459:, it is crucial that breakdowns are really understood. One of the basic analysis techniques is to use high-speed cameras in order to characterize events which happen too fast to see, e.g. during production. Similar to use in science, with a pre- or post-triggering capability the camera can simply record continuously as the mechanic waits for the breakdown to happen, following which a trigger signal (internal or external) will stop the recording and allow the investigator to save a given time interval prior to the trigger (determined by frame rate, image size, and memory capacity during continuous recording). Some software allows viewing the issues in real time, by displaying only a subset of recorded frames, minimizing file size and watch time issues by eliminating useless frames before or after the sequence of interest.
424:
animal to perform the behavior in the short time before the film runs out, resulting in many useless sequences where the animal behaves too late or not at all. In modern digital high-speed cameras, the camera can simply record continuously as the investigator attempts to elicit the behavior, following which a trigger button will stop the recording and allow the investigator to save a given time interval before and after the trigger (determined by frame rate, image size and memory capacity during continuous recording). Most software allows saving a subset of recorded frames, minimizing file size issues by eliminating useless frames before or after the sequence of interest. Such triggering can also be used to synchronize recording across multiple cameras.
267:
300:
Technologically these cameras are very advanced, yet saving images requires use of slower standard video-computer interfaces. While recording is very fast, saving images is considerably slower. To reduce the storage space required and the time required for people to examine a recording, only the parts of an action which are of interest or relevance can be selected to film. When recording a cyclical process for industrial breakdown analysis, only the relevant part of each cycle is filmed.
251:, thus reducing the need for stopping and starting the film behind a shutter which would tear the film stock at such speeds. Using this technique one second of action can be stretched to more than ten minutes of playback time (super slow motion). High-speed video cameras are widely used for scientific research, military test and evaluation, and industry. Examples of industrial applications are filming a manufacturing line to better tune the machine, or in the car industry filming a
475:, a physicist for the U.S. Army at Aberdeen Proving ground, invented a super high-speed camera that took frames at one-millionth of a second, and was fast enough to record the shock wave of a small explosion. High Speed digital cameras have been used to study how mines dropped from the air will deploy in near-shore regions, including development of various weapon systems. In 2005 high speed digital cameras with 4 megapixel resolution, recording at 1500
42:
272:
271:
268:
273:
270:
1223:. By using high speed digital cameras to record and playback the images in slow motion, the trajectory of a mine entering into the water can be optimized for accuracy by adjusting the shape of the mine and the entry angle into the water. There are many instances of high speed digital cameras used to study firearm ballistics
299:
often use high-speed cameras to show their tests in slow motion. Saving the recorded high-speed images can be time-consuming because as of 2017, consumer cameras have resolutions up to four megapixels with frame rates of over 1,000 per second which will record at a rate of 11 gigabytes per second.
423:
The move from film to digital technology has greatly reduced the difficulty in use of these technologies with unpredictable behaviors, specifically via the use of continuous recording and post-triggering. With film high-speed cameras, an investigator must start the film then attempt to entice the
462:
High-speed video cameras are used to augment other industrial technologies such as x-ray radiography. When used with the proper phosphor screen which converts x-rays into visible light, high-speed cameras can be used to capture high-speed x-ray videos of events inside mechanical devices and
427:
The explosion of alkali metals on contact with water has been studied using a high-speed camera. Frame-by-frame analysis of a sodium/potassium alloy exploding in water, combined with molecular dynamic simulations, suggested that the initial expansion may be the result of a
463:
biological specimens. The imaging speed is mainly limited by the phosphor screen decay rate and intensity gain which has a direct relationship on the camera's exposure. Pulsed x-ray sources limit frame rate and should be properly synchronized with camera frame captures.
311:, sometimes leading to the subject of examination being destroyed because of the heat of the lighting. Monochromatic (black and white) filming is sometimes used to reduce the light intensity required. Even higher speed imaging is possible using specialized electronic
269:
1258:
1098:
Mason, Philip E.; Uhlig, Frank; Vaněk, Václav; Buttersack, Tillmann; Bauerecker, Sigurd; Jungwirth, Pavel (2015-03-01). "Coulomb explosion during the early stages of the reaction of alkali metals with water".
1225:
803:
212:
A high-speed framing camera which records images on multiple image planes or multiple locations on the same image plane (generally film or a network of CCD cameras),
166:. It is used for recording fast-moving objects as photographic images onto a storage medium. After recording, the images stored on the medium can be played back in
867:
Velten, Andreas; Di Wu; Adrian Jarabo; Belen Masia; Christopher Barsi; Chinmaya Joshi; Everett Lawson; Moungi
Bawendi; Diego Gutierrez; Ramesh Raskar (July 2013).
472:
559:
319:. These cameras, however, still use rotating mirrors, like their older film counterparts. Solid state cameras can achieve speeds of up to 10 million
1232:
323:. All development in high-speed cameras is now focused on digital video cameras which have many operational and cost benefits over film cameras.
948:
748:
479:, were replacing the 35mm and 70mm high speed film cameras used on tracking mounts on test ranges that capture ballistic intercepts.
400:
High-speed cameras are frequently used in science in order to characterize events which happen too fast for traditional film speeds.
1189:
726:
926:
106:
78:
373:
was centered around the use of high-speed cameras to slow things down that are usually too fast to see with the naked eye.
85:
1286:
59:
31:
17:
1062:
836:
125:
778:
92:
443:
measuring instrumentation and sensors which can map the propagation of lightning leaders through the detection of
63:
74:
1044:
566:
1301:
976:
Ros, Ivo G.; Bassman, Lori C.; Badger, Marc A.; Pierson, Alyssa N.; Biewener, Andrew A. (2011-12-13).
755:
263:. Today, the digital high-speed camera has replaced the film camera used for Vehicle Impact Testing.
1207:
709:
420:
of the resulting sequences from one or more cameras to characterize the motion in either 2-D or 3-D.
409:
1084:
215:
A high-speed streak camera which records a series of line-sized images to film or electronic memory.
1291:
525:
868:
815:
Velten, Andreas; Lawson, Everett; Bardagjy, Andrew; Bawendi, Moungi; Raskar, Ramesh (2011-12-13).
174:
to record the high-speed events, but have been superseded by entirely electronic devices using an
715:. Seventh International Symposium on Technology and Mine Problem, NPS, Monterey, California, USA.
549:
Journal of the
Society of Motion Picture Engineers: High-Speed Photography, Preface p.5, Mar 1949
504:
52:
1213:. Seventh International Symposium on Technology and Mine Problem, NPS, Monterey, California, USA
515:
456:
304:
280:
video of an intermediate ballistic event of a shotshell cartridge. Nathan Boor, Aimed
Research.
99:
804:
Brandaris 128: A digital 25 million frames per second camera with 128 highly sensitive frames
377:
369:
312:
295:
248:
179:
978:"Pigeons steer like helicopters and generate down- and upstroke lift during low speed turns"
194:, to be played back slowly to study the motion for scientific study of transient phenomena.
1296:
1108:
989:
655:
607:"Effect of CH4–Air Ratios on Gas Explosion Flame Microstructurec and Propagation Behaviors"
327:
8:
790:
641:"Ballistic tongue projection in chameleons maintains high performance at low temperature"
183:
1112:
993:
659:
326:
In 2010 researchers built a camera exposing each frame for two trillionths of a second (
1072:
1020:
977:
901:
842:
678:
1132:
1124:
1058:
1025:
1007:
832:
683:
520:
476:
429:
335:
331:
320:
316:
308:
284:
236:
224:
187:
171:
163:
905:
1116:
1050:
1015:
997:
891:
883:
846:
824:
673:
663:
640:
618:
435:
Digital high-speed camera footage has strongly contributed to the understanding of
1259:"INDUSTRY VIEW: Military test ranges make the switch from film to digital imaging"
530:
488:
417:
816:
510:
440:
384:
240:
143:
1176:
1280:
1128:
1011:
413:
1002:
887:
828:
668:
307:
for the film; very bright light is needed to be able to film at 40,000
1136:
1029:
687:
401:
175:
590:
1043:
Balch, Kris S. (16 September 1990). "Fourth-generation motion analyzer".
493:
444:
416:, and the aerodynamic study of pigeons' helicopter-like movements using
381:
361:
350:, back into photons, which can then be recorded onto either film or CCD.
289:
256:
167:
896:
315:(CCD) imaging systems, which can achieve speeds of over 25 million
1120:
869:"Femto-Photography: Capturing and Visualizing the Propagation of Light"
347:
338:). Modern high-speed cameras operate by converting the incident light (
260:
252:
927:"NAC High Speed Cameras Are Popular Choices for European Broadcasting"
623:
606:
1150:
1054:
436:
404:
employs such cameras to capture high-speed animal movements, such as
343:
277:
41:
866:
749:"Replacing 16 mm Film Cameras with High Definition Digital Cameras"
27:
Device capable of capturing images at 250 or more frames per second
387:
when normal slow motion is not slow enough, such as international
365:
prominently uses high-speed cameras for measuring speed or height.
727:"Photron Camera Honored by Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers"
498:
405:
388:
339:
235:). High-speed film cameras can film up to a quarter of a million
244:
209:
A high-speed video camera which records to electronic memory,
1226:"Handgun Wounding Effects Due to Bullet Rotational Velocity"
814:
232:
220:
191:
1046:
19th Intl
Congress on High-Speed Photography and Photonics
432:
and not combustion of hydrogen gas as previously thought.
1097:
228:
975:
32:
High-speed photography § High-speed film cameras
142:
is a device capable of capturing moving images with
857:
Work supported by research grants in 2009 and 2010.
817:"Slow art with a trillion frames per second camera"
66:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
330:), for an effective frame rate of half a trillion
949:"Quantifying the Landing Reaction of Cockroaches"
1278:
808:
1261:. Military & Aerospace Electronics magazine
982:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
648:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
303:A problem for high-speed cameras is the needed
206:A high-speed film camera which records to film,
1177:"High-Speed Imaging Services - Aimed Research"
507:(Vision Research's Phantom High-Speed Cameras)
1143:
376:High-speed cameras are frequently used in
202:A high-speed camera can be classified as:
1019:
1001:
895:
677:
667:
622:
455:When moving from reactive maintenance to
126:Learn how and when to remove this message
779:REVIEW: High Speed Cameras, Jan. 4, 2011
638:
265:
1256:
186:(APS)), typically recording over 1 000
162:second or frame rates in excess of 250
14:
1279:
1208:"Non-Cylindrical Mine Drop Experiment"
860:
710:"Non-Cylindrical Mine Drop Experiment"
501:(Photron's FASTCAM High-speed Cameras)
1190:"Super Speed Camera Films Shock Wave"
1042:
956:University of Applied Sciences Bremen
353:
227:, while television uses 25 frames/s (
1049:. Vol. 1358. pp. 373–398.
604:
560:"High Frame Rate Electronic Imaging"
239:by running the film over a rotating
64:adding citations to reliable sources
35:
707:
450:
24:
466:
395:
380:of many major sporting events for
25:
1313:
1257:Bridges, Andrew (1 August 2005).
946:
639:Anderson, Christopher V. (2010).
255:to investigate the effect on the
823:. Web.media.mit.edu. p. 1.
708:Chu, Dr. Peter C. (4 May 2006).
346:which are then deflected onto a
170:. Early high-speed cameras used
40:
1250:
1205:
1198:
1183:
1169:
1091:
1036:
969:
940:
919:
797:
783:
51:needs additional citations for
772:
741:
719:
701:
631:
597:
583:
552:
543:
511:Mikrotron (high-speed cameras)
13:
1:
591:"High-Speed Camera Tutorials"
536:
876:ACM Transactions on Graphics
7:
482:
447:generated by this process.
197:
10:
1318:
223:film is played back at 24
29:
1287:Film and video technology
821:ACM SIGGRAPH 2011 Posters
526:Burst mode (photography)
412:in fish, the strikes of
1195:, October 1950, p. 158.
1003:10.1073/pnas.1107519108
888:10.1145/2461912.2461928
829:10.1145/2037715.2037730
669:10.1073/pnas.0910778107
605:Chen, Xianfeng (2012).
505:Vision Research Phantom
516:High-speed photography
457:predictive maintenance
408:by frogs and insects,
378:television productions
281:
791:"Hyper Vision HPV-X2"
313:charge-coupled device
276:
231:) or 29.97 frames/s (
180:charge-coupled device
603:scientific research
60:improve this article
1238:on 22 December 2013
1113:2015NatCh...7..250M
994:2011PNAS..10819990R
988:(50): 19990–19995.
660:2010PNAS..107.5495A
637:scientific research
439:when combined with
342:) into a stream of
259:passengers and the
247:instead of using a
184:active pixel sensor
75:"High-speed camera"
1302:High-speed cameras
1206:Chu, Dr. Peter C.
1204:weapon development
1121:10.1038/nchem.2161
947:Kesel, Antonia B.
729:. Quality Magazine
354:Uses in television
282:
18:High-speed cameras
1193:Popular Mechanics
654:(12): 5495–5499.
624:10.3390/en5104132
617:(10): 4132–4146.
521:Rapatronic camera
430:Coulomb explosion
336:femto-photography
285:Television series
274:
225:frames per second
188:frames per second
172:photographic film
164:frames per second
140:high-speed camera
136:
135:
128:
110:
16:(Redirected from
1309:
1271:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1237:
1231:. Archived from
1230:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1212:
1202:
1196:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1173:
1167:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1101:Nature Chemistry
1095:
1089:
1088:
1082:
1078:
1076:
1068:
1055:10.1117/12.23937
1040:
1034:
1033:
1023:
1005:
973:
967:
966:
964:
962:
953:
944:
938:
937:
935:
933:
923:
917:
916:
914:
912:
899:
873:
864:
858:
856:
854:
853:
812:
806:
801:
795:
794:
787:
781:
776:
770:
769:
767:
766:
760:
754:. Archived from
753:
745:
739:
738:
736:
734:
723:
717:
716:
714:
705:
699:
698:
696:
694:
681:
671:
645:
635:
629:
628:
626:
601:
595:
594:
587:
581:
580:
578:
577:
571:
565:. Archived from
564:
556:
550:
547:
473:Morton Sultanoff
451:Uses in industry
275:
161:
159:
158:
155:
152:
131:
124:
120:
117:
111:
109:
68:
44:
36:
21:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1292:Cameras by type
1277:
1276:
1275:
1274:
1264:
1262:
1255:
1251:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1228:
1224:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1203:
1199:
1188:
1184:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1160:
1158:
1149:
1148:
1144:
1096:
1092:
1080:
1079:
1070:
1069:
1065:
1041:
1037:
974:
970:
960:
958:
951:
945:
941:
931:
929:
925:
924:
920:
910:
908:
871:
865:
861:
851:
849:
839:
813:
809:
802:
798:
789:
788:
784:
777:
773:
764:
762:
758:
751:
747:
746:
742:
732:
730:
725:
724:
720:
712:
706:
702:
692:
690:
643:
636:
632:
602:
598:
589:
588:
584:
575:
573:
569:
562:
558:
557:
553:
548:
544:
539:
531:Hubert Schardin
489:High frame rate
485:
469:
467:Uses in warfare
453:
418:motion analysis
410:suction feeding
398:
396:Uses in science
385:instant replays
356:
266:
200:
182:(CCD) or a MOS
156:
153:
150:
149:
147:
132:
121:
115:
112:
69:
67:
57:
45:
34:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1315:
1305:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1273:
1272:
1249:
1197:
1182:
1168:
1142:
1107:(3): 250–254.
1090:
1081:|journal=
1063:
1035:
968:
939:
918:
859:
837:
807:
796:
782:
771:
740:
718:
700:
630:
596:
582:
551:
541:
540:
538:
535:
534:
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
508:
502:
496:
491:
484:
481:
468:
465:
452:
449:
441:electric field
397:
394:
393:
392:
374:
366:
355:
352:
221:motion picture
217:
216:
213:
210:
207:
199:
196:
134:
133:
48:
46:
39:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1314:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1282:
1260:
1253:
1234:
1227:
1209:
1201:
1194:
1191:
1186:
1178:
1172:
1156:
1152:
1146:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1094:
1086:
1074:
1066:
1064:9780819404190
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1047:
1039:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1004:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
972:
957:
950:
943:
928:
922:
907:
903:
898:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
870:
863:
848:
844:
840:
838:9781450309714
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
811:
805:
800:
792:
786:
780:
775:
761:on 2016-09-11
757:
750:
744:
728:
722:
711:
704:
689:
685:
680:
675:
670:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
642:
634:
625:
620:
616:
612:
608:
600:
592:
586:
572:on 2016-03-04
568:
561:
555:
546:
542:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
506:
503:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
486:
480:
478:
474:
464:
460:
458:
448:
446:
442:
438:
433:
431:
425:
421:
419:
415:
414:mantis shrimp
411:
407:
403:
390:
386:
383:
379:
375:
372:
371:
367:
364:
363:
358:
357:
351:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
324:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
301:
298:
297:
292:
291:
286:
279:
264:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
214:
211:
208:
205:
204:
203:
195:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
146:of less than
145:
141:
130:
127:
119:
116:December 2009
108:
105:
101:
98:
94:
91:
87:
84:
80:
77: –
76:
72:
71:Find sources:
65:
61:
55:
54:
49:This article
47:
43:
38:
37:
33:
19:
1263:. Retrieved
1252:
1240:. Retrieved
1233:the original
1215:. Retrieved
1200:
1192:
1185:
1171:
1159:. Retrieved
1157:. 2017-05-06
1154:
1145:
1104:
1100:
1093:
1045:
1038:
985:
981:
971:
959:. Retrieved
955:
942:
930:. Retrieved
921:
909:. Retrieved
897:1721.1/82039
879:
875:
862:
850:. Retrieved
820:
810:
799:
785:
774:
763:. Retrieved
756:the original
743:
731:. Retrieved
721:
703:
691:. Retrieved
651:
647:
633:
614:
610:
599:
585:
574:. Retrieved
567:the original
554:
545:
470:
461:
454:
434:
426:
422:
402:Biomechanics
399:
368:
360:
325:
302:
294:
288:
283:
218:
201:
176:image sensor
139:
137:
122:
113:
103:
96:
89:
82:
70:
58:Please help
53:verification
50:
1297:Slow motion
1242:18 February
1161:8 September
1155:ZT Research
1151:"Education"
961:15 December
911:21 November
733:January 23,
494:Slow motion
445:radio waves
382:slow motion
362:MythBusters
328:picoseconds
290:MythBusters
257:crash dummy
168:slow motion
1281:Categories
852:2012-10-04
765:2010-03-07
693:2 February
576:2010-03-07
537:References
348:photoanode
261:automobile
253:crash test
86:newspapers
30:See also:
1129:1755-4330
1083:ignored (
1073:cite book
1012:0027-8424
932:8 October
437:lightning
370:Time Warp
359:The show
344:electrons
296:Time Warp
278:Schlieren
219:A normal
144:exposures
1265:1 August
1137:25698335
1030:22123982
906:14478222
688:20212130
611:Energies
483:See also
471:In 1950
391:matches.
305:exposure
287:such as
198:Overview
178:(e.g. a
1109:Bibcode
1021:3250151
990:Bibcode
847:9641010
679:2851764
656:Bibcode
499:Photron
406:jumping
389:Cricket
340:photons
249:shutter
160:
148:
100:scholar
1135:
1127:
1061:
1028:
1018:
1010:
904:
845:
835:
686:
676:
245:mirror
102:
95:
88:
81:
73:
1236:(PDF)
1229:(PDF)
1217:4 May
1211:(PDF)
952:(PDF)
902:S2CID
882:(4).
872:(PDF)
843:S2CID
759:(PDF)
752:(PDF)
713:(PDF)
644:(PDF)
570:(PDF)
563:(PDF)
241:prism
190:onto
157:1 000
107:JSTOR
93:books
1267:2005
1244:2013
1219:2006
1163:2018
1133:PMID
1125:ISSN
1085:help
1059:ISBN
1026:PMID
1008:ISSN
963:2009
934:2010
913:2013
833:ISBN
735:2008
695:2010
684:PMID
293:and
233:NTSC
192:DRAM
79:news
1117:doi
1051:doi
1016:PMC
998:doi
986:108
892:hdl
884:doi
825:doi
674:PMC
664:doi
652:107
619:doi
477:fps
332:fps
321:fps
317:fps
309:fps
243:or
237:fps
229:PAL
62:by
1283::
1153:.
1131:.
1123:.
1115:.
1103:.
1077::
1075:}}
1071:{{
1057:.
1024:.
1014:.
1006:.
996:.
984:.
980:.
954:.
900:.
890:.
880:32
878:.
874:.
841:.
831:.
819:.
682:.
672:.
662:.
650:.
646:.
613:.
609:.
138:A
1269:.
1246:.
1221:.
1179:.
1165:.
1139:.
1119::
1111::
1105:7
1087:)
1067:.
1053::
1032:.
1000::
992::
965:.
936:.
915:.
894::
886::
855:.
827::
793:.
768:.
737:.
697:.
666::
658::
627:.
621::
615:5
593:.
579:.
334:(
154:/
151:1
129:)
123:(
118:)
114:(
104:·
97:·
90:·
83:·
56:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
