844:
reference epoch. Middle: their space motions over about four years, with arbitrary proper motion vectors and scale factors; triangles show their positions at a fixed epoch near the end of the interval. Right: the total positional changes including the additional apparent motions due to annual parallax, the four loops corresponding to four Earth orbits around the sun. The parallax-induced motions are in phase for all stars in the same region of sky, so that relative measurements within one field can provide only relative parallaxes. Although the relative separations between the stars change continuously over the measurement period, they are described by just five numerical parameters per star (two components of position, two of proper motion, and the parallax).
2005:(Hp<9 magnitude) exceeded the original mission goals, and are between 0.6 and 1.0 mas. Some 20,000 distances were determined to better than 10%, and 50,000 to better than 20%. The inferred ratio of external to standard errors is ≈1.0–1.2, and estimated systematic errors are below 0.1 mas. The number of solved or suspected double or multiple stars is 23,882. Photometric observations yielded multi-epoch photometry with a mean number of 110 observations per star, and a median photometric precision (Hp<9 magnitude) of 0.0015 magnitude, with 11,597 entries were identified as variable or possibly-variable.
1992:
110:
51:
8500:
7203:
1315:
840:
894:
2518:
1658:
1532:
1413:
1204:
913:
503:
2653:
8524:
2083:
697:
8536:
8512:
733:) from which the phase of the entire pulse train from a star could be derived. The apparent angle between two stars in the combined fields of view, modulo the grid period, was obtained from the phase difference of the two star pulse trains. Originally targeting the observation of some 100,000 stars, with an astrometric accuracy of about 0.002 arc-sec, the final
898:
observation. The curve is the modelled stellar path fitted to all the measurements. The inferred position at each epoch is indicated by a dot, and the residual by a short line joining the dot to the corresponding position line. The amplitude of the oscillatory motion gives the star's parallax, with the linear component representing the star's proper motion.
1722:, i.e. its space motion along the line-of-sight. Whilst critical for an understanding of stellar kinematics, and hence population dynamics, its effect is generally imperceptible to astrometric measurements (in the plane of the sky), and therefore it is generally ignored in large-scale astrometric surveys. In practice, it can be measured as a
1518:
be enhanced in complexity until suitable fits were obtained. A complete orbit, requiring 7 elements, was determined for 45 systems. Orbital periods close to one year can become degenerate with the parallax, resulting in unreliable solutions for both. Triple or higher-order systems provided further challenges to the data processing.
1322:, Tycho-1, and Tycho-2 Catalogues as a function of time. Tycho-1 dependencies are shown for two representative magnitudes. For Tycho-2, a typical proper motion error of 2.5 milliarc-sec applies to both bright stars (positional error at J1991.25 of 7 milliarc-sec) and faint stars (positional error at J1991.25 of 60 milliarc-sec).
2058:
Between 1997 and 2007, investigations into subtle effects in the satellite attitude and instrument calibration continued. A number of effects in the data that had not been fully accounted for were studied, such as scan-phase discontinuities and micrometeoroid-induced attitude jumps. A re-reduction of
1616:. Variable stars were classified as periodic or unsolved variables; the former were published with estimates of their period, variability amplitude, and variability type. In total some 11,597 variable objects were detected, of which 8,237 were newly classified as variable. There are, for example, 273
1310:
stars, and ensures that the catalogue proper motions are, as far as possible, kinematically non-rotating. The determination of the relevant three solid-body rotation angles, and the three time-dependent rotation rates, was conducted and completed in advance of the catalogue publication. This resulted
1748:
The absence of reliable distances for the majority of stars means that the angular measurements made, astrometrically, in the plane of the sky, cannot generally be converted into true space velocities in the plane of the sky. For this reason, astrometry characterises the transverse motions of stars
1731:
is a function of time. The resulting effect of secular or perspective acceleration is the interpretation of a transverse acceleration actually arising from a purely linear space velocity with a significant radial component, with the positional effect proportional to the product of the parallax, the
1517:
proper motion discrepant compared to those established from long temporal baseline proper motion programmes on ground. Higher-order photocentric motions could be represented by a 7-parameter, or even 9-parameter model fit (compared to the standard 5-parameter model), and typically such models could
876:
since the number of independent geometrical observations per object was large (typically of order 30) compared with the number of unknowns for the standard model (five astrometric unknowns per star), astrometric solutions not complying with this simple five-parameter model could be expanded to take
712:, with an aperture of 29 cm (11 in). A special beam-combining mirror superimposed two fields of view, 58° apart, into the common focal plane. This complex mirror consisted of two mirrors tilted in opposite directions, each occupying half of the rectangular entrance pupil, and providing an
1366:
stars. Although very different in terms of instruments, observational methods and objects involved, the various techniques generally agreed to within 10 milliarc-sec in the orientation and 1 milliarc-sec/year in the rotation of the system. From appropriate weighting, the coordinate axes defined by
1264:
For the main mission results, the data analysis was carried out by two independent scientific teams, NDAC and FAST, together comprising some 100 astronomers and scientists, mostly from
European (ESA-member state) institutes. The analyses, proceeding from nearly 1000 Gbit of satellite data acquired
1189:
The second component comprised additional stars selected according to their scientific interest, with none fainter than about magnitude V=13 mag. These were selected from around 200 scientific proposals submitted on the basis of an
Invitation for Proposals issued by ESA in 1982, and prioritised by
1173:
Constraints on total observing time, and on the uniformity of stars across the celestial sphere for satellite operations and data analysis, led to an Input
Catalogue of some 118,000 stars. It merged two components: first, a survey of around 58,000 objects as complete as possible to the following
2004:
was the result of the critical comparison and merging of the two (NDAC and FAST consortia) analyses, and contains 118,218 entries (stars or multiple stars), corresponding to an average of some three stars per square degree over the entire sky. Median precision of the five astrometric parameters
843:
Principles of the astrometric measurements. Filled circles and solid lines show three objects from one field of view (about 1° in size), and open circles and dashed lines show three objects from a distinct sky region superimposed by virtue of the large basic angle. Left: object positions at one
2422:
According to a 2012 paper, the anomaly was due to the use of a weighted mean when there is a correlation between distances and distance errors for stars in clusters. It is resolved by using an unweighted mean. There is no systematic bias in the
Hipparcos data when it comes to star clusters.
897:
The path on the sky of one of the
Hipparcos Catalogue objects, over a period of three years. Each straight line indicates the observed position of the star at a particular epoch: because the measurement is one-dimensional, the precise location along this position line is undetermined by the
1749:
in angular measure (e.g. arcsec per year) rather than in km/s or equivalent. Similarly, the typical absence of reliable radial velocities means that the transverse space motion (when known) is, in any case, only a component of the complete, three-dimensional, space velocity.
1297:
The satellite observations essentially yielded highly accurate relative positions of stars with respect to each other, throughout the measurement period (1989–1993). In the absence of direct observations of extragalactic sources (apart from marginal observations of quasar
1165:
Although fully superseded by the satellite results, it nevertheless includes supplemental information on multiple system components as well as compilations of radial velocities and spectral types which, not observed by the satellite, were not included in the published
888:
a somewhat larger number of actual observations per object, of order 110, provided accurate and homogeneous photometric information for each star, from which mean magnitudes, variability amplitudes, and in many cases period and variability type classification could be
1190:
the
Scientific Proposal Selection Committee in consultation with the Input Catalogue Consortium. This selection had to balance 'a priori' scientific interest, and the observing programme's limiting magnitude, total observing time, and sky uniformity constraints.
1736:
it is of (marginal) importance only for the nearest stars with the largest radial velocities and proper motions, but was accounted for in the 21 cases for which the accumulated positional effect over two years exceeds 0.1 milliarc-sec. Radial velocities for
2008:
For the star mapper results, the data analysis was carried out by the Tycho Data
Analysis Consortium (TDAC). The Tycho Catalogue comprises more than one million stars with 20–30 milliarc-sec astrometry and two-colour (B and V band) photometry.
1268:
A detailed optical calibration model was included to map the transformation from sky to instrumental coordinates. Its adequacy could be verified by the detailed measurement residuals. The Earth's orbit, and the satellite's orbit with respect to the
2142:: the accurate distances and luminosities of 100,000 stars has provided the most comprehensive and accurate data set of fundamental stellar parameters to date, placing constraints on internal rotation, element diffusion, convective motions, and
1726:
of the spectral lines. More strictly, however, the radial velocity does enter a rigorous astrometric formulation. Specifically, a space velocity along the line-of-sight means that the transformation from tangential linear velocity to (angular)
652:. The underlying scientific motivation was to determine the physical properties of the stars through the measurement of their distances and space motions, and thus to place theoretical studies of stellar structure and evolution, and studies of
1367:
the published catalogue are believed to be aligned with the extragalactic radio frame to within ±0.6 milliarc-sec at the epoch J1991.25, and non-rotating with respect to distant extragalactic objects to within ±0.25 milliarc-sec/yr.
823:
the two viewing directions of the satellite, separated by a large and suitable angle (58°), resulted in a rigid connection between quasi-instantaneous one-dimensional observations in different parts of the sky. In turn, this led to
835:-based scanning of the satellite resulted in an optimum use of the available observing time, with a resulting catalogue providing reasonably homogeneous sky density and uniform astrometric accuracy over the entire celestial sphere;
1481:
provided considerable complications to the observations (due to the finite size and profile of the detector's sensitive field of view) and to the data analysis. The data processing classified the astrometric solutions as follows:
2830:
752:. The positions of these latter stars were to be determined to a precision of 0.03 arc-sec, which is a factor of 25 less than the main mission stars. Originally targeting the observation of around 400,000 stars, the resulting
716:
field of view of about 1° × 1°. The telescope used a system of grids, at the focal surface, composed of 2688 alternate opaque and transparent bands, with a period of 1.208 arc-sec (8.2 micrometre). Behind this grid system, an
1995:
Equirectangular plot of declination vs right ascension of stars brighter than apparent magnitude 5 on the
Hipparcos Catalogue, coded by spectral type and apparent magnitude, relative to the modern constellations and the
2062:
This has led to improved astrometric accuracies for stars brighter than Hp=9.0 magnitude, reaching a factor of about three for the brightest stars (Hp<4.5 magnitude), while also underlining the conclusion that the
1153:
The satellite observations relied on a pre-defined list of target stars. Stars were observed as the satellite rotated, by a sensitive region of the image dissector tube detector. This pre-defined star list formed the
2106:
the provision of an accurate reference frame: this has allowed the consistent and rigorous re-reduction of historical astrometric measurements, including those from
Schmidt plates, meridian circles, the 100-year-old
624:
positions from the ground was running into essentially insurmountable barriers to improvements in accuracy, especially for large-angle measurements and systematic terms. Problems were dominated by the effects of the
1612:, with typically 110 distinct observations per star throughout the 3.5-year observation period. As part of the data reduction and catalogue production, new variables were identified and designated with appropriate
1508:
If a binary star has a long orbital period such that non-linear motions of the photocentre were insignificant over the short (3-year) measurement duration, the binary nature of the star would pass unrecognised by
2153:
and the dynamical structure of the solar neighbourhood, ranging from the presence and evolution of clusters, associations and moving groups, the presence of resonance motions due to the Galaxy's central bar and
2027:
A more extensive analysis of the star mapper (Tycho) data extracted additional faint stars from the data stream. Combined with old photographic plate observations made several decades earlier as part of the
2620:
Hipparcos
Science Team: Uli Bastian, Pierluigi Bernacca, Michel Crézé, Francesco Donati, Michel Grenon, Michael Grewing, Erik Høg, Jean Kovalevsky, Floor van Leeuwen, Lennart Lindegren, Hans van der Marel,
1273:, were essential for describing the location of the observer at each epoch of observation, and were supplied by an appropriate Earth ephemeris combined with accurate satellite ranging. Corrections due to
2418:
cluster, established both from the original catalogue as well as from the revised analysis. This has been contested by various other recent work, placing the mean cluster distance at around 130 parsecs.
6120:
5618:
4089:
Chiba, M.; Beers, T. C. (2000). "Kinematics of metal-poor stars in the Galaxy. III. Formation of the stellar halo and thick disk as revealed from a large sample of non-kinematically selected stars".
778:
The spacecraft consisted of two platforms and six vertical panels, all made of aluminum honeycomb. The solar array consisted of three deployable sections, generating around 300 W in total. Two
849:
the various geometrical scan configurations for each star, at multiple epochs throughout the 3-year observation programme, resulted in a dense network of one-dimensional positions from which the
1162:
was contained in the Input Catalogue. The Input Catalogue was compiled by the INCA Consortium over the period 1982–1989, finalised pre-launch, and published both digitally and in printed form.
744:
system viewed a beam splitter in the optical path and was used as a star mapper. Its purpose was to monitor and determine the satellite attitude, and in the process, to gather photometric and
6085:
1138:(ESOC) in Germany, the satellite was successfully operated in its geostationary transfer orbit (GTO) for almost 3.5 years. All of the original mission goals were, eventually, exceeded.
2237:
scientific literature between 1997 and 2007 was published in 2009, and a popular account of the project in 2010. Some examples of notable results include (listed chronologically):
1326:
A variety of methods to establish this reference frame link before catalogue publication were included and appropriately weighted: interferometric observations of radio stars by
1145:
mission cost about €600 million (in year 2000 economic conditions), and its execution involved some 200 European scientists and more than 2,000 individuals in European industry.
2488:
of stars from both spacecraft is being used to search for hidden binary companions. Hipparcos-Gaia data is also used to measure the dynamical mass of known binaries, such as
7342:
8093:
644:, which considered it too complex and expensive for a single national programme and recommended that it be proposed in a multinational context. Its acceptance within the
2146:. Combined with theoretical models and other data it yields evolutionary masses, radii, and ages for large numbers of stars covering a wide range of evolutionary states;
1025:
7443:
7940:
6010:
8118:
2111:, and 150 years of Earth-orientation measurements. These, in turn, have yielded a dense reference framework with high-accuracy, long-term proper motions (the
1354:; photographic programmes to determine stellar proper motions with respect to extragalactic objects (Bonn, Kiev, Lick, Potsdam, Yale/San Juan); and comparison of
9118:
7485:
1592:
The highest accuracy photometric data were provided as a by-product of the main mission astrometric observations. They were made in a broad-band visible light
4401:
8225:
637:
instrument flexures, and the absence of all-sky visibility. A formal proposal to make these exacting observations from space was first put forward in 1967.
7067:
6773:
6749:
7566:
6829:
6000:
4254:
Famaey, B.; et al. (2005). "Local kinematics of K and M giants from Coravel, Hipparcos, and Tycho-2 data. Revisiting the concept of superclusters".
748:
data of all stars down to about 11th magnitude. These measurements were made in two broad bands approximately corresponding to B and V in the (Johnson)
8961:
8572:
6090:
4454:
Pinsonneault, M. H.; et al. (1998). "The problem of Hipparcos distances to open clusters. I. Constraints from multicolour main-sequence fitting".
767:
in a regular precessional motion maintaining a constant inclination between the spin axis and the direction to the Sun. The spacecraft spun around its
9386:
9355:
9254:
9235:
9190:
9049:
9034:
9024:
9008:
8971:
8915:
8857:
8716:
8635:
8231:
7433:
6237:
8219:
9245:
9123:
8736:
4611:
Soderblom, D. R.; et al. (2005). "Confirmation of errors in Hipparcos parallaxes from Hubble Space Telescope FGS astrometry of the Pleiades".
1289:. Residuals were examined to establish limits on any deviations from this general relativistic value, and no significant discrepancies were found.
2071:
1742:
9297:
8977:
7866:
7239:
5966:
2149:
Galactic kinematics and dynamics: the uniform and accurate distances and proper motions have provided a substantial advance in understanding of
9003:
7352:
5783:
9401:
9396:
9360:
9345:
9318:
9275:
9270:
9240:
9225:
9215:
9211:
9207:
9203:
9199:
9195:
9148:
9133:
9093:
9077:
9072:
9067:
9062:
9044:
9029:
8998:
8988:
8966:
8952:
8936:
8932:
8928:
8910:
8905:
8895:
8867:
8862:
8852:
8847:
8821:
8817:
8813:
8809:
8805:
8801:
8797:
8793:
8788:
8778:
8752:
8731:
8721:
8706:
8696:
8691:
8687:
8683:
8679:
8675:
8671:
8650:
8640:
8630:
8625:
8620:
8616:
8612:
7322:
5145:
1741:
stars, to the extent that they are presently known from independent ground-based surveys, can be found from the astronomical database of the
1265:
over 3.5 years, incorporated a comprehensive system of cross-checking and validation, and is described in detail in the published catalogue.
9173:
8761:
4912:"Precise Dynamical Masses of Directly Imaged Companions from Relative Astrometry, Radial Velocities, and Hipparcos-Gaia DR2 Accelerations"
6060:
1632:. The star mapper observations, constituting the Tycho (and Tycho-2) Catalogue, provided two colours, roughly B and V in the Johnson UBV
1387:(ICRF), and representing the best estimates at the time of the catalogue completion (in 1996). The HCRF is thus a materialisation of the
534:, the accurate measurement of the positions of celestial objects on the sky. This permitted the first high-precision measurements of the
6646:
2214:. The high-precision multi-epoch photometry has been used to measure variability and stellar pulsations in many classes of objects. The
9249:
9114:
7501:
6606:
5682:
5674:
1758:
Principal observational characteristics of the Hipparcos and Tycho Catalogues. ICRS is the International Celestial Reference System.
2094:
mapped many stars in the solar neighbourhood with great accuracy, though this represents only a small fraction of stars in the galaxy.
9451:
9350:
6157:
6110:
5457:
2686:
9334:
9230:
9185:
9168:
9164:
9108:
9104:
9057:
9053:
8993:
8923:
8919:
8900:
8826:
5380:
2211:
1388:
700:
Optical micrograph of part of the main modulating grid (top) and the star mapper grid (bottom). The period of the main grid is 8.2
9417:
are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the † sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses).
7468:
1383:
8472:
8183:
8565:
8515:
8381:
7453:
7147:
6892:
6398:
5706:
1285:
light bending were significant (4 milliarc-sec at 90° to the ecliptic) and corrected for deterministically assuming γ=1 in the
7463:
7062:
5489:
5428:
3236:
3209:
3181:
3129:
725:
type detector) with a sensitive field of view of about 38-arc-sec diameter converted the modulated light into a sequence of
9466:
7506:
6927:
6919:
6861:
5987:
1134:
was never achieved. However, with the addition of further ground stations, in addition to ESA operations control centre at
782:
antennas were located on the top and bottom of the spacecraft, providing an omni-directional downlink data rate of 24
8528:
3888:
Helmi, A.; et al. (1999). "Debris streams in the solar neighbourhood as relics from the formation of the Milky Way".
2222:
catalogues are now routinely used to point ground-based telescopes, navigate space missions, and drive public planetaria.
1048:, Switzerland; the image dissector tube and photomultiplier detectors assembled by the Dutch Space Research Organisation (
7232:
6638:
6502:
6462:
5262:
656:
structure and kinematics, on a more secure empirical basis. Observationally, the objective was to provide the positions,
562:, astrophysicists were able to finally measure all six quantities needed to determine the motion of stars. The resulting
17:
2405:
Identification of two possible "siblings" of the Sun (HIP 87382 and HIP 47399), to be studied for evidence of exoplanets
2162:, discrimination of the disk and halo populations, evidence for halo accretion, and the measurement of space motions of
797:
for attitude determination) ensured correct dynamic attitude control and determination during the operational lifetime.
9461:
9441:
9412:
Launches are separated by dots ( • ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ).
7874:
7751:
7599:
6558:
6286:
5974:
5799:
5505:
5404:
8558:
8287:
7910:
7904:
7542:
7173:
5854:
5138:
2942:
Kovalevsky, J.; et al. (1997). "The Hipparcos Catalogue as a Realisation of the Extragalactic Reference Frame".
2770:
2565:
2447:
1705:
1579:
1460:
1359:
1251:
960:
668:, a target in practice eventually surpassed by a factor of two. The name of the space telescope, "Hipparcos", was an
5109:
Hipparcos and Tycho Catalogues at the CASU Astronomical Data Centre, Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge
3557:"Fine structure of the red giant clump from Hipparcos data, and distance determinations based on its mean magnitude"
2547:
2102:
results have affected a very broad range of astronomical research, which can be classified into three major themes:
1687:
1561:
1442:
1233:
942:
8539:
8257:
7946:
7327:
7317:
6025:
5698:
1141:
Including an estimate for the scientific activities related to the satellite observations and data processing, the
1135:
4405:
8269:
7337:
7082:
6566:
6526:
6075:
6055:
6040:
5878:
5759:
5610:
5594:
5562:
4558:
Percival, S. M.; et al. (2005). "The distance to the Pleiades. Main sequence fitting in the near infrared".
2116:
1306:
linked to extragalactic sources. This allows surveys at different wavelengths to be directly correlated with the
2873:
8504:
8346:
7438:
7225:
6967:
6630:
6510:
5775:
5650:
5642:
5537:
5420:
5324:
5308:
2543:
2178:
has provided results in topics as diverse as Solar System science, including mass determinations of asteroids,
1683:
1557:
1438:
1229:
938:
737:
comprised nearly 120,000 stars with a median accuracy of slightly better than 0.001 arc-sec (1 milliarc-sec).
7183:
7072:
6310:
6269:
6258:
5767:
5743:
5578:
7775:
7127:
7117:
7112:
6975:
6390:
6030:
5131:
2036:
of more than 2.5 million stars (and fully superseding the original Tycho Catalogue) was published in 2000.
1123:
347:
3614:
Smart, R. L.; et al. (1998). "Unexpected stellar velocity distribution in the warped Galactic disk".
8109:
7163:
7045:
7033:
6789:
6781:
6765:
5751:
4348:
Makarov, V. V.; Murphy, D. W. (2007). "The local stellar velocity field via vector spherical harmonics".
3835:
Corbet, R. H. D. (1999). "The use of gamma-ray bursts as direction and time markers in SETI strategies".
1399:) system, retaining approximately the global orientation of that system but without its regional errors.
1303:
1032:, Germany; the optical filters, the experiment structures and the attitude and orbit control system from
866:
685:
609:
103:
35:
6542:
4309:"Combined astrometric catalogue EOC—3. An improved reference frame for long-term Earth rotation studies"
3487:
Moffat, A. F. J.; et al. (1998). "Wolf-Rayet stars and O-star runaways with Hipparcos Kinematics".
530:(ESA), launched in 1989 and operated until 1993. It was the first space experiment devoted to precision
9323:
8416:
8236:
7829:
7811:
7781:
7691:
7406:
7373:
7347:
6951:
6935:
6664:
6654:
6622:
6550:
6470:
6334:
6253:
5497:
5396:
5238:
2539:
1679:
1553:
1434:
1225:
934:
238:
6045:
4780:"Stellar and substellar companions of nearby stars from Gaia DR2. Binarity from proper motion anomaly"
9456:
8401:
8039:
7705:
7547:
7332:
7206:
7137:
7087:
5570:
5217:
3397:
Provencal, J. L.; et al. (1998). "Testing the white dwarf mass-radius relation with Hipparcos".
2583:
1613:
1080:, Sweden; and the apogee boost motor from SEP in France. Groups from the Institut d'Astrophysique in
568:, a high-precision catalogue of more than 118,200 stars, was published in 1997. The lower-precision
8361:
7168:
7107:
3419:
2528:
2120:
1668:
1542:
1423:
1214:
923:
118:
97:
3228:
Astronomical Applications of Astrometry: Ten Years of Exploitation of the Hipparcos Satellite Data
2875:
Astronomical Applications of Astrometry: Ten Years of Exploitation of the Hipparcos Satellite Data
2804:
2115:). Reduction of current state-of-the-art survey data has yielded the dense UCAC2 Catalogue of the
828:
determinations which are absolute (rather than relative, with respect to some unknown zero-point);
820:
all-sky visibility permitted a direct linking of the stars observed all over the celestial sphere;
8406:
7928:
7605:
7458:
7394:
6813:
6709:
6701:
6095:
5201:
5118:
2532:
1672:
1637:
1546:
1427:
1218:
927:
8160:
2592:: ESA project scientist (1981–1997), and project manager during satellite operations (1989–1993)
1088:, France, contributed optical performance, calibration and alignment test procedures; Captec in
8376:
7769:
7056:
6983:
6574:
6229:
6065:
5958:
5658:
5364:
3414:
2108:
2029:
1489:
component solutions (Annex C): 13,211 entries, comprising 24,588 components in 12,195 solutions
1351:
1179:
1175:
1001:
749:
4979:"The mass of the young planet Beta Pictoris b through the astrometric motion of its host star"
3450:
Perryman, M. A. C.; et al. (1998). "The Hyades: distance, structure, dynamics, and age".
1182:
later than G5 (b is the Galactic latitude). Stars constituting this survey are flagged in the
8889:
8124:
7423:
7248:
6115:
6105:
5666:
5441:
3311:
Høg, E.; Petersen, J. O. (1997). "Hipparcos parallaxes and the nature of delta Scuti stars".
2269:
2203:
2159:
2048:
2021:
1641:
1629:
1609:
1347:
978:
793:
thrusters for course manoeuvres, 20-millinewton cold gas thrusters for attitude control, and
645:
527:
90:
5177:
4805:
4779:
4581:
4440:
4324:
4277:
4075:
4048:
3821:
3500:
3473:
3324:
3158:
3106:
3079:
3052:
3025:
2955:
2913:
2119:
on the same reference system, and improved astrometric data from recent surveys such as the
1000:
Other hardware components were supplied as follows: the beam-combining mirror from REOSC at
817:, instrumental gravitational flexure and thermal distortions could be obviated or minimised;
9286:
8462:
8166:
8010:
7892:
7660:
7642:
7593:
7416:
7411:
7188:
7077:
6494:
6478:
6221:
5065:
5000:
4933:
4866:
4801:
4736:
4683:
4630:
4577:
4516:
4473:
4436:
4367:
4320:
4273:
4220:
4165:
4108:
4071:
4044:
4007:
3960:
3907:
3854:
3817:
3780:
3731:
3680:
3623:
3578:
3527:
3496:
3469:
3406:
3361:
3320:
3275:
3154:
3102:
3075:
3048:
3021:
2978:
2951:
2909:
2842:
2750:
2625:, Andrew Murray, Michael Perryman (chair), Rudolf Le Poole, Hans Schrijver, Catherine Turon
2307:
2248:
1991:
1625:
1064:, United Kingdom; the structure and reaction control system from Daimler-Benz Aerospace in
882:
4778:
Kervella, Pierre; Arenou, Frédéric; Mignard, François; Thévenin, Frédéric (1 March 2019).
4201:
Gies, D.R.; Helsel, J. W. (2005). "Ice age epochs and the Sun's path through the Galaxy".
4062:
Robichon, N.; Arenou, F. (2000). "HD209458 planetary transits from Hipparcos photometry".
2693:
1718:
Classical astrometry concerns only motions in the plane of the sky and ignores the star's
1504:
no valid astrometric solution: 263 entries (of which 218 were flagged as suspected double)
8:
8726:
8597:
8586:
8582:
8446:
8391:
8386:
8356:
8195:
8154:
8142:
8136:
8023:
7835:
7805:
7664:
7636:
7537:
7268:
7039:
7018:
6991:
6733:
6278:
6125:
5902:
5554:
5332:
4717:
Melis, C.; et al. (2014). "A VLBI resolution of the Pleiades distance controversy".
3941:
de Zeeuw, P. T.; et al. (1999). "A Hipparcos census of the nearby OB associations".
3145:
Høg, E.; et al. (2000). "The Tycho-2 Catalogue of the 2.5 million brightest stars".
2969:
Bessell, Michael S. (July 2000). "The Hipparcos and Tycho Photometric System Passbands".
2346:
2277:
2199:
2195:
2179:
1278:
1131:
1115:
1073:
1033:
994:
982:
810:
551:
539:
381:
352:
259:
179:
5069:
5004:
4978:
4937:
4870:
4740:
4687:
4634:
4520:
4507:
Pan, X. P.; et al. (2004). "A distance of 133-137pc to the Pleiades star cluster".
4477:
4371:
4224:
4169:
4112:
4011:
3964:
3911:
3858:
3784:
3735:
3684:
3627:
3582:
3531:
3410:
3365:
3279:
2982:
2846:
2754:
9436:
8550:
8436:
8341:
8148:
8085:
7958:
7842:
7122:
6999:
6821:
6486:
6080:
6020:
5862:
5481:
5473:
5372:
5340:
5230:
5055:
5024:
4990:
4959:
4923:
4892:
4856:
4825:
4791:
4760:
4726:
4699:
4673:
4646:
4620:
4593:
4567:
4540:
4489:
4463:
4383:
4357:
4289:
4263:
4236:
4210:
4183:
4155:
4124:
4098:
3976:
3950:
3923:
3897:
3870:
3844:
3749:
3721:
3670:
3639:
3596:
3568:
3459:
3432:
3379:
3351:
3293:
3265:
2994:
2658:
2256:
2163:
2150:
2128:
2090:
galaxy, showing two prominent spiral arms attached to the ends of a thick central bar.
2055:
11. Some 10,000 nonstellar objects are also included to complement the catalogue data.
1633:
1486:
single-star solutions: 100,038 entries, of which 6,763 were flagged as suspected double
1282:
1274:
1041:
865:
reduction of the totality of observations. The astrometric parameters as well as their
109:
8523:
3769:"Galactic disk dark matter, terrestrial impact cratering and the law of large numbers"
2472:
Another distance debate set-off by Hipparcos is for the distance to the star Polaris.
2414:
One controversial result has been the derived proximity, at about 120 parsecs, of the
763:
The attitude of the spacecraft about its center of gravity was controlled to scan the
756:
comprised just over 1 million stars, with a subsequent analysis extending this to the
9446:
7916:
7817:
7715:
7698:
7676:
6845:
6430:
6422:
6149:
6141:
5995:
5348:
5275:
5209:
5083:
5028:
5016:
4963:
4951:
4896:
4884:
4829:
4817:
4752:
4703:
4532:
4178:
4143:
3793:
3768:
3744:
3709:
3693:
3658:
3591:
3556:
3436:
3374:
3339:
3232:
3205:
3177:
3125:
2998:
2766:
2666:
2601:
2489:
2481:
2320:
Galactic disk dark matter, terrestrial impact cratering and the law of large numbers
2225:
Since 1997, several thousand scientific papers have been published making use of the
2167:
2139:
2135:
2112:
2033:
1127:
1057:
1024:, Switzerland; the mechanism control system and the thermal control electronics from
757:
709:
585:
573:
430:
80:
7898:
5886:
4764:
4650:
4597:
4493:
4387:
4293:
4240:
4187:
4128:
3980:
3600:
3383:
3297:
2595:
Catherine Turon (Observatoire de Paris-Meudon): leader of Input Catalogue Consortium
8645:
8477:
8336:
8061:
7401:
6614:
5388:
5246:
5103:
5073:
5008:
4941:
4874:
4809:
4744:
4691:
4638:
4585:
4544:
4524:
4481:
4375:
4328:
4281:
4228:
4173:
4116:
4015:
3968:
3927:
3915:
3874:
3862:
3788:
3739:
3688:
3643:
3631:
3586:
3535:
3424:
3369:
3283:
2986:
2758:
2622:
2605:
2589:
2242:
2143:
2052:
1617:
1335:
1068:, Germany; the solar arrays and thermal control system from Fokker Space System in
764:
648:'s scientific programme, in 1980, was the result of a lengthy process of study and
337:
6350:
4813:
3753:
3039:
Lindegren, L.; et al. (1997). "Double star data in the Hipparcos Catalogue".
771:
at the rate of 11.25 revolutions/day (168.75 arc-sec/s) at an angle of 43° to the
8293:
8130:
7389:
7178:
6717:
6598:
5550:
5169:
5154:
4589:
4333:
4308:
4285:
3656:
2579:
2493:
2332:
2183:
1719:
1621:
1311:
in an accurate but indirect link to an inertial, extragalactic, reference frame.
1029:
741:
722:
718:
555:
3066:
Van Leeuwen, F.; et al. (1997). "The Hipparcos Mission: Photometric Data".
2446:
derived with other techniques was confirmed by parallax measurements made using
572:
of more than a million stars was published at the same time, while the enhanced
8326:
7527:
7283:
6035:
6015:
5586:
4946:
4911:
4879:
4844:
4427:
Van Leeuwen, F. (1999). "Hipparcos distance calibrations for 9 open clusters".
2614:
2314:
2207:
1723:
1355:
1111:
1052:) in the Netherlands; the refocusing assembly mechanism designed by TNO-TPD in
850:
787:
391:
5012:
4695:
3288:
3253:
2900:
Turon, C.; et al. (1995). "Properties of the Hipparcos Input Catalogue".
2762:
2492:
companions. Hipparcos-Gaia data was used to measure the mass of the exoplanet
2198:
and their host stars; the height of the Sun above the Galactic mid-plane; the
9430:
7670:
7611:
7478:
7301:
5910:
5807:
5521:
5185:
5113:
5087:
5078:
5043:
5020:
4955:
4888:
4821:
4664:
Charles Francis; Erik Anderson (2012). "XHIP-II: Clusters and associations".
2485:
2374:
1728:
1478:
1286:
1005:
990:
862:
858:
661:
543:
456:
175:
30:
This article is about the satellite/catalogue. For the Greek astronomer, see
4748:
2342:
evidence of a galaxy merger in the early formation history of the Milky Way
2067:
as originally published is generally reliable within the quoted accuracies.
9391:
9302:
9138:
7654:
7473:
6070:
5894:
5042:
Venner, Alexander; Pearce, Logan A.; Vanderburg, Andrew (1 November 2022).
4756:
4536:
2352:
2281:
2191:
986:
775:. The Z-axis rotated about the Sun-satellite line at 6.4 revolutions/year.
681:
605:
559:
4910:
Brandt, Timothy D.; Dupuy, Trent J.; Bowler, Brendan P. (1 October 2019).
1021:
50:
9340:
9220:
8957:
8783:
8701:
8666:
8411:
8331:
8004:
8000:
7990:
7986:
7982:
7972:
7968:
7685:
7522:
6374:
5513:
5412:
5254:
4625:
4572:
4468:
4402:"Search for Sun's Sibling Could Find Life's Cousin : Discovery News"
4268:
4215:
4160:
4103:
4035:
Söderhjelm, S. (1999). "Visual binary orbits and masses post Hipparcos".
3955:
3902:
3849:
3726:
3675:
3573:
3464:
3356:
3270:
3226:
2718:
2358:
2262:
2187:
2155:
1474:
1281:) made use of the corresponding satellite velocity. Modifications due to
878:
870:
745:
277:
7217:
4528:
2872:
Michael Perryman (December 2008). "The Hipparcos and Tycho Catalogues".
2458:, the most accurate and precise distance yet presented for the cluster.
9179:
9039:
8426:
8077:
8069:
8045:
8016:
7996:
7978:
7964:
7787:
6853:
6165:
6005:
5722:
5114:
Hipparcos Main Catalogue and Tycho-1 Catalogue at the CDS in Strasbourg
3808:
Comerón, F. (1999). "Vertical motion and expansion of the Gould Belt".
3657:
Oudmaijer, Rene D.; Groenewegen, Martin A. T.; Schrijver, Hans (1998).
3516:"Hipparcos subdwarf parallaxes: metal-rich clusters and the thick disk"
2383:
2324:
1314:
1077:
1009:
839:
814:
713:
701:
677:
630:
601:
535:
531:
76:
31:
2127:. Implicit in the high-accuracy reference frame is the measurement of
977:
satellite was financed and managed under the overall authority of the
893:
55:
Hipparcos satellite in the Large Solar Simulator, ESTEC, February 1988
8467:
8441:
8366:
8189:
8031:
7952:
7618:
7260:
5926:
5634:
5449:
2744:
2501:
2497:
2367:
2301:
unexpected stellar velocity distribution in the warped Galactic disk
2295:
2087:
1085:
1013:
794:
790:
665:
523:
502:
5108:
2517:
2394:
local kinematics of K and M giants and the concept of superclusters
2131:
and the detection and characterisation of double and multiple stars;
1657:
1531:
1412:
1203:
1072:, Netherlands; the data handling and telecommunications system from
1045:
1037:
912:
664:
for some 100,000 stars with an unprecedented accuracy of 0.002
620:
By the second half of the 20th century, the accurate measurement of
9143:
7858:
7793:
7723:
7532:
7296:
7291:
6805:
6741:
6582:
6358:
6294:
6050:
5950:
5942:
5846:
5791:
5602:
5465:
5291:
5283:
5123:
5060:
4995:
4928:
4861:
4796:
4642:
4485:
4379:
4232:
4120:
4020:
3995:
3972:
3866:
3540:
3515:
3428:
2990:
2415:
2288:
1593:
1374:
and Tycho Catalogues were then constructed such that the resulting
1108:
1104:
854:
832:
825:
657:
649:
547:
248:
4731:
4678:
4362:
3919:
3635:
1732:
proper motion, and the radial velocity. At the accuracy levels of
1381:(HCRF) coincides, to within observational uncertainties, with the
1081:
8757:
8431:
8306:
8299:
8281:
8275:
8213:
8207:
8201:
7922:
7648:
7448:
7428:
7368:
7273:
7028:
6959:
6797:
6446:
6406:
6302:
6213:
6205:
6197:
6189:
6181:
6173:
5870:
5838:
5044:"An edge-on orbit for the eccentric long-period planet HR 5183 b"
3012:
Perryman, M.A.C.; et al. (1997). "The Hipparcos Catalogue".
2786:
Lacroute, P. (1967). "Proceedings of the 13th General Assembly".
2467:
2399:
an improved reference frame for long-term Earth rotation studies
2388:
2082:
1339:
1061:
696:
676:, and it also reflected the name of the ancient Greek astronomer
669:
634:
593:
4845:"The Hipparcos-Gaia Catalog of Accelerations: Gaia EDR3 Edition"
3996:"Stellar encounters with the Oort Cloud based on Hipparcos data"
2426:
In August 2014, the discrepancy between the cluster distance of
2059:
the associated steps of the analysis was eventually undertaken.
2020:
were completed in August 1996. The catalogues were published by
134:
9381:
9376:
9329:
9292:
9281:
9128:
9099:
8983:
8884:
8842:
8772:
8767:
8711:
8421:
8053:
7823:
7757:
7587:
7132:
6869:
6725:
6438:
6382:
6342:
6265:
6245:
6100:
5815:
5714:
5690:
5529:
5356:
5316:
5193:
3254:"Galactic kinematics of Cepheids from Hipparcos proper motions"
1331:
1299:
1119:
1093:
1089:
1069:
1065:
1017:
783:
779:
768:
726:
653:
640:
The mission was originally proposed to the French space agency
490:
479:
263:
1837: • with associated photometry
1829: • with associated astrometry
8263:
7934:
7850:
7799:
7745:
7102:
7097:
6900:
6837:
6757:
6694:
6689:
6684:
6679:
6674:
6669:
6659:
6590:
6454:
6414:
6366:
6326:
6318:
5918:
5299:
4777:
2124:
1392:
1270:
1053:
730:
626:
550:
of stars, enabling better calculations of their distance and
371:
361:
267:
4663:
1890: • with only Hipparcos data
1302:) the resulting rigid reference frame was transformed to an
1103:
satellite was launched (with the direct broadcast satellite
881:, or non-linear photocentric motions ascribed to unresolved
633:, but were compounded by complex optical terms, thermal and
8396:
8371:
8351:
7142:
7092:
7050:
7023:
6943:
6534:
5934:
5626:
2971:
The Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific
2336:
1327:
1049:
641:
621:
214:
3176:. Sky Publishing Corporation & European Space Agency.
1391:(ICRS) in the optical domain. It extends and improves the
708:
The spacecraft carried a single all-reflective, eccentric
3124:. Noordwijk, the Netherlands: ESA Publications Division.
1396:
772:
8580:
3171:
1004:, France; the spherical, folding and relay mirrors from
786:. An attitude and orbit-control subsystem (comprising 5-
3837:
Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific
3707:
1882: • based on Tycho data
1084:, Belgium and the Laboratoire d'Astronomie Spatiale in
861:, could be solved for in what was effectively a global
805:
Some key features of the observations were as follows:
5041:
2749:. Astronomers' Universe. Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag.
2617:: chair of the observing programme selection committee
2024:(ESA) on behalf of the scientific teams in June 1997.
1808: • deviation from inertial (3 axes)
1096:
contributed to the on-board software and calibration.
3251:
3119:
2634:
Dietmar Heger: ESA/ESOC spacecraft operations manager
902:
600:
and also a reference to the ancient Greek astronomer
4977:
Snellen, I. A. G.; Brown, A. G. A. (1 August 2018).
4347:
3093:
Høg, E.; et al. (1997). "The Tycho Catalogue".
2841:. Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico: 441–447.
2828:
2788:
Transactions of the International Astronomical Union
2648:
2637:
Michel Bouffard: Matra Marconi Space project manager
2480:
Hipparcos data is recently being used together with
2409:
1800: • coincidence with ICRS (3 axes)
3337:
2719:"HIPPARCOS Satellite details 1989-062B NORAD 20169"
2291:parallaxes: metal-rich clusters and the thick disk
1362:(VLBI) and by ground-based optical observations of
1122:, French Guiana, on 8 August 1989. Launched into a
1056:, Netherlands; the electrical power subsystem from
1040:, France; the instrument switching mechanisms from
4404:. News.discovery.com. 9 April 2012. Archived from
4061:
3310:
2929:Hipparcos Input Catalogue, ESA SP-1136 (7 volumes)
2382:the local density of matter in the Galaxy and the
5048:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
4909:
4306:
4200:
4148:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
4144:"The local density of matter mapped by Hipparcos"
4141:
4088:
3773:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
3714:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
3663:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
3659:"The Lutz-Kelker bias in rigonometric parallaxes"
3561:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
3344:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
3258:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
2496:and is sometimes used to study other long-period
2070:All catalogue data are available online from the
1498:variability-induced movers (Annex V): 288 entries
1492:acceleration solutions (Annex G): 2,622 solutions
9428:
7343:Space Applications and Telecommunications Centre
2871:
2628:Franco Emiliani: ESA project manager (1981–1985)
1012:, Germany; the external straylight baffles from
809:through observations from space, the effects of
2743:Perryman, Michael (2010). Khanna, Ramon (ed.).
2402:the local stellar velocity field in the Galaxy
7353:Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility
3993:
3340:"Local stellar kinematics from Hipparcos data"
2611:Jean Kovalevsky: leader of the FAST Consortium
1178:earlier than G5, and V<7.3 + 1.1sin|b| for
1174:limiting magnitudes: V<7.9 + 1.1sin|b| for
8566:
7233:
5139:
5104:The Hipparcos Space Astrometry Mission at ESA
2631:Hamid Hassan: ESA project manager (1985–1989)
2391:epochs and the Sun's path through the Galaxy
2298:clump and associated distance determinations
2158:, determination of the parameters describing
2072:Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg
1743:Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg
1501:stochastic solutions (Annex X): 1,561 entries
4976:
4453:
3202:Hipparcos, the New Reduction of the Raw Data
1473:Whilst of enormous astronomical importance,
1402:
1148:
981:(ESA). The main industrial contractors were
674:High Precision Parallax Collecting Satellite
604:of Nicaea, who is noted for applications of
598:HIgh Precision PARallax COllecting Satellite
576:of 2.5 million stars was published in 2000.
4849:The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series
4426:
3231:. Cambridge University Press. p. 692.
3199:
3065:
2546:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2051:: an all-sky atlas of one million stars to
1686:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1560:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1521:
1441:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1232:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
941:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
8573:
8559:
7502:European Launcher Development Organisation
7240:
7226:
5146:
5132:
5119:Hipparcos Astrometry Catalogue as CSV file
4034:
3710:"Refining the Oort and Galactic constants"
3172:Sinnott, Roger; Perryman, Michael (1997).
2941:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2640:Bruno Strim: Alenia Spazio project manager
1922: Completeness to 99.9 per cent
1020:, Spain; the modulating grid from CSEM in
729:counts (with a sampling frequency of 1200
108:
27:European Space Agency scientific satellite
7565:
7247:
5077:
5059:
4994:
4945:
4927:
4878:
4860:
4795:
4730:
4677:
4624:
4610:
4571:
4467:
4361:
4332:
4267:
4214:
4177:
4159:
4102:
4019:
3954:
3901:
3848:
3792:
3743:
3725:
3708:Olling, R. P.; Merrifield, M. R. (1998).
3692:
3674:
3590:
3572:
3539:
3463:
3418:
3396:
3373:
3355:
3287:
3269:
3038:
2746:The Making of History's Greatest Star Map
2566:Learn how and when to remove this message
1706:Learn how and when to remove this message
1604:. The median photometric precision, for H
1580:Learn how and when to remove this message
1461:Learn how and when to remove this message
1252:Learn how and when to remove this message
961:Learn how and when to remove this message
688:(due to the Earth wobbling on its axis).
4557:
3994:Garcia Sanchez, J.; et al. (1999).
3940:
3766:
3449:
3224:
3011:
2785:
2742:
2212:search for extraterrestrial intelligence
2081:
1990:
1982: Completeness to 99 per cent
1974: Completeness to 90 per cent
1914: Completeness to 90 per cent
1495:orbital solutions (Annex O): 235 entries
1389:International Celestial Reference System
1313:
892:
838:
695:
691:
3807:
3554:
3252:Feast, M. W.; Whitelock, P. A. (1997).
2968:
2860:
2598:Erik Høg: leader of the TDAC Consortium
2586:): proposer of space astrometry in 1967
2484:data. Especially the comparison of the
1752:
1384:International Celestial Reference Frame
14:
9429:
4842:
4253:
3834:
3486:
3195:
3193:
2927:Turon, Catherine; et al. (1992).
2679:
608:to astronomy and his discovery of the
8554:
7564:
7464:Space Situational Awareness Programme
7221:
5127:
4716:
3887:
3613:
2926:
2899:
2799:
2797:
2738:
2736:
2323:vertical motion and expansion of the
2233:catalogues. A detailed review of the
2077:
8511:
7507:European Space Research Organisation
7323:Space Research and Technology Centre
5153:
3513:
2805:"The Hipparcos and Tycho Catalogues"
2687:"The Hipparcos and Tycho Catalogues"
2669:, follow-up mission launched in 2013
2544:adding citations to reliable sources
2511:
2174:Associated with these major themes,
1684:adding citations to reliable sources
1651:
1647:
1558:adding citations to reliable sources
1525:
1439:adding citations to reliable sources
1406:
1350:(CCD), photographic plates, and the
1230:adding citations to reliable sources
1197:
939:adding citations to reliable sources
906:
8535:
4506:
3190:
3144:
3092:
2711:
680:, who is considered the founder of
376:35,797.5 km (22,243.5 mi)
24:
4843:Brandt, Timothy D. (1 June 2021).
3338:Dehnen, W.; Binney, J. J. (1998).
3122:The Hipparcos and Tycho Catalogues
2794:
2733:
2268:the structure and dynamics of the
2241:studies of Galactic rotation from
1292:
1193:
903:Development, launch and operations
25:
9478:
7174:List of proposed space telescopes
5855:Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope
5097:
3555:Girardi, L.; et al. (1998).
2475:
2410:The Pleiades distance controversy
2351:close approaches of stars to the
2335:as direction and time markers in
1360:Very-long-baseline interferometry
1130:failed to fire, and the intended
9452:European Space Agency satellites
8534:
8522:
8510:
8499:
8498:
7328:ESA Centre for Earth Observation
7202:
7201:
4307:Vondrák, J.; Stefka, V. (2007).
4179:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2000.02905.x
4142:Holmberg, J.; Flynn, C. (2000).
3794:10.1046/j.1365-8711.1998.02001.x
3745:10.1046/j.1365-8711.1998.01577.x
3694:10.1046/j.1365-8711.1998.01409.x
3592:10.1046/j.1365-8711.1998.02011.x
3375:10.1046/j.1365-8711.1998.01600.x
2831:"Hipparcos, The Input Catalogue"
2692:. ESA. June 1997. Archived from
2651:
2608:): leader of the NDAC Consortium
2516:
1966: • at b=±90°
1958: • at b=±30°
1656:
1530:
1411:
1202:
1136:European Space Operations Centre
911:
501:
448:1.4 m (4 ft 7 in)
49:
6076:Nautilus Deep Space Observatory
5035:
4970:
4903:
4836:
4771:
4710:
4657:
4604:
4551:
4500:
4447:
4420:
4394:
4341:
4300:
4247:
4194:
4135:
4082:
4055:
4028:
3987:
3934:
3881:
3828:
3801:
3760:
3701:
3650:
3607:
3548:
3507:
3480:
3443:
3390:
3331:
3304:
3245:
3218:
3165:
3138:
3113:
3086:
3059:
3032:
3005:
2962:
2935:
2829:Gomez, A.E.; Torra, J. (1987).
2170:, and many other types of star.
1906: Limiting magnitude
1853: Limiting magnitude
1776: Measurement period
1318:Typical accuracies of the FK5,
8347:Columbus Man-Tended Free Flyer
3120:European Space Agency (1997).
2920:
2893:
2822:
2779:
2210:rates; and strategies for the
1950: • at b=0°
1943: Mean sky density:
1935: Number of entries
1874: Number of entries
1821: Number of entries
1158:(HIC): each star in the final
538:(compared to the less precise
403:
189:1,140 kg (2,510 lb)
120:
13:
1:
7184:List of heliophysics missions
2673:
1898: Mean sky density
1845: Mean sky density
1792: Reference system
800:
615:
366:500.3 km (310.9 mi)
135:http://sci.esa.int/hipparcos/
4560:Astronomy & Astrophysics
4429:Astronomy & Astrophysics
4313:Astronomy & Astrophysics
4256:Astronomy & Astrophysics
4064:Astronomy & Astrophysics
4037:Astronomy & Astrophysics
3810:Astronomy & Astrophysics
3489:Astronomy & Astrophysics
3452:Astronomy & Astrophysics
3313:Astronomy & Astrophysics
3147:Astronomy & Astrophysics
3095:Astronomy & Astrophysics
3068:Astronomy & Astrophysics
3041:Astronomy & Astrophysics
3014:Astronomy & Astrophysics
2944:Astronomy & Astrophysics
2902:Astronomy & Astrophysics
2881:. Cambridge University Press
2186:; the internal structure of
1784: Catalogue epoch
1608:<9 magnitude, was 0.0015
1124:geostationary transfer orbit
877:into account the effects of
873:were derived in the process;
760:of about 2.5 million stars.
507:Legacy ESA insignia for the
348:Geostationary transfer orbit
7:
9467:Spacecraft launched in 1989
7164:Great Observatories program
4814:10.1051/0004-6361/201834371
3200:Van Leeuwen, Floor (2007).
2835:Rev Mexicana Astron. Astrof
2644:
1304:inertial frame of reference
686:precession of the equinoxes
610:precession of the equinoxes
592:The word "Hipparcos" is an
197:635 kg (1,400 lb)
36:Hipparchus (disambiguation)
10:
9483:
8417:Mars sample return mission
8237:European Data Relay System
7917:Meteosat Second Generation
7830:James Webb Space Telescope
7692:Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer
7374:European Data Relay System
7348:Concurrent Design Facility
6655:Orbiting Solar Observatory
4784:Astronomy and Astrophysics
4590:10.1051/0004-6361:20041694
4334:10.1051/0004-6361:20065846
4286:10.1051/0004-6361:20041272
3225:Perryman, Michael (2009).
2465:
2461:
2194:; the characterisation of
1756:
1614:variable star designations
853:coordinate direction, the
684:and the discoverer of the
29:
9462:Satellites orbiting Earth
9442:Space astrometry missions
9410:
9369:
9311:
9263:
9157:
9086:
9017:
8945:
8876:
8835:
8745:
8659:
8605:
8490:
8455:
8317:
8246:
8176:
8108:
8040:Meteosat Third Generation
7899:Meteosat First Generation
7885:
7734:
7629:
7580:
7573:
7560:
7548:Planetary Science Archive
7515:
7494:
7382:
7361:
7333:European Astronaut Centre
7310:
7282:
7259:
7255:
7207:Category:Space telescopes
7197:
7156:
7011:
6912:
6881:
6134:
5986:
5831:
5734:
5549:
5440:
5274:
5229:
5168:
5161:
5013:10.1038/s41550-018-0561-6
4696:10.1134/S1063773712110023
2763:10.1007/978-3-642-11602-5
2584:Observatory of Strasbourg
2507:
2373:formation of the stellar
1929:
1868:
1861: Completeness
1815:
1770:
1403:Double and multiple stars
1379:celestial reference frame
1156:Hipparcos Input Catalogue
1149:Hipparcos Input Catalogue
1092:. Ireland, and Logica in
1026:Dornier Satellite Systems
500:
496:
485:
475:
470:
466:
462:
452:
444:
436:
426:
421:
417:
413:
400:
390:
380:
370:
360:
343:
333:
328:
324:
320:
312:
304:
299:
295:
291:
283:
273:
255:
244:
233:
228:
224:
220:
209:
205:210 kg (460 lb)
201:
193:
185:
171:
163:
158:
154:
150:
140:
130:
117:
96:
86:
72:
68:
60:
48:
7169:List of space telescopes
4947:10.3847/1538-3881/ab04a8
4916:The Astronomical Journal
4880:10.3847/1538-4365/abf93c
3767:Stothers, R. B. (1998).
2931:. European Space Agency.
2310:of parallax measurement
2121:Sloan Digital Sky Survey
2086:Artist's concept of the
2047:were used to create the
1522:Photometric observations
879:double or multiple stars
871:correlation coefficients
589:, was launched in 2013.
237:8 August 1989, 23:25:53
7459:Living Planet Programme
7318:Space Operations Centre
4806:2019A&A...623A..72K
4749:10.1126/science.1256101
4582:2005A&A...429..887P
4441:1999A&A...341L..71V
4325:2007A&A...463..783V
4278:2005A&A...430..165F
4076:2000A&A...355..295R
4049:1999A&A...341..121S
3822:1999A&A...351..506C
3501:1998A&A...331..949M
3474:1998A&A...331...81P
3325:1997A&A...323..827H
3289:10.1093/mnras/291.4.683
3204:. Springer, Dordrecht.
3159:2000A&A...355L..27H
3107:1997A&A...323L..57H
3080:1997A&A...323L..61V
3053:1997A&A...323L..53L
3026:1997A&A...323L..49P
2956:1997A&A...323..620K
2914:1995A&A...304...82T
2317:and Galactic constants
1638:spectral classification
1358:parameters obtained by
1338:(VLA); observations of
1116:Centre Spatial Guyanais
1107:as co-passenger) on an
440:29 cm (11 in)
260:Centre Spatial Guyanais
7770:Hubble Space Telescope
7338:Space Astronomy Centre
6495:HEAO-2 (Einstein Obs.)
5079:10.1093/mnras/stac2430
2294:fine structure of the
2117:U.S. Naval Observatory
2109:Astrographic Catalogue
2095:
2030:Astrographic Catalogue
1997:
1630:eclipsing binary stars
1513:, but could show as a
1352:Hubble Space Telescope
1323:
1002:Saint-Pierre-du-Perray
899:
845:
750:UBV photometric system
705:
536:intrinsic brightnesses
34:. For other uses, see
7567:Projects and missions
7249:European Space Agency
6116:Space Solar Telescope
4456:Astrophysical Journal
4203:Astrophysical Journal
3399:Astrophysical Journal
3174:Millennium Star Atlas
2432:1.5 parsecs (pc)
2265:mass–radius relation
2249:Delta Scuti variables
2204:initial mass function
2129:gravitational lensing
2085:
2049:Millennium Star Atlas
2022:European Space Agency
1994:
1816:Hipparcos Catalogue:
1642:effective temperature
1626:Delta Scuti variables
1348:charge-coupled device
1317:
979:European Space Agency
896:
842:
699:
692:Satellite and payload
646:European Space Agency
554:. When combined with
528:European Space Agency
334:Reference system
159:Spacecraft properties
8589:Orbital launches in
8167:European Robotic Arm
8011:Sentinel-5 Precursor
7189:List of planetariums
6086:NRO donation to NASA
4613:Astronomical Journal
4350:Astronomical Journal
4091:Astronomical Journal
4000:Astronomical Journal
3943:Astronomical Journal
3520:Astronomical Journal
3514:Reid, I. N. (1998).
2721:. N2YO. 16 June 2015
2540:improve this section
2438:and the distance of
1753:Published catalogues
1680:improve this section
1554:improve this section
1435:improve this section
1283:general relativistic
1226:improve this section
935:improve this section
883:astrometric binaries
8492:Future missions in
7538:European Space Camp
7269:Guiana Space Centre
6885:(Mission completed)
5170:Radio and Microwave
5070:2022MNRAS.516.3431V
5005:2018NatAs...2..883S
4938:2019AJ....158..140B
4871:2021ApJS..254...42B
4741:2014Sci...345.1029M
4725:(6200): 1029–1032.
4688:2012AstL...38..681F
4635:2005AJ....129.1616S
4529:10.1038/nature02296
4521:2004Natur.427..326P
4478:1998ApJ...504..170P
4372:2007AJ....134..367M
4225:2005ApJ...626..844G
4170:2000MNRAS.313..209H
4113:2000AJ....119.2843C
4012:1999AJ....117.1042G
3965:1999AJ....117..354D
3912:1999Natur.402...53H
3859:1999PASP..111..881C
3785:1998MNRAS.300.1098S
3736:1998MNRAS.297..943O
3685:1998MNRAS.294L..41O
3628:1998Natur.392..471S
3583:1998MNRAS.301..149G
3532:1998AJ....115..204R
3411:1998ApJ...494..759P
3366:1998MNRAS.298..387D
3280:1997MNRAS.291..683F
2983:2000PASP..112..961B
2847:1987RMxAA..14..441G
2755:2010mhgs.book.....P
2370:planetary transits
2200:age of the Universe
2196:extra-solar planets
2065:Hipparcos Catalogue
2002:Hipparcos Catalogue
1930:Tycho 2 Catalogue:
1759:
1739:Hipparcos Catalogue
1184:Hipparcos Catalogue
1168:Hipparcos Catalogue
1160:Hipparcos Catalogue
1132:geostationary orbit
1114:, flight V33, from
1074:Saab Ericsson Space
1034:Matra Marconi Space
995:Thales Alenia Space
983:Matra Marconi Space
857:, and the object's
811:astronomical seeing
735:Hipparcos Catalogue
583:follow-up mission,
565:Hipparcos Catalogue
552:tangential velocity
540:apparent brightness
353:Geostationary orbit
180:Matra Marconi Space
144:2.5 years (planned)
45:
18:Hipparcos catalogue
8342:Ceres Polar Lander
8177:Telecommunications
6822:Suzaku (Astro-EII)
6647:OAO-3 (Copernicus)
6631:Mikhailo Lomonosov
6479:Hinotori (Astro-A)
6081:New Worlds Mission
2659:Spaceflight portal
2361:orbits and masses
2257:stellar kinematics
2151:stellar kinematics
2096:
2078:Scientific results
2045:Tycho-1 Catalogues
1998:
1757:
1634:photometric system
1600:, and designated H
1324:
1279:stellar aberration
1275:special relativity
1128:apogee boost motor
1126:(GTO), the Mage-2
1042:Oerlikon-Contraves
900:
846:
706:
558:measurements from
329:Orbital parameters
146:4 years (achieved)
41:
9422:
9421:
8548:
8547:
8486:
8485:
8104:
8103:
7886:Earth observation
7716:Comet Interceptor
7707:Rosalind Franklin
7679:Trace Gas Orbiter
7630:Planetary science
7556:
7555:
7469:Science Programme
7215:
7214:
7113:SIM & SIMlite
6487:Hisaki (SPRINT-A)
6447:Hakucho (CORSA-b)
6001:Astro-1 Telescope
5827:
5826:
4666:Astronomy Letters
4515:(6972): 326–328.
3622:(6675): 471–473.
3238:978-0-521-51489-7
3211:978-1-4020-6341-1
3183:978-0-933346-83-3
3131:978-92-9092-399-2
2602:Lennart Lindegren
2576:
2575:
2568:
2255:studies of local
2243:Cepheid variables
2168:globular clusters
2160:galactic rotation
2140:stellar evolution
2136:stellar structure
2113:Tycho-2 Catalogue
2034:Tycho-2 Catalogue
1989:
1988:
1869:Tycho Catalogue:
1716:
1715:
1708:
1648:Radial velocities
1618:Cepheid variables
1590:
1589:
1582:
1471:
1470:
1463:
1262:
1261:
1254:
1058:British Aerospace
971:
970:
963:
758:Tycho-2 Catalogue
710:Schmidt telescope
574:Tycho-2 Catalogue
522:was a scientific
515:
514:
431:Schmidt telescope
356:
16:(Redirected from
9474:
9457:Space telescopes
8962:DFS Kopernikus 1
8646:Intelsat VA F-15
8594:
8593:
8592:
8575:
8568:
8561:
8552:
8551:
8538:
8537:
8526:
8514:
8513:
8502:
8501:
8478:Schiaparelli EDM
8337:Calathus Mission
8161:Georges Lemaître
8119:ISS contribution
7578:
7577:
7562:
7561:
7257:
7256:
7242:
7235:
7228:
7219:
7218:
7205:
7204:
7004:
7000:Hitomi (Astro-H)
6996:
6988:
6980:
6972:
6964:
6956:
6948:
6940:
6932:
6924:
6905:
6897:
6886:
6874:
6866:
6858:
6850:
6842:
6834:
6826:
6818:
6810:
6802:
6794:
6786:
6778:
6770:
6762:
6754:
6746:
6738:
6730:
6722:
6714:
6706:
6651:
6643:
6635:
6627:
6619:
6611:
6603:
6595:
6587:
6579:
6571:
6563:
6555:
6547:
6539:
6531:
6523:
6515:
6507:
6499:
6491:
6483:
6475:
6467:
6459:
6451:
6443:
6435:
6427:
6419:
6411:
6403:
6395:
6387:
6379:
6371:
6363:
6355:
6347:
6339:
6331:
6323:
6315:
6307:
6299:
6291:
6283:
6275:
6250:
6242:
6234:
6226:
6218:
6210:
6202:
6194:
6186:
6178:
6170:
6162:
6154:
6146:
5979:
5971:
5963:
5955:
5947:
5939:
5931:
5923:
5915:
5907:
5899:
5891:
5883:
5875:
5867:
5859:
5851:
5843:
5820:
5812:
5804:
5796:
5788:
5780:
5772:
5764:
5756:
5748:
5737:or unclassified)
5727:
5719:
5711:
5703:
5695:
5687:
5679:
5671:
5663:
5655:
5647:
5639:
5631:
5623:
5615:
5607:
5599:
5591:
5583:
5575:
5567:
5542:
5534:
5526:
5518:
5510:
5502:
5494:
5486:
5482:Hinode (Solar-B)
5478:
5470:
5462:
5454:
5433:
5425:
5417:
5409:
5401:
5393:
5385:
5377:
5373:Hinode (Solar-B)
5369:
5361:
5353:
5345:
5337:
5329:
5321:
5313:
5305:
5296:
5288:
5267:
5259:
5251:
5243:
5222:
5214:
5206:
5198:
5190:
5182:
5166:
5165:
5155:Space telescopes
5148:
5141:
5134:
5125:
5124:
5092:
5091:
5081:
5063:
5054:(3): 3431–3446.
5039:
5033:
5032:
4998:
4983:Nature Astronomy
4974:
4968:
4967:
4949:
4931:
4907:
4901:
4900:
4882:
4864:
4840:
4834:
4833:
4799:
4775:
4769:
4768:
4734:
4714:
4708:
4707:
4681:
4661:
4655:
4654:
4628:
4626:astro-ph/0412093
4619:(3): 1616–1624.
4608:
4602:
4601:
4575:
4573:astro-ph/0409362
4555:
4549:
4548:
4504:
4498:
4497:
4471:
4469:astro-ph/9803233
4451:
4445:
4444:
4424:
4418:
4417:
4415:
4413:
4408:on 11 April 2012
4398:
4392:
4391:
4365:
4345:
4339:
4338:
4336:
4304:
4298:
4297:
4271:
4269:astro-ph/0409579
4251:
4245:
4244:
4218:
4216:astro-ph/0503306
4198:
4192:
4191:
4181:
4163:
4161:astro-ph/9812404
4139:
4133:
4132:
4106:
4104:astro-ph/0003087
4097:(6): 2843–2865.
4086:
4080:
4079:
4059:
4053:
4052:
4032:
4026:
4025:
4023:
4006:(2): 1042–1055.
3991:
3985:
3984:
3958:
3956:astro-ph/9809227
3938:
3932:
3931:
3905:
3903:astro-ph/9911041
3885:
3879:
3878:
3852:
3850:astro-ph/9904268
3843:(761): 881–885.
3832:
3826:
3825:
3805:
3799:
3798:
3796:
3779:(4): 1098–1104.
3764:
3758:
3757:
3747:
3729:
3727:astro-ph/9802034
3705:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3678:
3676:astro-ph/9801093
3654:
3648:
3647:
3611:
3605:
3604:
3594:
3576:
3574:astro-ph/9805127
3552:
3546:
3545:
3543:
3511:
3505:
3504:
3484:
3478:
3477:
3467:
3465:astro-ph/9707253
3447:
3441:
3440:
3422:
3394:
3388:
3387:
3377:
3359:
3357:astro-ph/9710077
3335:
3329:
3328:
3308:
3302:
3301:
3291:
3273:
3271:astro-ph/9706293
3249:
3243:
3242:
3222:
3216:
3215:
3197:
3188:
3187:
3169:
3163:
3162:
3142:
3136:
3135:
3117:
3111:
3110:
3090:
3084:
3083:
3063:
3057:
3056:
3036:
3030:
3029:
3009:
3003:
3002:
2977:(773): 961–965.
2966:
2960:
2959:
2939:
2933:
2932:
2924:
2918:
2917:
2897:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2880:
2869:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2826:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2809:
2801:
2792:
2791:
2783:
2777:
2776:
2740:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2715:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2704:
2698:
2691:
2683:
2661:
2656:
2655:
2654:
2623:Francois Mignard
2606:Lund Observatory
2590:Michael Perryman
2571:
2564:
2560:
2557:
2551:
2520:
2512:
2457:
2455:
2445:
2443:
2433:
2431:
2345:study of nearby
2333:gamma-ray bursts
2308:Lutz–Kelker bias
2278:Wolf–Rayet stars
2190:; the masses of
2180:Earth's rotation
2144:asteroseismology
2053:visual magnitude
2018:Tycho Catalogues
1953:≈150 per sq deg
1760:
1711:
1704:
1700:
1697:
1691:
1660:
1652:
1636:, important for
1622:RR Lyr variables
1585:
1578:
1574:
1571:
1565:
1534:
1526:
1466:
1459:
1455:
1452:
1446:
1415:
1407:
1336:Very Large Array
1257:
1250:
1246:
1243:
1237:
1206:
1198:
966:
959:
955:
952:
946:
915:
907:
765:celestial sphere
582:
505:
406:
405:
362:Perigee altitude
351:
338:Geocentric orbit
229:Start of mission
141:Mission duration
122:
113:
112:
106:
53:
46:
40:
21:
9482:
9481:
9477:
9476:
9475:
9473:
9472:
9471:
9427:
9426:
9423:
9418:
9413:
9406:
9365:
9356:Molniya-3 No.46
9307:
9303:Intelsat VI F-2
9259:
9255:Gorizont No.31L
9236:Molniya-1 No.69
9191:Resurs-F1 No.48
9153:
9082:
9050:Resurs-F1 No.47
9035:Gorizont No.27L
9025:Nadezhda No.403
9013:
9009:Resurs-F1 No.46
8972:Molniya-3 No.45
8941:
8916:Resurs-F1 No.45
8872:
8831:
8741:
8717:Molniya-1 No.84
8655:
8636:Gorizont No.29L
8601:
8600:
8590:
8588:
8587:
8585:
8579:
8549:
8544:
8482:
8451:
8319:
8313:
8294:LISA Pathfinder
8251:
8249:
8242:
8172:
8155:Albert Einstein
8143:Johannes Kepler
8100:
7881:
7739:
7737:
7730:
7625:
7569:
7552:
7511:
7490:
7378:
7357:
7306:
7284:Launch vehicles
7278:
7251:
7246:
7216:
7211:
7193:
7179:X-ray telescope
7152:
7034:Constellation-X
7007:
7002:
6994:
6986:
6978:
6970:
6962:
6954:
6946:
6938:
6930:
6922:
6908:
6903:
6895:
6884:
6883:
6877:
6872:
6870:Yokoh (Solar-A)
6864:
6856:
6848:
6840:
6838:Tenma (Astro-B)
6832:
6824:
6816:
6808:
6800:
6792:
6784:
6776:
6768:
6760:
6752:
6744:
6736:
6728:
6720:
6712:
6704:
6649:
6641:
6633:
6625:
6617:
6609:
6601:
6599:LISA Pathfinder
6593:
6585:
6577:
6569:
6561:
6553:
6545:
6537:
6529:
6521:
6513:
6505:
6497:
6489:
6481:
6473:
6465:
6457:
6455:HALCA (MUSES-B)
6449:
6441:
6433:
6431:Ginga (Astro-C)
6425:
6417:
6409:
6401:
6393:
6385:
6377:
6369:
6361:
6353:
6345:
6337:
6329:
6321:
6313:
6305:
6297:
6289:
6281:
6273:
6248:
6240:
6232:
6224:
6216:
6208:
6200:
6192:
6184:
6176:
6168:
6160:
6152:
6150:Akari (Astro-F)
6144:
6130:
5982:
5977:
5969:
5961:
5953:
5945:
5937:
5929:
5921:
5913:
5905:
5897:
5889:
5881:
5873:
5865:
5857:
5849:
5841:
5823:
5818:
5810:
5802:
5794:
5786:
5778:
5770:
5762:
5754:
5746:
5736:
5735:Other (particle
5730:
5725:
5717:
5709:
5701:
5693:
5685:
5677:
5669:
5661:
5653:
5645:
5637:
5629:
5621:
5613:
5605:
5597:
5589:
5581:
5573:
5565:
5545:
5540:
5532:
5524:
5516:
5508:
5500:
5492:
5484:
5476:
5468:
5460:
5452:
5436:
5431:
5423:
5415:
5407:
5399:
5391:
5383:
5375:
5367:
5359:
5351:
5343:
5335:
5327:
5319:
5311:
5303:
5294:
5286:
5270:
5265:
5257:
5249:
5241:
5225:
5220:
5212:
5204:
5196:
5188:
5180:
5157:
5152:
5100:
5095:
5040:
5036:
4989:(11): 883–886.
4975:
4971:
4908:
4904:
4841:
4837:
4776:
4772:
4715:
4711:
4672:(11): 681–693.
4662:
4658:
4609:
4605:
4556:
4552:
4505:
4501:
4452:
4448:
4425:
4421:
4411:
4409:
4400:
4399:
4395:
4346:
4342:
4305:
4301:
4252:
4248:
4199:
4195:
4140:
4136:
4087:
4083:
4060:
4056:
4033:
4029:
3992:
3988:
3939:
3935:
3896:(6757): 53–55.
3886:
3882:
3833:
3829:
3806:
3802:
3765:
3761:
3706:
3702:
3655:
3651:
3612:
3608:
3553:
3549:
3512:
3508:
3485:
3481:
3448:
3444:
3395:
3391:
3336:
3332:
3309:
3305:
3250:
3246:
3239:
3223:
3219:
3212:
3198:
3191:
3184:
3170:
3166:
3143:
3139:
3132:
3118:
3114:
3091:
3087:
3064:
3060:
3037:
3033:
3010:
3006:
2967:
2963:
2940:
2936:
2925:
2921:
2898:
2894:
2884:
2882:
2878:
2870:
2861:
2851:
2849:
2827:
2823:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2802:
2795:
2784:
2780:
2773:
2741:
2734:
2724:
2722:
2717:
2716:
2712:
2702:
2700:
2699:on 16 June 2015
2696:
2689:
2685:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2657:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2580:Pierre Lacroute
2572:
2561:
2555:
2552:
2537:
2521:
2510:
2494:Beta Pictoris b
2478:
2470:
2464:
2453:
2451:
2441:
2439:
2434:as measured by
2429:
2427:
2412:
2377:and thick disk
2347:OB associations
2306:confirming the
2184:Chandler wobble
2134:constraints on
2080:
2032:programme, the
1969:≈25 per sq deg
1961:≈50 per sq deg
1755:
1720:radial velocity
1712:
1701:
1695:
1692:
1677:
1661:
1650:
1644:determination.
1607:
1603:
1586:
1575:
1569:
1566:
1551:
1535:
1524:
1467:
1456:
1450:
1447:
1432:
1416:
1405:
1295:
1293:Reference frame
1258:
1247:
1241:
1238:
1223:
1207:
1196:
1194:Data reductions
1151:
1030:Friedrichshafen
967:
956:
950:
947:
932:
916:
905:
867:standard errors
831:the continuous
803:
754:Tycho Catalogue
742:photomultiplier
723:photomultiplier
719:image dissector
694:
618:
580:
570:Tycho Catalogue
556:radial velocity
506:
401:
372:Apogee altitude
350:
284:Entered service
249:Ariane 44LP H10
178:
145:
107:
102:
79:
56:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9480:
9470:
9469:
9464:
9459:
9454:
9449:
9444:
9439:
9420:
9419:
9415:Crewed flights
9411:
9408:
9407:
9405:
9404:
9399:
9394:
9389:
9384:
9379:
9373:
9371:
9367:
9366:
9364:
9363:
9358:
9353:
9348:
9343:
9338:
9326:
9321:
9315:
9313:
9309:
9308:
9306:
9305:
9300:
9295:
9290:
9278:
9273:
9267:
9265:
9261:
9260:
9258:
9257:
9252:
9246:Interkosmos 24
9243:
9238:
9233:
9228:
9223:
9218:
9193:
9188:
9183:
9176:
9171:
9161:
9159:
9155:
9154:
9152:
9151:
9146:
9141:
9136:
9131:
9126:
9124:Resurs-F2 No.4
9121:
9112:
9096:
9090:
9088:
9084:
9083:
9081:
9080:
9075:
9070:
9065:
9060:
9047:
9042:
9037:
9032:
9027:
9021:
9019:
9015:
9014:
9012:
9011:
9006:
9001:
8996:
8991:
8986:
8981:
8974:
8969:
8964:
8955:
8949:
8947:
8943:
8942:
8940:
8939:
8926:
8913:
8908:
8903:
8898:
8893:
8880:
8878:
8874:
8873:
8871:
8870:
8865:
8860:
8855:
8850:
8845:
8839:
8837:
8833:
8832:
8830:
8829:
8824:
8791:
8786:
8781:
8776:
8764:
8755:
8749:
8747:
8743:
8742:
8740:
8739:
8737:Meteor-2 No.22
8734:
8729:
8724:
8719:
8714:
8709:
8704:
8699:
8694:
8669:
8663:
8661:
8657:
8656:
8654:
8653:
8648:
8643:
8638:
8633:
8628:
8623:
8609:
8607:
8603:
8602:
8596:
8581:
8578:
8577:
8570:
8563:
8555:
8546:
8545:
8543:
8542:
8532:
8520:
8508:
8491:
8488:
8487:
8484:
8483:
8481:
8480:
8475:
8470:
8465:
8459:
8457:
8453:
8452:
8450:
8449:
8444:
8439:
8434:
8429:
8424:
8419:
8414:
8409:
8404:
8399:
8394:
8389:
8384:
8379:
8374:
8369:
8364:
8359:
8357:Darwin Mission
8354:
8349:
8344:
8339:
8334:
8329:
8323:
8321:
8315:
8314:
8312:
8311:
8303:
8302:(2019–present)
8297:
8291:
8285:
8284:(2013–present)
8279:
8278:(2009–present)
8273:
8267:
8266:(2001–present)
8261:
8254:
8252:
8247:
8244:
8243:
8241:
8240:
8239:(2016–present)
8234:
8229:
8228:(2014–present)
8223:
8222:(2011–present)
8217:
8216:(2010–present)
8211:
8210:(2008–present)
8205:
8204:(2005–present)
8199:
8198:(2001–present)
8193:
8187:
8180:
8178:
8174:
8173:
8171:
8170:
8164:
8158:
8152:
8149:Edoardo Amaldi
8146:
8140:
8139:(2010–present)
8134:
8128:
8127:(2008–present)
8122:
8121:(1998–present)
8115:
8113:
8106:
8105:
8102:
8101:
8099:
8098:
8090:
8082:
8074:
8066:
8058:
8050:
8036:
8028:
8020:
8019:(2018–present)
8014:
8013:(2017–present)
8008:
8007:(2016–present)
7994:
7993:(2015–present)
7976:
7975:(2014–present)
7962:
7961:(2013–present)
7956:
7955:(2010–present)
7950:
7949:(2009–present)
7944:
7938:
7937:(2006–present)
7932:
7926:
7920:
7919:(2002–present)
7914:
7908:
7902:
7896:
7895:(1988–present)
7889:
7887:
7883:
7882:
7880:
7879:
7871:
7863:
7855:
7847:
7839:
7838:(2023–present)
7833:
7832:(2021–present)
7827:
7826:(2019–present)
7821:
7820:(2013–present)
7815:
7809:
7803:
7797:
7796:(2002–present)
7791:
7790:(1999–present)
7785:
7779:
7773:
7772:(1990–present)
7767:
7761:
7755:
7749:
7742:
7740:
7735:
7732:
7731:
7729:
7728:
7720:
7712:
7703:
7695:
7689:
7688:(2018–present)
7683:
7682:(2016–present)
7674:
7668:
7658:
7657:(2003–present)
7652:
7646:
7640:
7633:
7631:
7627:
7626:
7624:
7623:
7615:
7614:(2020–present)
7609:
7603:
7602:(1995–present)
7597:
7591:
7584:
7582:
7575:
7571:
7570:
7558:
7557:
7554:
7553:
7551:
7550:
7545:
7540:
7535:
7530:
7528:ESA Television
7525:
7519:
7517:
7516:Related topics
7513:
7512:
7510:
7509:
7504:
7498:
7496:
7492:
7491:
7489:
7488:
7483:
7482:
7481:
7476:
7466:
7461:
7456:
7451:
7446:
7441:
7436:
7431:
7426:
7421:
7420:
7419:
7409:
7404:
7399:
7398:
7397:
7386:
7384:
7380:
7379:
7377:
7376:
7371:
7365:
7363:
7362:Communications
7359:
7358:
7356:
7355:
7350:
7345:
7340:
7335:
7330:
7325:
7320:
7314:
7312:
7308:
7307:
7305:
7304:
7299:
7294:
7288:
7286:
7280:
7279:
7277:
7276:
7271:
7265:
7263:
7253:
7252:
7245:
7244:
7237:
7230:
7222:
7213:
7212:
7210:
7209:
7198:
7195:
7194:
7192:
7191:
7186:
7181:
7176:
7171:
7166:
7160:
7158:
7154:
7153:
7151:
7150:
7145:
7140:
7135:
7130:
7125:
7120:
7115:
7110:
7105:
7100:
7095:
7090:
7085:
7080:
7075:
7070:
7065:
7060:
7053:
7048:
7043:
7036:
7031:
7026:
7021:
7015:
7013:
7009:
7008:
7006:
7005:
6997:
6989:
6981:
6973:
6965:
6957:
6949:
6941:
6933:
6925:
6916:
6914:
6910:
6909:
6907:
6906:
6898:
6889:
6887:
6879:
6878:
6876:
6875:
6867:
6859:
6851:
6843:
6835:
6827:
6819:
6811:
6803:
6795:
6787:
6779:
6771:
6763:
6755:
6747:
6739:
6731:
6723:
6715:
6707:
6699:
6698:
6697:
6692:
6687:
6682:
6677:
6672:
6667:
6662:
6652:
6644:
6636:
6628:
6620:
6612:
6604:
6596:
6588:
6580:
6572:
6564:
6556:
6548:
6540:
6532:
6524:
6516:
6508:
6500:
6492:
6484:
6476:
6468:
6460:
6452:
6444:
6436:
6428:
6420:
6412:
6404:
6396:
6388:
6380:
6372:
6364:
6356:
6348:
6340:
6332:
6324:
6316:
6311:Compton (CGRO)
6308:
6300:
6292:
6284:
6276:
6263:
6262:
6261:
6256:
6243:
6238:ASCA (Astro-D)
6235:
6227:
6219:
6211:
6203:
6195:
6187:
6179:
6171:
6163:
6155:
6147:
6138:
6136:
6132:
6131:
6129:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6093:
6088:
6083:
6078:
6073:
6068:
6063:
6058:
6053:
6048:
6043:
6038:
6036:Hypertelescope
6033:
6028:
6023:
6018:
6016:Fresnel Imager
6013:
6008:
6003:
5998:
5992:
5990:
5984:
5983:
5981:
5980:
5972:
5964:
5956:
5948:
5940:
5932:
5924:
5916:
5908:
5900:
5892:
5884:
5876:
5868:
5860:
5852:
5844:
5835:
5833:
5829:
5828:
5825:
5824:
5822:
5821:
5813:
5805:
5797:
5789:
5781:
5773:
5765:
5757:
5749:
5740:
5738:
5732:
5731:
5729:
5728:
5720:
5712:
5704:
5696:
5688:
5680:
5672:
5664:
5659:Max Valier Sat
5656:
5648:
5640:
5632:
5624:
5616:
5608:
5600:
5595:HXMT (Insight)
5592:
5587:Einstein Probe
5584:
5576:
5571:Chandra (AXAF)
5568:
5559:
5557:
5547:
5546:
5544:
5543:
5535:
5527:
5519:
5511:
5503:
5495:
5487:
5479:
5471:
5463:
5455:
5446:
5444:
5438:
5437:
5435:
5434:
5426:
5418:
5410:
5402:
5394:
5386:
5378:
5370:
5362:
5354:
5346:
5338:
5330:
5322:
5314:
5306:
5302:constellation
5297:
5289:
5280:
5278:
5272:
5271:
5269:
5268:
5260:
5252:
5244:
5235:
5233:
5227:
5226:
5224:
5223:
5215:
5207:
5199:
5191:
5183:
5174:
5172:
5163:
5159:
5158:
5151:
5150:
5143:
5136:
5128:
5122:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5099:
5098:External links
5096:
5094:
5093:
5034:
4969:
4902:
4835:
4770:
4709:
4656:
4643:10.1086/427860
4603:
4566:(3): 887–894.
4550:
4499:
4486:10.1086/306077
4462:(1): 170–191.
4446:
4419:
4393:
4380:10.1086/518242
4356:(1): 367–375.
4340:
4319:(2): 783–788.
4299:
4262:(1): 165–186.
4246:
4233:10.1086/430250
4209:(2): 844–848.
4193:
4154:(2): 209–216.
4134:
4121:10.1086/301409
4081:
4054:
4027:
4021:10.1086/300723
3986:
3973:10.1086/300682
3949:(1): 354–399.
3933:
3880:
3867:10.1086/316395
3827:
3800:
3759:
3720:(3): 943–952.
3700:
3669:(3): L41–L46.
3649:
3606:
3567:(1): 149–160.
3547:
3541:10.1086/300167
3526:(1): 204–228.
3506:
3479:
3442:
3429:10.1086/305238
3420:10.1.1.44.7051
3405:(2): 759–767.
3389:
3350:(2): 387–394.
3330:
3303:
3264:(4): 683–693.
3244:
3237:
3217:
3210:
3189:
3182:
3164:
3137:
3130:
3112:
3085:
3058:
3031:
3004:
2991:10.1086/316598
2961:
2934:
2919:
2892:
2859:
2821:
2793:
2778:
2771:
2732:
2710:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2670:
2663:
2662:
2646:
2643:
2642:
2641:
2638:
2635:
2632:
2629:
2626:
2618:
2615:Adriaan Blaauw
2612:
2609:
2599:
2596:
2593:
2587:
2574:
2573:
2556:September 2012
2524:
2522:
2515:
2509:
2506:
2477:
2476:Hipparcos-Gaia
2474:
2466:Main article:
2463:
2460:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2406:
2403:
2400:
2396:
2395:
2392:
2386:
2379:
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2328:
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2321:
2318:
2311:
2303:
2302:
2299:
2292:
2285:
2284:
2276:kinematics of
2273:
2272:
2270:Hyades cluster
2266:
2259:
2252:
2251:
2247:the nature of
2245:
2208:star formation
2202:; the stellar
2172:
2171:
2147:
2132:
2079:
2076:
1987:
1986:
1983:
1979:
1978:
1975:
1971:
1970:
1967:
1963:
1962:
1959:
1955:
1954:
1951:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1939:
1936:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1926:
1923:
1919:
1918:
1915:
1911:
1910:
1907:
1903:
1902:
1901:25 per sq deg
1899:
1895:
1894:
1891:
1887:
1886:
1883:
1879:
1878:
1875:
1871:
1870:
1866:
1865:
1864:V=7.3–9.0 mag
1862:
1858:
1857:
1854:
1850:
1849:
1848:≈3 per sq deg
1846:
1842:
1841:
1838:
1834:
1833:
1830:
1826:
1825:
1822:
1818:
1817:
1813:
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1809:
1805:
1804:
1801:
1797:
1796:
1793:
1789:
1788:
1785:
1781:
1780:
1779:1989.8–1993.2
1777:
1773:
1772:
1768:
1767:
1764:
1754:
1751:
1714:
1713:
1696:September 2012
1664:
1662:
1655:
1649:
1646:
1605:
1601:
1596:, specific to
1588:
1587:
1570:September 2012
1538:
1536:
1529:
1523:
1520:
1506:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1479:multiple stars
1469:
1468:
1451:September 2012
1419:
1417:
1410:
1404:
1401:
1356:Earth rotation
1294:
1291:
1260:
1259:
1242:September 2012
1210:
1208:
1201:
1195:
1192:
1180:spectral types
1176:spectral types
1150:
1147:
1112:launch vehicle
969:
968:
951:September 2012
919:
917:
910:
904:
901:
891:
890:
886:
874:
837:
836:
829:
821:
818:
802:
799:
740:An additional
693:
690:
662:proper motions
617:
614:
544:proper motions
513:
512:
498:
497:
494:
493:
487:
483:
482:
477:
473:
472:
468:
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464:
463:
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459:
454:
450:
449:
446:
442:
441:
438:
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428:
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422:Main telescope
419:
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410:
407:
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345:
341:
340:
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331:
330:
326:
325:
322:
321:
318:
317:
314:
310:
309:
308:decommissioned
306:
302:
301:
300:End of mission
297:
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292:
289:
288:
285:
281:
280:
275:
271:
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257:
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9298:Meteor-3 No.4
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8979:
8978:Okean-O1 No.4
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8338:
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8328:
8325:
8324:
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8316:
8309:
8308:
8304:
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8298:
8295:
8292:
8289:
8286:
8283:
8280:
8277:
8274:
8271:
8268:
8265:
8262:
8259:
8256:
8255:
8253:
8250:demonstrators
8245:
8238:
8235:
8233:
8230:
8227:
8224:
8221:
8218:
8215:
8212:
8209:
8206:
8203:
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8185:
8182:
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8175:
8168:
8165:
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8141:
8138:
8135:
8132:
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8126:
8123:
8120:
8117:
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8111:
8107:
8096:
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8021:
8018:
8015:
8012:
8009:
8006:
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7998:
7995:
7992:
7988:
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7960:
7957:
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7909:
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7768:
7765:
7762:
7759:
7756:
7753:
7750:
7747:
7744:
7743:
7741:
7736:Astronomy and
7733:
7726:
7725:
7721:
7718:
7717:
7713:
7710:
7708:
7704:
7701:
7700:
7696:
7693:
7690:
7687:
7684:
7681:
7680:
7675:
7672:
7671:Venus Express
7669:
7666:
7662:
7659:
7656:
7653:
7650:
7647:
7644:
7641:
7638:
7635:
7634:
7632:
7628:
7621:
7620:
7616:
7613:
7612:Solar Orbiter
7610:
7607:
7604:
7601:
7598:
7595:
7592:
7589:
7586:
7585:
7583:
7581:Solar physics
7579:
7576:
7572:
7568:
7563:
7559:
7549:
7546:
7544:
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7539:
7536:
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7518:
7514:
7508:
7505:
7503:
7500:
7499:
7497:
7493:
7487:
7484:
7480:
7479:Cosmic Vision
7477:
7475:
7472:
7471:
7470:
7467:
7465:
7462:
7460:
7457:
7455:
7452:
7450:
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7364:
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7331:
7329:
7326:
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7321:
7319:
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7313:
7309:
7303:
7300:
7298:
7295:
7293:
7290:
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7281:
7275:
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7270:
7267:
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7220:
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7139:
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7119:
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6868:
6863:
6860:
6855:
6852:
6847:
6844:
6839:
6836:
6831:
6830:Taiyo (SRATS)
6828:
6823:
6820:
6815:
6812:
6807:
6804:
6799:
6796:
6791:
6788:
6783:
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6191:
6188:
6183:
6180:
6175:
6172:
6167:
6164:
6159:
6156:
6151:
6148:
6143:
6140:
6139:
6137:
6133:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5993:
5991:
5989:
5985:
5976:
5973:
5968:
5965:
5960:
5957:
5952:
5949:
5944:
5941:
5936:
5933:
5928:
5925:
5920:
5917:
5912:
5911:Solar-C EUVST
5909:
5904:
5901:
5896:
5893:
5888:
5885:
5880:
5877:
5872:
5869:
5864:
5861:
5856:
5853:
5848:
5845:
5840:
5837:
5836:
5834:
5830:
5817:
5814:
5809:
5808:Solar Orbiter
5806:
5801:
5798:
5793:
5790:
5785:
5782:
5777:
5774:
5769:
5766:
5761:
5758:
5753:
5750:
5745:
5742:
5741:
5739:
5733:
5724:
5721:
5716:
5713:
5708:
5705:
5700:
5697:
5692:
5689:
5684:
5681:
5676:
5673:
5668:
5665:
5660:
5657:
5652:
5649:
5644:
5641:
5636:
5633:
5628:
5625:
5620:
5617:
5612:
5609:
5604:
5601:
5596:
5593:
5588:
5585:
5580:
5577:
5572:
5569:
5564:
5561:
5560:
5558:
5556:
5552:
5548:
5539:
5536:
5531:
5528:
5523:
5522:Solar Orbiter
5520:
5515:
5512:
5507:
5504:
5499:
5496:
5491:
5488:
5483:
5480:
5475:
5472:
5467:
5464:
5459:
5456:
5451:
5448:
5447:
5445:
5443:
5439:
5430:
5427:
5422:
5419:
5414:
5411:
5406:
5403:
5398:
5395:
5390:
5387:
5382:
5379:
5374:
5371:
5366:
5363:
5358:
5355:
5350:
5347:
5342:
5339:
5334:
5331:
5326:
5323:
5318:
5315:
5310:
5307:
5301:
5298:
5293:
5290:
5285:
5282:
5281:
5279:
5277:
5273:
5264:
5261:
5256:
5253:
5248:
5245:
5240:
5237:
5236:
5234:
5232:
5228:
5219:
5216:
5211:
5208:
5203:
5200:
5195:
5192:
5187:
5186:Solar Orbiter
5184:
5179:
5176:
5175:
5173:
5171:
5167:
5164:
5160:
5156:
5149:
5144:
5142:
5137:
5135:
5130:
5129:
5126:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5101:
5089:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5071:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5053:
5049:
5045:
5038:
5030:
5026:
5022:
5018:
5014:
5010:
5006:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4988:
4984:
4980:
4973:
4965:
4961:
4957:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4939:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4921:
4917:
4913:
4906:
4898:
4894:
4890:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4872:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4854:
4850:
4846:
4839:
4831:
4827:
4823:
4819:
4815:
4811:
4807:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4789:
4785:
4781:
4774:
4766:
4762:
4758:
4754:
4750:
4746:
4742:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4724:
4720:
4713:
4705:
4701:
4697:
4693:
4689:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4671:
4667:
4660:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4640:
4636:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4618:
4614:
4607:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4565:
4561:
4554:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4514:
4510:
4503:
4495:
4491:
4487:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4450:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4430:
4423:
4407:
4403:
4397:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4377:
4373:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4344:
4335:
4330:
4326:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4303:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4250:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4226:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4197:
4189:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4138:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4085:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4058:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4031:
4022:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3990:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3937:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3920:10.1038/46980
3917:
3913:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3884:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3831:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3804:
3795:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3763:
3755:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3704:
3695:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3653:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3636:10.1038/33096
3633:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3610:
3602:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3551:
3542:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3510:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3483:
3475:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3446:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3393:
3385:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3334:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3307:
3299:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3248:
3240:
3234:
3230:
3229:
3221:
3213:
3207:
3203:
3196:
3194:
3185:
3179:
3175:
3168:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3141:
3133:
3127:
3123:
3116:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3089:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3062:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3035:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3008:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2965:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2938:
2930:
2923:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2896:
2877:
2876:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2825:
2806:
2800:
2798:
2789:
2782:
2774:
2772:9783642116018
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2747:
2739:
2737:
2720:
2714:
2695:
2688:
2682:
2678:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2660:
2649:
2639:
2636:
2633:
2630:
2627:
2624:
2619:
2616:
2613:
2610:
2607:
2603:
2600:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2588:
2585:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2570:
2567:
2559:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2535:
2534:
2530:
2525:This section
2523:
2519:
2514:
2513:
2505:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2486:proper motion
2483:
2473:
2469:
2459:
2450:, which gave
2449:
2437:
2424:
2420:
2417:
2404:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2381:
2380:
2376:
2375:Galactic halo
2372:
2369:
2365:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2354:
2350:
2348:
2344:
2341:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2329:
2326:
2322:
2319:
2316:
2313:refining the
2312:
2309:
2305:
2304:
2300:
2297:
2293:
2290:
2287:
2286:
2283:
2282:runaway stars
2279:
2275:
2274:
2271:
2267:
2264:
2260:
2258:
2254:
2253:
2250:
2246:
2244:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2223:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2169:
2165:
2164:runaway stars
2161:
2157:
2152:
2148:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2105:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2093:
2089:
2084:
2075:
2073:
2068:
2066:
2060:
2056:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2010:
2006:
2003:
1993:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1928:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1867:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1814:
1811:±0.25 mas/yr
1810:
1807:
1806:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1769:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1750:
1746:
1744:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1729:proper motion
1725:
1724:Doppler shift
1721:
1710:
1707:
1699:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1670:
1665:This section
1663:
1659:
1654:
1653:
1645:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1599:
1595:
1584:
1581:
1573:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1539:This section
1537:
1533:
1528:
1527:
1519:
1516:
1512:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1483:
1480:
1476:
1465:
1462:
1454:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1420:This section
1418:
1414:
1409:
1408:
1400:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1385:
1380:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1321:
1316:
1312:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1290:
1288:
1287:PPN formalism
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1266:
1256:
1253:
1245:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1216:
1211:This section
1209:
1205:
1200:
1199:
1191:
1187:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1171:
1169:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1146:
1144:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1006:Carl Zeiss AG
1003:
998:
996:
992:
991:Alenia Spazio
988:
984:
980:
976:
965:
962:
954:
944:
940:
936:
930:
929:
925:
920:This section
918:
914:
909:
908:
895:
887:
884:
880:
875:
872:
868:
864:
863:least squares
860:
859:proper motion
856:
852:
848:
847:
841:
834:
830:
827:
822:
819:
816:
812:
808:
807:
806:
798:
796:
792:
789:
785:
781:
776:
774:
770:
766:
761:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
738:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
715:
711:
703:
698:
689:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
660:, and annual
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
638:
636:
635:gravitational
632:
628:
623:
613:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
590:
588:
587:
579:
575:
571:
567:
566:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
520:
510:
504:
499:
495:
492:
488:
484:
481:
478:
474:
469:
465:
461:
458:
457:visible light
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
432:
429:
425:
420:
416:
412:
408:
399:
396:636.9 minutes
395:
393:
389:
385:
383:
379:
375:
373:
369:
365:
363:
359:
354:
349:
346:
342:
339:
336:
332:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
279:
276:
272:
269:
265:
261:
258:
254:
250:
247:
243:
240:
236:
232:
227:
223:
219:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
181:
177:
176:Alenia Spazio
174:
170:
166:
162:
157:
153:
149:
143:
139:
136:
133:
129:
125:
123:
116:
111:
105:
101:
99:
95:
92:
89:
85:
82:
78:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
52:
47:
44:
37:
33:
19:
9424:
9414:
9392:Progress M-2
9387:Gran' No.36L
9328:
9280:
9178:
9144:Marco Polo 1
9139:Progress M-1
9098:
9004:Globus No.11
8976:
8883:
8858:Gran' No.33L
8766:
8527:
8516:
8503:
8493:
8402:Lunar Lander
8320:and proposed
8305:
8092:
8084:
8076:
8068:
8060:
8052:
8044:
8038:
8030:
8022:
7873:
7865:
7857:
7849:
7841:
7763:
7722:
7714:
7706:
7697:
7678:
7655:Mars Express
7617:
7495:Predecessors
7474:Horizon 2000
7055:
7038:
6882:Hibernating
6634:(2016–2019?)
6518:
6177:(1962, 1964)
6071:Nano-JASMINE
5895:NEO Surveyor
5819:(since 2006)
5811:(since 2020)
5803:(since 1995)
5795:(since 2019)
5787:(since 2017)
5779:(since 2008)
5771:(since 2015)
5763:(since 2015)
5755:(since 2011)
5747:(since 1997)
5726:(since 1999)
5718:(since 2024)
5710:(since 2023)
5702:(since 2022)
5694:(since 2012)
5686:(since 2017)
5678:(since 2018)
5670:(since 2009)
5662:(since 2017)
5654:(since 2004)
5646:(since 2024)
5638:(since 2019)
5630:(since 2021)
5622:(since 2020)
5614:(since 2008)
5606:(since 2002)
5598:(since 2017)
5590:(since 2024)
5582:(since 2015)
5574:(since 1999)
5566:(since 2015)
5541:(since 2004)
5533:(since 2006)
5525:(since 2020)
5517:(since 2008)
5509:(since 1995)
5501:(since 2010)
5493:(since 2013)
5485:(since 2006)
5477:(since 2021)
5469:(since 2015)
5461:(since 2022)
5453:(since 2023)
5432:(since 2018)
5424:(since 2004)
5416:(since 2008)
5408:(since 1995)
5400:(since 2010)
5392:(since 2001)
5384:(since 2013)
5376:(since 2006)
5368:(since 1990)
5360:(since 2005)
5352:(since 2013)
5344:(since 2021)
5336:(since 2023)
5328:(since 2015)
5320:(since 2019)
5312:(since 2021)
5304:(since 2013)
5295:(since 2015)
5287:(since 2018)
5266:(since 2009)
5258:(since 2008)
5250:(since 2001)
5242:(since 2022)
5221:(since 2024)
5213:(since 1994)
5205:(since 2018)
5197:(since 2006)
5189:(since 2020)
5181:(since 2018)
5051:
5047:
5037:
4986:
4982:
4972:
4919:
4915:
4905:
4852:
4848:
4838:
4787:
4783:
4773:
4722:
4718:
4712:
4669:
4665:
4659:
4616:
4612:
4606:
4563:
4559:
4553:
4512:
4508:
4502:
4459:
4455:
4449:
4432:
4428:
4422:
4410:. Retrieved
4406:the original
4396:
4353:
4349:
4343:
4316:
4312:
4302:
4259:
4255:
4249:
4206:
4202:
4196:
4151:
4147:
4137:
4094:
4090:
4084:
4067:
4063:
4057:
4040:
4036:
4030:
4003:
3999:
3989:
3946:
3942:
3936:
3893:
3889:
3883:
3840:
3836:
3830:
3813:
3809:
3803:
3776:
3772:
3762:
3717:
3713:
3703:
3666:
3662:
3652:
3619:
3615:
3609:
3564:
3560:
3550:
3523:
3519:
3509:
3492:
3488:
3482:
3455:
3451:
3445:
3402:
3398:
3392:
3347:
3343:
3333:
3316:
3312:
3306:
3261:
3257:
3247:
3227:
3220:
3201:
3173:
3167:
3150:
3146:
3140:
3121:
3115:
3098:
3094:
3088:
3071:
3067:
3061:
3044:
3040:
3034:
3017:
3013:
3007:
2974:
2970:
2964:
2947:
2943:
2937:
2928:
2922:
2905:
2901:
2895:
2883:. Retrieved
2874:
2850:. Retrieved
2838:
2834:
2824:
2812:. Retrieved
2790:. XIIIB: 63.
2787:
2781:
2745:
2723:. Retrieved
2713:
2701:. Retrieved
2694:the original
2681:
2562:
2553:
2538:Please help
2526:
2479:
2471:
2435:
2425:
2421:
2413:
2353:Solar System
2261:testing the
2234:
2230:
2226:
2224:
2219:
2215:
2192:brown dwarfs
2188:white dwarfs
2175:
2173:
2099:
2097:
2091:
2069:
2064:
2061:
2057:
2044:
2040:
2038:
2026:
2017:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2001:
1999:
1747:
1738:
1733:
1717:
1702:
1693:
1678:Please help
1666:
1597:
1591:
1576:
1567:
1552:Please help
1540:
1514:
1510:
1507:
1475:double stars
1472:
1457:
1448:
1433:Please help
1421:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1371:
1369:
1363:
1346:stars using
1343:
1342:relative to
1325:
1319:
1307:
1296:
1267:
1263:
1248:
1239:
1224:Please help
1212:
1188:
1183:
1172:
1167:
1164:
1159:
1155:
1152:
1142:
1140:
1100:
1098:
999:
987:EADS Astrium
974:
972:
957:
948:
933:Please help
921:
804:
777:
762:
753:
739:
734:
707:
682:trigonometry
673:
639:
619:
606:trigonometry
597:
591:
584:
577:
569:
564:
563:
560:spectroscopy
518:
517:
516:
508:
471:Transponders
445:Focal length
202:Payload mass
172:Manufacturer
73:Mission type
42:
9402:Kosmos 2054
9397:Kosmos 2053
9361:Kosmos 2052
9346:Kosmos 2051
9341:Kosmos 2050
9319:Kosmos 2049
9276:Kosmos 2048
9271:Kosmos 2047
9241:Kosmos 2046
9226:Kosmos 2045
9221:Kosmos 2044
9216:Kosmos 2043
9212:Kosmos 2042
9208:Kosmos 2041
9204:Kosmos 2040
9200:Kosmos 2039
9196:Kosmos 2038
9149:Kosmos 2037
9134:Kosmos 2036
9094:Kosmos 2035
9078:Kosmos 2034
9073:Kosmos 2033
9068:Kosmos 2032
9063:Kosmos 2031
9045:Kosmos 2030
9030:Kosmos 2029
8999:Kosmos 2028
8989:Kosmos 2027
8967:Kosmos 2026
8958:Superbird-A
8953:Kosmos 2025
8937:Kosmos 2024
8933:Kosmos 2023
8929:Kosmos 2022
8911:Kosmos 2021
8906:Kosmos 2020
8896:Kosmos 2019
8868:Foton No.5L
8863:Kosmos 2018
8853:Kosmos 2017
8848:Kosmos 2016
8822:Kosmos 2015
8818:Kosmos 2014
8814:Kosmos 2013
8810:Kosmos 2012
8806:Kosmos 2011
8802:Kosmos 2010
8798:Kosmos 2009
8794:Kosmos 2008
8789:Kosmos 2007
8784:Progress 41
8779:Kosmos 2006
8753:Kosmos 2005
8732:Kosmos 2004
8722:Kosmos 2003
8707:Kosmos 2002
8702:Kosmos 2001
8697:Kosmos 2000
8692:Kosmos 1999
8688:Kosmos 1998
8684:Kosmos 1997
8680:Kosmos 1996
8676:Kosmos 1995
8672:Kosmos 1994
8667:Progress 40
8651:Kosmos 1993
8641:Kosmos 1992
8631:Kosmos 1991
8626:Kosmos 1990
8621:Kosmos 1989
8617:Kosmos 1988
8613:Kosmos 1987
8540:WikiProject
8412:MarcoPolo-R
8362:Don Quijote
8332:Ariane 5 ME
8296:(2015–2017)
8226:Galileo FOC
8220:Galileo IOV
8192:(1989–1993)
8131:Jules Verne
8112:spaceflight
7943:(2009–2013)
7931:(2003–2007)
7929:Double Star
7925:(2002–2012)
7913:(1995–2011)
7907:(1991–2000)
7901:(1977–1997)
7814:(2009–2013)
7808:(2009–2013)
7784:(1995–1998)
7766:(1989–1993)
7760:(1983–1986)
7754:(1978–1996)
7748:(1975–1982)
7686:BepiColombo
7673:(2005–2014)
7667:(2004–2016)
7651:(2003–2006)
7645:(1997–2005)
7639:(1985–1992)
7608:(2000–2024)
7596:(1990–2009)
7590:(1977–1987)
7523:Arianespace
6995:(2014–2015)
6947:(2012–2013)
6913:Lost/Failed
6904:(1998–2010)
6896:(1998–2005)
6873:(1991–2001)
6865:(2001–2010)
6849:(1970–1973)
6841:(1983–1985)
6833:(1975–1980)
6825:(2005–2015)
6817:(2003–2020)
6809:(2011–2019)
6801:(1979–1985)
6793:(1975–1979)
6785:(1972–1973)
6777:(1992–2004)
6769:(1995–2012)
6761:(1990–1999)
6753:(2002–2018)
6745:(1983–1984)
6737:(2009–2013)
6721:(2006–2016)
6650:(1972–1981)
6642:(1968–1973)
6626:(1996–1997)
6618:(2003–2019)
6610:(2015–2017)
6602:(2015–2017)
6594:(1997–2002)
6586:(1990–2001)
6578:(2009–2018)
6570:(1996–2004)
6562:(1978–1996)
6554:(1996–1998)
6546:(1995–1996)
6522:(1989–1993)
6514:(2000–2008)
6506:(1979–1981)
6498:(1978–1982)
6490:(2013–2023)
6482:(1981–1991)
6474:(2009–2013)
6466:(1977–1979)
6458:(1997–2005)
6450:(1979–1985)
6442:(1989–1998)
6434:(1987–1991)
6426:(1990–1992)
6418:(2003–2013)
6410:(1987–2001)
6402:(1999–2007)
6394:(1992–2001)
6386:(1983–1986)
6375:Explorer 11
6346:(2017–2019)
6338:(1989–1993)
6330:(1975–1982)
6322:(2006–2013)
6314:(1991–2000)
6306:(2003–2008)
6298:(1996–2003)
6290:(1974–1976)
6282:(1983–1991)
6241:(1993–2000)
6233:(1973–1974)
6225:(2017–2019)
6217:(1979–1982)
6209:(1974–1980)
6201:(1971–1972)
6193:(1967–1969)
6169:(1962–1972)
6161:(1993–2005)
6153:(2006–2011)
6145:(2007–2024)
5442:Ultraviolet
4435:: L71–L74.
4070:: 295–298.
4043:: 121–140.
3816:: 506–518.
3495:: 949–958.
3319:: 827–830.
3153:: L27–L30.
3101:: L57–L60.
3074:: L61–L64.
3047:: L53–L56.
3020:: L49–L52.
2950:: 620–633.
2456:1.2 pc
2444:1.2 pc
2359:binary star
2357:studies of
2339:strategies
2331:the use of
2280:and O-type
2263:white dwarf
2156:spiral arms
1985:V≈11.0 mag
1977:V≈11.5 mag
1925:V≈10.0 mag
1917:V≈10.5 mag
1909:V≈11.5 mag
1856:V≈12.4 mag
889:undertaken.
851:barycentric
813:due to the
746:astrometric
714:unvignetted
702:micrometres
453:Wavelengths
402:Revolution
382:Inclination
313:Deactivated
287:August 1989
278:Arianespace
256:Launch site
234:Launch date
186:Launch mass
81:observatory
77:Astrometric
9431:Categories
9180:Soyuz TM-8
9174:Himawari 4
9040:Olympus F1
8762:Meteosat 4
8427:Phootprint
8407:Marco Polo
8248:Technology
8078:MetOp-SG-B
8070:MetOp-SG-A
8046:Sentinel-4
8017:ADM-Aeolus
7997:Sentinel-3
7979:Sentinel-2
7965:Sentinel-1
7893:Copernicus
7788:XMM-Newton
7606:Cluster II
7412:Copernicus
7383:Programmes
7311:Facilities
7261:Spaceports
6854:Vanguard 3
6166:Alouette 1
6006:AstroSat-2
5723:XMM-Newton
5239:James Webb
5061:2111.03676
4996:1808.06257
4929:1811.07285
4922:(4): 140.
4862:2105.11662
4797:1811.08902
3458:: 81–120.
2674:References
2500:, such as
2498:exoplanets
2490:substellar
2384:Oort limit
2325:Gould Belt
2012:The final
2000:The final
1938:2,539,913
1885:1,052,031
1877:1,058,332
1628:, and 917
1330:networks,
1078:Gothenburg
1010:Oberkochen
815:atmosphere
801:Principles
795:gyroscopes
678:Hipparchus
666:arcseconds
658:parallaxes
631:atmosphere
616:Background
602:Hipparchus
548:parallaxes
532:astrometry
489:2-23
316:March 1999
274:Contractor
164:Spacecraft
32:Hipparchus
9437:Hipparcos
9158:September
9119:Hipparcos
8468:CryoSat-1
8442:STE-QUEST
8377:Eddington
8367:e.Deorbit
8318:Cancelled
8190:Olympus-1
8032:EarthCARE
7953:CryoSat-2
7802:(2006–13)
7778:(1992–93)
7764:Hipparcos
7738:cosmology
7057:Eddington
7012:Cancelled
6519:Hipparcos
5927:Spektr-UV
5792:Mini-EUSO
5784:ISS-CREAM
5635:Spektr-RG
5555:Gamma-ray
5450:Aditya-L1
5341:Hayabusa2
5218:Queqiao 2
5162:Operating
5088:0035-8711
5029:256718410
5021:2397-3366
4964:119437089
4956:0004-6256
4897:235187424
4889:0067-0049
4855:(2): 42.
4830:119491061
4822:0004-6361
4732:1408.6544
4704:119285733
4679:1203.4945
4412:17 August
4363:0705.3267
3437:122724497
3415:CiteSeerX
2999:121605844
2908:: 82–93.
2527:does not
2502:HR 5183 b
2436:Hipparcos
2368:HD 209458
2296:red giant
2235:Hipparcos
2227:Hipparcos
2216:Hipparcos
2176:Hipparcos
2100:Hipparcos
2092:Hipparcos
2088:Milky Way
2041:Hipparcos
2014:Hipparcos
1803:±0.6 mas
1787:J1991.25
1734:Hipparcos
1667:does not
1610:magnitude
1598:Hipparcos
1541:does not
1515:Hipparcos
1511:Hipparcos
1422:does not
1377:Hipparcos
1372:Hipparcos
1364:Hipparcos
1344:Hipparcos
1320:Hipparcos
1308:Hipparcos
1213:does not
1143:Hipparcos
1101:Hipparcos
1086:Marseille
1022:Neuchâtel
975:Hipparcos
922:does not
791:hydrazine
578:Hipparcos
524:satellite
519:Hipparcos
509:Hipparcos
486:Bandwidth
355:(planned)
167:HIPPARCOS
104:1989-062B
98:COSPAR ID
64:HIPPARCOS
43:Hipparcos
9447:Parallax
9370:December
9312:November
9250:Magion 2
9115:TV-SAT 2
8890:Magellan
8660:February
8529:Wikinews
8505:Category
8125:Columbus
8049:) (2024)
7859:ARRAKIHS
7812:Herschel
7794:INTEGRAL
7724:EnVision
7677:ExoMars
7533:EUMETSAT
7424:Columbus
7417:Sentinel
7297:Ariane 6
7292:Ariane 5
7108:Sentinel
6806:Spektr-R
6742:RELIKT-1
6583:Kristall
6471:Herschel
6295:BeppoSAX
6051:JEM-EUSO
6046:iWF-MAXI
5988:Proposed
5951:LiteBIRD
5943:Spektr-M
5675:MinXSS-2
5603:INTEGRAL
5466:Astrosat
5292:Astrosat
5231:Infrared
4765:34750246
4757:25170147
4651:15354711
4598:14842664
4537:14737161
4494:14224434
4388:14934757
4294:17804304
4241:14341982
4188:16868380
4129:16620828
3981:16098861
3601:14940616
3384:15936627
3298:17704884
2645:See also
2416:Pleiades
2289:subdwarf
1996:ecliptic
1840:118,204
1832:117,955
1824:118,218
1771:Common:
1763:Property
1594:passband
1109:Ariane 4
1105:TV-Sat 2
855:parallax
833:ecliptic
826:parallax
654:galactic
650:lobbying
511:mission
437:Diameter
305:Disposal
194:Dry mass
87:Operator
9351:Kvant 2
9287:Galileo
9264:October
8758:JCSAT-1
8727:Akebono
8606:January
8517:Commons
8494:italics
8463:Cluster
8447:THESEUS
8432:SOLARIS
8307:PROBA-3
8300:OPS-SAT
8282:PROBA-V
8276:PROBA-2
8264:PROBA-1
8214:HYLAS-1
8208:GIOVE-B
8202:GIOVE-A
8196:Artemis
8024:Biomass
7923:Envisat
7862:(2030s)
7661:Rosetta
7649:SMART-1
7643:Huygens
7594:Ulysses
7574:Science
7449:ExoMars
7439:GALILEO
7429:CryoSat
7390:Artemis
7369:ESTRACK
7274:Esrange
7157:Related
7068:FINESSE
7046:Destiny
7029:Astro-G
6992:Tsubame
6984:Astro-E
6960:ABRIXAS
6814:Spitzer
6798:Solwind
6750:R/HESSI
6710:Orion 2
6702:Orion 1
6407:Kvant-1
6303:CHIPSat
6266:Astro-2
6246:Astro-1
6222:ASTERIA
6214:Ariel 6
6206:Ariel 5
6198:Ariel 4
6190:Ariel 3
6182:Ariel 2
6174:Ariel 1
6135:Retired
6126:THESEUS
6111:Solar-D
6106:PhoENiX
5946:(2030+)
5903:JASMINE
5871:Xuntian
5839:SPHEREx
5832:Planned
5381:NEOSSat
5276:Optical
5202:Queqiao
5066:Bibcode
5001:Bibcode
4934:Bibcode
4867:Bibcode
4802:Bibcode
4790:: A72.
4737:Bibcode
4719:Science
4684:Bibcode
4631:Bibcode
4578:Bibcode
4545:4383850
4517:Bibcode
4474:Bibcode
4437:Bibcode
4368:Bibcode
4321:Bibcode
4274:Bibcode
4221:Bibcode
4166:Bibcode
4109:Bibcode
4072:Bibcode
4045:Bibcode
4008:Bibcode
3961:Bibcode
3928:2945433
3908:Bibcode
3875:8349408
3855:Bibcode
3818:Bibcode
3781:Bibcode
3732:Bibcode
3681:Bibcode
3644:4338652
3624:Bibcode
3579:Bibcode
3528:Bibcode
3497:Bibcode
3470:Bibcode
3407:Bibcode
3362:Bibcode
3321:Bibcode
3276:Bibcode
3155:Bibcode
3103:Bibcode
3076:Bibcode
3049:Bibcode
3022:Bibcode
2979:Bibcode
2952:Bibcode
2910:Bibcode
2843:Bibcode
2751:Bibcode
2725:16 June
2703:16 June
2548:removed
2533:sources
2468:Polaris
2462:Polaris
2389:ice age
1688:removed
1673:sources
1562:removed
1547:sources
1443:removed
1428:sources
1340:quasars
1234:removed
1219:sources
1062:Bristol
943:removed
928:sources
670:acronym
594:acronym
526:of the
131:Website
119:SATCAT
9382:USA-49
9377:Granat
9335:USA-48
9330:STS-33
9293:USA-47
9282:STS-34
9231:USA-46
9186:USA-45
9169:USA-44
9165:USA-43
9129:USA-42
9109:USA-41
9105:USA-40
9100:STS-28
9087:August
9058:Pion 4
9054:Pion 3
8994:USA-39
8984:USA-38
8924:Pion 2
8920:Pion 1
8901:USA-37
8885:STS-30
8843:Tele-X
8827:USA-36
8773:TDRS-4
8768:STS-29
8712:USA-35
8598:1990 →
8583:← 1988
8473:GEOS 1
8456:Failed
8422:ODINUS
8392:Hopper
8387:Hermes
8382:EXPERT
8310:(2024)
8290:(2015)
8272:(2007)
8260:(1998)
8186:(1978)
8184:GEOS 2
8169:(2021)
8163:(2014)
8157:(2013)
8151:(2012)
8145:(2011)
8137:Cupola
8133:(2008)
8097:(2027)
8089:(2025)
8081:(2025)
8073:(2025)
8065:(2025)
8057:(2025)
8054:ALTIUS
8035:(2024)
8027:(2024)
7878:(2035)
7870:(2035)
7867:Athena
7854:(2029)
7846:(2026)
7836:Euclid
7824:CHEOPS
7806:Planck
7776:Eureca
7758:EXOSAT
7727:(2031)
7719:(2029)
7711:(2028)
7702:(2024)
7694:(2023)
7665:Philae
7637:Giotto
7622:(2031)
7588:ISEE-2
7402:Aurora
7133:TAUVEX
7040:Darwin
7019:Aelita
7003:(2016)
6987:(2000)
6979:(1999)
6971:(1996)
6968:HETE-1
6963:(1999)
6955:(1965)
6939:(1976)
6931:(1970)
6923:(1966)
6857:(1959)
6774:SAMPEX
6734:Planck
6729:(2018)
6726:PicSat
6718:PAMELA
6713:(1973)
6705:(1971)
6607:MinXSS
6575:Kepler
6538:(1983)
6530:(2024)
6511:HETE-2
6503:HEAO-3
6463:HEAO-1
6439:Granat
6383:EXOSAT
6378:(1961)
6370:(2010)
6362:(2008)
6354:(1993)
6343:CXBN-2
6279:Astron
6274:(1995)
6249:(1990)
6185:(1964)
6158:ALEXIS
6101:PETREL
6061:LUVOIR
6011:EXCEDE
5978:(2035)
5970:(2035)
5967:Athena
5962:(2033)
5954:(2032)
5938:(2030)
5930:(2030)
5922:(2029)
5914:(2028)
5906:(2028)
5898:(2027)
5890:(2027)
5882:(2027)
5874:(2026)
5866:(2026)
5858:(2026)
5850:(2026)
5847:K-EUSO
5842:(2025)
5816:STEREO
5752:AMS-02
5715:XPoSat
5691:NuSTAR
5530:STEREO
5474:Hibari
5365:Hubble
5357:HiRISE
5333:Euclid
5325:DSCOVR
5317:CHEOPS
5194:STEREO
5086:
5027:
5019:
4962:
4954:
4895:
4887:
4828:
4820:
4763:
4755:
4702:
4649:
4596:
4543:
4535:
4509:Nature
4492:
4386:
4292:
4239:
4186:
4127:
3979:
3926:
3890:Nature
3873:
3754:196448
3752:
3642:
3616:Nature
3599:
3435:
3417:
3382:
3296:
3235:
3208:
3180:
3128:
2997:
2885:14 May
2852:14 May
2814:13 May
2769:
2508:People
1766:Value
1624:, 108
1620:, 186
1332:MERLIN
1300:3C 273
1120:Kourou
1094:London
1090:Dublin
1070:Leiden
1066:Bremen
1046:Zürich
1038:Vélizy
1018:Madrid
989:) and
788:newton
784:kbit/s
780:S-band
769:Z-axis
727:photon
721:tube (
546:, and
491:kbit/s
480:S-Band
392:Period
344:Regime
264:Kourou
245:Rocket
8836:April
8746:March
8437:SPICA
8232:EGNOS
8094:FORUM
8086:SMILE
7959:Swarm
7935:MetOp
7911:ERS-2
7905:ERS-1
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