495:, within the confines of the same territory, and not far from their old town. Diodorus gives a somewhat different account of the foundation of Thermae, which he represents as established by the Carthaginians themselves before the close of the war, in 407 BC. But it is probable that both statements are substantially correct, and that the Carthaginians founded the new town in the immediate neighbourhood of Himera, in order to prevent the old site being again occupied; while the Himeraean exiles, when they returned thither, though they settled in the new town, naturally regarded themselves as still the same people, and would continue to bear the name of Himeraeans. How completely, even at a much later period, the one city was regarded as the representative of the other, appears from the statement of Cicero, that when
483:, who relates the total destruction of Himera, tells us expressly that it was never rebuilt, and that the site remained uninhabited down to his own times. It seems at first in contradiction with this statement, that he elsewhere includes the Himeraeans, as well as the Selinuntines and Agrigentines, among the exiled citizens that were allowed by the treaty, concluded with Carthage, in 405 BC, to return to their homes, and inhabit their own cities, on condition of paying tribute to Carthage and not restoring their fortifications. And it seems clear that many of them at least availed themselves of this permission, as we find the Himeraeans subsequently mentioned among the states that declared in favour of
550:, and defeated with heavy loss. Before the close of the war, Thermae itself was besieged and taken by the Romans. Cicero relates that the Roman government restored to the Thermitani their city and territory, with the free use of their own laws, as a reward for their steady fidelity. They were on hostile terms with Rome during the First Punic War, so it can only be to the subsequent period that these expressions apply; but the occasion to which they refer is unknown. In the time of Cicero, Thermae appears to have been a flourishing place, carrying on a considerable amount of trade, though the orator speaks, of it as
57:
64:
477:, but that general feared for the safety of Syracuse itself and abandoned Himera, leaving the unfortunate citizens to contend singlehanded against the Carthaginian power. Their defenses failed and the city was soon taken by storm. A large part of the citizens were killed and at least 3000 of them, who had been taken prisoners, were put to death by Hannibal as a sacrifice to the memory of his grandfather Hamilcar. The city itself was utterly destroyed, its buildings razed to the ground, and even the temples themselves were not spared.
410:, at that time on terms of hostility with Theron. The Syracusan despot, however, betrayed their overtures to Theron. He took vengeance on the Himeraeans, putting to death a large number of the disaffected citizens and driving others into exile. Shortly after, seeing that the city had suffered greatly from these severities and that its population was much diminished, he sought to restore its prosperity by establishing there a new body of citizens whom he collected from various quarters. The greater part of these new colonists were of
654:
4433:
499:, after the capture of Carthage, restored to the Agrigentines and Gelenses the statues that had been carried off from their respective cities, he at the same time restored to the citizens of Thermae those that had been taken from Himera. Hence we cannot be surprised to find that, not only are the Himeraeans still spoken of as an existing people, but even that the name of Himera itself is sometimes inadvertently used as that of their city. Thus, in 314 BC, Diodorus tells us that, by the treaty between
4439:
419:; and, in the general settlement of affairs which followed soon after, the exiles were allowed to return to Himera, where they appear to have settled quietly together with the new citizens. From this period Diodorus expressly tells us that Himera was fortunate enough to escape from civil dissensions, and this good government must have secured to it no small share of the prosperity which was enjoyed by the Sicilian cities in general during the succeeding half-century.
41:
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476 BC, and Himera continued subject to Theron until his death, in 472 BC, but
Thrasydaeus retained possession of the sovereignty for a very short time after the death of his father, and his defeat by Hieron of Syracuse was speedily followed by his expulsion both from Agrigentum and Himera. In 466 BC we find the Himeraeans, in their turn, sending a force to assist the Syracusans in throwing off the yoke of
698:
1339:
365:
590:; and some evidence of it remained, even in the days of that orator, in the statues preserved by the Thermitani, to whom they had been restored by Scipio, after the conquest of Carthage; and which were valuable, not only as relics of the past, but from their high merit as works of art. The numerous examples of coins from Himera testify to the city's wealth in antiquity.
473:, who commanded the expedition, hastened to turn his arms against Himera. That city was ill-prepared for defence; its fortifications were of little strength, but the citizens made a desperate resistance, and by a vigorous sally inflicted severe loss on the Carthaginians. They were at first supported by a force of about 4000 auxiliaries from Syracuse under the command of
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265:
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was followed by almost all writers in the 19th century and placed it on the west bank of the river San
Leonardo which flows past the west side of Termini. On this supposition the inhabitants moved from one bank of the river to the other which would explain the texts in which Himera and Thermae appear
422:
But though we are told in general terms that the period which elapsed from this re-settlement of Himera until its destruction by the
Carthaginians (461–408 BC), was one of peace and prosperity, the only notices we find of the city during this interval refer to the part it took at the time of the
376:, who is said to have landed in Sicily with an army of 300,000 men, sufficiently proves that the conquest of Himera was the pretext, rather than the object, of the war. However, it is likely that the growing power of Himeria in the immediate vicinity of the Carthaginian settlements of Panormus and
414:
extraction, and though the two bodies of citizens were blended into one and continued to live harmoniously together, at this period Himera became a Doric city. Himera adopted the institutions and followed the policy of the other Doric states of Sicily. This settlement seems to have taken place in
828:
There is a confusion about this date, though, because
Diodorus relates the circumstances in the year of Phaedon, Ol. LXXVI. 1, which would place it in 476 BC, he adds that the new colony subsisted 58 years, until its destruction by the Carthaginians, which would refer it to the year
533:
The new town of
Thermae or Therma called for the sake of distinction Thermae Himerenses, which thus took the place of Himera, obviously derived its name from the hot springs for which it was celebrated, and the first discovery of which was connected by legends with the wanderings of
380:
had already caused concern among the
Carthaginians. Hence it was against Himera that the first efforts of Hamilcar were directed. Theron, who had thrown himself into the city with all the forces at his command, was able to maintain its defence until the arrival of
350:), and, being expelled by him from Himera, had recourse to the assistance of the Carthaginians, a circumstance which became the immediate occasion of the first great expedition of that people to Sicily, 480 BC.
401:
This victory left Theron in the undisputed possession of the sovereignty of Himera, as well as of that of
Agrigentum. He appears to have focused on Agrigentum, and left the government of Himera to his son
487:, at the commencement of his great war with Carthage in 397 BC; though they quickly returned to the Carthaginian alliance in the following year. The explanation of this difficulty is furnished by
318:
Archaeology shows that around 580-560 BC the city was completely rebuilt after an unknown event destroyed it. There is otherwise very little information as to its early history: an obscure notice in
670:
but in fact he was born in the Magna
Graecian town of Metauros (modern Gioia Tauro) in 630BC. He moved to Himera in later life and wrote his poetry whilst a resident of the town.
586:
retains the ancient site as well as name. The magnificence of the ancient city, and the taste of its citizens for the encouragement of art, are attested by Cicero, who calls it
613:, the mouth of which is 8 miles from Termini. This distance was not too great to be reconciled with Cicero's expression that the new settlement (Thermae) was established
1287:
1210:
1398:
Reinberger KL, Reitsema LJ, Kyle B, Vassallo S, Kamenov G, Krigbaum J (2021). "Isotopic evidence for geographic heterogeneity in
Ancient Greek military forces". In:
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625:
Many parts of the ancient city have been excavated in recent years and can be visited. Of the lower city the main visible remains consist of the monumental
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538:. It appears to have early become a considerable town, though it continued, with few and brief exceptions, to be subject to the Carthaginian rule. In the
315:
tells us that it had existed 240 years at the time of its destruction by the
Carthaginians, which would fix its first settlement in 648 BC.
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194:
574:), as he places it on the south coast between Agrigentum and Selinus. There is little subsequent account of Thermae; but, as its name is found in
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511:
and Himera should continue subject to Carthage as they had been before. It is much more strange that we find the name of Himera reappear both in
431:
presented himself before their port with the Athenian fleet, they altogether refused to receive him; and, shortly after, it was at Himera that
303:
The foundation of Himera is placed subsequent to that of Mylae (as, from their relative positions, might naturally have been expected) both by
1158:
330:, tyrant of Zancle, after his expulsion from the latter city. Not long after this event, Himera fell itself under the yoke of a despot named
292:). All authorities agree that Himera was a colony of Zancle, but Thucydides tells us that the emigrants from Zancle mingled with a number of
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427:
expedition to Sicily, 415 BC. On that occasion, the Himeraeans were among the first to promise their support to Syracuse: hence, when
491:, who tells us that, after the destruction of Himera, those citizens who had survived the calamity of the war established themselves at
3059:
519:, though we know from the distinct statements of Cicero and Strabo, as well as Diodorus, that it had ceased to exist centuries before.
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landed, and from whence he marched across the island to Syracuse, at the head of a force composed in great part of Himeraean citizens.
272:
Himera was the first Greek settlement on this part of the island and was a strategic outpost just outside the eastern boundary of the
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says it was the only Greek city on this coast of Sicily, which must however be understood with reference only to independent cities.
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104:
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682:, was a citizen, but not a native, of Himera. On the other hand, Thermae had the honour of being the birthplace of the tyrant
406:. But the young man, by his violent and oppressive rule, soon alienated the minds of the citizens. They applied for relief to
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385:. Despite the numerical inferiority of his forces, he defeated the army of the Carthaginians with such slaughter that the
1452:
393:. The same feeling probably gave rise to the tradition or belief, that both triumphs were achieved on the very same day.
56:
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617:; while the addition that it was in the same territory would seem to imply that it was not very near the old site.
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in 480 BC was regarded by the Greeks of Sicily as worthy of comparison with the contemporary victory of
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326:, being the only mention found of it, until about 490 BC, when it afforded a temporary refuge to
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in reality refers to this town, though he evidently understood it to be Thermae Selinuntiae (modern
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466 BC. This last date is clearly incompatible with the fact that Theron died in 472 BC.
469:. The Carthaginians, though, had greater ambitions. Immediately after the destruction of Selinus,
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Reitsema, Laurie J. et alli. "The diverse genetic origins of a Classical period Greek army". In:
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to be regarded as identical, and where the river Himera is also said to be flowing past Thermae.
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20:
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The upper city on top of the hill has remains of other temples and of many other buildings.
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and the Itineraries, it appears to have continued in existence throughout the period of the
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284:, which was also on the north coast and certainly of Greek origin, was a dependency of
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Curry, Andrew. "Mercenaries may have helped ancient Greeks turn the tide of war". In:
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2001:
1983:
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1941:
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1395:. Published: October 3, 2022. Accessed: October 3, 2022. doi: 10.1126/science.adf1652
1391:
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382:
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322:, from which it appears to have at one time fallen under the dominion of the tyrant
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The exact position of Himera was a subject of controversy until recent times.
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Ordo et Populus splendidissimae Coloniae Augustae Himeraeorum Thermitanorum
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Many of its remains can be visited and there are two museums on the site.
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In 409 BC the prosperity of the city was brought to an abrupt end by the
403:
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1342: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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40:
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1621:
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739:
Thuc. vi. 5; Strab. vi. p. 272; Scymn. Ch. 289; Diod. xiii. 62; Hecat.
683:
640:
334:, who sought to fortify his power by contracting a close alliance with
277:
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2673:
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2510:
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925:
671:
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troops were encamped in the neighborhood, when they were attacked by
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347:
319:
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and many artifacts recovered are displayed in both museums on site.
235:
4837:
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2648:
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2209:
2137:
1745:
1400:
582:, and probably never ceased to be inhabited, as the modern town of
559:
547:
535:
432:
377:
373:
335:
331:
323:
312:
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its name is repeatedly mentioned. Thus, in 260 BC, a body of
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3102:
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2104:
2051:
1760:
1750:
1740:
1735:
1725:
1437:
647:
606:
575:
571:
462:
461:. The ostensible object of the expedition was the support of the
411:
327:
308:
289:
231:
4170:
3484:
633:
structure built to commemorate the defeat of the Carthaginians.
4526:
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1646:
1606:
1596:
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1011:
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304:
285:
240:
223:
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exiles, resulting in a city with Chalcidic institutions and a
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4733:
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4205:
4180:
4077:
4017:
4002:
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3582:
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3112:
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2608:
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2132:
2084:
1785:
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1702:
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1616:
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996:
990:
984:
978:
342:) and Zancle. But Terillus was unable to resist the power of
281:
213:
92:
566:: and there can be little doubt that the Thermae colonia of
364:
4461:
4210:
4185:
4135:
3622:
3612:
1412:
969:
Strabo vi. p. 272; Mel. ii. 7. § 16; Plin. iii. 8. s. 14.
443:
226:
at the mouth of the river of the same name (the modern
657:
Rainwater spouts from the temple roof (Palermo museum)
639:
At various locations around the city were the town's
693:
4376:
353:
259:
4902:
1288:"P.114-5. A History of Ancient Greek Literature"
666:Himera is said to be the birthplace of the poet
562:, whence we find mention in inscriptions of the
1673:
609:correctly identified the Himera river with the
311:: its date is not mentioned by Thucydides, but
503:and the Carthaginians, it was stipulated that
268:Ideal reconstruction of the Temple of Victory.
4362:
1453:
1159:Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World
782:Herod. vii. 166, 167; Diod. xi. 20-23; Pind.
396:
338:, at that time ruler both of Rhegium (modern
1406:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248803
1035:Pol. i. 39; Diod. xxiii. 20. Exc. H. p. 506.
4936:Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Italy
1120:
1118:
1026:Pol. i. 24; Diod. xxiii. 9. Exc. H. p. 503.
4369:
4355:
2339:
1460:
1446:
1347:
1045:quod semper in amicitia fideque mansissent
438:
45:Remains of the Temple of Victory at Himera
39:
627:Tempio della Vittoria (Temple of Victory)
372:The magnitude of the armament sent under
195:Area Archeologica e Antiquarium di Himera
1259:
1115:
652:
522:
442:
363:
263:
1418:https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2205272119
1416:119 (41) e2205272119, October 3, 2022.
1354:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography
459:great Carthaginian expedition to Sicily
4903:
3393:
877:vi. 62, vii. 1, 58; Diod. xiii. 4, 12.
646:There are also impressive displays in
4350:
4250:
3392:
2821:
2325:
1672:
1492:
1441:
861:
859:
3861:Illicitanus Limin/Portus Illicitanus
1493:
1140:xiv. 232; Plin. iii. 8. s. 14; Vib.
588:in primis Siciliae clarum et ornatum
222:city situated on the north coast of
178:Soprintendenza BB.CC.AA. di Palermo
13:
2822:
1467:
1383:
856:
368:Site of the first battle of Himera
14:
4962:
1423:
650:'s Museo Archeologico Regionale.
4946:Former populated places in Italy
4443:
4437:
4431:
4330:
4320:
4311:
4310:
1337:
1260:Grimaldi, William M. A. (1980).
696:
661:
62:
55:
4331:
1318:
1305:
1280:
1253:
1228:
1211:"Writers History - Stesichorus"
1203:
1197:"Stesichorus | Greek poet"
1189:
1173:
1147:
1131:
1094:
1085:
1068:
1056:
1038:
1029:
1020:
1004:
972:
963:
954:
941:
932:
917:
905:
893:
880:
868:
844:
832:
822:
354:First interaction with Carthage
346:, despot of Agrigentum (modern
260:Foundation and earliest history
4921:Archaeological sites in Sicily
4749:Roman amphitheatre of Syracuse
4489:Polizzello archaeological site
810:
801:
789:
776:
764:
755:
746:
733:
724:
620:
554:. It seems to have received a
465:against their neighbours, the
63:
1:
4951:7th-century BC establishments
1932:
1919:
1900:
1883:
717:
218:), was a large and important
3060:Funeral and burial practices
2245:Military of Mycenaean Greece
712:List of ancient Greek cities
230:), between Panormus (modern
7:
4593:Ancient theatre of Taormina
4532:Sant'Ippolito (Caltagirone)
689:
615:non longe ab oppido antique
234:) and Cephaloedium (modern
10:
4967:
2984:Greek Revival architecture
2326:
1331:
997:
991:
985:
979:
526:
450:
397:After the Battle of Himera
357:
254:
214:
18:
4931:Colonies of Magna Graecia
4814:
4769:Greek Theatre of Syracuse
4692:
4659:
4611:
4568:
4540:
4507:
4454:Province of Caltanissetta
4452:
4429:
4385:
4306:
4257:
4251:
4246:
4091:
3968:
3957:
3884:
3806:
3763:
3710:
3568:
3420:
3411:
3407:
3388:
3337:
3252:
3190:
3152:
3145:
3095:
3055:
3046:
2968:
2845:
2841:
2817:
2783:
2752:
2594:
2481:
2425:
2392:Attalid kings of Pergamon
2347:
2338:
2334:
2321:
2200:Antigonid Macedonian army
2173:
2146:
2118:
2075:
2032:
2023:
1865:
1804:
1701:
1697:
1668:
1567:
1516:
1512:
1488:
1475:
453:Battle of Himera (409 BC)
360:Battle of Himera (480 BC)
190:
182:
174:
169:
161:Battle of Himera (409 BC)
156:Battle of Himera (480 BC)
148:
143:
135:
120:37.9739972°N 13.8239861°E
98:
79:
50:
38:
31:
4890:Roman furnaces in Alcamo
4806:Villa Romana del Tellaro
4377:Archaeological sites in
1315:xii.; Paus. vi. 4. § 11.
886:Diod. xiii. 59-62; Xen.
4796:Necropolis of Pantalica
4791:Necropolis of Cassibile
4560:Villa Romana del Casale
4421:Temple of Olympian Zeus
1180:in ejusdem agri finibus
674:, whose victory at the
593:
485:Dionysius I of Syracuse
439:Destruction by Carthage
21:Himera (disambiguation)
4724:Colonne di San Basilio
2426:Artists & scholars
2341:List of ancient Greeks
1978:Second Athenian League
1827:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
1652:Ancient Greek colonies
1357:. London: John Murray.
1266:. Fordham Univ Press.
1170:), Map 47 & notes.
658:
448:
369:
269:
125:37.9739972; 13.8239861
4603:Villa Romana di Patti
4387:Province of Agrigento
3545:Sybaris on the Traeis
2270:Sacred Band of Thebes
2010:(c. 300 BC–c. 300 AD)
1524:Cycladic civilization
743:49; Scyl. p. 4. § 13.
656:
523:Foundation of Thermae
446:
367:
267:
4694:Province of Syracuse
3070:mythological figures
2791:Ancient Greek tribes
1916:Peloponnesian League
1109:Tabula Peutingeriana
1091:Plin. iii. 8. s. 14.
1065:ii. 46, 75, iii. 42.
1010:Diod. iv. 23, v. 3;
611:Imera Settentrionale
228:Imera Settentrionale
19:For other uses, see
4843:Grotta del Genovese
4816:Province of Trapani
4719:Cava del Rivettazzo
4626:Grotta dell'Addaura
4613:Province of Palermo
4570:Province of Messina
4509:Province of Catania
4472:Greek baths of Gela
4409:Temple of Concordia
3182:Tunnel of Eupalinos
3177:Theatre of Dionysus
2801:Ancient Macedonians
2417:Tyrants of Syracuse
1929:Amphictyonic League
1529:Minoan civilization
1351:, ed. (1854–1857).
1100:Ptol. iii. 4. § 4;
552:oppidum non maximum
116: /
85:Province of Palermo
28:
4661:Province of Ragusa
4413:Temple of Heracles
3856:Menestheus's Limin
3510:Pandosia (Lucania)
3398:Greek colonisation
2760:Athenian statesmen
2521:Diogenes of Sinope
2382:Kings of Macedonia
2372:Kings of Commagene
2240:Macedonian phalanx
2220:Hellenistic armies
1968:(c. 424–c. 395 BC)
1832:Indo-Greek Kingdom
1554:Hellenistic Greece
1103:Antonine Itinerary
659:
449:
408:Hieron of Syracuse
370:
340:Reggio di Calabria
276:-controlled west.
270:
183:Public access
71:Shown within Italy
26:
4926:Zanclean colonies
4898:
4897:
4774:Grotta del Ninfeo
4344:
4343:
4302:
4301:
4242:
4241:
4238:
4237:
4234:
4233:
3808:Iberian Peninsula
3740:Lipara/Meligounis
3706:
3705:
3384:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3357:Cypriot syllabary
3248:
3247:
3157:Athenian Treasury
3141:
3140:
2813:
2812:
2809:
2808:
2402:Ptolemaic dynasty
2362:Archons of Athens
2317:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2188:Athenian military
2169:
2168:
2002:League of Corinth
1984:Thessalian League
1960:Chalcidian League
1942:Acarnanian League
1852:Ptolemaic Kingdom
1664:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1404:16(5): e0248803.
1370:Missing or empty
1363:cite encyclopedia
980:Θερμαὶ αἱ Ἱμερᾶαι
951:ii. 3. 5, iv. 33.
678:is celebrated by
497:Scipio Aemilianus
447:Sicily in 409 BC.
383:Gelon of Syracuse
203:
202:
4958:
4784:Temple of Apollo
4779:Temple of Athena
4764:Galermi Aqueduct
4759:Ear of Dionysius
4542:Province of Enna
4447:
4441:
4435:
4405:Valle dei Templi
4371:
4364:
4357:
4348:
4347:
4334:
4333:
4324:
4314:
4313:
4248:
4247:
3966:
3965:
3465:Heraclea Lucania
3418:
3417:
3409:
3408:
3390:
3389:
3150:
3149:
3082:Twelve Olympians
3053:
3052:
2843:
2842:
2819:
2818:
2407:Seleucid dynasty
2387:Kings of Paionia
2336:
2335:
2323:
2322:
2193:Scythian archers
2100:Graphe paranomon
2030:
2029:
1937:
1934:
1924:
1921:
1905:
1902:
1892:
1888:
1885:
1699:
1698:
1670:
1669:
1549:Classical Greece
1534:Mycenaean Greece
1514:
1513:
1490:
1489:
1462:
1455:
1448:
1439:
1438:
1434:
1430:Official website
1379:
1373:
1368:
1366:
1358:
1341:
1340:
1325:
1322:
1316:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1299:
1290:. Archived from
1284:
1278:
1277:
1257:
1251:
1250:
1248:
1247:
1238:. Archived from
1232:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1222:
1213:. Archived from
1207:
1201:
1200:
1193:
1187:
1177:
1171:
1151:
1145:
1135:
1129:
1122:
1113:
1098:
1092:
1089:
1083:
1072:
1066:
1060:
1054:
1042:
1036:
1033:
1027:
1024:
1018:
1008:
1002:
1000:
999:
994:
993:
988:
987:
982:
981:
976:
970:
967:
961:
958:
952:
945:
939:
936:
930:
921:
915:
909:
903:
897:
891:
884:
878:
872:
866:
863:
854:
848:
842:
836:
830:
826:
820:
814:
808:
805:
799:
793:
787:
780:
774:
768:
762:
759:
753:
750:
744:
737:
731:
730:vi. 62, vii. 58.
728:
706:
701:
700:
699:
387:Battle of Himera
217:
216:
199:
131:
130:
128:
127:
126:
121:
117:
114:
113:
112:
109:
66:
65:
59:
43:
29:
25:
4966:
4965:
4961:
4960:
4959:
4957:
4956:
4955:
4901:
4900:
4899:
4894:
4810:
4754:Altar of Hieron
4688:
4655:
4607:
4564:
4536:
4503:
4448:
4442:
4436:
4427:
4381:
4375:
4345:
4340:
4298:
4253:
4230:
4093:
4087:
3970:
3961:
3953:
3924:Melaina Korkyra
3880:
3802:
3759:
3712:Aeolian Islands
3702:
3564:
3422:
3403:
3402:
3376:
3333:
3244:
3186:
3137:
3091:
3042:
2964:
2955:Wedding customs
2837:
2836:
2805:
2796:Thracian Greeks
2779:
2770:Olympic victors
2748:
2590:
2477:
2421:
2412:Kings of Sparta
2397:Kings of Pontus
2367:Kings of Athens
2343:
2330:
2309:
2205:Army of Macedon
2165:
2142:
2114:
2071:
2019:
1992:(370–c. 230 BC)
1990:Arcadian League
1974:(c. 400–188 BC)
1972:Aetolian League
1966:Boeotian League
1948:Hellenic League
1935:
1922:
1912:(c. 650–404 BC)
1903:
1897:Italiote League
1890:
1886:
1880:Doric Hexapolis
1870:
1861:
1857:Seleucid Empire
1800:
1693:
1692:
1656:
1563:
1539:Greek Dark Ages
1508:
1507:
1484:
1471:
1466:
1432:
1426:
1386:
1384:Further reading
1371:
1369:
1360:
1359:
1338:
1334:
1329:
1328:
1323:
1319:
1310:
1306:
1297:
1295:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1274:
1258:
1254:
1245:
1243:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1220:
1218:
1209:
1208:
1204:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1178:
1174:
1154:Richard Talbert
1152:
1148:
1138:Silius Italicus
1136:
1132:
1123:
1116:
1099:
1095:
1090:
1086:
1078:p. 47; Gruter.
1073:
1069:
1061:
1057:
1043:
1039:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1021:
1009:
1005:
977:
973:
968:
964:
959:
955:
946:
942:
938:Diod. xiii. 79.
937:
933:
922:
918:
910:
906:
898:
894:
885:
881:
873:
869:
864:
857:
849:
845:
837:
833:
827:
823:
815:
811:
806:
802:
794:
790:
781:
777:
769:
765:
760:
756:
751:
747:
738:
734:
729:
725:
720:
702:
697:
695:
692:
664:
623:
596:
584:Termini Imerese
558:in the time of
540:First Punic War
531:
529:Termini Imerese
525:
455:
441:
399:
362:
356:
262:
257:
246:Termini Imerese
197:
165:
124:
122:
118:
115:
110:
107:
105:
103:
102:
75:
74:
73:
72:
69:
68:
67:
46:
34:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4964:
4954:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4896:
4895:
4893:
4892:
4887:
4886:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4820:
4818:
4812:
4811:
4809:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4787:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4741:
4739:Megara Hyblaea
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4710:
4709:
4698:
4696:
4690:
4689:
4687:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4665:
4663:
4657:
4656:
4654:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4617:
4615:
4609:
4608:
4606:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4574:
4572:
4566:
4565:
4563:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4546:
4544:
4538:
4537:
4535:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4513:
4511:
4505:
4504:
4502:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4484:Monte Bubbonia
4481:
4476:
4475:
4474:
4469:
4467:Bosco Littorio
4458:
4456:
4450:
4449:
4430:
4428:
4426:
4425:
4424:
4423:
4417:Temple of Juno
4397:
4395:Heraclea Minoa
4391:
4389:
4383:
4382:
4374:
4373:
4366:
4359:
4351:
4342:
4341:
4339:
4338:
4328:
4318:
4307:
4304:
4303:
4300:
4299:
4297:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4270:
4269:
4258:
4255:
4254:
4244:
4243:
4240:
4239:
4236:
4235:
4232:
4231:
4229:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4097:
4095:
4089:
4088:
4086:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3974:
3972:
3963:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3890:
3888:
3882:
3881:
3879:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3812:
3810:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3800:
3795:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3769:
3767:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3716:
3714:
3708:
3707:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3658:Megara Hyblaea
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3638:Hybla Gereatis
3635:
3630:
3628:Heraclea Minoa
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3574:
3572:
3566:
3565:
3563:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3426:
3424:
3415:
3405:
3404:
3401:
3400:
3394:
3386:
3385:
3382:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3374:
3372:Attic numerals
3369:
3367:Greek numerals
3364:
3362:Greek alphabet
3359:
3354:
3349:
3343:
3341:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3331:
3326:
3325:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3258:
3256:
3250:
3249:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3196:
3194:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3153:
3147:
3143:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3099:
3097:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3073:
3072:
3062:
3056:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3019:
3018:
3016:Musical system
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2987:
2986:
2975:
2973:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2851:
2849:
2839:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2829:
2823:
2815:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2787:
2785:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2756:
2754:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2600:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2487:
2485:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2448:Mathematicians
2445:
2440:
2435:
2429:
2427:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2357:Kings of Argos
2353:
2351:
2345:
2344:
2332:
2331:
2319:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2215:Cretan archers
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2196:
2195:
2185:
2179:
2177:
2171:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2163:
2158:
2152:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2124:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2081:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2033:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2017:
2014:Achaean League
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2008:Euboean League
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1996:Epirote League
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1944:(c. 500–31 BC)
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1349:Smith, William
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1236:"Magna Grecia"
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1082:p. 433, no. 6.
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960:Diod. xix. 71.
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761:Herod. vi. 24.
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1954:Delian League
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1910:Ionian League
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1377:
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1345:
1344:public domain
1336:
1335:
1324:Diod. xix. 2.
1321:
1314:
1308:
1294:on 2014-12-19
1293:
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1273:9780823210497
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1242:on 2011-08-10
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1217:on 2014-12-19
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1076:Inscr. Sicil.
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1016:
1013:
1007:
998:Θερμὰ Ἱμεραῖα
986:Θερμαὶ Ἱμέραι
975:
966:
957:
950:
944:
935:
928:
927:
920:
913:
908:
901:
896:
889:
883:
876:
871:
862:
860:
852:
847:
840:
835:
825:
818:
813:
807:Diod. xi. 48.
804:
798:
792:
785:
779:
772:
767:
758:
752:Rhet. ii. 20.
749:
742:
736:
727:
723:
713:
710:
709:
705:
694:
687:
685:
681:
677:
676:Olympic games
673:
669:
662:Famous people
655:
651:
649:
644:
642:
637:
634:
632:
628:
618:
616:
612:
608:
604:
601:
591:
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581:
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569:
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553:
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541:
537:
530:
520:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
476:
472:
471:Hannibal Mago
468:
464:
460:
454:
445:
436:
434:
430:
426:
420:
418:
413:
409:
405:
394:
392:
388:
384:
379:
375:
366:
361:
351:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
316:
314:
310:
309:Scymnus Chius
306:
301:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
266:
252:
249:
247:
243:
242:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
220:ancient Greek
211:
207:
196:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
168:
162:
159:
157:
154:
153:
151:
147:
142:
138:
134:
129:
111:13°49′26.35″E
108:37°58′26.39″N
101:
97:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
58:
49:
42:
37:
30:
22:
4883:Cave di Cusa
4674:Hybla Heraea
4640:
4517:Aetna (city)
4131:Dionysopolis
4101:Abonoteichos
4053:Pantikapaion
3643:Hybla Heraea
3632:
2979:Architecture
2935:Prostitution
2624:Aristophanes
2483:Philosophers
2453:Philosophers
2285:Spartan army
2016:(280–146 BC)
2004:(338–322 BC)
1998:(370–168 BC)
1986:(374–196 BC)
1980:(378–355 BC)
1962:(430–348 BC)
1956:(478–404 BC)
1950:(499–449 BC)
1637:Peloponnesus
1559:Roman Greece
1433:(in Italian)
1411:
1399:
1390:
1372:|title=
1352:
1320:
1312:
1307:
1296:. Retrieved
1292:the original
1282:
1263:Aristotle II
1262:
1255:
1244:. Retrieved
1240:the original
1230:
1219:. Retrieved
1215:the original
1205:
1191:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1157:
1149:
1141:
1133:
1125:
1107:
1101:
1096:
1087:
1079:
1075:
1070:
1062:
1058:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1031:
1022:
1014:
1006:
974:
965:
956:
948:
943:
934:
924:
919:
914:xiv. 47, 56.
911:
907:
899:
895:
887:
882:
870:
850:
846:
838:
834:
824:
816:
812:
803:
796:
791:
783:
778:
770:
766:
757:
748:
740:
735:
726:
665:
645:
638:
635:
624:
614:
605:
597:
587:
580:Roman Empire
563:
551:
532:
479:
467:Selinuntines
456:
421:
400:
371:
317:
302:
274:Carthaginian
271:
250:
239:
205:
204:
198:(in Italian)
16:Ancient city
4499:Vassallaggi
4479:Gibil Gabib
4279:Place names
4191:Salmydessus
4013:Kalos Limen
3993:Chersonesus
3983:Borysthenes
3688:Tauromenion
3500:Metapontion
3262:Proto-Greek
3215:Erechtheion
3210:Athena Nike
3172:Philippeion
3001:Mathematics
2972:and science
2855:Agriculture
2719:Stesichorus
2629:Bacchylides
2619:Archilochus
2506:Antisthenes
2496:Anaximander
2468:Seven Sages
2458:Playwrights
2438:Geographers
2433:Astronomers
2260:Pezhetairos
1887: 1100
1867:Federations
1766:Megalopolis
1703:City states
1678:City states
853:xi. 68, 76.
668:Stesichorus
621:Archaeology
417:Thrasybulus
404:Thrasydaeus
123: /
99:Coordinates
4905:Categories
4744:Syrakousai
4555:Morgantina
4181:Polemonion
4058:Phanagoria
4028:Kimmerikon
4023:Kerkinitis
4008:Hermonassa
3998:Dioscurias
3894:Aspalathos
3841:Kalathousa
3816:Akra Leuke
3745:Phoenicusa
3530:Scylletium
3515:Poseidonia
3435:Brentesion
3322:Pamphylian
3317:Macedonian
3235:Samothrace
3220:Hephaestus
3167:Long Walls
3146:Structures
3087:Underworld
3033:Technology
2996:Literature
2930:Philosophy
2895:Euergetism
2784:By culture
2729:Thucydides
2571:Pythagoras
2566:Protagoras
2556:Parmenides
2541:Heraclitus
2526:Empedocles
2516:Democritus
2501:Anaximenes
2491:Anaxagoras
2443:Historians
1936: 595
1923: 550
1904: 800
1889: – c.
1817:Cappadocia
1622:Ionian Sea
1612:Hellespont
1577:Aegean Sea
1298:2015-07-13
1246:2015-07-13
1221:2015-07-13
902:xiii. 114.
875:Thucydides
718:References
684:Agathocles
641:necropoles
501:Agathocles
278:Thucydides
175:Management
170:Site notes
139:Settlement
4863:Selinunte
4578:Abacaenum
4550:Centuripe
4267:in Epirus
4216:Trapezous
4161:Mesambria
4146:Eupatoria
4116:Apollonia
4111:Anchialos
4073:Theodosia
4043:Nymphaion
4033:Myrmekion
4003:Gorgippia
3959:Black Sea
3944:Tragurion
3929:Nymphaion
3914:Epidauros
3909:Epidamnos
3899:Apollonia
3876:Zacynthos
3798:Ptolemais
3792:Apollonia
3765:Cyrenaica
3755:Therassía
3750:Strongyle
3730:Ereikousa
3653:Leontinoi
3593:Apollonia
3470:Hipponion
3267:Mycenaean
3230:Parthenon
3162:Lion Gate
3065:Mythology
3028:Sculpture
2991:Astronomy
2925:Pederasty
2900:Festivals
2885:Education
2765:Lawgivers
2734:Timocreon
2714:Sophocles
2709:Simonides
2684:Philocles
2679:Panyassis
2674:Mimnermus
2639:Herodotus
2634:Euripides
2604:Aeschylus
2551:Leucippus
2511:Aristotle
2290:Strategos
2156:Synedrion
2110:Ostracism
2090:Areopagus
2042:Free city
1837:Macedonia
1721:Byzantion
1627:Macedonia
1592:Cyrenaica
1569:Geography
1503:Geography
1128:ii. 3. 5.
1126:In Verrem
1074:Castell.
1050:In Verrem
1047:, Cicero
989:, Ptol.;
949:In Verrem
929:ii. 3. 5.
926:In Verrem
923:Cicero ''
890:i. 1. 37.
773:vii. 165.
672:Ergoteles
600:Cluverius
505:Heracleia
463:Segestans
348:Agrigento
320:Aristotle
300:dialect.
294:Syracusan
238:) in the
4941:Carthage
4878:Temple F
4873:Temple E
4868:Temple C
4838:Halyciae
4833:Drepanum
4714:Casmenae
4679:Kamarina
4669:Akrillai
4651:Soluntum
4494:Sabucina
4316:Category
4294:Theatres
4221:Tripolis
4156:Kerasous
4151:Heraclea
4083:Tyritake
4038:Nikonion
3949:Thronion
3871:Salauris
3826:Emporion
3783:Berenice
3773:Balagrae
3725:Euonymos
3698:Tyndaris
3683:Syracuse
3678:Selinous
3648:Kamarina
3603:Casmenae
3588:Akrillai
3505:Neápolis
3440:Caulonia
3421:Mainland
3352:Linear B
3347:Linear A
3277:Dialects
3254:Language
3048:Religion
3006:Medicine
2940:Religion
2905:Folklore
2890:Emporium
2865:Clothing
2860:Calendar
2744:Xenophon
2739:Tyrtaeus
2724:Theognis
2699:Polybius
2694:Plutarch
2669:Menander
2649:Hipponax
2576:Socrates
2531:Epicurus
2377:Diadochi
2275:Sciritae
2235:Hetairoi
2210:Ballista
2175:Military
2138:Gerousia
2128:Ekklesia
2095:Ecclesia
2077:Athenian
2025:Politics
1938:–279 BC)
1925:–366 BC)
1906:–389 BC)
1842:Pergamon
1812:Bithynia
1805:Kingdoms
1746:Pergamon
1688:Military
1683:Politics
1480:Timeline
1401:PLoS ONE
1142:Sequest.
1017:xii. 28.
983:, Pol.;
690:See also
560:Augustus
548:Hamilcar
536:Hercules
481:Diodorus
433:Gylippus
425:Athenian
374:Hamilcar
336:Anaxilas
332:Terillus
324:Phalaris
313:Diodorus
288:(modern
80:Location
4858:Segesta
4801:Thapsos
4729:Helorus
4707:Santoni
4684:Kaukana
4631:Hippana
4621:Entella
4598:Tindari
4583:Halaesa
4400:Akragas
4336:Outline
4289:Temples
4226:Zaliche
4206:Thèrmae
4196:Sesamus
4166:Odessos
4141:Cytorus
4136:Cotyora
3886:Illyria
3851:Mainake
3846:Kypsela
3735:Hycesia
3693:Thermae
3673:Segesta
3663:Messana
3618:Helorus
3598:Calacte
3578:Akragas
3540:Sybaris
3525:Rhegion
3480:Krimisa
3430:Alision
3339:Writing
3312:Locrian
3302:Epirote
3272:Homeric
3205:Artemis
3192:Temples
3133:Olympia
3103:Eleusis
3038:Theatre
3023:Pottery
2950:Warfare
2945:Slavery
2880:Economy
2875:Cuisine
2870:Coinage
2847:Society
2832:Culture
2827:Society
2775:Tyrants
2614:Alcaeus
2596:Authors
2546:Hypatia
2536:Gorgias
2473:Writers
2295:Toxotai
2265:Sarissa
2255:Peltast
2250:Phalanx
2230:Hoplite
2225:Hippeis
2148:Macedon
2120:Spartan
2105:Heliaia
2052:Proxeny
1761:Larissa
1756:Kerkyra
1751:Eretria
1741:Miletus
1736:Ephesus
1731:Corinth
1726:Chalcis
1647:Taurica
1517:Periods
1498:History
1392:Science
1346::
1332:Sources
1124:Cicero
1106:p. 92;
1053:ii: 37.
1001:, Diod.
947:Cicero
865:xi. 49.
841:xi. 53.
819:xi. 49.
795:Herod.
786:i. 152.
648:Palermo
607:Fazello
576:Ptolemy
572:Sciacca
509:Selinus
493:Thermae
475:Diocles
391:Salamis
328:Scythes
290:Messina
255:History
232:Palermo
191:Website
144:History
4916:648 BC
4911:Himera
4646:Pirama
4641:Himera
4527:Palike
4522:Katáne
4379:Sicily
4326:Portal
4274:People
4262:Cities
4201:Sinope
4186:Rhizos
4176:Phasis
4126:Bathus
4121:Athina
4106:Amisos
4068:Tanais
4063:Pityus
3988:Charax
3939:Pharos
3934:Orikon
3831:Helike
3821:Alonis
3788:Cyrene
3720:Didyme
3633:Himera
3608:Catana
3570:Sicily
3560:Thurii
3555:Terina
3520:Pixous
3475:Hydrus
3450:Croton
3282:Aeolic
3200:Aphaea
3123:Dodona
3108:Delphi
3077:Temple
2753:Others
2704:Sappho
2689:Pindar
2664:Lucian
2659:Ibycus
2644:Hesiod
2581:Thales
2349:Rulers
2328:People
2305:Xyston
2300:Xiphos
2161:Koinon
2067:Tyrant
2057:Stasis
2047:Koinon
1847:Pontus
1822:Epirus
1791:Sparta
1781:Rhodes
1776:Megara
1771:Thebes
1716:Athens
1642:Pontus
1607:Epirus
1597:Cyprus
1582:Aeolis
1311:Pind.
1270:
1166:
1144:p. 11.
1080:Inscr.
1012:Pindar
680:Pindar
556:colony
489:Cicero
429:Nicias
412:Dorian
344:Theron
305:Strabo
286:Zancle
241:comune
236:Cefalù
224:Sicily
206:Himera
149:Events
89:Sicily
27:Himera
4853:Motya
4828:Erice
4734:Netum
4702:Akrai
4636:Ietas
4588:Naxos
4284:Stoae
4252:Lists
4171:Oinòe
4094:coast
4092:South
4078:Tyras
4048:Olbia
4018:Kepoi
3971:coast
3969:North
3962:basin
3904:Aulon
3866:Rhode
3778:Barca
3668:Naxos
3623:Henna
3583:Akrai
3550:Taras
3535:Siris
3495:Medma
3490:Locri
3455:Cumae
3445:Chone
3423:Italy
3329:Koine
3307:Ionic
3297:Doric
3292:Attic
3113:Delos
3011:Music
2654:Homer
2609:Aesop
2561:Plato
2463:Poets
2133:Ephor
2085:Agora
2062:Tagus
2037:Boule
1786:Samos
1711:Argos
1617:Ionia
1602:Doris
1587:Crete
1184:l. c.
992:Θερμὰ
888:Hell.
797:l. c.
784:Pyth.
631:Doric
568:Pliny
544:Roman
517:Pliny
378:Solus
298:Doric
282:Mylae
215:Ἱμέρα
210:Greek
93:Italy
33:Ἱμέρα
4824:Eryx
4462:Gela
4211:Tium
3978:Akra
3919:Issa
3613:Gela
3485:Laüs
3460:Elea
3118:Dion
2970:Arts
2960:Wine
2586:Zeno
2183:Wars
1413:PNAS
1376:help
1268:ISBN
1164:ISBN
629:, a
594:Site
515:and
513:Mela
307:and
136:Type
2915:Law
1313:Ol.
1162:, (
1063:Id.
1015:Ol.
912:Id.
900:Id.
851:Id.
839:Id.
817:Id.
771:Id.
741:fr.
244:of
186:Yes
4907::
4419:-
4415:-
4411:-
4407:-
1933:c.
1920:c.
1901:c.
1884:c.
1367::
1365:}}
1361:{{
1182:,
1156:,
1117:^
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1899:(
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1374:(
1301:.
1276:.
1249:.
1224:.
1199:.
1186:.
1112:.
208:(
23:.
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