570:
510:(AFM) to record sound along the same helical tape path as that of the video signal. This meant that Video8's standard audio was of a far higher quality than that of its rivals. Early Video8 camcorders used mono AFM sound, but this was later made stereo. This cost less than including 8mm's optional digital stereo audio track. Linear audio did have the advantage that (unlike either AFM system) it could be re-recorded without disturbing the video, doing this in 8mm required a deck that supported digital audio.
852:
605:). First demonstrated in February 1989, it was initially endorsed by ten other manufacturers — Aiwa, Canon, Fuji, Hitachi, Konica, Matsushita, Maxell, Ricoh, Sanyo and TDK. Like S-VHS, Hi8 uses improved recorder electronics and media formulation to increase the recorded bandwidth of the luminance signal. The luminance carrier was shifted from 4.2 MHz for regular 8-mm up to 5.7 MHz for Hi8, and the frequency deviation was increased to 2 MHz from the 1.2 MHz of standard 8-mm.
156:
586:
806:
43:
822:"door" is open and in the "SAVE" position when it is closed. (Not all tape cases have markings for this information.) The tape can only be recorded onto (or recorded over) when this tab is in the "REC" position. This is an improved version of the VHS write-protect tab, which prevents erasure after it has been broken off, requiring covering with adhesive tape or filling with an obstruction to remove the write protection.
836:
147:
560:
865:-branded players and recorders, with and without a flip-up screen meant for video playback and limited recording. These have been adapted for Digital8 as well as MiniDV formats, even as portable DVD players have become popular in this application. Such players saw use in professional applications, particularly with airlines, which, during the 1980s, adopted 8mm as the format for
474:
1018:
650:
711:. These in turn have been largely displaced by high-definition camcorders that record to flash storage cards. Both Video8 and Hi8 blank media remain available and affordable but are increasingly rare. Tape-based camcorders are still readily available in the secondhand market. The last Hi8 camcorder (the Sony CCD-TRV238) and the last
446:– created a preliminary draft of the unified format and invited members of the Electronic Industries Association of Japan, the Magnetic Tape Industry Association, the Japan Camera Industry Association and other related associations to participate. As a result, a consortium of 127 companies endorsed 8-mm video format in April 1984.
536:
Ultimately, Video8's main rival in the camcorder market turned out to be VHS-C, with neither dominating the market completely. However, both formats (along with their improved descendants, Hi8 and S-VHS-C) were nevertheless very successful. Collectively, they dominated the camcorder market for almost
843:
Efforts were made to expand Video8 from only the camcorder market into mainstream home video. But as a replacement for full-size VCRs, Video8 failed. It lacks the long (5+ hours) recording times of both VHS and
Betamax, offers no clear audio/video improvement, and cost more than equivalent full-size
498:
In April 1986 six
Japanese electronics companies—Matsushita, Hitachi, Pentax, Minolta, Mitsubishi, Sharp and Toshiba—announced their lack of plans to embrace eight millimeter in the foreseeable future and instead adopted VHS-C format. Yet, several months later at the summer 1986 Consumer Electronics
490:
The first Sony camcorder capable of recording to standard 8mm videotape was the Sony CCD-V8, with 6x zoom but only manual focus, released in 1985 with an MSRP of approximately $ 1,175, ($ 3,329 in 2023) and a mass of 1.97 kg. The same year, Sony released the CCD-V8AF which added autofocus. Also
675:
are indistinguishable at the logical format level. To store the digitally encoded audio/video on a standard NTSC Video8 cassette, the tape must be run at double the Hi8 speed. Thus, a 120-minute NTSC Hi8 tape yields 60 minutes of
Digital8 video. Most Digital8 units offer an LP mode, which increases
619:
Both S-VHS and Hi8 retain the audio recording systems of their base formats; VHS HiFi Stereo outperforms Video8/Hi8 AFM, but was rarely available on camcorders. In the late 1980s, digital (PCM) audio was introduced into some higher-grade models of Hi8 recorders. Hi8 PCM audio operates at a sampling
520:
Video8/Hi8's main drawback is that tapes made with Video8 camcorders cannot be played on VHS hardware. Instead it was assumed that the camcorder would be directly plugged into one's TV. Although it is possible to transfer tapes (using the VCR to rerecord the source video as it is played back by the
817:
shells, which consist of only a single piece of plastic that protects the part of the tape that is read by the player/recorder, Hi8's tape-protection mechanism consists of two pieces of plastic at the top of the shell that come together and form a casing that protects both sides of the tape, and a
634:
The Sony EV-S900 (Hi8), Sony EV-S800, Sony EV-S700U, and
Pioneer VE-D77 (Video8) all support a mode called "PCM Multi Audio Recording". While other 8mm decks support only a single stereo PCM recording, these units provide five additional stereo PCM tracks that are recorded in the video area of the
505:
In terms of audio, Video8 generally outperforms its older rivals. Audio on
Standard VHS and Beta is recorded along a narrow linear track at the edge of the tape, where it is vulnerable to damage. Coupled with the slow horizontal tape speed, the sound was comparable with that of a low-quality audio
486:
Video8 was launched in 1984, into a market dominated by the VHS-C and
Betamax formats. The first two models were the Kodak Kodavision 2200 and 2400, both over US$ 1,500. The Kodak machines were produced by Matsushita Electric, but Matsushita itself had shown no interest in selling the same product
821:
To prevent the recording on the tape from being erased, there is a small write-protect tab that can be moved to one of two positions, labeled "REC" and "SAVE" (sometimes marked as "ERASE ON" and "OFF", respectively). Comparing the sliding tab to a door, the tape is in the "REC" position when the
770:
head drum (it having a small 40mm head) to read from and write to the magnetic tape. The drum rotates at high speed (one or two rotations per picture frame—about 1800 or 3600 rpm for NTSC, and 1500 or 3000 rpm for PAL) while the tape is pulled along the drum's path. Because the tape and drum are
683:
Sony has licensed
Digital8 technology to at least one other firm (Hitachi), which marketed a few models for a while; but by 2005 only Sony sold Digital8 consumer equipment. Digital8's main rival is the consumer MiniDV format, which uses narrower tape and a correspondingly smaller cassette shell.
796:
The main disadvantage of the ATF system was that unlike in the case of a control track, an 8mm camera or player cannot keep track of where the tape is during fast forward and rewind (though it could during shuttle search). This made editing using a linear editing system problematic. Some later
620:
rate of 32 kHz with 8-bit samples and DBX dynamic range expansion. This was higher fidelity than the monaural linear dubbing offered by VHS/S-VHS camcorders. PCM-capable Hi8 recorders can simultaneously record PCM stereo in addition to the legacy (analog AFM) stereo audio tracks.
750:
Digital8 is the most recent 8mm video format. It retains the same physical cassette shell as its predecessors, and can even record onto Video8 (not recommended) or Hi8 cassettes. However, the format in which video is encoded and stored on the tape itself is the entirely digital
763:, but their mechanical operation is far closer to that of VHS or Betamax videocassettes. Standard recording time is up to 180 minutes for PAL and 120 minutes for NTSC. (The cassette holds the same length tape; tape consumption is different between PAL and NTSC recorders.)
847:
Initially, many movies were prerecorded in 8mm format for home and rental use, but the rental market for Video8 never materialized. Sony maintained a line of Video8 home VCRs well into the 1990s, but unlike VHS, 8mm VCRs with timers were very expensive.
679:
For PAL, the
Digital8 recorder runs 1½ times faster; thus, a 90-minute PAL Hi8 tape yields 60 minutes of Digital8 video. PAL LP mode returns the tape speed to the Hi8 SP speed, so a Hi8 90-minute tape yields 90 minutes of Digital8 video.
635:
signal. This allows 8mm tapes to hold 6 parallel tracks of audio, each up to 4 hours long (in LP mode). Only one stereo track can be recorded or listened to at a time, and tracks are selected with the "PCM Multi Audio" selector button.
513:
The small size of media means that many Video8 camcorders are small enough to hold in the palm of the user's hand. This was impossible with
Betamax and full-sized VHS camcorders, with all of them having shoulder-mount form factor.
742:
compact camcorders introduced by the competition. It was followed by Hi8, a version with improved resolution. Although this was still analog, some professional Hi8 equipment could store additional digital stereo
755:
format (and thus very different from the analog Video8 and Hi8). Some
Digital8 camcorders support Video8 and Hi8 with analog sound (for playback only), but this is not required by the Digital8 specification.
623:
All Hi8 equipment can record and play in the legacy Video8 format. The reverse is not usually the case though there are a few late-entry Video8 systems that recognize and play Hi8 recordings.
781:
on the tape to facilitate the head following the diagonal tracks. Instead 8mm recorded a sequence of four sine waves on each video track such that adjacent tracks would produce one of two
703:
By 2009, the popularity of the analog 8mm formats had dwindled considerably and new camcorders that support the format were unobtainable, having been superseded by digital formats, mainly
759:
In all three cases, a length of 8mm-wide magnetic tape is wound between two spools and contained within a hard-shell cassette. These cassettes share similar size and appearance with the
785:
frequencies if the head mistracked. The system automatically adjusted the tracking such that the two frequencies produced were of equal magnitude. This system was derived from the
877:
Among home and amateur videographers, Video8/Hi8 was popular enough for Sony to make equipment for video editing and production. The format also saw some use in professional
731:
in some cases. One difference between them is in the quality of the tape itself, but the main differences lie in the encoding of the video when it is recorded onto the tape.
1195:
499:
Show Olympus introduced an eight-millimeter camcorder manufactured by Matsushita, and Hitachi was reported to be making eight-millimeter machines for Minolta & Pentax.
2182:
818:
latch that prevents this casing from opening and exposing the tape. The playback/recording unit can depress this latch to open the casing and gain access to the tape.
1033:
793:
system. Sony rechristened the system as automatic track following (ATF) as the 8mm system lacked the ability of the heads to physically move within the head drum.
844:
VCRs. Even with all of the advanced features offered in high-end Video8 machines, there was no compelling reason to switch to Video8 for the home application.
517:
Video8 also has an advantage in terms of recording and playback time over VHS-C – 180 minutes vs 45 minutes in SP mode for standard cassettes for each format.
495:
range: the CCD-M8, which at one kilogram was half the mass of the CCD-V8, though it had no zoom and supported only manual focus with three focus settings.
1379:
1420:
latimes.com Whatever happened to 8mm tape? : VIDEO'S 'FORMAT OF THE FUTURE' STILL LAGS BEHIND VHS, March 11, 1990|DENNIS HUNT | Times Staff Writer
1089:
1173:
2220:
813:
As with many other video cassette formats, 8mm videocassettes have a tape-protecting mechanism built into the shell. Unlike the ones on VHS and
1068:
2272:
1323:
901:
and similar models. While the cassettes are physically interchangeable, these recordings are not interchangeable with 8mm video formats.
738:
format, using similar technology (including U-shaped tape loading) but in a smaller configuration in response to the small configuration
3039:
734:
Video8 was the earliest of the three formats, and is entirely analog. The 8mm tape width was chosen as smaller successor to the 12mm
1187:
1236:
107:
79:
2260:
797:
cameras and players attempted to derive the tape position from the differential rotation of the spools with limited success.
855:
1151:
2213:
2090:
86:
1002:
60:
1333:
1306:
1262:
1012:
967:
126:
1296:
3044:
2825:
1746:
684:
Since both technologies share the same logical audio/video format, Digital8 can theoretically equal MiniDV or even
93:
2038:
1118:
866:
771:
oriented at a slight angular offset, the recording tracks are laid down as parallel diagonal stripes on the tape.
378:
2814:
2150:
774:
The heads on the drum of a Video8 recorder move across the tape at (a writing speed of) 3.75 meters per second.
715:
camcorder (the Sony DCR-TRV285) were both discontinued in 2007, ending the 8mm format's 22 years on the market.
3049:
2771:
2206:
1567:
1555:
1446:
1387:
502:
In terms of video quality, Video8 offers similar performance to Beta-II and VHS in their standard-play modes.
64:
75:
935:
1085:
2145:
2140:
1734:
688:
in A/V performance. But by the year 2005, Digital8 had been relegated to the entry-level camcorder market.
2622:
2640:
2134:
2100:
2028:
882:
578:
1165:
3017:
2808:
2628:
2477:
2416:
2058:
1741:
1729:
1419:
1210:
1350:
2777:
2550:
2326:
1409:
878:
574:
727:
width and near-identical cassette shells, measuring 95 Ă— 62.5 Ă— 15 mm. This gives a measure of
2392:
2368:
2314:
2266:
1950:
984:
626:
Besides the brands listed above, Hi8 equipment was also offered by Nikon, Samsung, Sharp and TEAC.
2964:
2724:
2053:
1584:
786:
53:
1499:
521:
camcorder), the VHS copy would lose some quality compared to the 8mm original. During the 1990s
2917:
2885:
2742:
2380:
1930:
760:
728:
457:, one of the first Video8 cameras with commercial success. Much smaller than the competition's
258:
169:
100:
2879:
2947:
2530:
2290:
1624:
1524:
744:
420:
2867:
695:, although many models of Digital8 equipment are able to play Hi8/Video8 analog recordings.
2873:
2736:
2338:
2254:
2068:
1994:
1946:
1766:
1538:
1504:
1404:
507:
8:
2105:
1958:
1679:
17:
3054:
2972:
2646:
1975:
1822:
1639:
1509:
1439:
1414:
1228:
2861:
2765:
2664:
2063:
2018:
1968:
1887:
1694:
1329:
1302:
1258:
1041:
1008:
963:
752:
665:
406:
2833:
2795:
2712:
2350:
2344:
2278:
1894:
1514:
692:
609:
386:
569:
2483:
2166:
2033:
2023:
1963:
1464:
893:
Hi8 tapes were also used for an 8-track professional digital audio format called
612:, a vast improvement from their respective base formats and are roughly equal to
449:
In January 1984, Eastman Kodak announced the new technology in the U.S. In 1985,
2718:
1614:
1143:
936:"Amazon.com: Sony 150-MIN 8MM RECORDABLE Tape (P6150MPL//A) : Electronics"
559:
176:
851:
3033:
2451:
2013:
1909:
1867:
1781:
1709:
1531:
1432:
1045:
778:
724:
653:
538:
402:
2501:
2410:
1278:
465:
video cameras, Video8 became very popular in the consumer camcorder market.
3011:
2308:
1756:
1684:
1619:
1478:
1110:
767:
398:
394:
251:
237:
155:
2513:
2246:
608:
Both Hi8 and S-VHS were officially rated at a luminance resolution of 400
2941:
2923:
2616:
2574:
2471:
2465:
1985:
1852:
1796:
1761:
1751:
1719:
1714:
1704:
1560:
1483:
335:
2198:
585:
529:
VCRs that also feature an 8mm deck to allow convenient transfer to VHS.
2459:
2374:
2187:
2043:
1872:
1847:
1629:
1519:
790:
782:
723:
The three formats are physically very similar, featuring both the same
2586:
1004:
Video Recording Technology: Its Impact on Media and Home Entertainment
3005:
2935:
2902:
2759:
2652:
2634:
2601:
2544:
2538:
2495:
2237:
1990:
1882:
1857:
1842:
1634:
1548:
1543:
805:
613:
431:
416:
267:
263:
31:
1594:
1380:"The Definitive Guide to The Tascam DA-88 and DTRS Format Recorders"
42:
2730:
2681:
2658:
2507:
1689:
1659:
960:
Fast forward: Hollywood, the Japanese, and the onslaught of the VCR
712:
644:
530:
492:
454:
411:
353:
2984:
2978:
2905:
2789:
2699:
2687:
2519:
2398:
2362:
2332:
2302:
2284:
2048:
1980:
1899:
1862:
1837:
1827:
1817:
1786:
1699:
1609:
1599:
1572:
862:
835:
735:
708:
546:
462:
443:
439:
1832:
869:. They remained in use among some airlines until at least 2015.
419:
users, although they also saw important use in the professional
2783:
2320:
2296:
2111:
2095:
1935:
1724:
1674:
1669:
1654:
704:
672:
542:
473:
146:
2929:
2911:
2568:
2562:
2556:
2489:
2428:
2422:
2386:
2229:
1877:
1791:
1664:
1649:
1604:
910:
898:
814:
739:
685:
668:
649:
594:
357:
285:
189:
2183:
Sony Toshiba IBM Center of Competence for the Cell Processor
809:
The write-protect switch (right) prevents accidental erasure
671:, recorded on Hi8 media. In engineering terms, Digital8 and
2953:
2440:
2117:
1914:
1904:
1812:
1771:
1455:
1188:"Sony's Handycam Camcorder Celebrates Its 25th Anniversary"
1069:"Eastman Kodak Co. Wednesday entered the home video war..."
915:
839:
Canon ES-100A: High-end Video 8 VCR based on the Sony EV-S1
616:
quality. Chrominance resolution for both remain unchanged.
522:
450:
427:
281:
214:
181:
2693:
2580:
2434:
2356:
1644:
676:
the recording time on an NTSC P6-120 tape to 90 minutes.
526:
458:
435:
349:
204:
185:
1424:
1279:"Sony EV-S7000 Hi8 VCR Operating Instructions, Page 79"
537:
two decades before they were eventually crowded out by
27:
Magnetic tape-based videocassette format for camcorders
506:
cassette. By contrast, all Video8 machines used audio
477:
An amateur grade Video8 Camcorder from the early 1990s
894:
766:
Like most other videocassette systems, Video8 uses a
1063:
1061:
1322:Brenner, Robert; Capelo, Gregory (26 August 1998).
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2167:Sony Institute of Higher Education Shohoku College
1166:"Product & Technology Milestones-Video Camera"
491:in 1985, Sony released the first of their compact
1058:
1032:Schrage, Michael; Schrage, Michael (1984-01-05).
691:Digital8 recordings are not interchangeable with
3031:
800:
1360:. The Airline Passenger Experience Association
1031:
415:. Their user base consisted mainly of amateur
2214:
2004:
1440:
1372:
1321:
888:
1410:ubergizmo.com sony ends support of 8mm video
1255:Video and Camcorder Servicing and Technology
777:Unlike preceding systems, 8mm did not use a
1208:
985:"Video camera technologies systematization"
953:
951:
949:
2221:
2207:
1447:
1433:
558:
154:
145:
2228:
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
1252:
1000:
982:
946:
850:
834:
804:
648:
584:
568:
533:also made a similar dual-deck machine.
472:
1298:Newnes Guide to TV and Video Technology
1294:
1248:
1246:
1137:
1135:
976:
957:
14:
3032:
2815:CBHD (China Blue High-definition Disc)
1348:
2202:
1428:
1239:from the original on 30 January 2012.
1034:"Kodak Unveils 8mm Video 'Camcorder'"
2772:HVD (High-Definition Versatile Disc)
1243:
1209:Braithwaite, Lancelot (April 1989).
1132:
1001:Nmungwun, Aaron Foisi (2012-11-12).
861:Sony also produced a line of Video8
825:
389:) format and its improved successor
65:adding citations to reliable sources
36:
1211:"Hi8 debut sets a new 8mm standard"
747:sound on a special reserved track.
664:is a form of the industry standard
593:To counter the introduction of the
377:refers informally to three related
24:
1141:
629:
25:
3066:
3040:Audiovisual introductions in 1985
1398:
581:field Hi8 camcorder. Sony EVW-300
2809:HVD (Holographic Versatile Disc)
1198:from the original on 2015-04-10.
1176:from the original on 2015-05-02.
1154:from the original on 2014-02-09.
1021:from the original on 2018-05-15.
381:formats. These are the original
41:
1342:
1315:
1295:Trundle, Eugene (12 May 2014).
1288:
1271:
1221:
1202:
1180:
1158:
1121:from the original on 2023-06-09
1092:from the original on 2015-04-27
1086:"History of Video Now and Then"
52:needs additional citations for
1568:Sony Music Entertainment Japan
1556:Sony Interactive Entertainment
1349:Romero, Tomás (October 2013).
1325:VCR Troubleshooting and Repair
1103:
1078:
1025:
994:
928:
872:
830:
13:
1:
2799:
2703:
921:
801:Tape and recording protection
2137:(umbrella company in the US)
1505:Sony Semiconductor Solutions
1358:Airline Passenger Experience
405:), as well as a more recent
7:
2135:Sony Corporation of America
2101:Sony Professional Solutions
2096:Sony Network Communications
904:
883:electronic field production
638:
10:
3071:
3018:Electronic Video Recording
2059:Sony Entertainment Network
1742:Sony Entertainment Network
1415:howstuffworks.com 8mm tape
889:Professional 8-track audio
698:
642:
468:
432:Matsushita (now Panasonic)
426:In 1982, five companies –
29:
2998:
2963:
2895:
2854:
2847:
2834:UHD-BD (Ultra HD Blu-ray)
2824:
2752:
2731:PVD (Personal Video Disc)
2674:
2609:
2600:
2529:
2450:
2245:
2236:
2175:
2159:
2127:
2083:
1945:
1923:
1805:
1583:
1492:
1471:
1462:
879:electronic news gathering
718:
481:
363:
341:
331:
291:
273:
257:
243:
229:
195:
175:
165:
153:
144:
2267:Ampex 2 inch helical VTR
1991:Great American Pure Flix
1454:
1253:Beeching, Steve (2001).
983:Takemura, Yasuo (2013).
597:format, Sony introduced
589:A Sony Hi8 videocassette
453:of Japan introduced the
30:Not to be confused with
3045:Composite video formats
2766:Professional Disc (PFD)
2273:Sony 2 inch helical VTR
2160:Nonprofit organizations
1405:mediacollege.com video8
962:. Norton. p. 308.
958:Lardner, James (1987).
897:, including the Tascam
787:dynamic track following
401:but with provision for
3012:Electronicam kinescope
2999:Video recorded to film
1931:Sony Creative Software
1386:. 2010. Archived from
858:
840:
810:
729:backward compatibility
657:
590:
582:
552:
478:
170:Magnetic cassette tape
160:A Video8 videocassette
3050:Videocassette formats
2826:Ultra-High Definition
2230:Video storage formats
2029:Anime Digital Network
1229:"How Camcorders Work"
854:
838:
808:
652:
588:
573:A professional-grade
572:
476:
421:television production
211:150 minutes (NTSC-SP)
2146:List of acquisitions
1995:Great American Media
1993:(joint venture with
1539:Sony Financial Group
660:Introduced in 1999,
508:frequency modulation
487:under its own name.
225:90 minutes (PAL-SP)
223:60 minutes (NTSC-SP)
209:240 minutes (PAL-LP)
61:improve this article
2106:Sony Honda Mobility
1959:PlayStation Network
1947:Online distribution
1806:Historical products
1777:Video8/Hi8/Digital8
1351:"Far from Obsolete"
1235:. 10 October 2000.
1088:. 28 October 2011.
1038:The Washington Post
295:9.5 Ă— 6.2 Ă— 1.5 cm
141:
76:"8 mm video format"
2141:Other subsidiaries
1976:Sony Pictures Core
1510:Sony Entertainment
1493:Primary businesses
1148:DigicamHistory.com
1115:DigicamHistory.com
859:
841:
811:
791:Philips Video 2000
789:(DTF) used by the
658:
656:Digital8 Camcorder
591:
583:
479:
139:
3027:
3026:
2994:
2993:
2843:
2842:
2790:BD (Blu-ray Disc)
2760:MUSE Hi-Vision LD
2596:
2595:
2196:
2195:
2151:List of libraries
2079:
2078:
2019:PlayStation Video
1969:PlayStation Store
1233:HowStuffWorks.com
826:Non-camcorder use
693:analog recordings
541:formats, such as
525:did market a few
407:digital recording
371:
370:
137:
136:
129:
111:
16:(Redirected from
3062:
2852:
2851:
2804:
2801:
2708:
2705:
2607:
2606:
2243:
2242:
2223:
2216:
2209:
2200:
2199:
2084:Other businesses
2002:
2001:
1515:Sony Music Group
1500:Sony Corporation
1449:
1442:
1435:
1426:
1425:
1392:
1391:
1376:
1370:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1355:
1346:
1340:
1339:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1292:
1286:
1285:
1283:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1250:
1241:
1240:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1162:
1156:
1155:
1142:Carter, Rodger.
1139:
1130:
1129:
1127:
1126:
1107:
1101:
1100:
1098:
1097:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1065:
1056:
1055:
1053:
1052:
1029:
1023:
1022:
998:
992:
991:
989:
980:
974:
973:
955:
944:
943:
932:
896:
867:in-flight movies
603:high-band Video8
562:
409:format known as
387:analog recording
375:8mm video format
345:
326:
325:
321:
316:
315:
311:
306:
305:
301:
277:
247:
233:
158:
149:
142:
140:8mm video format
138:
132:
125:
121:
118:
112:
110:
69:
45:
37:
21:
3070:
3069:
3065:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3060:
3059:
3030:
3029:
3028:
3023:
2990:
2959:
2891:
2839:
2820:
2802:
2753:High Definition
2748:
2706:
2670:
2592:
2531:High Definition
2525:
2484:Digital Betacam
2446:
2232:
2227:
2197:
2192:
2171:
2155:
2123:
2075:
2034:Anime on Demand
2024:PlayStation Vue
2000:
1964:PlayStation Now
1949:
1941:
1936:FeliCa Networks
1919:
1801:
1735:8 channel films
1586:
1579:
1488:
1467:
1458:
1453:
1401:
1396:
1395:
1378:
1377:
1373:
1363:
1361:
1353:
1347:
1343:
1336:
1320:
1316:
1309:
1293:
1289:
1281:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1265:
1251:
1244:
1227:
1226:
1222:
1207:
1203:
1186:
1185:
1181:
1164:
1163:
1159:
1140:
1133:
1124:
1122:
1109:
1108:
1104:
1095:
1093:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1067:
1066:
1059:
1050:
1048:
1030:
1026:
1015:
999:
995:
987:
981:
977:
970:
956:
947:
934:
933:
929:
924:
907:
891:
875:
833:
828:
803:
721:
701:
647:
641:
632:
630:PCM Multi Audio
567:
566:
565:
555:
484:
471:
356:
352:
343:
323:
319:
318:
313:
309:
308:
303:
299:
298:
296:
275:
245:
231:
224:
222:
218:
212:
210:
208:
202:
161:
133:
122:
116:
113:
70:
68:
58:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3068:
3058:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3021:
3015:
3009:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2982:
2976:
2969:
2967:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2957:
2951:
2945:
2939:
2933:
2927:
2921:
2915:
2909:
2899:
2897:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2889:
2883:
2877:
2871:
2865:
2858:
2856:
2855:Media agnostic
2849:
2845:
2844:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2837:
2830:
2828:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2818:
2812:
2806:
2793:
2787:
2781:
2775:
2769:
2763:
2756:
2754:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2746:
2740:
2734:
2728:
2722:
2716:
2710:
2697:
2691:
2685:
2678:
2676:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2668:
2662:
2656:
2650:
2644:
2638:
2632:
2626:
2620:
2613:
2611:
2604:
2598:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2590:
2584:
2578:
2572:
2566:
2560:
2554:
2548:
2542:
2535:
2533:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2523:
2517:
2511:
2505:
2499:
2496:Digital-S (D9)
2493:
2487:
2481:
2475:
2469:
2463:
2456:
2454:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2444:
2438:
2432:
2426:
2420:
2414:
2408:
2402:
2396:
2390:
2384:
2378:
2372:
2366:
2360:
2354:
2348:
2342:
2336:
2330:
2324:
2318:
2312:
2306:
2300:
2294:
2288:
2282:
2276:
2270:
2264:
2258:
2251:
2249:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2226:
2225:
2218:
2211:
2203:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2190:
2185:
2179:
2177:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2169:
2163:
2161:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2121:
2115:
2109:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2087:
2085:
2081:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2074:
2073:
2072:
2071:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2010:
2008:
2006:Former/Defunct
1999:
1998:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1972:
1971:
1966:
1955:
1953:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1939:
1933:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1891:
1890:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1809:
1807:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1738:
1737:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1665:HDCAM/HDCAM-SR
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1591:
1589:
1581:
1580:
1578:
1577:
1576:
1575:
1565:
1564:
1563:
1553:
1552:
1551:
1546:
1536:
1535:
1534:
1529:
1528:
1527:
1522:
1507:
1502:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1486:
1481:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1468:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1452:
1451:
1444:
1437:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1400:
1399:External links
1397:
1394:
1393:
1390:on 2020-06-03.
1371:
1341:
1334:
1314:
1307:
1287:
1270:
1263:
1242:
1220:
1201:
1179:
1157:
1131:
1102:
1077:
1057:
1024:
1013:
993:
975:
968:
945:
926:
925:
923:
920:
919:
918:
913:
906:
903:
890:
887:
874:
871:
832:
829:
827:
824:
802:
799:
761:audio cassette
720:
717:
700:
697:
643:Main article:
640:
637:
631:
628:
563:
557:
556:
554:
551:
483:
480:
470:
467:
369:
368:
365:
361:
360:
347:
339:
338:
333:
329:
328:
293:
289:
288:
279:
271:
270:
261:
255:
254:
249:
241:
240:
235:
227:
226:
197:
193:
192:
179:
173:
172:
167:
163:
162:
159:
151:
150:
135:
134:
49:
47:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3067:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3019:
3016:
3013:
3010:
3007:
3004:
3003:
3001:
2997:
2986:
2983:
2980:
2977:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2962:
2955:
2952:
2949:
2946:
2943:
2940:
2937:
2934:
2931:
2928:
2925:
2922:
2919:
2916:
2913:
2910:
2907:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2894:
2887:
2884:
2881:
2878:
2875:
2872:
2869:
2866:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2853:
2850:
2846:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2823:
2816:
2813:
2810:
2807:
2797:
2794:
2791:
2788:
2785:
2782:
2779:
2776:
2773:
2770:
2767:
2764:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2751:
2744:
2741:
2738:
2735:
2732:
2729:
2726:
2723:
2720:
2717:
2714:
2711:
2701:
2698:
2695:
2692:
2689:
2686:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2673:
2666:
2663:
2660:
2657:
2654:
2651:
2648:
2645:
2642:
2639:
2636:
2633:
2630:
2627:
2624:
2621:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2599:
2588:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2573:
2570:
2567:
2564:
2561:
2558:
2555:
2552:
2549:
2546:
2543:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2528:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2482:
2479:
2476:
2473:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2449:
2442:
2439:
2436:
2433:
2430:
2427:
2424:
2421:
2418:
2415:
2412:
2409:
2406:
2403:
2400:
2397:
2394:
2391:
2388:
2385:
2382:
2379:
2376:
2373:
2370:
2367:
2364:
2361:
2358:
2355:
2352:
2349:
2346:
2343:
2340:
2337:
2334:
2331:
2328:
2325:
2322:
2319:
2316:
2313:
2310:
2307:
2304:
2301:
2298:
2295:
2292:
2289:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2274:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2262:
2259:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2224:
2219:
2217:
2212:
2210:
2205:
2204:
2201:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2174:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2126:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2003:
1996:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1922:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1895:1 inch Type C
1893:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1804:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1640:Dream Machine
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1582:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1569:
1566:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1557:
1554:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1540:
1537:
1533:
1532:Sony Pictures
1530:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1520:Entertainment
1518:
1517:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1491:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1461:
1457:
1450:
1445:
1443:
1438:
1436:
1431:
1430:
1427:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1389:
1385:
1384:SilentWay.com
1381:
1375:
1359:
1352:
1345:
1337:
1335:9780080520476
1331:
1327:
1326:
1318:
1310:
1308:9781483183169
1304:
1300:
1299:
1291:
1280:
1274:
1266:
1264:0-7506-5039-7
1260:
1256:
1249:
1247:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1224:
1216:
1212:
1205:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1183:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1161:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1138:
1136:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1106:
1091:
1087:
1081:
1074:. 1984-01-04.
1073:
1070:
1064:
1062:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1028:
1020:
1016:
1014:9781136466045
1010:
1007:. Routledge.
1006:
1005:
997:
990:. p. 49.
986:
979:
971:
969:9780393023893
965:
961:
954:
952:
950:
941:
937:
931:
927:
917:
914:
912:
909:
908:
902:
900:
886:
884:
880:
870:
868:
864:
857:
856:Video Walkman
853:
849:
845:
837:
823:
819:
816:
807:
798:
794:
792:
788:
784:
780:
779:control track
775:
772:
769:
764:
762:
757:
754:
748:
746:
741:
737:
732:
730:
726:
725:magnetic tape
716:
714:
710:
709:8 cm DVD
706:
696:
694:
689:
687:
681:
677:
674:
670:
667:
663:
655:
651:
646:
636:
627:
624:
621:
617:
615:
611:
606:
604:
600:
596:
587:
580:
576:
571:
561:
550:
548:
544:
540:
534:
532:
528:
524:
518:
515:
511:
509:
503:
500:
496:
494:
488:
475:
466:
464:
460:
456:
452:
447:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
424:
422:
418:
414:
413:
408:
404:
403:digital audio
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
379:videocassette
376:
366:
362:
359:
355:
351:
348:
340:
337:
334:
330:
294:
290:
287:
283:
280:
272:
269:
265:
262:
260:
256:
253:
250:
242:
239:
236:
228:
221:
216:
213:300 minutes (
206:
203:120 minutes (
201:
198:
194:
191:
187:
183:
180:
178:
174:
171:
168:
164:
157:
152:
148:
143:
131:
128:
120:
117:December 2022
109:
106:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78: –
77:
73:
72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
2404:
2309:Cartrivision
2128:Other assets
2005:
1776:
1757:Tunnel diode
1685:Memory Stick
1680:LocationFree
1585:Technologies
1479:Masaru Ibuka
1388:the original
1383:
1374:
1362:. Retrieved
1357:
1344:
1328:. Elsevier.
1324:
1317:
1301:. Elsevier.
1297:
1290:
1273:
1254:
1232:
1223:
1214:
1204:
1192:Sony Insider
1191:
1182:
1169:
1160:
1147:
1123:. Retrieved
1114:
1105:
1094:. Retrieved
1080:
1071:
1049:. Retrieved
1037:
1027:
1003:
996:
978:
959:
939:
930:
892:
876:
860:
846:
842:
820:
812:
795:
776:
773:
768:helical-scan
765:
758:
749:
733:
722:
702:
690:
682:
678:
661:
659:
633:
625:
622:
618:
607:
602:
598:
592:
564:Logo of Hi8
535:
519:
516:
512:
504:
501:
497:
489:
485:
448:
425:
410:
399:analog audio
395:analog video
390:
382:
374:
372:
252:Helical scan
238:Helical scan
219:
199:
123:
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
2965:Solid state
2803: 2006
2707: 1996
2617:Phonovision
2575:D6 HDTV VTR
2315:Philips VCR
1986:Crunchyroll
1924:Electronics
1762:TransferJet
1752:Sony Tablet
1715:PlayStation
1561:PlayStation
1484:Akio Morita
1144:"1984_1985"
873:Videography
831:Home market
601:(short for
336:Home movies
200:Video8/Hi8:
3034:Categories
2502:Betacam SX
2411:Betacam SP
2375:Video 2000
2255:Quadruplex
2188:Sony timer
2044:Funimation
1630:Cyber-shot
1587:and brands
1525:Publishing
1257:. Newnes.
1125:2024-02-10
1096:2015-04-20
1051:2017-06-07
940:Amazon.com
922:References
783:heterodyne
292:Dimensions
166:Media type
87:newspapers
3055:Videotape
3006:Kinescope
2936:AVC-Intra
2903:CamCutter
2886:DVCPRO HD
2653:Laserfilm
2635:LaserDisc
2602:Videodisc
2539:Sony HDVS
2238:Videotape
2091:Sony DADC
2069:Minisodes
1951:platforms
1888:FD series
1883:Trinitron
1843:Jumbotron
1833:Sony CLIÉ
1595:α (Alpha)
1549:Sony Bank
1544:Sony Life
1364:30 August
1046:0190-8286
614:LaserDisc
599:Video Hi8
595:Super-VHS
417:camcorder
274:Developed
268:625 lines
264:525 lines
248:mechanism
234:mechanism
220:Digital8:
32:8 mm film
2896:Tapeless
2880:DVCPRO50
2659:CD Video
2623:Ampex-HS
2587:HDCAM SR
2551:BCH 1000
2514:MPEG IMX
2508:Digital8
2039:AnimeLab
1910:Watchman
1782:Vision-S
1690:MiniDisc
1660:Handycam
1472:Founders
1237:Archived
1196:Archived
1174:Archived
1170:Sony.net
1152:Archived
1119:Archived
1090:Archived
1019:Archived
905:See also
713:Digital8
662:Digital8
645:Digital8
639:Digital8
531:GoldStar
493:Handycam
455:Handycam
412:Digital8
364:Released
354:Digital8
342:Extended
259:Standard
196:Capacity
177:Encoding
3014:(1950s)
2985:MicroP2
2906:Editcam
2848:Virtual
2700:MiniDVD
2688:MovieCD
2675:Digital
2520:MicroMV
2452:Digital
2429:S-VHS-C
2399:Betacam
2333:Betamax
2303:U-matic
2285:CV-2000
2114:(39.4%)
2064:Crackle
2049:Wakanim
2014:PlayNow
1981:SonyLIV
1900:U-matic
1863:Optiarc
1838:Discman
1828:Betamax
1818:CV-2000
1787:Walkman
1710:PlayNow
1700:MicroMV
1610:Blu-ray
1600:Betacam
1573:Aniplex
1465:History
1284:. Sony.
1111:"MSRPs"
863:Walkman
736:Betamax
699:Decline
654:Hitachi
547:8cm DVD
539:digital
469:History
463:Betamax
444:Philips
440:Hitachi
423:field.
322:⁄
312:⁄
302:⁄
101:scholar
3020:(1967)
3008:(1947)
2987:(2012)
2981:(2007)
2975:(2004)
2956:(2012)
2950:(2009)
2948:iFrame
2944:(2007)
2938:(2006)
2932:(2006)
2926:(2005)
2920:(2004)
2918:GBA-TV
2914:(2003)
2908:(1995)
2888:(2000)
2882:(1997)
2876:(1996)
2870:(1995)
2868:DVCPRO
2864:(1995)
2836:(2016)
2817:(2008)
2811:(2007)
2796:MiniBD
2792:(2006)
2786:(2006)
2784:HD DVD
2780:(2006)
2774:(2004)
2768:(2003)
2762:(1994)
2745:(2005)
2739:(2004)
2733:(2003)
2727:(2003)
2721:(1998)
2715:(1998)
2696:(1996)
2690:(1996)
2684:(1993)
2667:(1990)
2661:(1987)
2655:(1984)
2649:(1983)
2643:(1981)
2637:(1978)
2631:(1975)
2625:(1967)
2619:(1927)
2610:Analog
2589:(2003)
2583:(2003)
2577:(2000)
2571:(1998)
2565:(1997)
2559:(1994)
2553:(1992)
2547:(1984)
2541:(1984)
2522:(2001)
2516:(2000)
2510:(1999)
2504:(1996)
2498:(1995)
2492:(1994)
2486:(1993)
2480:(1992)
2474:(1991)
2468:(1988)
2462:(1986)
2443:(1998)
2437:(1989)
2431:(1987)
2425:(1987)
2419:(1986)
2413:(1986)
2407:(1985)
2405:Video8
2401:(1982)
2395:(1982)
2389:(1982)
2383:(1980)
2377:(1980)
2371:(1979)
2365:(1977)
2359:(1976)
2353:(1976)
2351:Type C
2347:(1976)
2345:Type B
2341:(1975)
2335:(1975)
2329:(1974)
2323:(1974)
2321:V-Cord
2317:(1972)
2311:(1972)
2305:(1971)
2299:(1969)
2297:EIAJ-1
2293:(1967)
2287:(1965)
2281:(1965)
2279:Type A
2275:(1961)
2269:(1961)
2263:(1958)
2257:(1956)
2247:Analog
2120:(4.9%)
1868:Qualia
1853:Mavica
1797:Xperia
1725:S/PDIF
1720:Reader
1695:MiniDV
1675:Inzone
1670:HMZ-T1
1655:FeliCa
1615:Bravia
1332:
1305:
1261:
1044:
1011:
966:
719:Design
705:MiniDV
673:MiniDV
543:MiniDV
482:Video8
442:, and
383:Video8
344:
276:
246:
232:
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
2930:AVCHD
2912:XDCAM
2874:DVCAM
2569:D-VHS
2563:HDCAM
2557:W-VHS
2545:UniHi
2423:S-VHS
2387:VHS-C
2176:Other
2108:(50%)
1938:(57%)
1878:TR-55
1873:Rolly
1848:Lissa
1792:XDCAM
1650:Exmor
1605:Bionz
1354:(PDF)
1282:(PDF)
1215:Video
988:(PDF)
911:Data8
899:DA-88
815:VHS-C
740:VHS-C
686:DVCAM
669:codec
610:lines
358:Data8
332:Usage
327:inch)
286:Kodak
244:Write
190:SECAM
108:JSTOR
94:books
2954:XAVC
2719:SVCD
2441:Ruvi
2291:Akai
2261:VERA
2118:Vaio
1915:WEGA
1905:Vaio
1858:NEWS
1813:AIBO
1772:Vaio
1747:SXRD
1730:SDDS
1705:mylo
1635:Dash
1625:Cell
1456:Sony
1366:2020
1330:ISBN
1303:ISBN
1259:ISBN
1042:ISSN
1009:ISBN
964:ISBN
916:Ruvi
895:DTRS
881:and
707:and
523:Sony
461:and
451:Sony
428:Sony
397:and
373:The
367:1984
284:and
282:Sony
230:Read
217:-LP)
215:NTSC
207:-SP)
182:NTSC
80:news
2979:SxS
2942:TOD
2924:MOD
2778:VMD
2743:FVD
2737:UMD
2725:EVD
2713:CVD
2694:DVD
2682:VCD
2665:VSD
2647:VHD
2641:CED
2629:TeD
2581:HDV
2478:DCT
2435:Hi8
2417:MII
2381:CVC
2369:SVR
2357:VHS
2339:IVC
2054:VRV
1823:DAT
1767:UMD
1645:DVD
1072:UPI
745:PCM
579:EFP
575:ENG
553:Hi8
527:VHS
459:VHS
436:JVC
391:Hi8
350:Hi8
307:Ă— 2
205:PAL
186:PAL
63:by
18:Hi8
3036::
2973:P2
2862:DV
2800:c.
2704:c.
2490:D5
2472:D3
2466:D2
2460:D1
2363:VK
2327:VX
2112:M3
1620:CD
1382:.
1356:.
1245:^
1231:.
1213:.
1194:.
1190:.
1172:.
1168:.
1150:.
1146:.
1134:^
1117:.
1113:.
1060:^
1040:.
1036:.
1017:.
948:^
938:.
885:.
753:DV
666:DV
549:.
545:,
438:,
434:,
430:,
346:to
324:32
320:19
317:Ă—
304:16
300:11
297:(3
278:by
266:,
188:,
184:,
2805:)
2798:(
2709:)
2702:(
2393:M
2222:e
2215:t
2208:v
1997:)
1448:e
1441:t
1434:v
1368:.
1338:.
1311:.
1267:.
1217:.
1128:.
1099:.
1054:.
972:.
942:.
577:/
393:(
385:(
314:8
310:3
130:)
124:(
119:)
115:(
105:·
98:·
91:·
84:·
57:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
