010:. He created what were to be, in effect, the ultimate designs of wind-powered fighting ship, with standard frigates carrying 18-pounder guns, and standard ships of the line of 64, 74, 80 and 118 guns; his
981:
to undertake far reaching voyages of discovery. (L’expédition de Lapérouse, 1785–1788, réplique française au voyage de Cook). Upon King Louis XVI's orders, Lapérouse departed Brest, France, in command of
1681:. Meanwhile, a large cruiser fleet was also built, seeing service in the Mediterranean, the Channel, and in France's imperial dominions in Indochina, Pacific Islands, West Africa, and the Caribbean.
797:, the French and British navies had a roughly even record of success in their many conflicts. This changed decisively in that year with a series of disasters for the French, who had begun the year
1867:
As heavier-than-air aircraft developed in the early 20th century, various navies began to take an interest in their potential use as scouts for their big gun warships. In 1909 the French inventor
296:
1995:
gain control. It was essential that they should be put out of action. Some vessels were in
British-controlled ports in Britain or Egypt and these were either persuaded to re-join the Allies as
701:'s ambitious policy of ship building, the French Navy began to gain a magnificence matching the symbolism of the Louis XIV era, as well as an actual military significance. The ship of the line
2909:
2065:
The orders to French commanders to scuttle their ships in case of an attempted take-over had been reinforced, however, and, often despite the presence of German troops, this was done in the
3392:
2054:, the commander of the Forces de Haute Mer (the High Seas Fleet) advocated sailing to attack the Allied invasion fleet while others, such as the Vichy Secretary of the Navy, Contre-Amiral
501:, on 23 September 1338. The Battle of Arnemuiden was also the first naval battle using artillery. The most notable naval battle involving the French was the severe defeat they suffered at
2864:
Later commentators state that the French gunners were adequate artillerymen but very poor naval gunners — that is they were incapable of compensating for the movements of their own ships
1220:, but also pioneering the introduction of several new technologies: steam propulsion, the screw propeller, armour plate protection, steel construction, and protected gun mounts.
1720:
The development of the French Navy slowed down in the beginning of the 20th century, and as a result, it was outnumbered by the German and US Navies. It was late to introduce new
2982:"The ship will be headed straight into the wind, the stern clear, but a padded bulwark set up forward in case the airplane should run past the stop line" Military Aviation, p. 37
1155:
in 1804, and the Battle of
Trafalgar in 1805, where the British all but annihilated a combined Franco-Spanish fleet. This disaster guaranteed British naval domination during the
1374:"), although he was determined to follow a strong foreign policy to extend France's power and glory. The French Navy was involved in a multitude of actions around the world.
2168:, made an effort to resist the boarding. In capturing the submarine, two British officers and one French sailor were killed. Other ships were the two obsolete battleships
770:. The crews were saved, but the lost fifteen ships of the line were not replaced and France did not seriously challenge the combined English and Dutch fleet for decades.
459:; because, before being named "nationale", the Navy had been named "royale" (the navy did not sport the royal titles common with other European navies like the British
744:. The event is regarded as one of the most glorious deeds of the French Navy, and Tourville earned a fame which lasts to present times (a number of ships were named
2134:
The French fleet was widely dispersed. Some vessels were in port in France; others had escaped from France to
British-controlled ports, mainly in Britain itself or
2046:, where the main part of the surviving French fleet lay. This was a major German objective and forces under SS command had been detailed to capture them (Operation
955:, showing the French port of Brest. The work was produced in order to show the successful rebuilding of French naval facilities in Brest during the 1760s and 1770s.
848:
was somewhat larger than it had been in 1763, and, crucially, had replaced numerous old vessels with more effective modern designs. Also worthy of note: in 1766,
2563:
1200:
contributed to geography in Southern and Western Pacific, Australia, New Zealand, and Antarctica, and brought back previously unknown plants and animal species.
1653:
pre-dreadnoughts which, though they featured turbine/quad screw propulsion, still mounted only four heavy guns each, as against at least ten for a dreadnought.
3078:
Blatt, Joel. "The Parity That Meant Superiority: French Naval Policy towards Italy at the Washington Conference, 1921-22, and Interwar French Foreign Policy."
2904:
1014:
ship of the line became the backbone of the French and British navies. The largest units, the 118-guns, were said to be "as manoeuvrable as a frigate" (the
1832:. She was commissioned as a seaplane tender, and carried float-planes in hangars on the main deck, from where they were lowered onto the sea with a crane.
1148:
doctrine was for their well-trained gunners to fire at the enemy's hull, a much easier target, to kill and maim the crew and gradually degrade firepower.
555:, to take advantage of the relatively calm sea. Initially, the plan called for 40 galleys, but was downsized to 24 of them, notably because of a lack of
349:
The creation of the first actual State Navy, under Louis XIII, thanks to the politics of Richelieu. This navy was largely ruined by the troubles of the
2829:
3425:
2553:
978:
435:
17:
2757:
2742:
1944:, but the plans were canceled when the Germans produced the so-called "pocket battleships"; the French responded with a class of two ships of the
1977:. The French surrender and its armistice terms, however, completely changed the situation: the French fleet immediately withdrew from the fight.
257:
1598:
were built as "sample battleships", as the design for a true class of battleships was fiddled with. It eventually materialised with the 3-ship
1510:
2010:. The Royal Navy delivered an ultimatum but, when agreement proved impossible, they opened fire and sank or damaged much of the French fleet (
1580:
France built a considerable fleet of these vessels, though seldom with such uniform class characteristics as seen in Britain and Germany. The
2520:
2090:
1573:
French capital ships of this time were instantly identifiable by their small size (10,000 tons), huge spur rams, great height and pronounced
1152:
2069:. No capital ships and few others were taken in reparable condition. A few ships fled Toulon and joined the Allies, notably the submarine
1734:
1728:, and it entered the First World War with relatively few modern vessels: only one dreadnought in commission at war's start, with all four
1395:
3312:
Tritten, James J. "The Influence of French Naval Thought on the U.S. Navy" (Defense Technical Information Center, DTIC ADA306841, 1995)
2104:
2058:
favoured joining the Allies. On several warships, there were spontaneous demonstrations in favour of sailing with the Allies, chanting "
2426:
1985:
The British perceived the French fleet as a potentially lethal threat, should the French become formal enemies or, more likely, should
682:
Under the tutelage of the "Sun King," the French Navy was well financed and equipped, managing to score several early victories in the
595:. Fleets of this period were often largely composed of merchant vessels, hastily loaded with cannons, undercrewed and poorly handled.
2352:
2339:
1166:. This started the French tendency to prefer large numbers of smaller but powerful and swift units, rather than large capital ships.
798:
1557:
doctrine had a more powerful influence within the French Navy than elsewhere. Derived from the traditions of privateer warfare, the
330:(Spain and Portugal), so she had to keep two naval forces and divide resources between the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean.
404:
2796:
L'Art des Armées Navales ou Traité des Evolutions Navales, see Naval Warfare in the Age of Sail, Brian Tunstall, 1990, pp. 59–64,
2264:
1639:(completed 1907), French pre-dreadnought design finally caught up with U.S. and British standards; but 1907 also saw the debut of
598:
With newly built ships, designed as ships of war and crewed by sailors and trained gunners, fighting experience was gained in the
455:("the Royal"). The reason for this nickname is uncertain. Speculation includes: it might be for its traditional attachment to the
2066:
439:
2436:
548:
When Richelieu became Minister of the Navy, he decided on a plan to rebuild a powerful navy, divided into two distinct forces.
388:
909:
3341:
3327:
3279:
3249:
Pritchard, James. "From shipwright to naval constructor: The professionalization of 18th-Century French Naval Shipbuilders."
3109:
2801:
283:
694:. Financial troubles, however, forced the navy back to port and allowed the English and the Dutch to regain the initiative.
1526:
892:
3420:
2619:
2015:
707:
is illustrative of the trend of the time. Colbert is credited with forging a good part of the naval tradition of France.
214:
3218:
James, Alan. "The Development of French Naval Policy in the Seventeenth Century: Richelieu's Early Aims and Ambitions."
1673:. With the alliance with Britain, France's naval assets were concentrated in the Mediterranean, largely to face off the
611:
2070:
1482:
in 1867), allowed freedom of action for French missionaries and gave France a large indemnity for the cost of the war.
1061:
599:
1593:
1432:
1351:
3375:
2817:
2785:
2720:
2698:
2369:
1123:
932:
758:
56:
2691:
2487:
1038:
396:
3209:
2526:
2505:
2377:
2314:
2175:
1060:
fought in a series of campaigns against the British (1770–1780), contending for supremacy against Vice-Admiral Sir
142:
137:
3153:
2645:
1954:
class falling somewhere in between battlecruisers and battleships. The large battleship niche was filled with the
3135:
3093:
3073:
1479:
864:
702:
322:
Since the establishment of her present territory, France had to face three major challenges on the naval level:
219:
1015:
369:
2639:
2231:
2225:
2181:
1823:
1801:
915:
189:
3036:
1737:. France's most significant losses during the war were four pre-dreadnought battleships, victims of mines and
1283:
1235:
615:
2629:
2548:
1506:
1442:
1193:
In the nineteenth century, the navy recovered to become the second finest in the world after the Royal Navy.
849:
826:
408:
194:
1182:
773:
France turned to commerce-raiding rather than large fleet actions with great success under such captains as
2833:
2660:
2624:
2500:
2219:
1918:
1891:
1599:
1087:
733:
209:
204:
2376:
is under test, due for 2008. The experience acquired with the building of the SNLE-NG will also lead to a
1704:
1587:
1478:, opened three ports to French trade, allowed free passage of French warships to Cambodia (which led to a
1135:
2237:
1174:
977:
was keen on technical subjects and geography, and encouraged explorations including the commissioning of
667:
618:
and nephew of Cardinal Richelieu. The Navy built a French empire, conquering the "Nouvelle-Guyenne" (now
575:
2187:
1633:
881:
3363:(Naval Institute Press, 2017), Eugenia Kiesling translates and summarizes original five volume study,
2573:
2469:
2401:
2385:
2365:
2336:
1955:
1945:
1917:, which imposed restrictions on cruisers and battleships, but not on destroyers and smaller units. The
1334:
1265:
1107:
1007:
729:
199:
2957:
2011:
1057:
926:
2634:
2597:
2568:
2510:
2326:
1663:
1300:
1256:
1197:
1178:
951:
276:
179:
92:
82:
3022:
2940:
1656:
The first French dreadnoughts did not appear until 1914, and two classes totalling seven ships, the
607:
2685:
2558:
2155:
2084:
1929:
1657:
1581:
1049:. The career of de Grasse ended when he was captured during the decisive French defeat at the 1782
1042:
1029:
505:, losing almost 200 ships and up to 20,000 killed while the English lost only 2 ships and 600 men.
400:
158:
1394:(March 1854–March 1856). During this war Napoleon successfully established a French alliance with
38:
2169:
1914:
1873:
1857:
1647:
1621:
794:
721:, the French Navy managed to score a decisive victory over a combined Spanish-Dutch fleet at the
592:
87:
3102:
The Fall and Rise of French Sea Power: France's Quest for an Independent Naval Policy, 1940–1963
2360:
The navy is in the midst of major technological and procurement changes. A naval version of the
1470:
was spreading. This eventually led to a full-out invasion in 1861. By 1862 the war was over and
3302:
Thomas, Martin. "After Mers-el-Kébir: The Armed Neutrality of the Vichy French Navy, 1940-43."
2927:
2702:
2213:
2200:
1910:
1640:
1617:
1542:
1454:
1328:
1317:
1243:
1003:
814:
691:
658:
1902:
numbers of ships that were "over the top" with relation to their equivalents of other powers.
710:
The French Navy of this period was also in the forefront of the development of naval tactics.
411:
expanded French geography, naval maps, and founded outposts. The downfall occurred during the
2579:
2431:
2381:
1969:
At the outset of the war, the French Navy participated in a number of operations against the
1938:
1692:
1674:
1229:
1208:
1050:
898:
858:
749:
698:
574:. The first ships were ordered from the Dutch, and French production started with the famous
486:
381:
361:
226:
99:
2480:
965:
782:
247:
2953:
2380:, which are expected for 2017. Surface forces are upgrading in numbers and modernity, with
2018:
and inhibited further defections to the Allies. From this point on, the ships remaining in
1509:. The French Navy also had a small presence in Japan in 1867–1868, around the actions of a
1462:
1402:
603:
584:
531:
498:
482:
316:
269:
121:
1608:
France's conceptual and technological edge proved attractive to the newly industrialising
1277:
1151:
Efforts to make the navy into a powerful force under Napoleon were dashed by the death of
875:
8:
2771:« Les larmes de nos souverains ont le goût salé de la mer qu'ils ont ignorée ».
2601:
2592:
2543:
2035:
1836:
was further modified in November 1913 with a 10-metre flat deck to launch her seaplanes.
1438:
1345:
1217:
1141:
1130:
1011:
974:
833:
535:
416:
392:
377:
357:
3234:
From Versailles To Mers El-Kébir: The Promise of Anglo-French Naval Cooperation, 1919-40
2992:
3334:
French Warships in the Age of Sail, 1786-1861: Design, Constructions, Careers and Fates
3320:
French Warships in the Age of Sail, 1626-1786: Design, Constructions, Careers and Fates
3264:
3237:
3194:
3163:
3010:
2260:
2139:
2116:
2028:
1471:
1467:
1225:
999:
841:
683:
542:
519:
420:
373:
312:
77:
1497:. China was forced to concede more trading rights, allow freedom of navigation of the
829:. The year marked the beginning of the period of clear British dominance on the seas.
3371:
3337:
3323:
3275:
3205:
3105:
2813:
2797:
2781:
2302:
2298:
2268:
2128:
2112:
2108:
1766:
1162:
From then on, the French Navy was limited to frigate actions and privateers such as
1119:
1046:
722:
465:
412:
327:
3290:
The English and French Navies, 1500-1650: Expansion, Organisation and State-Building
3261:
Anatomy of a naval disaster : the 1746 French naval expedition to North America
2902:[French Navy 1914–1918. A Naval Reference Book] (supplement to the magazine
2124:
2014:) on 3 July 1940, to stop the fleet from falling into Axis hands. The action soured
1294:
2464:
2458:
2348:
2279:
2255:
2246:
2165:
1905:
For example, the French chose to build "super-destroyers" which were deemed during
1829:
1760:
1490:
1212:
1102:
1082:
1068:
817:. The French Navy was also unable to prevent the loss of the important colonies of
778:
718:
675:
663:
252:
114:
109:
61:
2192:, 8 torpedo boats, 5 submarines and a number of other ships of lesser importance.
990:
on 1 August 1785 on a scientific voyage of the Pacific inspired by the voyages of
2538:
2441:
2361:
2051:
2024:
1951:
1815:
1754:
1744:
A number of major ships of the French Navy at the outbreak / end of World War I:
1609:
1156:
836:, France was financially incapable of building up a fleet to challenge Britain's
810:
741:
627:
502:
456:
242:
3400:
1868:
1852:
1613:
1311:
311:
goes back to the Middle Ages, its history can be said to effectively begin with
3401:
Pictorial history of French navy vessels, 1850-1916, from BigBadBattleships.com
2515:
2453:
2055:
1387:
1383:
1163:
1045:
in 1781, ensuring that the Franco-American ground forces would win the ongoing
671:
514:
The tears of our sovereigns have the salted taste of the sea that they ignored.
431:
334:
184:
3387:
2853:
1553:
3414:
3388:
French naval leaders and the French navy in the American War for independence
3313:
2373:
2007:
1725:
1605:, which introduced armament nearly on a par with its British contemporaries.
806:
2899:
2830:"L'Expédition de Lapérouse, 1785-1788, réplique française au voyage de Cook"
2123:, FNFL). To distinguish the FNFL from the Vichy French forces, Vice-Admiral
2095:
1537:
994:. He never returned and his ships were later found wrecked at the island of
3368:
3356:
2413:
2389:
2019:
1991:
1986:
1906:
1778:
1678:
1562:
1486:
1411:
ran aground after a storm that destroyed many Allied ships. The remains of
1367:
1111:
556:
494:
427:
326:
Geographically France had two large sections of coastline separated by the
1937:
In 1933, the French Navy was considering building a super-battleship, the
809:; when the French emerged they were decisively defeated in the battles of
534:
in a Dutch yard, arriving in a Dutch port under guidance of a Dutch ship,
3143:
The Age of the Ship of the Line: The British and French Navies, 1650-1815
2606:
2287:
1996:
1970:
1819:
1748:
1721:
1670:
1574:
1475:
1391:
307:
30:
3090:
The Road to Oran: Anglo-French Naval Relations, September 1939-July 1940
2263:, climbing cliffs under fire to destroy German shore batteries. Captain
2195:
Most of these ships were surrendered to the FNFL (notably the submarine
1024:
3254:
3044:
2297:
French warships of the FNFL supported the landings in southern France (
2271:, and became an inspiring symbol when he was arrested, tortured by the
2161:
2147:
2135:
2039:
1514:
1204:
1186:
1145:
991:
837:
818:
711:
687:
647:
635:
631:
571:
563:
477:
460:
345:
The history of the French Navy can be divided into the following eras:
333:
Politically and strategically France's main threats came overland from
3405:
3307:
3117:
3083:
2490:, commander of the French fleet which help the USA secure independence
1203:
The French Navy also conducted a successful blockade of Mexico in the
583:
In 1627, the Navy was not ready to challenge the English fleet at the
365:
2474:
2310:
2283:
2151:
1925:
1913:
as the equivalent of light cruisers. This was a way of bypassing the
1818:
led to the earliest development of ships designed to carry aircraft,
1784:
1772:
1458:
774:
767:
763:
639:
434:
in 1940, most of the Navy never got a chance to fight. What survived
3191:
Royal Republicans: The French Naval Dynasties Between the World Wars
2294:. The aqua-lung became a major improvement for commando operations.
2050:). French naval authorities were divided on their response: Admiral
1169:
3202:
A History of the French Navy from its Beginnings to the Present Day
2874:
2249:
took inspiration from the British commandos to train new units of "
2143:
2131:, and a cocarde also featuring the cross of Lorraine for aircraft.
1980:
1811:
1446:
1249:
1076:
995:
104:
3393:
fr:Administration et administrateurs de la Marine royale française
2305:). These units also played their parts in the war in the Pacific.
2150:
were simply boarded on the night of 3 July 1940. The then-largest
2272:
1566:
1498:
1494:
1122:, in eliminating numerous officers of noble lineage (among them,
1091:
1072:
643:
588:
3297:
The Development of a Modern Navy: French Naval Policy, 1871–1904
3272:
La Royale: L'histoire illustrée de la Marine nationale française
2331:
801:. The British responded by blockading the French fleets at both
300:
Uniforms of French naval officers and sailors from 1690 to 1930.
3177:
Technology and Naval Combat in the Twentieth Century and Beyond
2364:
is replacing older aircraft. Newer strategic submarines of the
2208:
When French Africa joined the Allies, important ships based in
2043:
1738:
822:
802:
623:
619:
567:
552:
350:
3132:
Revolution and Political Conflict in the French Navy 1789-1794
2392:
are being issued, notably adding cruise missile capabilities.
2127:
created the bow flag displaying the French colours with a red
1427:
3037:"The Scuttle of the French Fleet at Touon, November 27, 1942"
2900:"ВМС Франции 1914 — 1918. Справочник по корабельному составу"
2291:
2209:
2003:
1974:
766:, where they were annihilated by English long boats and with
2644:
Three ships were named for the Grand Admiral of France: see
2245:
Beside warships, the FNFL developed special forces: Captain
1886:
1881:
1474:
conceded three provinces in the south, called by the French
714:(1652–1700) produced the first major work on naval tactics.
2278:
The FNFL also harboured technical innovators, like Captain
2199:), and other were leased by the British (like the corvette
1796:
463:); or simply because of the location of its headquarters,
3168:
Estival, Bernard. "The French navy and the Algerian war."
1002:
in the South Pacific. Vessels designed by French engineer
1616:
was invited for four years to design a new fleet for the
1097:
551:
The Mediterranean force was to be completely composed of
2585:
1934:
submarine was the largest and most powerful of its day.
1240:
became the first purpose-built steam-powered battleship.
1094:, Le Havre, Dunkerque, Bordeaux, Bayonne and Marseille.
2119:, including a naval arm, the Free Naval French Forces (
1625:
rival across the Channel, or her new nemesis, Germany.
337:
which required a strong army rather than a strong navy.
2972:
Clement Ader on the structure of the aircraft carrier:
2259:. These commandos distinguished themselves during the
1928:
is still the world's fastest class of destroyer. The
1370:
famously proclaimed that "The Empire means peace" ("
2875:"W.L. Clowes on the 1854-56 Russian ("Crimean") War"
2600:, commander of the French and Spanish fleets at the
1453:
Napoleon III took the first steps to establishing a
852:
led the first French circumnavigation of the world.
2759:
Dictionnaire des batailles navales franco-anglaises
2744:
Dictionnaire des batailles navales franco-anglaises
2042:) Vichy France, including the French naval port of
1839:
1791:
2416:, the admiral was a major theorist in 20th century
1224:France led in the development of artillery firing
1170:From the Bourbon Restoration to the Second Empire
840:. However, efforts were made, and by the time of
3412:
3175:Halpern, Paul. "The French Navy, 1880–1914." in
2915:). Morskaya Kollektsiya (in Russian). No. 3
2812:Jenkins, History of the French Navy, pp. 82–86,
2780:Jenkins, History of the French Navy, pp. 15–31,
1981:Destruction of the French fleet and Vichy France
1547:(1882–1905), painting by Paul Jazet (1848–1918).
1390:led to France's successful participation in the
2494:
2002:Important parts of the fleet, however, were in
1196:During this period, explorer and naval officer
1086:. Ships were based mostly in Brest, Toulon and
341:series of brilliant eras followed by disasters.
2447:
1684:
1532:
728:During the War of the Grand Alliance, Admiral
2205:), constituting the embryo of a naval force.
2091:List of ships of the Free French Naval Forces
1561:emphasised small, maneuverable craft such as
1261:, the first mechanically propelled submarine.
277:
3125:French Naval & Colonial Troops 1872–1914
2762:, Presses de l'Université Laval, 2004, p. 21
2747:, Presses de l'Université Laval, 2004, p. 21
2078:
979:Jean-François de Galaup, comte de Lapérouse
559:— each galley was 400 or 500 slave strong.
508:
451:The French Navy is affectionately known as
387:A period of rebirth under the impulsion of
1041:managed to repulse a British fleet at the
284:
270:
3406:The French Navy during the napoleonic era
3229:(2 vol, Macdonald, 1969) in World War II.
3160:The French Navy and American Independence
2721:Learn how and when to remove this message
1973:, patrolling the Atlantic and bombarding
1897:, the fastest destroyer class ever built.
1882:Fleet construction between the World Wars
1445:, 1866. Here the ship is photographed in
1398:, which continued after the war's close.
3426:History of organizations based in France
3295:Ropp, Theodore, and Stephen S. Roberts.
3152:(U. of Nebraska Press, 2007), 445 pages
3150:The French Navy and the Seven Years' War
3104:. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press.
2684:This article includes a list of general
2654:
2330:
2094:
1885:
1795:
1536:
1525:The French Navy was heavily involved in
1426:
1173:
1101:
1023:
969:Etat de la Marine royale de France, 1785
964:
657:
653:
562:The oceanic force was to be composed of
525:
476:
295:
3318:Winfield, Rif and Roberts, Stephen S.,
3269:
3199:
2897:
2378:newer type of nuclear attack submarines
2067:scuttling of the French fleet at Toulon
1415:were used to construct a fortress. The
1361:
580:, a prestige ship typical of this era.
440:scuttling of the French fleet at Toulon
364:. The effort was not pursued under the
14:
3413:
3299:(United States Naval Institute, 1987).
3099:
2034:In November, 1942, the Allies invaded
1270:became the first steel-hulled warship.
1098:French Revolution and the First Empire
530:A warship, built in 1626 on orders of
419:, leaving the British with undisputed
3184:Anglo-French Naval Rivalry, 1840–1870
3123:Chartrand, René and Gerry Embleton.
2609:, mostly known for his literary works
2586:Other important French naval officers
2038:. In response, the Germans occupied (
1733:operation of the French Navy was the
1126:), all but crippled the French Navy.
1028:French Navy ships of the line in the
1006:started being constructed during the
587:, which led to the construction of a
407:. In the same period, explorers like
3162:(Princeton University Press, 2015).
3068:Auphan, Paul, & Jacques Mordal.
2670:
2351:, but the French only have one, the
2347:French naval doctrine calls for two
2212:were obtained (notably the cruisers
2142:, the ships in the British ports of
1999:ships or were boarded and disarmed.
1493:, and in 1860 French troops entered
610:won by France's first Grand Admiral
3134:(Cambridge University Press, 2002)
3118:https://www.miwsr.com/2022-051.aspx
3116:Pp. xiv, 344. Review accessible at
2620:List of ships of the line of France
1964:
717:Before the Nine Years' War, in the
24:
3350:
3062:
2690:it lacks sufficient corresponding
1620:, which led to her success in the
1255:In 1863, the French Navy launched
793:Until what the British called the
438:was eventually annihilated in the
372:and the beginning of the reign of
356:A rebuilt and brilliant era under
37:
25:
3437:
3381:
3179:(Routledge, 2013) pp. 47–63.
2613:
1505:In 1866, French Navy troops made
1480:French protectorate over Cambodia
1461:. He approved the launching of a
759:Battles of Barfleur and La Hougue
732:won a significant victory in the
3204:. London: Macdonald and Jane's.
3186:(Oxford University Press, 1993).
2675:
2315:Japanese Instrument of Surrender
2253:", which later would become the
2138:in Egypt. At the first stage of
2121:Forces navales françaises libres
1843:
1840:Genesis of the flat-deck carrier
1792:The first proto-aircraft carrier
1775:: 35/42 (capacity over 500 tons)
1703:
1691:
1511:French military mission to Japan
1344:
1327:
1310:
1293:
1276:
1067:In 1789, the French Navy had 71
998:, which is part of the isolated
942:
925:
908:
891:
874:
857:
740:). France gained control of the
481:The French fleet (right) in the
18:Historic French Navy Deployments
3274:. Babouji-MDV Maîtres du Vent.
3246:(MMP Books, 2012) against China
3244:Sino-French Naval War 1884-1885
3236:(Naval Institute Press, 2015).
3072:(Naval Institute Press, 2016).
3070:The French Navy in World War II
3029:
2985:
2966:
2947:
2891:
2867:
2265:Henri Honoré d'Estienne d'Orves
1401:The French line-of-battle ship
832:Following the disasters of the
638:, several other islands in the
2858:
2847:
2822:
2806:
2790:
2774:
2765:
2750:
2735:
2640:List of French Navy ship names
2420:
2320:
1377:
1252:when she was launched in 1853.
674:in use during the time of the
606:with notable victories at the
472:
13:
1:
2993:"Chapter 1 - The Early Years"
2666:
2630:List of battleships of France
2374:new nuclear ballistic missile
2160:, which had sought refuge in
2060:Vive de Gaulle! Appareillage!
1800:French seaplane carrier
1715:
1527:French intervention in Mexico
1443:French campaign against Korea
1140:, or at the beginning of the
3336:(Seaforth Publishing, 2015)
3322:(Seaforth Publishing, 2017)
3170:Journal of Strategic Studies
3145:(U of Nebraska Press, 2009).
2980:On the technique of landing:
2661:List of French naval battles
2625:List of French sail frigates
2532:
2495:Heroes of the First Republic
1507:an attempt to colonize Korea
1422:
1382:Napoleon III's challenge to
1207:of 1838 and obliterated the
960:
754:to commemorate the battle).
7:
2448:Heroes of the Ancien Régime
2395:
2164:in June 1940 following the
1685:French naval uniforms, 1884
1612:, when the French engineer
1533:Pre-dreadnought battleships
1386:claims to influence in the
1000:Santa Cruz group of islands
788:
612:Jean Armand de Maillé-Brézé
10:
3442:
3421:History of the French Navy
2402:Military history of France
2324:
2313:during the signing of the
2282:, who invented the modern
2251:Commandos Fusiliers-Marins
2088:
2082:
1822:. In 1911 the French Navy
1629:the ships remained small.
1489:, France took part in the
1248:became the first seagoing
1228:for the Navy, invented by
1183:Castle of San Juan de Ulúa
1108:Battle of the Basque Roads
1008:American Revolutionary War
799:planning to invade Britain
622:), "Nouvelle France" (now
405:American Revolutionary War
175:History of the French Navy
3304:English Historical Review
3092:(Psychology Press, 2004)
3080:French Historical Studies
2997:Carriers: Airpower at Sea
2635:Current French Navy ships
2598:Pierre-Charles Villeneuve
2407:
2368:have mostly replaced the
2327:Future of the French Navy
2166:German invasion of France
1520:
1455:French colonial influence
1441:was the lead ship in the
1179:Battle of Veracruz (1838)
952:The Outer Harbor of Brest
391:, which culminated under
180:Future of the French Navy
3288:Redding, Benjamin W. D.
2898:Balakin, Sergey (2000).
2085:Free French Naval Forces
2079:Free French Naval Forces
1814:in 1910 with the French
1669:, were completed during
1463:naval expedition in 1858
1431:The French frigate
1043:Battle of the Chesapeake
1030:Battle of the Chesapeake
509:Louis XIII and Richelieu
401:Battle of the Chesapeake
159:Ranks in the French Navy
3189:Hood, Robert Chalmers.
3100:Canuel, Hugues (2021).
2935:Cite magazine requires
2705:more precise citations.
2267:attempted to unite the
1622:First Sino-Japanese War
1466:idea that France had a
1372:L'Empire, c'est la paix
1021:is a typical example).
795:Annus Mirabilis of 1759
697:Under the impulsion of
446:
3292:(Boydell Press, 2021).
3270:Randier, Jean (2006).
3251:Technology and Culture
3082:12.2 (1981): 223-248.
2344:
2100:
2016:Anglo-French relations
1898:
1871:published in his book
1807:
1675:Austro-Hungarian fleet
1618:Imperial Japanese Navy
1548:
1450:
1190:
1115:
1033:
970:
679:
616:Urbain de Maillé-Brézé
608:Battle of Cádiz (1640)
538:
524:
489:
301:
43:
42:Naval Ensign of France
3365:Théories stratégiques
3222:12.4 (1998): 384-402.
3200:Jenkins, E H (1973).
2655:List of naval battles
2564:Nicolas Thomas Baudin
2334:
2236:, and the battleship
2098:
1889:
1810:The invention of the
1799:
1540:
1513:, and the subsequent
1437:commanded by Admiral
1430:
1366:In a speech in 1852,
1230:Henri-Joseph Paixhans
1209:Imperial Chinese Navy
1177:
1105:
1051:Battle of the Saintes
1027:
968:
734:Battle of Beachy Head
699:Jean-Baptiste Colbert
661:
654:Louis XIV and Colbert
529:
512:
480:
382:French and Indian War
362:Jean-Baptiste Colbert
299:
41:
3130:Cormack, William S.
2905:Modelist-Konstruktor
2756:Jean-Claude Castex,
2741:Jean-Claude Castex,
2382:two large destroyers
1915:Treaty of Washington
1874:L'Aviation Militaire
1858:L'Aviation Militaire
1735:Dardanelles Campaign
1449:harbour, circa 1865.
1362:Global interventions
1144:). By contrast, the
738:Bataille de Bévezier
670:in 1780, flying the
668:Battle of Martinique
585:Siege of La Rochelle
541:During the reign of
499:Battle of Arnemuiden
483:Battle of Arnemuiden
376:; consequently, the
360:, largely thanks to
185:Ensigns and pennants
122:Maritime Gendarmerie
3253:28.1 (1987): 1-25.
3172:25.2 (2002): 79-94.
2602:Battle of Trafalgar
2574:Savorgnan de Brazza
2103:In the wake of the
2036:French North Africa
1710:'Going into battle'
1439:Pierre-Gustave Roze
1218:Commission de Paris
1142:Battle of Trafalgar
1131:National Convention
844:death in 1774, the
536:Jacob Gerritsz Loef
421:control of the seas
143:Current deployments
3361:Strategic Theories
3259:Pritchard, James.
3232:Melton, George E.
3225:le Masson, Henri.
3193:(LSU Press, 1985)
3158:Dull, Jonathan R.
3148:Dull, Jonathan R.
3141:Dull, Jonathan R.
2483:, famous privateer
2477:, famous privateer
2461:, famous privateer
2345:
2261:Battle of Normandy
2154:in the world, the
2140:Operation Catapult
2117:Free French Forces
2101:
2012:Operation Catapult
1899:
1808:
1767:protected cruisers
1757:battleships: 17/13
1551:In the 1880s, the
1549:
1468:civilizing mission
1451:
1419:was a total loss.
1191:
1116:
1047:Battle of Yorktown
1034:
971:
783:René Duguay-Trouin
680:
614:, son of Marshall
600:Franco-Spanish War
539:
520:Cardinal Richelieu
490:
487:Hundred Years' War
399:'s victory at the
384:ended in disaster.
370:Philippe d'Orléans
302:
78:Naval Action Force
44:
3342:978-1-84832-204-2
3328:978-1-4738-9351-1
3306:(1997): 643-670.
3281:978-2-35261-022-9
3111:978-1-68247-616-1
2802:978-0-7858-1426-9
2731:
2730:
2723:
2646:French ship
2521:Latouche-Tréville
2354:Charles de Gaulle
2349:aircraft carriers
2303:Operation Neptune
2299:Operation Dragoon
2269:French Resistance
2180:, the destroyers
2129:cross of Lorraine
2113:Charles de Gaulle
2109:Appeal of 18 June
1865:
1864:
1828:became the first
1761:armoured cruisers
1407:and the corvette
1181:: bombing of the
1153:Latouche Tréville
1124:Charles d'Estaing
1120:French Revolution
1069:ships of the line
1004:Jacques-Noël Sané
723:Battle of Palermo
604:Thirty Years' War
413:French Revolution
328:Iberian Peninsula
294:
293:
215:Ships of the line
16:(Redirected from
3433:
3397:
3285:
3242:Olender, Piotr.
3215:
3115:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3052:
3043:. Archived from
3041:bobhenneman.info
3033:
3027:
3026:
3020:
3016:
3014:
3006:
3004:
3003:
2989:
2983:
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2944:
2938:
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2931:
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2921:
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2895:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2885:
2871:
2865:
2862:
2856:
2851:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2841:
2832:. Archived from
2826:
2820:
2810:
2804:
2794:
2788:
2778:
2772:
2769:
2763:
2754:
2748:
2739:
2726:
2719:
2715:
2712:
2706:
2701:this article by
2692:inline citations
2679:
2678:
2671:
2569:Dumont d'Urville
2527:Villaret-Joyeuse
2301:) and Normandy (
2280:Jacques Cousteau
2256:Commandos Marine
2247:Philippe Kieffer
1965:Second World War
1844:
1830:seaplane carrier
1751:battleships: 4/7
1724:battleships and
1707:
1695:
1491:Second Opium War
1348:
1331:
1314:
1297:
1280:
1213:Battle of Fuzhou
1198:Dumont d'Urville
1083:Fusiliers Marins
946:
929:
912:
895:
878:
861:
834:Seven Years' War
779:Claude de Forbin
719:Franco-Dutch War
676:House of Bourbon
664:ship of the line
522:
378:Seven Years' War
286:
279:
272:
253:Legion of Honour
110:Marine Commandos
83:Submarine Forces
62:Maritime Prefect
27:
26:
21:
3441:
3440:
3436:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3431:
3430:
3411:
3410:
3395:
3384:
3353:
3351:Primary sources
3282:
3227:The French Navy
3212:
3182:Hamilton, C.I.
3112:
3065:
3063:Further reading
3060:
3059:
3050:
3048:
3035:
3034:
3030:
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3017:
3008:
3007:
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2999:
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2990:
2986:
2981:
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2975:
2973:
2971:
2967:
2952:
2948:
2937:|magazine=
2936:
2934:
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2795:
2791:
2779:
2775:
2770:
2766:
2755:
2751:
2740:
2736:
2727:
2716:
2710:
2707:
2697:Please help to
2696:
2680:
2676:
2669:
2657:
2616:
2588:
2559:d'Entrecasteaux
2539:Jacques Cartier
2535:
2506:Dupetit-Thouars
2497:
2450:
2442:Georges Leygues
2423:
2410:
2398:
2390:modern missiles
2329:
2323:
2309:was present in
2290:, who improved
2233:Georges Leygues
2093:
2087:
2081:
2052:Jean de Laborde
1983:
1967:
1952:fast battleship
1884:
1842:
1816:Fabre Hydravion
1794:
1755:pre-dreadnought
1718:
1711:
1708:
1699:
1696:
1687:
1535:
1523:
1425:
1380:
1364:
1357:
1349:
1340:
1332:
1323:
1315:
1306:
1298:
1289:
1281:
1172:
1157:Napoleonic Wars
1100:
963:
956:
947:
938:
930:
921:
913:
904:
896:
887:
879:
870:
862:
811:Lagos, Portugal
791:
742:English Channel
684:Nine Years' War
656:
570:, firing 150mm-
523:
518:
511:
475:
457:French monarchy
449:
306:history of the
290:
227:Historic fleets
115:Naval Fusiliers
57:Naval Ministers
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3439:
3429:
3428:
3423:
3409:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3390:
3383:
3382:External links
3380:
3379:
3378:
3352:
3349:
3348:
3347:
3346:
3345:
3316:
3310:
3300:
3293:
3286:
3280:
3267:
3257:
3247:
3240:
3230:
3223:
3220:French History
3216:
3210:
3197:
3187:
3180:
3173:
3166:
3156:
3146:
3139:
3128:
3127:(Osprey, 2018)
3121:
3110:
3097:
3088:Brown, David.
3086:
3076:
3064:
3061:
3058:
3057:
3028:
3019:|website=
2984:
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2663:
2656:
2653:
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2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2615:
2614:Lists of ships
2612:
2611:
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2454:Jean de Vienne
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2422:
2419:
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2394:
2388:planned. More
2325:Main article:
2322:
2319:
2275:and executed.
2125:Émile Muselier
2083:Main article:
2080:
2077:
2056:Gabriel Auphan
1982:
1979:
1966:
1963:
1883:
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1863:
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1164:Robert Surcouf
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949:1777 painting
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432:Fall of France
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3047:on 2012-01-07
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2928:cite magazine
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2836:on 2021-01-16
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2481:Duguay-Trouin
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2198:
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2185:
2184:
2183:Le Triomphant
2179:
2178:
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2167:
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2158:
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2141:
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2049:
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2041:
2037:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2008:Mers-el-Kebir
2005:
2000:
1998:
1994:
1993:
1988:
1978:
1976:
1972:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1953:
1949:
1948:
1943:
1941:
1935:
1933:
1932:
1927:
1923:
1921:
1916:
1912:
1908:
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1827:
1826:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1805:
1804:
1798:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1779:torpedo boats
1777:
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1747:
1746:
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1698:French sailor
1694:
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1597:
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1595:Jauréguiberry
1591:
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1585:
1584:
1578:
1576:
1571:
1568:
1564:
1563:torpedo boats
1560:
1556:
1555:
1546:
1545:
1541:The ironclad
1539:
1530:
1528:
1518:
1516:
1512:
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1496:
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1355:
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1353:Jauréguiberry
1347:
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1330:
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1321:
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1308:
1304:
1303:
1296:
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1287:
1286:
1279:
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1273:
1269:
1268:
1264:In 1876, the
1263:
1260:
1259:
1254:
1251:
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1246:
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1239:
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1233:
1231:
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1223:
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1199:
1194:
1188:
1185:, during the
1184:
1180:
1176:
1167:
1165:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1138:
1132:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1114:, April 1809.
1113:
1109:
1104:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1084:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1063:
1062:Edward Hughes
1059:
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877:
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868:
867:
860:
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854:
853:
851:
847:
846:Marine Royale
843:
839:
835:
830:
828:
824:
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816:
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804:
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796:
786:
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645:
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637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
596:
594:
591:to establish
590:
586:
581:
579:
578:
573:
569:
565:
560:
558:
557:galley slaves
554:
549:
546:
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504:
500:
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484:
479:
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454:
441:
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436:Mers-el-Kebir
433:
429:
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379:
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348:
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318:
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309:
304:Although the
298:
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275:
273:
268:
267:
265:
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254:
251:
249:
246:
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233:
228:
225:
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220:Sail frigates
218:
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198:
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150:
149:
144:
141:
139:
138:Current fleet
136:
135:
134:
133:
129:
128:
123:
120:
116:
113:
111:
108:
107:
106:
103:
101:
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69:
68:
63:
60:
58:
55:
54:
53:
52:
48:
47:
40:
36:
35:
32:
29:
28:
19:
3369:Raoul Castex
3364:
3360:
3357:Raoul Castex
3333:
3319:
3303:
3296:
3289:
3271:
3260:
3250:
3243:
3233:
3226:
3219:
3211:0356-04196-4
3201:
3190:
3183:
3176:
3169:
3159:
3149:
3142:
3131:
3124:
3101:
3089:
3079:
3069:
3049:. Retrieved
3045:the original
3040:
3031:
3000:. Retrieved
2996:
2987:
2968:
2961:
2949:
2917:. Retrieved
2903:
2893:
2882:. Retrieved
2878:
2869:
2860:
2849:
2838:. Retrieved
2834:the original
2824:
2808:
2792:
2776:
2767:
2758:
2752:
2743:
2737:
2717:
2711:October 2009
2708:
2689:
2648:Maillé Brézé
2647:
2549:Bougainville
2414:Raoul Castex
2366:SNLE-NG type
2359:
2353:
2346:
2341:Le Téméraire
2340:
2306:
2296:
2277:
2254:
2250:
2244:
2238:
2232:
2226:
2220:
2214:
2207:
2201:
2196:
2194:
2188:
2182:
2176:
2170:
2156:
2133:
2120:
2115:founded the
2102:
2071:
2064:
2059:
2047:
2033:
2020:Vichy French
2001:
1992:Kriegsmarine
1990:
1987:Nazi Germany
1984:
1968:
1956:
1946:
1939:
1936:
1930:
1920:Le Fantasque
1919:
1907:World War II
1904:
1900:
1893:Le Fantasque
1892:
1872:
1869:Clément Ader
1866:
1856:
1853:Clément Ader
1833:
1824:
1820:float planes
1809:
1802:
1743:
1729:
1719:
1679:Adriatic Sea
1664:
1658:
1655:
1648:
1642:
1634:
1631:
1627:
1614:Émile Bertin
1607:
1600:
1594:
1588:
1582:
1579:
1572:
1558:
1552:
1550:
1543:
1524:
1504:
1484:
1452:
1433:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1403:
1400:
1381:
1371:
1368:Napoleon III
1365:
1352:
1335:
1318:
1301:
1284:
1266:
1257:
1244:
1236:
1202:
1195:
1192:
1161:
1150:
1136:
1128:
1117:
1081:
1066:
1055:
1035:
1016:
987:
983:
972:
950:
933:
916:
899:
882:
866:Soleil-Royal
865:
850:Bougainville
845:
831:
815:Quiberon Bay
792:
772:
756:
750:
745:
737:
727:
716:
709:
704:Soleil Royal
703:
696:
686:against the
681:
672:white ensign
597:
582:
576:
561:
550:
547:
540:
513:
495:English Navy
491:
464:
452:
450:
428:Napoleon III
417:First Empire
409:Bougainville
344:
321:
305:
303:
243:Cross of War
174:
3396:(in French)
2976:On stowage:
2954:Description
2908: [
2703:introducing
2607:Pierre Loti
2421:Politicians
2386:11 frigates
2321:Modern navy
2288:Yves Rocard
2099:FNFL ensign
1997:Free French
1971:Axis powers
1749:dreadnought
1741:torpedoes.
1722:dreadnought
1671:World War I
1643:Dreadnought
1601:Charlemagne
1575:tumble-home
1559:Jeune École
1554:Jeune École
1476:Cochinchina
1392:Crimean War
1378:Crimean War
988:La Boussole
984:L'Astrolabe
917:Royal Louis
572:round shots
485:during the
473:Middle Ages
403:during the
308:French Navy
195:Battleships
31:French Navy
3415:Categories
3051:2011-12-28
3002:2019-03-13
2958:photograph
2919:2019-03-13
2884:2019-03-13
2840:2010-07-29
2686:references
2667:References
2501:Casabianca
2370:elder SNLE
2162:Portsmouth
2148:Portsmouth
2136:Alexandria
2089:See also:
2072:Casabianca
2040:Case Anton
1785:submarines
1773:destroyers
1716:World Wars
1515:Boshin War
1336:Redoutable
1267:Redoutable
1205:Pastry War
1187:Pastry War
1146:Royal Navy
1056:In India,
992:James Cook
900:Foudroyant
842:Louis XV's
838:Royal Navy
827:Guadeloupe
819:New France
768:fire ships
712:Paul Hoste
692:Dutch Navy
688:Royal Navy
648:Madagascar
636:Guadeloupe
632:Martinique
593:a blockade
564:men-of-war
532:Louis XIII
469:in Paris.
466:rue Royale
461:Royal Navy
317:Louis XIII
210:Submarines
205:Destroyers
70:Components
3021:ignored (
3011:cite book
2879:pdavis.nl
2554:Lapérouse
2544:Champlain
2533:Explorers
2511:du Chayla
2488:de Grasse
2475:Jean Bart
2470:Tourville
2427:Richelieu
2311:Tokyo Bay
2307:Richelieu
2284:aqua-lung
2239:Richelieu
2152:submarine
2105:Armistice
1957:Richelieu
1947:Dunkerque
1926:destroyer
1890:France's
1781:: 180/164
1641:HMS
1459:Indochina
1434:Guerrière
1423:East Asia
1234:In 1850,
1112:Ile d'Aix
1090:, and in
1088:Rochefort
1077:corvettes
1039:de Grasse
975:Louis XVI
961:Louis XVI
775:Jean Bart
764:Cherbourg
751:Tourville
730:Tourville
640:Caribbean
453:La Royale
397:de Grasse
393:Louis XVI
358:Louis XIV
313:Richelieu
151:Personnel
130:Equipment
2591:Admiral
2580:Cousteau
2578:Captain
2525:Admiral
2486:Admiral
2465:Duquesne
2437:Choiseul
2396:See also
2372:, and a
2227:Montcalm
2186:and the
2144:Plymouth
2107:and the
2029:Ko Chang
1950:type, a
1812:seaplane
1665:Bretagne
1567:cruisers
1447:Nagasaki
1413:Henri IV
1404:Henri IV
1384:Russia's
1302:Plongeur
1285:Napoléon
1258:Plongeur
1250:ironclad
1237:Napoléon
1073:frigates
996:Vanikoro
789:Louis XV
746:Bévezier
725:(1676).
690:and the
602:and the
577:Couronne
543:Henry IV
517:—
415:and the
389:Choiseul
380:and the
374:Louis XV
200:Cruisers
105:FORFUSCO
3263:(1995)
2699:improve
2593:Courbet
2516:Surcouf
2432:Colbert
2337:SNLE-NG
2273:Gestapo
2215:Suffren
2197:Surcouf
2189:Léopard
2177:Courbet
2157:Surcouf
1931:Surcouf
1909:by the
1861:, 1909
1787:: 50/61
1769:: 13/12
1763:: 22/18
1730:Courbet
1677:in the
1667:classes
1659:Courbet
1635:Liberté
1632:In the
1589:Masséna
1499:Yangtze
1495:Beijing
1472:Vietnam
1396:Britain
1356:(1897).
1339:(1876).
1322:(1863).
1305:(1876).
1288:(1850).
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