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237:, isolated by white cadets; his only social interaction with another midshipman – "except on occasions when he was defending himself against their assaults" – occurred when a midshipman from Pennsylvania came to Baker's room at midnight and offered Baker a slice of birthday cake. In order to allay Baker's suspicions, the midshipman showed him a letter from his mother "in which she requested that a slice be given to the colored cadet who was without friends".
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which ingenuity could devise were inflicted upon me daily, and during seamanship practice attempts were often made to do me personal injury, while I would be aloft in the rigging. No one ever addressed me by name. I was called the "Moke" usually, the "damn nigger", for variety. I was shunned as if I were a veritable leper, and received curses and blows as the only method my persecutors had of relieving the monotony ...
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Baker was placed on report for using foul language during the altercation. A board of inquiry found that, despite his protestations to the contrary, Baker had called Meares a "God damned son of a bitch", but had been goaded into doing so. Admiral Rogers recommended that Baker be dismissed and
Robeson
320:
Baker's studies improved and he passed his annual examinations in June 1875, but the
Academic Board recommended that he and twenty other classmates repeat plebe year, and Robeson approved. Around the same time, Baker was attacked after supposedly saying "oh Lord" to Charles Renwick Breck, a classmate
268:
In
January 1875, Baker ran into academic trouble when he failed his semi-annual exams in math and French, and the Academic Board recommended dismissal. While awaiting a final ruling, Baker was involved in another altercation on February 7, 1875. While marching back to quarters after supper, Baker was
200:
I was several times attacked with stones, and was forced finally to appeal to the officers, when a marine was detailed to accompany me across the campus to and from mess hall at meal times. My books were mutilated, my clothes were cut, and in some instances destroyed, and all the petty annoyances
260:
to investigate the incident. Glennon had not heard Baker, but other plebes testified that they had heard it and admitted that they referred to Baker as the "nigger" within his hearing. The board found that Baker had said it, but that he was "incited so to act by the bearing of the other cadets".
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I have been taught never to receive an insult, and now when it was offered by a Negro, I could not help striking him. I also admit, that it was ungentlemanly, thus to strike a Negro, and I deeply regret having lowered myself thus. I think Sir, that I would repeat it, on the slightest
293:) joined in the attack. Baker escaped and reported the incident. The following morning Hood and Melton, armed with clubs, waylaid Baker and beat him about the head before he could break free and make his escape; he reported this incident to the officer in charge.
317:, and graduated second in the Class of 1879.) To forestall additional violence, Rogers punished the freshman with additional marching, extra drills, and restriction to quarters on Saturday evenings; these steps were effective in reducing harassment of Baker.
321:
from
Mississippi, "in a very insulting tone". Breck was dismissed, but Admiral Rogers believed that Baker's defiant attitude was partially to blame. In October 1875, Baker was involved in a mess hall quarrel with Frederick P. Meares, a plebe from
176:, and attended the Columbus Union Academy there. He received an appointment at the Naval Academy but encountered racial hazing. After two years, he transferred and completed his education at the Ben-Hyde Benton School of Technology in
325:. Meares objected to Baker removing an empty seat between them and, when it fell beneath the table, classmates pushed the chair into Baker's leg. Baker blamed Meares and warned him that there would be violence if he continued.
313:, dismiss Hood and Melton for their misconduct and disregard of Baker's rights, as well as their stated intention to renew the violence; Robeson agreed. (Hood was eventually reappointed by Representative
233: – the first and second African Americans to attend the Naval Academy, respectively – Baker faced racist attitudes and harassment by other midshipmen. Baker was a
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agreed. Political pressure forced
Robeson to reverse his decision; however, the harassment resumed after Baker's reinstatement. He resigned permanently. Due to
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In lieu of an investigation, Hood and Melton wrote letters of explanation in which they justified their assault on Baker, with Melton writing:
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in the South and the lack of black
Congressmen, no other blacks were appointed to the Naval Academy for the following six decades.
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252:, put Baker on report for calling Glennon a "son of a b**ch" on October 26, 1874. The Superintendent of the Naval Academy,
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Twentieth
Century Negro Literature; Or, A Cyclopedia of Thought on the Vital Topics Relating to the American Negro
391:
Twentieth
Century Negro Literature; Or, A Cyclopedia of Thought on the Vital Topics Relating to the American Negro
508:
184:
103:
820:
Breaking the Color
Barrier: The U.S. Naval Academy's First Black Midshipmen and the Struggle for Racial Equality
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The 1899 list - 'List of coloured inventors in the United States as furnished for the Paris
Exposition, 1900'
187:, a historically black college, at the top of his class. He also completed post-graduate work there in 1883.
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849:
Gatewood, Willard B. (1988). "Alonzo Clifton McClennan: Black Midshipman from South Carolina, 1873-1874".
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drill, when Baker stood still after receiving conflicting orders, but it found no misconduct.
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by 1902. He wrote a book and articles on the history of African-American inventors.
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558:. Naperville, Illinois; Toronto: J.L. Nichols & Company. pp. 398–413.
393:. Naperville, Illinois; Toronto: J.L. Nichols & Company. pp. 398–413.
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Another board was convened to investigate a report of disobedience during a
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795:. Brooklyn, New York: Global Black Inventor Research. pp. 13–14.
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in 1877 as a copyist. He rose through the ranks to Second Assistant
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Sea Change at Annapolis the United States Naval Academy, 1949–2000
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The African-American Soldier from Crispus Attucks to Colin Powell
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while he was living in Columbus, and was sworn in as a cadet
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Black Inventors: Crafting over 200 Years of Success
144:(September 1, 1857 – April 27, 1928) was the third
494:List of African-American inventors and scientists
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606:Documents of the Senate of the State of New York
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590:
926:20th-century United States government officials
916:19th-century United States government officials
378:. New York City: The Crisis Publishing Company.
356:After earning his law degree, Baker joined the
256:, convened a board of inquiry under Commander
941:African-American United States Navy personnel
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376:The Colored Inventor: A Record of Fifty Years
486:(the first African-American graduate of the
305:Superintendent Rogers recommended that the
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519:List of United States Naval Academy alumni
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183:He went into law, graduating in 1881 from
160:, where he would chronicle the history of
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971:United States Patent and Trademark Office
921:20th-century American non-fiction writers
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991:19th-century American military personnel
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172:Baker was born on September 1, 1857, in
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123:Historian of African-American inventors
956:Howard University School of Law alumni
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851:The South Carolina Historical Magazine
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1011:20th-century African-American writers
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412:"The Negro in the Field of Invention"
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384:
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946:African-American non-fiction writers
514:List of people from Washington, D.C.
101:Ben-Hyde Benton School of Technology
410:Baker, Henry E. (January 1, 1917).
285:(who received his appointment from
214:Baker was nominated by Congressman
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1001:20th-century American male writers
996:19th-century American male writers
976:United States Naval Academy alumni
710:University of North Carolina Press
152:. He later served as an assistant
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1006:American male non-fiction writers
961:People from Columbia, Mississippi
951:History of the United States Navy
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1021:20th-century American historians
936:19th-century American historians
887:Works by or about Henry E. Baker
789:Holmes, Keith C. (May 1, 2012).
554:. In Daniel Wallace Culp (ed.).
504:List of Howard University people
499:List of African-American writers
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389:. In Daniel Wallace Culp (ed.).
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289:, a Republican African-American
196:Baker on his time at the Academy
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817:Schneller, Robert John (2005).
509:List of people from Mississippi
185:Howard University School of Law
104:Howard University School of Law
16:American historian (1857–1928)
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1016:African-American male writers
986:Writers from Washington, D.C.
740:Lanning, Michael Lee (2004).
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702:Gelfand, H. Michael (2006).
417:The Journal of Negro History
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931:African-American historians
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358:United States Patent Office
206:—Henry E. Baker, quoted in
158:United States Patent Office
150:United States Naval Academy
98:United States Naval Academy
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610:New York State Legislature
552:"The Negro as an Inventor"
387:"The Negro as an Inventor"
331:disfranchisement of blacks
162:African-American inventors
825:New York University Press
602:"Democracy and Education"
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981:Writers from Mississippi
755:Citadel Press/Kensington
608:. Vol. 10. Albany:
550:Baker, Henry E. (1902).
385:Baker, Henry E. (1902).
374:Baker, Henry E. (1913).
269:struck from behind by a
168:Early life and education
878:Works by Henry E. Baker
222:on September 25, 1874.
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225:Like his predecessors
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180:, graduating in 1879.
598:Washington, Booker T.
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307:Secretary of the Navy
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174:Columbus, Mississippi
142:Henry Edwin Baker Jr.
63:Columbus, Mississippi
134:The Colored Inventor
345:Henry Edwin Baker (
315:Goldsmith W. Hewitt
250:James Henry Glennon
231:Alonzo C. McClennan
827:. pp. 28–35.
712:. pp. 50–51.
488:U.S. Naval Academy
354:
258:William T. Sampson
25:Henry E. Baker Jr.
882:Project Gutenberg
834:978-0-8147-4013-2
823:. New York City:
802:978-0-9799573-1-4
764:978-0-8065-3659-0
753:. New York City:
719:978-0-8078-7747-0
311:George M. Robeson
287:Robert B. Elliott
279:Florence, Alabama
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52:September 1, 1857
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966:Patent examiners
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911:1928 deaths
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757:. loc. 75.
350: 1913
291:congressman
42: 1902
900:Categories
526:References
263:seamanship
220:midshipman
110:Occupation
78:1928-04-28
440:0022-2992
275:John Hood
240:A fellow
863:27568029
600:(1901).
461:See also
368:Writings
362:Examiner
271:snowball
889:at the
840:May 27,
808:May 27,
770:May 27,
725:May 27,
615:May 29,
448:2713474
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88:, U.S.
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859:JSTOR
531:Notes
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244:from
242:plebe
842:2013
829:ISBN
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797:ISBN
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759:ISBN
749:EPUB
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