Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor

1128:, Henry attacked Archbishop Anno of Cologne soon after the ceremony and only his mother could calm him down. Lampert's report is not fully reliable, but it is known that Anno was ousted from Henry's court. At Worms, Henry accepted Pope Alexander II's invitation to Rome. Agnes of Poitou recovered her influence, but she left Germany for Italy two months later and Archbishop Adalbert of Bremen took full control of state administration. Henry's journey to Rome was postponed first until autumn, and then indefinitely, although the Pope needed Henry's presence to overcome the Italian supporters of Antipope Honorius II. Instead of travelling to Rome, Henry visited Burgundy in June 1065. Burgundian diplomas show the local aristocrats regarded his visit as the starting date of his reign. From Burgundy, Henry went to Lorraine where he granted Lower Lorraine to Godfrey the Bearded in October. 1439: 1522: 1518:, also returned from exile and rose up against Henry. Henry invaded Saxony in August, but only Vratislaus II of Bohemia accompanied him. Their arrival provoked a general uprising, and Henry was forced to flee to Bohemia. The German aristocrats and prelates met at Trebur from 16 October to 1 November. They convinced Henry to accept the terms the Pope had set for him. He had to promise to dismiss his excommunicated advisors and acknowledge Gregory as the lawful pope. Furthermore, he was to acknowledge the Pope's jurisdiction in his conflicts with the German dukes and bishops. They announced they would elect a new king if Henry was unable to achieve his absolution before the anniversary of his excommunication. They also invited Pope Gregory to Germany to hold an assembly in Augsburg on 2 February 1077. 2196: 1838: 2442: 1919:, but Egbert decided to continue the fight against Henry after two Saxon prelates, Hartwig of Magdeburg and Burchard of Halberstadt, promised to achieve his election as king of Germany. The two prelates could not keep their promise, and Egbert swore fealty to Henry in early 1088. Egbert's about-face and Burchard's unexpected death on 7 April 1088 accelerated the disintegration of the Saxon rebels' camp. Hartwig of Magdeburg and his suffragans hurried to pay homage to Henry, and were followed to Henry's court by prominent Saxon aristocrats. Henry appointed Hartwig to be his lieutenant in Saxony. 2079:, mediated a reconciliation between his son and the Emperor in early 1096. Henry restored Bavaria to Welf who lifted the blockade of the Alpine passes, enabling Henry to return to Germany in May. Aristocrats who had rebelled against Henry came to pay homage to him at assemblies held in Regensburg, Nuremberg and Mainz. He allowed the Jews, who had been forcibly converted to Christianity, to return to Judaism. In early 1098, Berthold II of Zähringen was also reconciled with Henry who exempted his domains from the jurisdiction of the dukes of Swabia and rewarded him with the hereditary title of 966: 1343: 795: 2098: 1747: 1308:. To save the life of the commander of Lüneburg, Henry released Magnus of Saxony, whom the rebels acknowledged as their lawful duke without seeking royal confirmation. The German dukes and bishops did not come to Henry's rescue, and the rebels began attacking the royal castles. To prevent the rebellious Saxon bishops from securing the Pope's support, Henry addressed a letter of penance to the Pope, admitting he had been involved in simony. He claimed his youthful arrogance had been responsible for his sins and blamed his advisors for his acts. 1638: 1984: 632:

kings and also to provide the monarchs with well-defined regular services, including the collection of taxes and hospitality. The dukes were the most powerful lay aristocrats in Germany. They were primarily military commanders, but they were also responsible for the administration of justice. The monarchs occasionally kept the office of duke for themselves or for their closest relatives, but sooner or later they had no choice but to fill vacant duchies, because they depended on the most powerful aristocrats' support.

2505:, Margrave of the Nordmark, that made her an ideal spouse for Henry after her husband died in 1087. Henry of Stade had been a wealthy Saxon aristocrat and his widow's marriage to Henry contributed to his reconciliation with the Saxons. Henry and Eupraxia were engaged in 1088. In contrast with Bertha, Eupraxia was mentioned in only one of her husband's diplomas, showing that she never gained Henry's confidence. After the scandalous end of their marriage, she returned to Kiev where she died on 10 July 1109. 2121:. Henry granted his request and invested Bořivoj with Bohemia on 19 April. Although the dukes of Bohemia had acknowledged the German monarchs' suzerainty, this was the first occasion on which a Bohemian duke was invested in the same manner as the rulers of the German duchies. The restoration of public order was one of Henry's principal goals during the next months. He held assemblies at Bamberg and Mainz and ordered the (mainly Franconian and Saxon) magnates who were present to pursue robbers and thieves. 1420:, was the sole German duke to join his campaign, but the Saxons were unable to resist. Otto of Nordheim convinced them to surrender unconditionally to the King on 26 or 27 October. Henry pardoned Otto and returned all his benefices except Bavaria. He showed no mercy to other rebel leaders, who were imprisoned and had their estates confiscated. Henry summoned the German dukes to Goslar to swear fealty to his two-year-old son, Conrad, as his successor, but only Duke 10339: 10986: 1247:

spread in Germany. Rudolf appealed to Agnes of Poitou, asking her to reconcile him with her son. Agnes, who had moved to Rome in 1065, returned to Germany and mediated a reconciliation in July 1072. It proved temporary because Henry did not dismiss his advisors. Agnes shared the dukes' negative views of Henry's advisors and persuaded Pope Alexander to excommunicate at least five of them in February 1073, though Henry did not sever ties with them.

477:, who threatened him with excommunication for simony. Henry persuaded most of the German bishops to declare the Pope's election invalid on 24 January 1076. In response, the Pope excommunicated Henry and released his subjects from their allegiance. German aristocrats who were hostile to Henry called for the Pope to hold an assembly in Germany to hear Henry's case. To prevent the Pope from sitting in judgement on him, Henry went to Italy as far as 12800: 1197:. New castles were built in Saxony and Henry manned them with Swabian soldiers. Like his father, Henry spent more time in Saxony than in other parts of Germany and the accommodation of his retinue was the Saxons' irksome duty. The Thuringians were also outraged that Henry supported Archbishop Siegfried of Mainz's claim to collect tithes from them, although most Thuringians had been exempted from the church tax for centuries. The 1853:. The synod issued a decree that papal judgements could not be questioned and forbade the faithful to make contact with those who had been excommunicated. In response, Henry held a general assembly in Mainz in late April or early May. Three or four archbishops and fifteen bishops obeyed his summons. They deposed their peers—two archbishops and thirteen bishops—who had failed to come to Mainz. The synod also established the " 1391:

excommunicated by his predecessor, for the conflict over the archbishopric of Milan. Henry and the German bishops wanted to avoid a conflict. Archbishops Siegfied of Mainz and Liemar of Bremen travelled to Rome to begin negotiations with the Pope. They did not protest when the Pope deposed Bishop Herman of Bamberg. The Pope appreciated their obedience and appointed Siegfried to hold a reforming synod in Germany.

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the Pope had prompted his rebellion. His nearly contemporaneous biography claims that he wanted to secure the aristocrats' support before his ailing father's death to avoid a succession crisis. The discontented Bavarian aristocrats hurried to the young King and Pope Paschal II absolved him from excommunication early in 1105. Henry sent envoys to his son, who refused to negotiate with an excommunicated man.

1602:. He confiscated Swabia from Rudolf and Bavaria from Welf, placing both duchies under his direct control. Before returning to Germany in April, Henry made his three-year-old son, Conrad, his lieutenant in Italy. He charged two excommunicated Italian prelates, Tedald of Milan and Denis of Piacenza, with Conrad's protection. Unable to prevent Henry's return, Rudolf of Rheinfelden moved to Saxony. 1251: 1775:

Henry to remain in northern Italy, but Hermann did not risk an Italian campaign. Henry returned to the siege of Rome at the end of 1082. Emperor Alexios sent 144,000 gold pieces to him as a token of their friendship and promised a further 216,000 gold pieces in return for his support against Robert Guiscard. The treasure enabled Henry to bribe Roman aristocrats, and his troops captured the

958:, with southern Italian duchies in 1059. In return, the Normans swore fealty to the Pope and promised to support him against his enemies, probably the Roman aristocrats. Although the duchies were imperial fiefs, Nicholas's action did not necessarily trespass on imperial rights, because the popes had acted as the emperors' representatives in southern Italy for a decade. However, the Pope's 1076:. Henry installed Solomon on the throne and attended his wedding to Judith before returning to Germany. Adalbert of Bremen accompanied Henry on the Hungarian campaign and struck up a friendship with him. Adalbert was mentioned as Henry's "protector" in royal diplomas from 1063, indicating a position equal to Anno's. Anno went to Italy to recognise Alexander II as pope at a synod in 2183:(who was Pope Paschal II's staunch supporter) suggests Henry was seeking reconciliation. The Pope regarded Henry as the "chief of the heretics". He granted Robert II of Flanders the "remission of sins" (the same spiritual privilege granted to crusaders) for his fight against the Emperor's supporters. Robert II, however, feared losing his imperial fiefs and swore fealty to Henry in 51: 2425:, whereby the Emperor renounced the right to install the prelates in their ecclesiastical offices with ring and staff in return for the right to invest them with their secular possessions using the sceptre. However, the German monarchs' right to acquire a dead prelate's treasury, introduced by Henry, remained an important source of wealth, especially during the reigns of 1149:. Early in 1067, Agnes of Poitou hurried back from Rome to Germany to persuade her son to intervene on the Pope's behalf. Henry ordered his troops to assemble at Augsburg, but Godfrey the Bearded was faster and launched a successful counter-offensive against Richard in June. Godfrey's independent act was regarded as an insult to Henry's authority in Italy. 2036:

by Matilda's advisors. The Pope departed from Piacenza to France in triumph, but the teenage Welf the Fat left his middle-aged wife around the same time. The separation of Matilda and her husband came as a severe blow to the Pope, because the young Welf's father, Welf I, soon sought a reconciliation with Henry. Henry also conducted negotiations with

624:. Imperial control of church affairs was in the long run incompatible with the reformist idea of "liberty of the Church" which claimed that ecclesiastic institutions could only be subject to the authority of the Holy See. The conflict between the two ideas reached its pinnacle during Henry IV's reign, developing into the confrontation known as the 1330:, Archbishop of Trier, and eight bishops came to visit Henry in Worms in early 1074. Their retainers and the Worms militia joined Henry in a new military campaign against the Saxons and Thuringians, but he soon realised the rebels outnumbered his army and entered into negotiations with them. Henry accepted the rebels' principal demands in the 2454:. The assembled German aristocrats referred his request to a synod, which passed the matter to the Holy See in early October. Pope Alexander II made it clear Henry would only be crowned emperor if he abandoned his plan. Henry obeyed and Bertha was again mentioned regularly in his diplomas from 26 October 1069. She died on 27 December 1087. 1498:, completed a letter to be circulated in Germany, which emphasised that only God could judge a monarch. The letter addressed the Pope as the "false monk, Hildebrand" and ended with the dramatic warning demanding his abdication: "descend, descend!" Two incidents occurred in succession which discouraged Henry's supporters: a fire after a 1948:. He summarised their liberties in a diploma, protecting them against physical assaults and prohibiting their forced baptism. He issued a similar document for the Jews of Worms. Henry was often in need of cash and according to Robinson, both communities had probably paid a significant sum of money in return for his protection. 493:, on 14 March 1077. The Pope was initially neutral in the two kings' conflict, enabling Henry to consolidate his position. Henry continued to appoint high-ranking clerics, for which the Pope again excommunicated him on 7 March 1080. Most German and northern Italian bishops remained loyal to Henry and they elected the antipope 1290:, and an assembly of the German bishops, urged the King to declare Gregory's election invalid, because he had been proclaimed pope by the Romans instead of being elected by the cardinals. The German dukes and Godfrey the Bearded's influential widow, Beatrice of Tuscany, convinced Henry that he should cooperate with the Pope. 2376:

Henry was not a successful military commander, primarily because he did not avoid pitched battles, in contrast with most 11th-century military leaders. He could likely adopt this high-risk strategy because he often mustered his troops from among merchants and peasants who were regarded as expendable.

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A Bavarian count, Sigehard of Burghausen, criticised Henry for his favouritism towards the Saxon and Franconian aristocrats in Regensburg in January 1104. He had come to Regensburg accompanied by a large retinue arousing Henry's suspicion he was staging a plot. After Sigehard dismissed his retainers,

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fled to Denmark and the Saxons paid homage to Henry. Henry did not restore the rebels' confiscated estates and appointed new officials. The Saxons rose up in a new rebellion and forced Henry to withdraw to Franconia. Henry mustered a new army and invaded Saxony in January 1086, but the Saxons avoided

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Henry's second excommunication was less harmful to his position than the previous ban. He held a council in Mainz on 31 May 1080. The nineteen German prelates and aristocrats who attended the council deposed Pope Gregory, labelling him as "the accused disturber of divine and human laws". Henry held a

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Hildebrand, who assumed the name Gregory VII, did not seek confirmation from Henry. He did not challenge Henry's prerogatives, but he was convinced a monarch who had regular contacts with excommunicated people could not intervene in church affairs. He regarded lay investiture as the principal barrier

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defending the legality of Alexander II's election. He emphasised that Henry's "right to participate in the papal elections ... is subject each time to reconfirmation by the pope". Damian's argument implied that Henry only inherited a claim to the imperial prerogatives relating to papal elections, but

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Germany, Italy and Burgundy were composed of semi-independent provinces, each administered by a prelate or a lay aristocrat. The prelates—the bishops and abbots—were not only wealthy landowners, they also played an important role in state administration. They were required to make annual gifts to the

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Henry also announced he was planning to launch a crusade to the Holy Land. He addressed a letter to Hugh of Cluny. In it he explained to his godfather he intended to "make good the ruin of the Church, which was caused by us, through the restoration of peace and justice". His correspondence with Hugh

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Henry launched a military campaign against Robert Guiscard in February and March 1084. During his absence, the Antipope convinced more than ten cardinals to desert Pope Gregory VII. They were followed by other clerics and papal officials. Resistance against Henry collapsed, and he entered Rome on 21

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to begin negotiations with Rudolf of Rheinfelden with their mediation. At the Fritzlar conference, the parties agreed to hold a new meeting at Würzburg, but Rudolf failed to appoint his representatives, thinking Henry had bribed the papal legates. Henry invaded Saxony in August, but Rudolf persuaded

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by a German monarch. Henry started appointing low-ranking men to royal offices in the whole kingdom and this practice outraged the German aristocrats. Rudolf of Rheinfelden and Berthold of Zähringen returned to their duchies from the royal court and rumours accusing them of plotting against the King

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on 22 March 1106. Henry of Limburg and the burghers of Cologne and Liège jointly persuaded the elderly Henry to "resume the office of emperor". Henry V laid siege to Cologne early in July but had to withdraw from the well-fortified town three or four weeks later. The deposed Emperor sent letters to

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in March 1095. The Pope endorsed her words and confirmed Conrad's claim to the throne, recognizing him as the lawful king in April. Henry's enemies gladly spread Eupraxia's accusations, but modern scholars have regarded her statements as an effective propaganda tool against Henry, likely fabricated

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to Henry of Liège's kinsman, Godfrey of Bouillon, and compensated Bishop Theoderic with estates confiscated from Matilda of Tuscany. Peace was not restored, however, because Godfrey of Bouillon soon laid claim to Matilda's estates. Henry invaded Saxony, reaching as far as Magdeburg in July. Hermann

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to begin negotiations with the Saxon leaders in October 1073. They tried to persuade Henry to redress the Saxons' grievances, but he was determined to crush the revolt. A month later, Henry's servant Regenger informed Rudolf and Berthold that Henry was planning to murder them. Regenger was ready to

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became another source of conflict in 1070 after the local clerics appealed to the Holy See to prevent the installation of Henry's candidate, Charles of Magdeburg, to the episcopal see. Henry denied Charles had bribed him, but he publicly admitted at a synod that his advisors may have received money

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stated that Henry had paid Egeno to accuse Otto, but his account is biased. Fearing his case would not be judged fairly, Otto disobeyed the summons and fled from Bavaria to Saxony. He was soon outlawed and his benefices were confiscated. Henry invaded Otto's Saxon domains, but Otto raided the royal

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Andrew I of Hungary faced a rebellion from his brother, Duke Béla, in 1060. Agnes dispatched Bavarian, Saxon and Bohemian troops to Hungary to fight Béla and his Polish allies, but the three armies did not coordinate their movements. Béla defeated his brother who died of his wounds. Andrew's family

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captured and imprisoned them for simony. Henry launched a punitive campaign against Theoderic. The military expedition ended abruptly because Henry's eighteen-year-old son unexpectedly deserted him on 12 December. The younger Henry later said that his father's failure to receive an absolution from

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Empress Eupraxia decided to desert Henry and sought Matilda's assistance to rescue her from her house arrest early in 1094. Matilda sent a small force of soldiers to Verona who liberated the Empress and accompanied her to Tuscany. On meeting with Matilda, Eupraxia presented serious charges against

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at the end of 1091. In June 1092, Henry crossed the Po and forced Matilda to begin negotiations for her surrender, but she and her vassals refused to acknowledge Clement III as the lawful pope. Henry laid siege to Canossa, but the garrison made a surprise attack on his army, forcing him to abandon

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to Rome to begin negotiations with the Pope, whose position in Italy had been weakening. The Pope appointed a new legate, whose name was not recorded, to represent him in Germany. The papal legate celebrated Easter with Henry in Cologne on 8 April 1078, demonstrating that the Pope had not regarded

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on 24 January 1076. Two archbishops, twenty-four German bishops (two-thirds of the German episcopate), one Burgundian bishop, an Italian bishop and Godfrey the Hunchback attended it. At Henry's order, they declared the Pope's election invalid and demanded his abdication. An assembly of the Lombard

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Henry left Italy for Germany in the autumn of 1081 but returned in February 1082. He laid siege to Rome but could not break the Romans' resistance. He charged Antipope Clement with the siege of Rome and began devastating Matilda's domains. Rumours of Hermann of Salm's plans to invade Italy forced

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Relations between Pope Nicholas and the German prelates became tense for unknown reasons in 1061. When Nicholas died on 20 July 1061, the Roman aristocrats dispatched an embassy to Henry asking him to nominate a new pope. Hildebrand and other reformist clerics elected Anselm of Baggio, Bishop of

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to secure his son's succession. The German princes who attended the meeting elected the one-year-old king. They stipulated they would acknowledge him as his father's successor only if he acted as a "just ruler" during his father's lifetime. Historian Ian S. Robinson supposes the princes actually

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Most Swabian and eastern Franconian aristocrats joined the younger Henry's rebellion. He also secured the Saxons' support during a visit to Saxony in April 1105. He launched a military campaign against Mainz to restore Archbishop Ruthard to his see in late June 1105, but his father's supporters

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Henry began negotiations with his Bavarian and Swabian opponents. They were willing to surrender, but they demanded the deposition of Antipope Clement III. Henry was inclined to accept their offer, but his bishops dissuaded him, fearing they would also be dismissed after the Antipope's fall. To

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Abandoned by his principal allies, the ailing Hermann of Salm sought Henry's permission to leave Saxony for his native Lorraine. His request was granted and he died in his homeland on 28 September 1088. Egbert of Brunswick rose up in a new rebellion and defeated Henry's army near Gleichen on 25

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entered into secret negotiations with Henry during the conference, but the Saxons who remained hostile to Henry soon murdered Theoderic and forced the bishop to flee from Saxony. After the bishop persuaded Henry to pledge he would respect the Saxons' liberties, many rebels laid down their arms.

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Henry fell unexpectedly ill in the middle of May 1066. His sickness was so serious that he was thought to be dying. The aristocrats began to seek his successor, but he recovered in two weeks. He immediately married his betrothed, Bertha, most probably because the uncertainty about the childless

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predecessors' domains in Saxony visited the province frequently. Their lengthy visits irritated the Saxon aristocrats who were exposed to direct royal control for more time than their peers in other parts of the empire. The Saxons' grievances against the Salian monarchs broke out in a series of

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Henry was staying in Ingelheim after his abdication, but his supporters warned him his son had decided to imprison or execute him. In early February 1106, he fled to Cologne where he was received by the townspeople with great respect. He declined all ceremonies, demonstrating that he was doing

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On 7 December 1074, Pope Gregory asked Henry to compel the German prelates who had not obeyed his summons to attend a synod in Rome. The Pope suspended five German bishops for disobedience at the synod of Lent in Rome in February 1075. He blamed Henry's five advisors, likely those who had been

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who had been accused of simony, but eight prelates did not obey their summons. In response, the Pope suspended Archbishop Liemar from office, and summoned the disobedient bishops to Rome. Henry did not intervene in the conflict, although the German prelates under investigation were his staunch

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Henry's first wife, Bertha of Savoy, was a year younger than he. Until 5 August 1068, Henry regularly mentioned her as "consort of our kingdom and our marriage-bed" in his diplomas. Her disappearance from the diplomas was the sign of a growing disaffection. Henry sought a divorce at a general

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on 14 May 1872. Historians have adopted more sophisticated approaches. They emphasize that penance and reconciliation were integral parts of medieval life, so an anointed king's excommunication was more disturbing for Henry's contemporaries than his act of penance at Canossa. Henry, as Schutz

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He lost most of his major battles; his sole victory at Homburg was primarily attributed to Rudolf of Rheinfelden by their contemporaries. On the other hand, Henry's adaptability and openness to compromise and his preference for dilatory tactics enabled him to survive most crises of his reign.

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A new joint conference of the German prelates and aristocrats assembled at Speyer in August 1087. Henry's opponents were willing to pay homage to him provided he had been absolved by the Pope. Henry refused them, maintaining he had been unlawfully excommunicated. Pope Gregory VII's successor,

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but it was a Pyrrhic victory for Rudolf, who lost his right hand and died. Henry took full advantage of the circumstances of Rudolf's death, describing it as a punishment for oath breaking. He began negotiations with the Saxons, offering to appoint his son, Conrad, king of Saxony, but Otto of

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and the complete failure of the Hungarian campaign had compromised her prestige; the schism raised more indignation. Archbishop Anno, Egbert of Brunswick, Otto of Nordheim and other discontented aristocrats decided to deprive her of the regency. Archbishop Anno equipped a ship "with admirable

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Adalbert of Bremen, in concert with the King's young friend, Werner, abused royal prerogative to seize church property and took bribes for royal appointments. They persuaded the King to grant monasteries to the most powerful prelates and princes to appease their envy at their aggrandizement.

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to Speyer. The sarcophagus was placed in an unconsecrated chapel of the Speyer Cathedral on 3 September. Five years later, Pope Paschal II granted permission to the younger Henry to bury his father as he had requested. Henry IV was buried next to Henry III in the cathedral on 7 August 1111.

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the aristocrats in Henry's army to obtain his consent to a truce. Henry sent agents to Saxony, and they convinced many Saxon leaders to desert the anti-king. He mustered troops from the German duchies, Burgundy and Bohemia and invaded Saxony in January 1080. He could not surprise Rudolf who

2373:, also claiming that he had fathered illegitimate children. Isidore of Seville listed immoral sexual practices among the tyrants' characteristics. Consequently, as Robinson emphasises, allegations of Henry's alleged sexual misconduct "provided his opponents with a useful polemical weapon". 1404:

on 9 June. Most Saxon noblemen were able to flee from the battlefield, but many of the common foot soldiers were slaughtered. Those who survived the massacre condemned the noblemen for their comrades' fate, and their stories turned the Saxon peasantry against their lords. Pope Gregory VII

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and Anno of Cologne to stage a plot. They secured the support of Otto of Nordheim, Rudolf of Rheinfelden and Berthold of Zähringen and convinced Henry to dismiss Adalbert on 13 January 1066. Anno regained the King's favour, but thereafter no royal advisors could take full control of state

1609:, Utrecht and Augsburg to demonstrate the full restoration of his royal authority. He rewarded his supporters with estates confiscated from his opponents, but the grantees had to obtain actual possession by force. Henry and Rudolf's armies approached each other for the first time near 1547:

and lived there as a penitent. He decided to depart for Italy to achieve his absolution, because he wanted to prevent the Pope from hearing his case at an assembly dominated by his enemies. Although the winter was unexpectedly severe, Henry, his wife and their retainers crossed the

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Appointments to the highest church offices remained crucial elements of Henry's authority: the practice enabled him to demand benefices for his supporters from the wealthy bishops and abbots, but the reformist clergy condemned it as simony. When Henry appointed a Milanese nobleman,

943:, which had been manipulated by Henry III. Referring to Henry IV as "presently king and with the help of God emperor-to-be", the decree also confirmed the emperors' existing prerogatives over papal elections, but without specifying them. As early as 1057–1058, however, Cardinal 1031:

in April 1062. The ship fascinated Henry, so Anno could easily talk him into a visit on it. As soon as Henry stepped on board, the ship was cast off. Fearing his captors wanted to murder him, Henry jumped into the river. He almost drowned, but Egbert of Brunswick rescued him.

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Henry sent envoys to the synod of Lent in Rome and demanded the Pope excommunicate Rudolf, hinting he was ready to appoint an antipope to achieve his goal. Instead Pope Gregory excommunicated and deposed Henry and acknowledged Rudolf as the lawful king. A treatise, known as

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after Pope Victor II left Germany early in 1057, but she paid little attention to Burgundy and Italy. Henry had inherited his father's Roman title of patrician, but the concept of "liberty of the Church" became dominant in Rome during his minority. Pope Victor's successor,

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king on 14 March 1077. Although the papal legates who were present acknowledged Rudolf's election, Pope Gregory VII remained neutral. He maintained he was entitled to settle the dispute and informed both Henry and Rudolf he would hear their case at an assembly in Germany.

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fled to Germany, and Béla was crowned king on 6 December. After Béla's victory, the command of the German duchies along the Hungarian frontier had to be strengthened. Agnes ceded Bavaria to a wealthy Saxon lord, Otto of Nordheim, and replaced Duke Conrad of Carinthia with

683:, as his heir. Conflicts between Andrew and Béla, and later between their sons, culminated during the first decades of Henry IV's reign, provoking German military campaigns against Hungary. Henry III asserted his authority over the southern Italian princes, including the 2364:

Rumours of Henry's immorality established his bad reputation for centuries. The Saxons were the first to accuse him of debauchery and demanded he dismiss the "swarm of concubines with whom he slept". Polemical writings spreading in Germany after 1085 accused Henry of

2090:, as Henry's co-ruler in May 1098. Conrad was abandoned by his allies and died forgotten in Tuscany. While in Mainz, Henry ordered an investigation into the missing property of the Jews who had been murdered by the crusaders. Several witnesses stated that Archbishop 1613:

in August, but Henry avoided battle as his forces were outnumbered. Both camps' aristocrats wanted to restore peace and agreed to hold a joint assembly in the absence of the kings at the Rhine in November. Henry sent troops to the Rhine to prevent the negotiations.

1300:, invaded Bohemia in early 1073, and Henry decided to launch a punitive action against him. He ordered the Saxon aristocrats to assemble at Goslar, where on 29 June they asked Henry to redress their grievances. Henry made no concessions and withdrew from Goslar to 560:

and had a strong claim to the title of Holy Roman Emperor. They were convinced that their claim to the emperorship entitled them each to act as the head of all Christians and to control papal elections in Rome. Rome was actually dominated by local aristocrats, the

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to begin negotiations with Henry. Agnes of Poitou accompanied the two legates to her son's court. After Henry had done a public penance for simony, the legates absolved him on 27 April 1074. They summoned the German bishops to a synod to hear the case of Bishop

1959:, his principal representative in Saxony. Egbert's death put an end to Saxon opposition to the Emperor's rule, because he had secured Nordheim's loyalty with land grants. Henry continued his Italian campaign and captured Matilda's fortresses north of the river 899:, refused to consecrate him, although the consecration of a new pope had been the Ostian bishops' traditional privilege. The cardinals assembled at Florence where Pope Stephen had died to discuss Pope Stephen's succession. They wanted to elect the local bishop 1334:

on 2 February. He agreed to destroy his castles and appoint only natives to offices in Saxony in return for the Saxon aristocrats' promise to raze their newly built fortresses. On hearing the agreement, the Saxon peasants captured and destroyed Harzburg and

1320:, denied his entry, but the townspeople rose up against the bishop and surrendered Worms to Henry. A grateful Henry exempted the burghers from customs duties, emphasising their loyalty in a time when "all the princes of the realm were raging" against him. 2380:

Henry's penitential "Walk to Canossa" developed into a powerful metaphor. Catholic clerics were the first to adopt it, regarding it as the symbol of the triumph of the Holy See over an immoral monarch. For 19th-century Protestant German nationalists, the

426:. After his father's death on 5 October 1056, Henry was placed under his mother's guardianship. She made grants to German aristocrats to secure their support. Unlike her late husband, she could not control the election of the popes, thus the idea of the 9898: 1886:

Henry's Bavarian, Swabian and Saxon opponents laid siege to Würzburg in July 1086, because possession of the town could secure their uninterrupted communication. Henry decided to force them to abandon the siege, but the rebels routed his army in the

1217:, had held, but Henry refused him in 1069. Dedi approached the Thuringians for help, but after Henry's promise to confirm their exemption from tithes the Thuringians joined the royal army. Henry invaded Dedi's domains and forced him to surrender. 1560:(who held the castle), Adelaide of Turin and Hugh of Cluny convinced the Pope he had no choice but to absolve the remorseful King. Before receiving absolution, Henry had to pledge to accept the Pope's judgement in his conflict with his subjects. 1490:. The deposition of a monarch by a pope was unprecedented, but the Pope was convinced Henry's extraordinary arrogance could not be punished otherwise. On learning of the Pope's decision Henry convoked a synod in Utrecht, but the local bishop, 1316:

prove his words in a judicial duel, but he died unexpectedly in January 1074. His statements, however, deepened the conflict between the King and the two dukes. Henry, who had just recovered from an illness, moved to Worms. The local bishop,

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Béla I of Hungary wanted to make peace with Henry to secure his throne against his nephew, Solomon, who had taken refuge in Germany. Henry and his advisors, however, insisted on Solomon's restoration to the Hungarian throne and German troops

2260:. Henry was allowed to attend the meeting, but it was dominated by his enemies. Having no other choice, he abdicated in his son's favour on 31 December. Later, he said he resigned only because of his "fears of imminent murder or execution". 2223:

Archbishop Hartwig of Magdeburg died in autumn 1104. His brother, Burgrave Herman of Magdeburg, and their nephew, Hartwig, departed for Henry's court most probably to achieve the younger Hartwig's appointment to the archbishopric, but Count

1234:, joined Otto's revolt. Henry ceded Bavaria to Otto's wealthy son-in-law, Welf, at Christmas 1070. Without their peers' support, Otto and Magnus had to surrender. Henry placed them in the German dukes' and bishops' custody on 12 June 1071. 1766:

about an alliance against Robert Guiscard. He granted privileges to Lucca and Pisa, releasing them from Matilda's lordship. While Henry was in Italy, the Saxons invaded Franconia. Henry's southern German opponents elected Welf's kinsman,

2318:

Henry's conflicts with his subjects, both sons, his wives and with the popes gave rise to a rich polemical literature during his lifetime. Both his supporters and his opponents based their portraits of Henry on two early medieval works:

1860:

Pope Gregory VII died in Salerno on 25 May 1085. Henry exploited his most prominent opponent's death to consolidate his position. Henry visited Lower Lorraine to end a conflict between his two supporters, Bishops Theoderic of Verdun and

536:, his "Walk to Canossa" and his conflicts with his sons and wives established his controversial reputation, with some regarding him as the stereotype of a tyrant, and others describing him as an exemplary monarch who protected the poor. 1282:

from Charles. Pope Alexander II decided to investigate and summoned all German bishops who had been accused of simony or corruption to Rome, but he died in two months. The Romans proclaimed Hildebrand as his successor on 22 April 1073.

1820:

Pope Gregory VII repeated Henry's excommunication in late 1084, but many of the Pope's former supporters came to pay homage to Henry as emperor at Cologne at Christmas. His supporters and opponents held a joint conference on the river

1220:

Otto of Nordheim held vast estates in Saxony. After a nobleman, Egeno, accused him of plotting against Henry's life, Otto was summoned to "purge himself of that charge in single combat" early in August 1070. The contemporary historian

532:, forced him to abdicate on 31 December 1105. He tried to regain his throne with the assistance of Lotharingian aristocrats, but became ill and died without receiving absolution from his excommunication. Henry's preeminent role in the 1394:

Henry had meanwhile made preparations to take vengeance for the desecration of the royal graves at Harzburg. He promised amnesty and gifts to those who joined his campaign against Saxony. Most German dukes and many bishops hurried to

1013:

The election of two popes divided the German clergy. Some bishops supported Cadalus (now known as Honorius II) and others accepted Alexander II. Archbishop Adalbert of Hamburg was Honorius's most prominent supporter, while Archbishop

2173:; Henry came to Walcher's rescue, forcing Robert to lift the siege in October 1102, but Robert resumed the war on Walcher soon after Henry left Cambrai. Henry held a general assembly in Mainz on 6 January 1103, and proclaimed the 1494:, was the only prelate willing to excommunicate the Pope. Henry wanted to demonstrate that the Pope's denial of the monarchs' role in the administration of the Christian community was responsible for their conflict. His chaplain, 1237:

Archbishop Adalbert of Bremen convinced Henry to release Otto of Nordheim in May 1072, but Magnus of Saxony remained imprisoned. Before long, Adalbert died and Henry seized his treasury—an early example of the application of the

2409:, had paved the road to a compromise already in Henry's lifetime. They actually adopted an old view, condemned by reformist clerics, making a distinction between the secular possessions and properties of bishoprics and abbeys ( 2360:

stated Henry had inherited a peaceful realm, but he "rendered it filthy, despicable, bloodstained, a prey to internal conflicts". Lambert also emphasised that Henry destroyed and robbed churches and put freemen into servitude.

2289:

the German princes accusing his son of treachery and hypocrisy. He fell unexpectedly ill and died in Liège on 7 August. On his deathbed, he asked his son to pardon his supporters and to have him buried next to his ancestors in

1762:, enabling him to reach Rome without resistance. The Romans, however, remained loyal to Pope Gregory VII and Henry had to withdraw to northern Italy in late June. He began negotiations with the envoys of the Byzantine Emperor 1513:

released the Saxon rebels who had been in his custody. Bishop Burchard of Halberstadt, who had been one of the leaders of the Saxon revolt, escaped from captivity and returned to Saxony. Theoderic and William, members of the

809:

At the age of six, Henry became sole monarch of the empire. Pope Victor II convinced the German aristocrats to swear fealty to their young king and enthroned him in Aachen. Although Empress Agnes had been planning to enter a

918:

The reformist clerics elected Bishop Gerard pope in Florence in December 1058. He took the name Nicholas II. Godfrey the Bearded accompanied him to Rome and forced Antipope Benedict to leave the city. His advisor, the monk

1304:. Otto of Nordheim soon convinced the assembled Saxons to take up arms for their liberties. The Saxons marched to Harzburg, but Henry had fled to Eschwege. The Thuringians and the Saxons concluded an alliance and captured 2277:. Robert II of Flanders also promised him assistance. Henry addressed a letter to Hugh of Cluny, offering to accept all his terms in return for an absolution. He also wrote letters to his son, the German princes and King 776:

Henry III fell seriously ill after eating a stag's liver in late September 1056. Historian Herbert Schutz attributes his sudden illness to his exhaustion. Already dying, the Emperor commended his son to the protection of

2241:, accompanied Henry as far as Mainz in late October. Already in despair, Henry sent a letter to his son, asking him "not to persist in his desire to depose him from the kingship"; the younger Henry wanted no compromise. 1454:

Henry knew that his dependence on Pope Gregory VII was loosened after his victory in the Saxon War. He sent Count Eberhard the Bearded as his deputy to Italy. Eberhard demanded an oath of fealty from the Pope's vassal,

1399:

where the royal troops were assembling in June 1074. Saxon nobles and prelates also deserted to the royal camp. Under the command of Rudolf of Rheinfelden, the royal army launched a surprise attack on the Saxons at

2237:, and Bořivoj II, Duke of Bohemia, deserted the Emperor at Regensburg in late September, though Bořivoj soon repented his betrayal, and supported Henry's flight from Regensburg to Saxony. His brother-in-law, Count 1971:, to be their duke and he proclaimed himself the "vassal of St Peter" (that is of the Holy See). Henry had to send his German troops back to Germany to fight in Swabia and Bavaria. He began negotiations with King 1895:

in February 1087. Henry did not attend. He went to Aachen where his son, Conrad, was crowned his co-ruler on 30 May. On this occasion Henry likely rewarded Godfrey of Bouillon with the Duchy of Lower Lorraine.

1728:

who had been the first reformist pope to be elected through the intervention of Henry's father. Henry returned to Germany and assembled his troops for a new invasion of Saxony. Henry and Rudolf's armies met at

2233:

prevented him crossing the Rhine. Henry expelled his son's troops from Würzburg in August, but his authority was quickly waning. His son took advantage of Frederick of Büren's death to take control of Swabia.

449:

in 1071. The appointment of commoners to high office offended German aristocrats, and many of them withdrew from Henry's court. He insisted on his royal prerogative to appoint bishops and abbots, although the

2054:

in November 1095. The council also prohibited the bishops and abbots from swearing fealty to secular rulers. The first crusader bands, composed mainly of commoners and impoverished knights, departed for the

1857:" in Germany, prohibiting armed conflicts during the main Christian festivals. Vratislaus II of Bohemia, who had always been Henry's loyal supporter, was rewarded with the title of king during this meeting. 2179:(imperial peace), prohibiting feuds and other acts of violence, for the first time in the whole empire. He threatened those who broke the peace with mutilation, without allowing the wealthy to pay penance. 2067:, the Jews sent a letter to Henry, seeking his protection. Henry ordered the German bishops, dukes and counts to protect the Jewish communities, but they could rarely prevent the mob from persecuting them. 2136:. The Emperor laid siege to Limburg, forcing the Count to surrender in May 1101. The Emperor soon forgave Henry of Limburg for his rebellion and made him duke of Lower Lorraine before the end of the year. 2482:—the earliest Icelandic chronicle of the Norwegian kings—refers to a daughter of an emperor (who must have been identical with Henry for chronological reasons), called Mathilde. According to this source, 2337:

contrasted kingship with tyranny. Consequently, polemical literature tended to provide a list of the characteristics of either good or wicked rulers when portraying Henry. For instance, in the 1080s, the

2304:

near Liège. On 24 August his son ordered a new exhumation because he wanted to execute Henry's last will. The townspeople of Liège tried to prevent the transfer of Henry's corpse, but it was carried in a

608:, acknowledging his and his successors' right to cast the first vote at papal elections. His new title enabled him to secure the appointment of German clerics to the papal throne. The third German pope, 2220:

likely took revenge on Sigehard for his arbitration in a case relating to their peers. Sigehard's kinsmen and other aristocrats, however, blamed Henry for his death saying he had failed to defend him.

1486:

Pope Gregory VII was informed of the decisions of the two assemblies during the synod of Lent in Rome. He excommunicated Henry and released his subjects from fealty in a public prayer addressed to

1891:

on 11 August. Henry launched a military campaign against his enemies in Bavaria. In an attempt to restore peace, Bavarian and Swabian aristocrats from both kings' camps held a joint conference in

1387:, but he could not force Géza to surrender. Pope Gregory sharply criticised Solomon for his willingness to accept Henry's suzerainty, because the Pope regarded Hungary as a fief of the Holy See. 1645:

Pope Gregory prohibited all clerics from receiving royal appointments to bishoprics or abbeys in November 1078. The royal investiture was a basic element of royal administration. The ring and

2352:, an anonymous biography completed in the early 1110s, described him as a vigorous and warlike monarch who employed learned officials and enjoyed conversations about spiritual themes and the 1626:

Henry's excommunication as valid. Henry invaded Lotharingia and forced Bishop Herman of Metz into exile, but Berthold of Zähringen and Welf of Bavaria inflicted defeats on his Swabian and

884:, probably through a royal grant. Rumours of Godfrey's determination to seize the imperial crown with Pope Stephen's help spread in Italy, but the Pope died unexpectedly on 29 March 1058. 1783:. Henry withdrew from Rome again in early July. He concluded a secret treaty with the Roman aristocrats who promised to induce Gregory to crown Henry emperor or to elect another pope. 2248:

and then to Cologne. He decided to return to Mainz, because he wanted to defend himself at the German princes' assembly his son had convoked. The younger Henry met with his father at

1999:

Matilda of Tuscany and her husband managed to turn Henry's heir, Conrad, against him in the spring or summer of 1093. Henry had Conrad captured, but he escaped to Milan. According to

1871: 1043:(master) shows that he also took charge of Henry's education. Anno was determined to put an end to the schism. In October 1062, the synod of the German bishops appointed his nephew, 616:—a province that had been an important centre of reformist clerics. They wanted to purify the Church through the re-implementation of ancient (or supposedly ancient) collections of 1720:. Nineteen Italian, seven German and a lone Burgundian prelate confirmed the Pope's deposition 25 June, accusing him of simony, heresy and other sins. The synod elected Archbishop 1277:

in 1070, Pope Alexander II excommunicated the new archbishop. Henry obtained Gotofredo's consecration, however, which brought him into a prolonged conflict with the Holy See. The

1467:, archbishop of Milan, thereby contradicting the Pope's former decisions. Alarmed by these acts, the Pope announced he would excommunicate Henry unless he changed his policies. 1317: 746:

wanted to persuade Henry III to change his methods of government since the child king had no role in state administration. At Christmas 1052, the Emperor made Henry the duke of

1653:

and Herman of Metz, convinced the Pope to send new legates to Germany, but the Pope forbade his legates to pass judgement against the prelates who had been appointed by Henry.

1193:

to the duchy to investigate property rights. The appointment of non-native unfree officials offended the Saxons, especially because the new officials ignored their traditional

2347: 1287: 516:, prevented Henry's return to Germany until 1096 when he was reconciled with Welf. After Clement III's death, Henry did not support new antipopes, but did not make peace with 1339:

the graves of Henry's younger brother and first-born son. The destruction of the royal graves aroused public indignation, and Henry regarded it as a violation of the treaty.

501:, could only exert royal authority in Saxony. From 1081, Henry launched a series of military campaigns to Italy, and Clement III crowned him emperor in Rome on 1 April 1084. 437:

Henry endeavoured to recover the royal estates that had been lost during his minority. He employed low-ranking officials to carry out his new policies, causing discontent in

2256:, where he was forced to cede the royal insignia to his son. The burghers of Mainz remained loyal to Henry, so his son summoned the German princes instead to an assembly at 2225: 830:), Cuno. She secured the most powerful aristocrats' support through lavish grants. Agnes was reconciled with Godfrey the Bearded and made her late husband's other opponent, 694:

in 1047. The absent emperor, however, could not control the Norman adventurers and he chose to charge the popes with the representation of his interests in southern Italy.

1911:

A sudden illness prevented Henry from invading Saxony in October. After his recovery he launched a military expedition against the Saxon rebels. One of the rebel leaders,

1826: 2007:. Conrad's disloyalty aroused Henry's suspicion of his relatives, and he put his wife under strict supervision, allegedly for her infidelity. Four Lombard towns (Milan, 1286:

to completing the reform of the Church and challenged royal appointments, taking advantage of individual complaints against German prelates. Henry's Italian chancellor,

1018:

acknowledged Alexander as the lawful pope. Empress Agnes supported Honorius, for which her advisors were excommunicated by Alexander. Her blatant favouritism for Bishop

1164:. In early 1069, Henry crossed the Elbe to punish the invaders. He defeated them, but could not prevent them from launching subsequent plundering raids against Saxony. 2398:

concludes, "cleverly maneuvered the pope into a position in which he had to absolve him", but Gregory VII reduced him "from Vicar of Christ to being a mere layman".

714:. His birth had been long-awaited; Henry III had fathered four daughters, but his subjects were convinced only a male heir could secure the "peace of kingdom" (as 857:

A group of Saxon aristocrats plotted against Henry, fearing he would continue his father's oppressive policies after reaching the age of majority. They convinced

600:

Henry III emphasized the priestly nature of kingship, attributing it to the kings' anointment by holy oil. A man of great personal piety, he regarded himself as "

504:

Hermann of Salm died and Henry pacified Saxony with the local aristocrats' assistance in 1088. He launched an invasion against the pope's principal Italian ally,

2027:, were his last supporters in Italy. Henry's authority remained limited to north-eastern Italy, and Matilda and Welf I's troops prevented his return to Germany. 1649:

the prelates received from monarchs during their installation symbolised their mutual dependence. At the February 1079 synod of Lent, Henry's opponents, Bishops

2162: 1657: 1556:

where the Pope had sought refuge, fearing that Henry came to Italy to capture him. Henry remained barefoot and wearing sackcloth at the castle for three days.

12885: 1936:

prevent further negotiations between the Emperor and his opponents, Pope Urban II mediated a marriage alliance between Welf I of Bavaria's 18-year-old son,

1712:, raised a rebellion against the Pope's principal Italian ally Matilda of Tuscany. They also secured the support of northern Italian aristocrats for Henry. 1578:, arguing that it had not restored their oaths of fealty. The bishops, archbishops, dukes and the Saxons' representatives who attended the assembly elected 1830: 2300:, but the excommunicated Emperor's body could not rest in a consecrated place. Eight days later, his corpse was unearthed and buried in an unconsecrated 2094:

and his kinsmen had stolen large portions of it. Fearing retribution, the Archbishop and his kinsmen fled to Thuringia and began plotting against Henry.

1804: 1709: 675:, who owed his throne to Henry, also swore fealty to him, but was dethroned in 1046. Henry invaded Hungary, but could not force Peter's successor, King 470:

in the summer of 1074. Taking advantage of a quarrel between the Saxon aristocrats and peasantry, he forced the rebels into submission in October 1075.

12895: 2273:, made peace with Henry of Limburg to secure the Duke's support. Henry joined them at Liège and mediated a reconciliation between Henry of Limburg and 1803:. Henry ordered his Italian supporters to conquer Matilda of Tuscany's lands before he returned to Germany. However, her army routed his allies at the 1676: 761:, most likely received Bavaria from their father. When Conrad died in 1055, the Emperor gave Bavaria to Empress Agnes. The Emperor betrothed Henry to 12524: 2252:

on 21 December. Henry dismissed his retinue, because his son promised a safe conduct to Mainz. Instead, he was captured and brought to the castle of

1351: 911:'s succession, ignoring his brother's claim to succeed him. The Hungarian envoys and Henry's representatives concluded a treaty, and Henry's sister, 1371:(who was Béla I's eldest son). Géza had defeated Solomon on 14 March 1074, forcing him to take refuge in the fortresses of Moson and Pressburg (now 1145:

monarch's succession caused widespread anxiety in his realms. Late in 1066, Prince Richard I of Capua rose up against Pope Alexander II and invaded

10948: 2003:, Henry tried to commit suicide after his son's rebellion, though Bernold probably invented this story to make a comparison between Henry and King 1510: 1186:

were distributed during Henry's minority, and he decided to recover them around 1069. The bulk of the royal estates had been in Saxony. Henry sent

1072:

in August 1063. Henry gained his first military experience during this campaign. Béla died in an accident unexpectedly and the German army entered

903:

pope and sent an envoy to Germany to inform Henry about their plan. Henry, "having deliberated with the princes", designated Gerard as the Pope in

781:

who had come from Italy to Germany to seek the Emperor's protection against the Norman rulers of southern Italy. Henry III died on 5 October 1056.

1630:

supporters. Rudolf of Rheinfelden hurried to Franconia and met Henry and his army of 12,000 Franconian peasants at Mellrichstadt on 7 August. The

1841:

Welf, Duke of Bavaria—a wealthy German aristocrat with flexible loyalties during Henry's conflicts with the Papacy (a late-15th-century painting)

485:" was a success and Gregory VII had no choice but to absolve him in January 1077. Henry's German opponents ignored his absolution and elected an 17: 593:

on 20 December 1046. The synod deposed the three popes and replaced them with a German prelate, Bishop Suidger of Bamberg, who assumed the name

12783: 2143:, in late 1101; there is no proof Henry followed their advice. Pope Paschal II was determined to overcome Henry and ordered his legate, Bishop 10375: 10084: 1951:

Henry invaded Matilda's domains in March 1090, forcing her to seek refuge in the mountains in April. The retainers of Henry's sister, Abbess

1039:" destroyed the Empress's self-confidence, and she retired to her estates. Anno replaced her as the head of the government. His new title of 896: 1975:

about an alliance, but Welf I prevented their meeting. Henry was forced to retreat to Pavia and Matilda's troops recaptured her fortresses.

1923:

December. Egbert's estates were confiscated in February 1089. Henry, who had been widowed, went to Cologne to celebrate a new marriage with

1758:

Henry led a small army to Italy in March 1081. His Italian supporters had defeated Matilda of Tuscany's troops in the previous year at the

1688:

on 27 January. Rudolf did not take advantage of his victory, however, because the Saxons who had deserted him did not return to his camp.

9869: 1927:

in the summer of 1089. In the autumn, Henry returned to Saxony to prevent Egbert from attacking Hildesheim, but he continued to resist.

11730: 2502: 2128:

as his successor. Henry's Italian supporters acknowledged Theoderic as the lawful pope, but Henry did not make contact with him. Count

2113:, who had succeeded King Vratislaus as Duke of Bohemia, met Henry in Regensburg at Eastertide 1099. He wanted to alter the traditional 12855: 12850: 9877: 907:

on 7 June. King Andrew I of Hungary also sent delegates to Germany in September 1058. Andrew wanted to secure his five-year-old son

1696:, was published in Henry's defence which emphasised his hereditary claim to his realms. The treatise, likely written by the jurist 621: 2344:

praised him as a "king second to none in his piety" who defended the widows and the poor and gave laws to the lawless Saxons. The

1002:

to discuss the situation. He attended the synod, wearing the insignia of his office of patrician of the Romans. The synod elected

1940:, and the 43-year-old Matilda of Tuscany in the autumn of 1089. Henry decided to launch a new invasion of Matilda's domains. The 2043:

in Venice in June 1095. They renewed a commercial treaty and Faliero agreed to continue to pay a yearly tribute to the Emperor.

12860: 9710:

Creber, Alison (22 April 2019). "Breaking Up Is Hard To Do: Dissolving Royal and Noble Marriages in Eleventh-Century Germany".

1417: 1664:, duke of Swabia. Frederick could only take possession of the lands north of the Danube, because Rudolf of Rheinfelden's son, 1641:

Rudolf of Rheinfelden dying after losing his right hand in the Battle on the Elster in 1080 (engraving by Bernhard Rode, 1781)

1479:

on 5 February. Henry's most important ally, Godfrey the Hunchback, was murdered on 22 February. Godfrey had named his nephew,

12840: 12517: 9823: 9777: 9672: 9587: 9516: 9467: 9417: 9391: 9342: 3347: 2031:

her husband, accusing him of debauchery and group rape. She publicly repeated the charges in Pope Urban II's presence at the

1908:

around the same time. The synod passed no resolution about Henry, suggesting the new Pope had adopted a conciliatory policy.

1202: 12890: 12267: 11510: 10941: 3314: 553: 773:, controlled north-western Italy. The Emperor wanted to secure their alliance against the rebellious Godfrey the Bearded. 12707: 9628:

Vollrath, Hanna (1995). "The Western Empire under the Salians". In Luscombe, David Edward; Riley-Smith, Jonathan (eds.).

620:

and Leo IX enthusiastically introduced their ideas to Rome. He prohibited simony—the sale of church offices—and promoted

569:, who raised their own candidates to the papal throne. Their rivalries caused scandals, culminating in three rival popes— 2147:, to keep the resistance against the Emperor alive in Germany. The papal synod confirmed Henry's excommunication in the 11977: 9754: 9700: 9649: 9618: 3290: 2148: 1952: 1708:

had already been studied in Italy. Before returning to Germany, Henry's envoys, Archbishop Liemar of Bremen and Bishop

1311:

Siegfried of Mainz, Anno of Cologne, Rudolf of Rheinfelden, Berthold of Zähringen and other German aristocrats came to

1255: 1044: 1438: 12674: 11686: 10738: 10718: 10698: 10368: 10284: 10264: 10244: 10077: 9800: 9565: 9542: 9493: 9444: 9368: 4054: 2457:

Bertha gave birth to five children, but two of them—Adelaide and Henry—died in infancy. Her surviving children were:

2076: 1137: 1069: 715: 1750:

Henry IV (left) and Antipope Clement III (middle-right) during Henry's imperial coronation (from Otto of Freising's

12870: 12865: 12702: 12510: 12488: 12275: 11646: 10743: 10733: 10703: 10590: 10279: 10249: 10219: 9792: 9409: 9383: 9360: 3761: 2234: 1759: 1521: 617: 12875: 12327: 11606: 11257: 10934: 10763: 10713: 10555: 10304: 10259: 10199: 9597:

Tabacco, Giovanni (1995). "Northern and central Italy". In Luscombe, David Edward; Riley-Smith, Jonathan (eds.).

2024: 1771:, king at a poorly attended assembly early in August. The Saxons only paid homage to Hermann four months later. 12761: 12217: 11723: 11670: 11177: 10821: 10783: 10778: 10758: 10659: 10324: 10319: 10299: 10234: 4075: 1912: 1599: 858: 2118: 2086:

The German magnates and prelates deposed Henry's rebellious son, Conrad, and elected his 12-year-old brother,

891:, on the papal throne without consulting with Henry's representatives. Giovanni took the name Benedict X, but 12664: 12009: 11929: 11694: 11678: 11654: 11574: 11566: 10910: 10836: 10773: 10768: 10748: 10723: 10708: 10688: 10644: 10521: 10516: 10314: 10309: 10289: 10269: 10254: 10239: 10224: 10184: 10179: 9950: 2801: 2158: 2129: 1941: 1574:

Henry remained in Italy after his absolution, which surprised his German opponents. They held an assembly at

1569: 1491: 1460: 1173: 947:

questioned the monarchs' right to invest clerics with bishoprics and abbeys in his treatises against simony.

866: 831: 719: 691: 605: 582: 467: 415: 359: 98: 2493:

Henry's second wife, Eupraxia (known as Adelaide in Germany), was born around 1068. She was the daughter of

12652: 12647: 12375: 12343: 12241: 11993: 11881: 11662: 11630: 11558: 11542: 10753: 10728: 10649: 10575: 10511: 10506: 10361: 10342: 10294: 10274: 10229: 10209: 10174: 10169: 10070: 9844: 9580:

The Medieval Empire in Central Europe: Dynastic Continuity in the Post-Carolingian Frankish Realm, 900–1300

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for six weeks. He left Rome before Robert Guiscard came to Gregory VII's rescue on 24 May. Robert's troops

1622: 1464: 1367:

Henry's brother-in-law, Solomon of Hungary, sent envoys to Henry seeking his assistance against his cousin

1260: 1210: 1052:

he could forfeit it. Respect for the monarch also declined in Germany. For example, the retainers of Abbot

12835: 12592: 12455: 12407: 12391: 12319: 12284: 12161: 11638: 11598: 11534: 10585: 10550: 10501: 10214: 10194: 10164: 9967: 9746: 3808: 3720: 3683: 2195: 2087: 1788: 1661: 1214: 1047:, to begin negotiations with Pope Alexander II. That same month, the theologian Peter Damian completed a 940: 529: 334: 108: 87: 2270: 1968: 1346:

Ruins of Homburg Castle. Henry's army inflicted a decisive defeat on the Saxons near the castle in 1074.

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blamed Henry's advisors for his acts and excommunicated them in early 1073. Henry's conflicts with the

10665: 1502:

strike destroyed the cathedral of Utrecht on 27 March, and Bishop William's sudden death on 27 April.

12880: 12472: 12431: 12335: 12302: 12209: 12201: 12185: 12153: 12105: 12081: 12025: 11969: 11953: 11945: 11760: 11739: 11716: 10905: 10886: 10867: 10634: 10010: 2390: 1956: 1944:

approached him around this time for the confirmation of their rights that had been granted by Bishop

1527: 1327: 1061: 711: 640: 407: 209: 12567: 12463: 12415: 12367: 12258: 12145: 12137: 12097: 12089: 12073: 12001: 11961: 10845: 10671: 9712: 9334: 3422: 1937: 1421: 1270: 944: 908: 687: 604:", authorized to administer state and church alike. The Romans awarded him the hereditary title of 329: 2401:

Henry's death did not put an end to the Investiture Controversy. A renowned French lawyer, Bishop

1618: 1587: 1383:

in return for Henry's support to recover his country. Henry invaded Hungary and marched as far as

987: 12845: 12637: 12533: 12439: 12351: 12249: 12233: 12121: 12057: 11937: 11755: 11071: 10466: 10384: 10054: 10037: 3451: 2139:

An assembly of the German leaders proposed that Henry make peace with Pope Urban II's successor,

1880: 1631: 1617:

The papal legate, Cardinal Bernard, excommunicated Henry on 12 November 1077. Henry sent Bishops

1177: 876:

and also charged him with the administration of Burgundy. Godfrey the Bearded took possession of

802: 625: 533: 513: 2106:(Jewish ritual bath) in Speyer. Henry summarised the local Jews' liberties in a diploma in 1090. 663:

The empire's neighbours caused no less concern. Henry III launched punitive expeditions against

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Henry regarded the Pope's words as a clear denial of the sacred nature of kingship. He held a

1405:

congratulated Henry on his victory, stating that the Saxons' defeat at Homburg was an act of "

1379:

in Slovakia, respectively). Solomon promised to cede six castles to Henry and acknowledge his

1073: 12722: 12607: 11841: 11793: 11614: 10612: 10560: 10532: 9891: 4080: 3327: 2340: 2238: 1916: 1780: 1656:

Henry confiscated Rudolf of Rheinfelden's inherited Swabian estates and ceded them to Bishop

1591: 1579: 1471: 1413: 862: 798: 490: 2393:

that "Don't worry, we are not going to Canossa, neither physically nor spiritually!" during

445:. Henry crushed a riot in Saxony in 1069 and overcame the rebellion of the Saxon aristocrat 12830: 12825: 12717: 12557: 11825: 11801: 11622: 11489: 10858: 10812: 10693: 10623: 10600: 10570: 10204: 3703: 2766: 2483: 2464:, who was born in 1072 or 1073, married Frederick of Büren and then Leopold III of Austria; 2426: 2000: 1888: 1837: 1734: 1703: 1685: 1495: 1372: 1355: 1331: 1057: 1036: 1019: 1003: 770: 644: 494: 9531:

Bismarck and the Development of Germany, Volume II: The Period of Consolidation, 1871–1880

2080: 1368: 1080:

in May 1064, and in his absence Adalbert was able to strengthen his influence with Henry.

730:, convinced the Emperor to give his name to his heir. While celebrating Christmas 1050 at 680: 8: 12679: 12193: 11897: 11849: 11833: 11475: 11440: 11409: 11374: 11358: 11302: 11002: 10994: 10639: 10629: 10617: 10455: 10426: 10411: 10397: 10154: 10144: 9851: 9661:

Ritual and Symbolic Communication in Medieval Hungary under the Árpád Dynasty (1000–1301)

9485: 3748: 2791: 2461: 2357: 2114: 2060: 2051: 2032: 2020: 1796: 1480: 1360: 1125: 888: 869:, attacked the conspirators. Bruno killed Otto but was mortally wounded in the skirmish. 676: 652: 636: 324: 528:(imperial peace) which covered the whole territory of Germany in 1103. His younger son, 434:

kidnapped Henry in April 1062. He administered Germany until Henry came of age in 1065.

12804: 12625: 12597: 12582: 11857: 11765: 11590: 11423: 10654: 10545: 10482: 10446: 10134: 10093: 9998: 9906: 3788: 2494: 2422: 2326: 2278: 2125: 1763: 1627: 1557: 1506: 1015: 955: 854:—Godfrey the Bearded's brother—was elected without royal intervention early in August. 703: 549: 509: 505: 442: 431: 427: 395: 65: 41: 10926: 9380:

The Investiture Controversy: Church and Monarchy from the Ninth to the Twelfth Century

2413:), and the ecclesiastical authority and sacramental powers of the bishops and abbots ( 2297: 1945: 1442:

Henry begging Matilda of Tuscany and Hugh of Cluny in Canossa Castle (miniature in an

794: 12754: 12734: 12712: 12552: 11905: 11817: 11780: 11516: 11497: 11342: 11095: 10487: 10416: 10119: 9819: 9796: 9773: 9750: 9729: 9696: 9668: 9645: 9614: 9583: 9561: 9538: 9512: 9489: 9463: 9440: 9413: 9387: 9364: 9338: 4062: 4058: 2386: 2166: 1967:

Henry's Swabian opponents elected the late Berthold of Rheinfelden's brother-in-law,

1721: 1650: 995: 839: 459: 316: 2253: 1586:

On hearing of the election of an anti-king, Henry replaced Rudolf's principal ally,

12669: 12658: 12572: 12049: 11889: 11770: 11750: 11431: 11350: 11326: 10682: 10580: 10460: 10406: 10139: 10124: 9987: 9721: 9664: 3442: 3389: 2751: 2418: 2290: 2204: 2097: 2091: 2015:

and Piacenza) made an alliance with Matilda of Tuscany. Henry fled to Verona whose

1924: 1866: 1532: 1406: 1198: 1053: 930: 920: 912: 900: 877: 766: 747: 672: 664: 590: 557: 474: 451: 446: 288: 245: 162: 135: 9743:

Chronicles of the Investiture Contest: Frutolf of Michelsberg and his continuators

12686: 12642: 12602: 12577: 11913: 11550: 11459: 11382: 11366: 10539: 10431: 10421: 10149: 10129: 10109: 10044: 10017: 9331:

Morkinskinna: The Earliest Icelandic Chronicle of the Norwegian Kings (1030–1157)

3828: 3356: 2825: 2402: 2140: 2016: 1955:, killed Egbert of Brunswick on 3 July 1090. Henry made Egbert's brother-in-law, 1901: 1862: 1768: 1725: 1717: 1595: 1515: 1456: 1447: 1433: 1342: 1230:, and most Saxon aristocrats remained loyal to Henry, but Ordulf's son and heir, 1222: 1194: 959: 951: 762: 707: 635:

Henry III came into conflict with influential dukes towards the end of his life.

601: 578: 517: 498: 482: 473:

Henry adopted an active policy in Italy, alarming Pope Alexander II's successor,

438: 423: 411: 399: 379: 369: 263: 213: 115: 1849:, summoned the German prelates who were loyal to Pope Gregory VII to a synod at 861:, who had recently returned from exile, to mount a coup. Henry's two relatives, 12728: 12631: 12113: 11775: 11526: 11318: 10565: 10496: 10472: 10159: 9921: 9575: 9352: 2580: 2498: 2441: 2414: 2406: 2040: 2037: 2012: 1792: 1697: 1553: 1536: 1401: 1297: 1146: 1121: 994:

Lucca, pope on 30 September without Henry's confirmation. Anselm took the name

881: 873: 815: 778: 545: 419: 349: 234: 9663:. East Central and Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 450–1450. Vol. 39. 1730: 655:, in the seizure of some Saxon counties. The Salian kings who inherited their 12819: 12129: 11873: 11467: 10957: 10896: 9976: 9733: 9401: 2410: 2385:("Road to Canossa") symbolized the humiliation of Germany by a haughty pope. 2047: 978: 965: 821: 723: 684: 574: 403: 158: 9725: 2490:

for her. Other primary sources do not list Mathilde among Henry's children.

2133: 1883:

laid siege to the town at Easter, but Henry was relieved by his supporters.

1254:

Henry's brother-in-law, King Solomon of Hungary, appeals to Henry for help (

872:

In 1057, Agnes appointed a wealthy aristocrat, Rudolf of Rheinfelden, to be

734:

in Saxony, the ailing Henry III designated his infant son as his successor.

12749: 10441: 10392: 9526: 4027: 2477: 2353: 2175: 2110: 1983: 1846: 1776: 1672: 1133: 1028: 923:, was determined to strengthen the autonomy of the papacy. The Pope held a 892: 523: 430:

strengthened during her rule. Taking advantage of her weakness, Archbishop

12502: 12739: 11404: 11310: 10606: 10104: 9957: 9477: 2451: 2394: 2332: 2306: 2284:

Henry V invaded Lorraine, but his father's supporters routed his army at

2245: 2124:

Antipope Clement III died on 8 September 1100, and his cardinals elected

1850: 1746: 1487: 757:

on 17 July 1054. On this occasion, Henry's two-year-old younger brother,

668: 647:, without the Emperor's consent. Henry III also outraged the Saxon duke, 613: 570: 1610: 1483:, as his heir, but Henry granted Lower Lorraine to his own son, Conrad. 1305: 11289: 11265: 11241: 10915: 9456:

Medieval Monarchy in Action: The German Empire from Henry I to Henry IV

9143: 1960: 1875: 1606: 1549: 1396: 1380: 1376: 1312: 1241: 851: 594: 566: 80: 10353: 10062: 9902: 1637: 12562: 11484: 11334: 11233: 11193: 11169: 11153: 11018: 11010: 10985: 10114: 9815: 9459: 4038: 2370: 2257: 2199:

Henry IV abdicates in favour of Henry V (from the early-12th-century

2056: 1905: 1892: 1825:

on 20 January 1085 but could not reach a compromise. The Saxon Count

1787:

March. Clement was installed as pope and he crowned Henry emperor in

1679:, in Regensburg on 12 May 1079. They convinced him to send envoys to 1575: 1499: 1336: 1092:

Map of the Holy Roman Empire in the 10th and 11th centuries: Germany

974: 727: 718:, called it in a sermon). Henry was first named for his grandfather, 562: 9875:

Documents by Henry IV for the Bishopric of Bamberg, 17 August 1057,

5442: 2445:

Henry IV and his first wife, Bertha of Savoy (11th-century painting)

1779:

in Rome on 3 June 1083. Pope Gregory VII continued to resist in the

741:

on Easter Sunday 1051. In November, the Emperor held an assembly at

731: 12799: 11921: 11708: 11454: 11418: 11249: 11225: 11217: 11201: 11185: 11161: 11121: 10802: 9769: 9505:

Sex, Gender, and Episcopal Authority in an Age of Reform, 1000–1122

1680: 1476: 1301: 1206: 1113: 1048: 1007: 904: 827: 656: 486: 463: 9233: 4216: 2184: 1136:

by force caused his fall, because the scandal enabled Archbishops

230: 11281: 11273: 11145: 11137: 11129: 11113: 11105: 11034: 11026: 10972: 9245: 7992: 2249: 2170: 2008: 1800: 1660:

in March. In the same month, he made a wealthy local aristocrat,

1646: 1183: 1161: 1120:

Henry was girded with a sword as a token of his coming of age in

970: 835: 818:. She was responsible for her son's education along with a royal 811: 738: 478: 344: 9458:. Routledge Library Editions: The Medieval World. Vol. 21. 2285: 552:

from 1024 to 1125. The 11th-century kings of Germany also ruled

512:, to take up arms against his father in 1093. Her alliance with 497:. Rudolf of Rheinfelden was killed in battle and his successor, 12766: 12289:(1347–1349; Lower: 1349–1353; Landshut: 1353–1375; Upper: 1363) 11209: 11079: 11050: 11042: 9181: 9179: 8771: 8769: 8356: 8354: 8171: 8169: 6735: 6733: 6095: 6093: 2487: 2366: 2301: 2102: 2064: 1544: 1323: 1250: 1187: 1153: 1077: 846: 754: 742: 609: 455: 50: 5609: 1384: 1167: 1124:

on 29 March 1065. According to the contemporaneous account of

11087: 9899:

Charter given by Henry to the bishopric of Bamberg, 17.8.1057

9293: 9269: 9257: 9034: 9032: 8861: 8859: 8341: 8339: 7851: 7767: 6784: 6430: 6428: 6426: 5734: 5732: 5730: 5728: 5726: 5582: 5580: 5578: 5576: 5005: 1822: 1024: 999: 924: 9856:

Repertorium "Historical Sources of the German Middle Ages" (

9176: 9095: 9071: 9044: 9017: 8937: 8781: 8766: 8672: 8660: 8597: 8573: 8502: 8490: 8351: 8324: 8232: 8193: 8166: 8115: 8040: 8016: 8004: 7824: 7702: 7675: 7597: 7585: 7510: 7447: 7370: 7358: 7331: 7319: 7295: 7259: 7211: 7199: 7187: 7048: 7004: 6968: 6913: 6730: 6706: 6455: 6411: 6399: 6356: 6344: 6266: 6207: 6090: 5855: 5711: 5699: 5173: 5171: 4648: 4646: 4368: 4366: 1668:, asserted his authority over the southern parts of Swabia. 1116:'s presentation as part of the Holy Roman Empire is debated. 12744: 11058: 9211: 9209: 9196: 9194: 9166: 9164: 9162: 9160: 9158: 9061: 9059: 9007: 9005: 8956: 8954: 8952: 8927: 8925: 8912: 8910: 8846: 8844: 8842: 8810: 8808: 8732: 8730: 8693: 8691: 8689: 8687: 8638: 8636: 8551: 8549: 8547: 8534: 8532: 8519: 8517: 8461: 8459: 8457: 8375: 8373: 8371: 8369: 8222: 8220: 8156: 8154: 8076: 8074: 8072: 8059: 8057: 8055: 7982: 7980: 7967: 7965: 7963: 7914: 7912: 7870: 7868: 7866: 7841: 7839: 7814: 7812: 7799: 7797: 7721: 7719: 7717: 7692: 7690: 7653: 7651: 7638: 7636: 7556: 7554: 7541: 7539: 7537: 7476: 7474: 7416: 7414: 7348: 7346: 7162: 7160: 7147: 7145: 7103: 7101: 7099: 7038: 7036: 7034: 7021: 7019: 6903: 6901: 6876: 6874: 6750: 6748: 6601: 6599: 6586: 6584: 6559: 6557: 6544: 6542: 6540: 6527: 6525: 6523: 6510: 6508: 6506: 6445: 6443: 6368: 6322: 6320: 6256: 6254: 6252: 6239: 6237: 6224: 6222: 6197: 6195: 6080: 6078: 5833: 5831: 5779: 5777: 5764: 5762: 5749: 5747: 5478: 4983: 4981: 4875: 4873: 4871: 4869: 4742: 2281:. All of them show he was determined to regain his throne. 2059:

early in 1096. They attacked the towns along the Rhine and

2004: 1157: 1088: 586: 9766:

The Holy Roman Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 2

9029: 8978: 8856: 8829: 8827: 8825: 8823: 8648: 8408: 8406: 8404: 8402: 8400: 8385: 8336: 7936: 7924: 7784: 7782: 7609: 7437: 7435: 7433: 7431: 7429: 6925: 6694: 6655: 6645: 6643: 6641: 6467: 6423: 6389: 6387: 6385: 6383: 6063: 6039: 6012: 6010: 5983: 5973: 5971: 5969: 5967: 5965: 5925: 5923: 5921: 5894: 5884: 5882: 5867: 5843: 5723: 5662: 5660: 5633: 5599: 5597: 5595: 5573: 5563: 5561: 5559: 5557: 5530: 5505: 5503: 5501: 5499: 5497: 5495: 5493: 5307: 4818: 4484: 2450:

assembly in June 1069 stating their marriage had not been

1915:, began to negotiate his surrender. Henry offered him the 1799:, outraging the Romans, and Gregory had to leave Rome for 1724:

pope. Wibert assumed the name Clement III in reference to

973:

of Cologne's ship into the Rhine at Kaiserswerth in 1062 (

9789:

The Salian Century: Main Currents in an Age of Transition

8480: 8478: 8476: 8474: 8314: 8312: 8310: 8285: 8283: 8093: 8091: 8089: 7899: 7897: 7895: 7575: 7573: 7571: 7569: 7389: 7387: 7385: 7177: 7175: 7132: 7130: 7128: 6958: 6956: 6954: 6952: 6861: 6859: 6672: 6670: 6029: 6027: 6025: 5952: 5950: 5677: 5675: 5520: 5518: 5367: 5319: 5283: 5259: 5208: 5206: 5204: 5202: 5200: 5198: 5168: 5156: 5144: 5103: 5093: 5091: 5078: 5076: 5074: 5072: 5070: 5068: 5043: 5041: 5039: 5026: 5024: 5022: 5020: 4954: 4944: 4942: 4940: 4938: 4936: 4842: 4706: 4696: 4694: 4669: 4667: 4665: 4663: 4661: 4643: 4597: 4595: 4593: 4591: 4589: 4576: 4574: 4561: 4559: 4557: 4532: 4530: 4528: 4503: 4501: 4499: 4462: 4460: 4458: 4456: 4443: 4441: 4426: 4397: 4395: 4393: 4363: 4327: 4288: 651:, because he supported the duke's main rival, Archbishop 9305: 9281: 9221: 9206: 9191: 9155: 9131: 9083: 9056: 9002: 8949: 8922: 8907: 8895: 8883: 8871: 8839: 8805: 8793: 8754: 8742: 8727: 8703: 8684: 8633: 8621: 8585: 8561: 8544: 8529: 8514: 8454: 8442: 8430: 8418: 8366: 8268: 8256: 8217: 8151: 8127: 8103: 8069: 8052: 8028: 7977: 7960: 7909: 7863: 7836: 7809: 7794: 7755: 7743: 7731: 7714: 7687: 7663: 7648: 7633: 7621: 7551: 7534: 7522: 7498: 7471: 7459: 7411: 7399: 7343: 7307: 7283: 7271: 7247: 7235: 7223: 7157: 7142: 7113: 7096: 7072: 7060: 7031: 7016: 6992: 6980: 6937: 6898: 6886: 6871: 6844: 6832: 6820: 6796: 6772: 6760: 6745: 6682: 6628: 6626: 6596: 6581: 6554: 6537: 6520: 6503: 6479: 6440: 6317: 6307: 6305: 6290: 6278: 6249: 6234: 6219: 6192: 6180: 6168: 6075: 5935: 5828: 5816: 5806: 5804: 5774: 5759: 5744: 5542: 5454: 5432: 5430: 4978: 4921: 4885: 4866: 4794: 4784: 4782: 4780: 4778: 4542: 4416: 4414: 4412: 4410: 4252: 4120: 4108: 2325:

contained a discussion about legitimate kingship, while

1531:

of Henry, inaccurately with his family, barefoot before

10956: 9119: 9107: 8990: 8820: 8397: 8295: 8244: 8205: 8181: 8139: 7779: 7426: 7084: 6718: 6638: 6569: 6380: 6144: 6122: 6120: 6105: 6051: 6007: 5962: 5918: 5906: 5879: 5789: 5687: 5657: 5645: 5621: 5592: 5554: 5490: 4897: 4305: 4303: 4264: 4228: 4180: 4156: 4144: 4098: 4096: 1475:

bishops and aristocrats passed a similar resolution in

581:—in 1045. To put an end to the schism, Henry's father, 8966: 8715: 8609: 8471: 8307: 8280: 8086: 7948: 7892: 7566: 7486: 7382: 7172: 7125: 6949: 6856: 6808: 6667: 6611: 6332: 6156: 6132: 6022: 5995: 5947: 5672: 5515: 5466: 5415: 5391: 5379: 5355: 5331: 5295: 5271: 5247: 5235: 5225: 5223: 5221: 5195: 5183: 5132: 5088: 5065: 5036: 5017: 4993: 4966: 4933: 4909: 4854: 4830: 4765: 4763: 4761: 4759: 4757: 4730: 4718: 4691: 4679: 4658: 4619: 4607: 4586: 4571: 4554: 4525: 4496: 4453: 4438: 4390: 4339: 4315: 4276: 4204: 7880: 6623: 6491: 6302: 5801: 5427: 5343: 5122: 5120: 5118: 5053: 4806: 4775: 4631: 4513: 4407: 4351: 4240: 4168: 4132: 667:

to extort an oath of fealty from the rebellious Duke

6117: 4300: 4192: 4093: 2467:

Conrad, who rose up against Henry, was born in 1074;

1738:

Nordheim persuaded his fellows to refuse the offer.

1064:

in his presence at a church in Goslar in June 1063.

753:

Archbishop Hermann crowned Henry King of Germany in

55:

Henry in full regalia (depicted in the 11th-century

12459:(Munich: 1460–1508; Landshut: 1503–1508; 1508–1550) 12307:(1347–1349; Lower: 1349–1353; Straubing: 1353–1404) 12298:(1347–1349; Lower: 1349–1353; Straubing: 1353–1388) 9406:

The Jews of Medieval Western Christendom: 1000–1500

5403: 5218: 4754: 4472: 998:. Henry summoned the Italian bishops to a synod in 845:Agnes took full control of state administration as 702:Born on 11 November 1050, Henry was the son of the 466:and the German dukes weakened his position and the 12254:(1347–1349; Upper: 1349–1351; Landshut: 1373–1379) 5115: 4378: 2470:Henry, who dethroned his father, was born in 1086. 887:The Roman aristocrats placed one of their number, 679:, into submission. Andrew designated his brother, 9329:Andersson, Theodore M.; Gade, Kari Ellen (2012). 2117:to the Bohemian throne in favour of his brother, 1700:, uses arguments based on Roman Law, showing the 12817: 9901:. Photography taken from the collections of the 2486:exchanged messages with her and also composed a 2165:whom Henry had appointed to replace Manasses as 1879:a pitched battle. Henry withdrew to Regensburg. 1205:, was the first Saxon lord to rebel. He claimed 9841:Works by and about Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor 2475: 12784:Libellus de imperatoria potestate in urbe Roma 9882:Photograph Archive of Old Original Documents ( 9482:Medieval Germany and its Neighbours: 1000–1500 1552:pass in December. On 25 January, they reached 1505:Henry's opponents regarded these incidents as 1156:(a pagan Slavic tribe dwelling over the river 12518: 11724: 10942: 10369: 10078: 9764:Pavlac, Brian A.; Lott, Elizabeth S. (2019). 9328: 9263: 9251: 9239: 2216:and burghers murdered him on 4 February. The 1152:Adalbert of Bremen's fall had encouraged the 710:. Henry was most likely born in his father's 12886:People excommunicated by the Catholic Church 12403:(Landshut: 1393–1450; Ingolstadt: 1447–1450) 9883: 9859:Geschichtsquellen des deutschen Mittelalters 9857: 1605:Henry visited Ulm, Worms, Nuremberg, Mainz, 1350:Pope Gregory appointed the cardinal bishops 726:, whom Henry III had appointed as his son's 521: 508:, in 1089. She convinced Henry's elder son, 12532: 4053:*Gunhilda's daughter by Emperor Henry III, 2345: 2330: 2269:penance for his sins. His loyal supporter, 2161:—a Frenchman supported by the Pope—against 1701: 1412:Henry invaded Saxony again in autumn 1075. 1239: 1168:Saxon rebellion and Investiture Controversy 928: 819: 12525: 12511: 11731: 11717: 10949: 10935: 10376: 10362: 10085: 10071: 9502: 9377: 9149: 8865: 8345: 7615: 6931: 6473: 6434: 5738: 5586: 4987: 4927: 4891: 4879: 4800: 4748: 4548: 4258: 4222: 4186: 4162: 4150: 2395:his campaign against political Catholicism 1671:Henry met with the papal legates, Bishops 1132:Adalbert's attempts to take possession of 1083: 950:Pope Nicholas invested two Norman rulers, 49: 12896:Children of Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor 12355:(Munich: 1397–1438; Straubing: 1429–1438) 12347:(Munich: 1397–1435; Straubing: 1429–1435) 9357:The Two Cities: Medieval Europe 1050–1320 1987:Henry and his two sons, Henry and Conrad 9903:Lichtbildarchiv älterer Originalurkunden 9885:Lichtbildarchiv älterer Originalurkunden 9627: 9551: 9426: 9311: 9299: 9287: 9275: 9227: 9215: 9200: 9185: 9170: 9125: 9113: 9089: 9077: 9065: 9050: 9038: 9023: 9011: 8996: 8960: 8943: 8931: 8916: 8901: 8889: 8877: 8850: 8833: 8814: 8799: 8787: 8775: 8760: 8748: 8736: 8709: 8697: 8678: 8666: 8654: 8642: 8627: 8603: 8591: 8579: 8567: 8555: 8538: 8523: 8508: 8496: 8465: 8448: 8436: 8424: 8412: 8391: 8379: 8360: 8330: 8301: 8274: 8262: 8250: 8238: 8226: 8211: 8199: 8187: 8175: 8160: 8145: 8133: 8121: 8109: 8080: 8063: 8046: 8034: 8022: 8010: 7998: 7986: 7971: 7918: 7874: 7857: 7845: 7830: 7818: 7803: 7788: 7773: 7761: 7749: 7737: 7725: 7708: 7696: 7681: 7669: 7657: 7642: 7627: 7603: 7591: 7560: 7545: 7528: 7516: 7504: 7480: 7465: 7453: 7441: 7420: 7405: 7376: 7364: 7352: 7337: 7325: 7313: 7301: 7289: 7277: 7265: 7253: 7241: 7229: 7217: 7205: 7193: 7166: 7151: 7119: 7107: 7090: 7078: 7066: 7054: 7042: 7025: 7010: 6998: 6986: 6974: 6943: 6919: 6907: 6892: 6880: 6850: 6838: 6826: 6802: 6790: 6778: 6766: 6754: 6739: 6724: 6712: 6688: 6649: 6605: 6590: 6575: 6563: 6548: 6531: 6514: 6485: 6461: 6449: 6417: 6405: 6393: 6362: 6350: 6326: 6296: 6284: 6272: 6260: 6243: 6228: 6213: 6201: 6186: 6174: 6111: 6099: 6084: 6069: 6057: 6045: 6016: 5977: 5929: 5912: 5900: 5888: 5873: 5861: 5837: 5822: 5795: 5783: 5768: 5753: 5717: 5705: 5693: 5666: 5651: 5639: 5627: 5615: 5603: 5567: 5536: 5509: 5484: 5460: 5421: 5397: 5385: 5373: 5361: 5337: 5325: 5313: 5301: 5289: 5277: 5265: 5253: 5212: 5189: 5177: 5162: 5150: 5138: 5109: 5097: 5082: 5047: 5030: 5011: 4999: 4972: 4960: 4948: 4915: 4903: 4860: 4848: 4836: 4824: 4736: 4724: 4712: 4700: 4685: 4673: 4652: 4625: 4613: 4601: 4580: 4565: 4536: 4507: 4490: 4466: 4447: 4432: 4401: 4372: 4294: 4282: 4270: 4246: 4210: 4174: 4138: 4126: 2440: 2433:in the second half of the 12th century. 2421:included a similar distinction in their 2194: 2096: 1982: 1836: 1745: 1636: 1520: 1437: 1341: 1249: 1087: 964: 793: 481:to meet with the Pope. His penitential " 394:; 11 November 1050 – 7 August 1106) was 10383: 10092: 9596: 9525: 9101: 7903: 5448: 5349: 4788: 278: 1066; died 1087) 14: 12818: 12427:(Munich: 1460–1467; Dachau: 1467–1501) 9574: 9476: 9400: 9351: 9137: 8984: 8972: 8721: 8615: 8484: 8318: 8289: 8097: 7954: 7942: 7930: 7886: 7579: 7492: 7393: 7181: 7136: 6962: 6865: 6814: 6700: 6676: 6661: 6632: 6617: 6497: 6374: 6338: 6311: 6162: 6138: 6033: 6001: 5989: 5956: 5941: 5849: 5810: 5681: 5548: 5524: 5472: 5436: 5059: 4812: 4637: 4519: 4420: 4357: 4333: 4309: 4234: 4198: 4114: 4102: 4057:, is not displayed. She was Abbess of 2023:, and Eppenstein's brother, Patriarch 1752:Chronicle or History of the Two Cities 1741: 1027:to an island near the royal palace at 939:' right to elect the popes as against 643:, married a wealthy widow, Margravine 458:(a forbidden sale of church offices). 12506: 11712: 10930: 10357: 10066: 9658: 6150: 6126: 5241: 5229: 4769: 4345: 4037: 4035: 4033: 4031: 4026: 4024: 4022: 4020: 4018: 4016: 4014: 4012: 4010: 4008: 4006: 4004: 4002: 4000: 3998: 3996: 3994: 3992: 3990: 3988: 3982: 3976: 3974: 3972: 3970: 3968: 3962: 3960: 3958: 3956: 3954: 3952: 3950: 3948: 3946: 3944: 3942: 3940: 3938: 3936: 3934: 3932: 3930: 3928: 3926: 3924: 3918: 3912: 3910: 3908: 3906: 3904: 3898: 3896: 3894: 3892: 3890: 3888: 3886: 3884: 3882: 3880: 3878: 3876: 3874: 3872: 3870: 3868: 3866: 3864: 3862: 3860: 3827: 3807: 3805: 3787: 3782: 3780: 3778: 3760: 3747: 3719: 3717: 3715: 3713: 3711: 3709: 3702: 3682: 3680: 3662: 3594: 3548: 3546: 3544: 3542: 3540: 3538: 3536: 3534: 3532: 3530: 3528: 3526: 3524: 3500: 3450: 3441: 3421: 3419: 3401: 3399: 3388: 3368: 3355: 3353: 3346: 3326: 3313: 3311: 3309: 3289: 3283: 3277: 3275: 3273: 3271: 3269: 3267: 3265: 3259: 3257: 3255: 3253: 3251: 3249: 3247: 3241: 3239: 3237: 3235: 3233: 3227: 3225: 3223: 3217: 3215: 3213: 3211: 3209: 3207: 3205: 3203: 3201: 3195: 3193: 3191: 3189: 3183: 3081: 2985: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2925: 2923: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2913: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2905: 2903: 2901: 2863: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2855: 2853: 2824: 2800: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2778: 2776: 2774: 2765: 2750: 2748: 2746: 2744: 2742: 2740: 2738: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2726: 2720: 2718: 2716: 2714: 2712: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2702: 2700: 2698: 2696: 2694: 2692: 2690: 2688: 2686: 2684: 2682: 2680: 2678: 2676: 2674: 2672: 2670: 2668: 2666: 2664: 2662: 2660: 2654: 2648: 2646: 2644: 2642: 2640: 2638: 2636: 2634: 2632: 2630: 2628: 2626: 2624: 2622: 2620: 2618: 2616: 2614: 2612: 2610: 2608: 2606: 2604: 2602: 2600: 2598: 2596: 2594: 2592: 2590: 2588: 2579: 2577: 2575: 2573: 2571: 2569: 2567: 2565: 2563: 2561: 2559: 2557: 2555: 2553: 2551: 2549: 2547: 2545: 2543: 2541: 2539: 2537: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2529: 2527: 2525: 2523: 2521: 2519: 1062:armed conflict broke out between them 889:Giovanni, Cardinal Bishop of Velletri 789: 737:Archbishop Hermann baptised Henry in 414:from 1052 to 1054. He was the son of 11738: 9453: 5409: 5126: 4478: 4384: 4321: 27:Holy Roman Emperor from 1084 to 1105 12708:Church and state in medieval Europe 2497:, but it was not her connection to 1993:Evangelion of Saint Emmeram's Abbey 1810: 1733:on 14 October 1080. Henry's forces 1686:defeated Henry's army at Flarchheim 1463:. Henry made one of his chaplains, 544:Henry was the third monarch of the 57:Evangelion of Saint Emmeram's Abbey 24: 12379:(1375–1392; Ingolstadt: 1392–1413) 9791:. Translated by Kaiser, Denise A. 9683: 9630:The New Cambridge Medieval History 9599:The New Cambridge Medieval History 1930: 1427: 1045:Burchard II, Bishop of Halberstadt 25: 12907: 12675:Norman conquest of southern Italy 9834: 9582:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. 9429:Germany in the High Middle Ages, 1594:as duke of Carinthia and awarded 1060:ignored Henry's commands when an 1023:workmanship" and sailed down the 716:Hermann II, Archbishop of Cologne 706:, Henry III, by his second wife, 660:revolts during Henry IV's reign. 304: 12856:12th-century Holy Roman Emperors 12851:11th-century Holy Roman Emperors 12798: 12363:(1375–1392; Landshut: 1392–1393) 10984: 10338: 10337: 9793:University of Pennsylvania Press 9435:. Cambridge medieval textbooks. 9410:University of Pennsylvania Press 9408:. Cambridge medieval textbooks. 9384:University of Pennsylvania Press 9378:Blumenthal, Uta-Renate (2010) . 9361:University of Pennsylvania Press 2495:Vsevolod I, Grand Prince of Kiev 2235:Leopold III, Margrave of Austria 1872:Hartwig, Archbishop of Magdeburg 1815: 1791:on 1 April. Henry stayed in the 1160:) to invade Germany and plunder 784: 468:Saxons rose up in open rebellion 9745:. Manchester Medieval Sources. 3818: 3798: 3771: 3734: 3693: 3673: 3465: 3432: 3412: 3379: 3337: 3302: 2811: 2296:Bishop Othbert buried Henry in 1978: 962:forged their lasting alliance. 300: 275: 18:Heinrich IV, Holy Roman Emperor 12762:Separation of church and state 12451:(Munich: 1465–1505; 1505–1508) 12371:(1375–1392; Munich: 1392–1397) 9554:Henry IV of Germany, 1056–1106 4076:Family tree of German monarchs 2070: 1600:Sigehard, Patriarch of Aquilea 814:, she was appointed her son's 13: 1: 12861:11th-century dukes of Bavaria 12263:(1347–1349; Upper: 1349–1361) 12245:(Upper: 1301–1340; 1340–1347) 12157:(1253–1255; Upper: 1255–1294) 9917:Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor 4086: 3725: 3456: 3394: 2046:Pope Urban II proclaimed the 1865:in June 1085. He granted the 941:election by people and clergy 767:Adelaide, Margravine of Turin 720:Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor 697: 539: 520:. Henry proclaimed the first 416:Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor 360:Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor 12841:Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor 12653:First Council of the Lateran 12588:Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor 9845:Deutsche Digitale Bibliothek 9787:Weinfurter, Stefan (1999) . 9533:. Princeton Legacy Library. 9152:, pp. 163–165, 172–173. 5451:, pp. 84, 107, 111–112. 2501:, but her first marriage to 2389:proudly declared before the 2348:Vita Heinrici IV imperatoris 2263: 2155:Robert II, Count of Flanders 1563: 1509:for his sinful acts. Bishop 1261:Vienna Illuminated Chronicle 969:Henry jumps from Archbishop 7: 12891:Burials at Speyer Cathedral 12648:First Battle of Langensalza 12593:Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor 12376:Stephen III the Magnificent 9909:showing the emperor's seal. 9747:Manchester University Press 9741:McCarthy, T. J. H. (2013). 4069: 2226:Theoderic III of Katlenburg 2061:massacred thousands of Jews 1874:and the archbishop's three 1845:The papal legate, Cardinal 1461:Duke of Apulia and Calabria 1215:Otto I, Margrave of Meissen 1182:Large parcels of the royal 765:in late 1055. Her parents, 454:condemned this practice as 418:—the second monarch of the 335:Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor 10: 12912: 12548:Atto (archbishop of Milan) 12210:Henry XV the Natternberger 12197:(Upper: Regent: 1294–1302) 10878:North German Confederation 10794:Confederation of the Rhine 9642:Cambridge University Press 9611:Cambridge University Press 9558:Cambridge University Press 9535:Princeton University Press 9509:Cambridge University Press 9503:McLaughlin, Megan (2010). 9437:Cambridge University Press 9321: 2275:Albert III, Count of Namur 2244:Henry moved from Mainz to 2075:Welf of Bavaria's father, 1827:Theoderic II of Katlenburg 1567: 1431: 1288:Bishop Gregory of Vercelli 1171: 915:, was engaged to Solomon. 12793: 12775: 12695: 12665:Saxon revolt of 1077–1088 12616: 12540: 12259:Louis V the Brandenburger 11789: 11746: 11509: 11394: 11301: 11070: 10993: 10982: 10965: 10895: 10876: 10857: 10835: 10811: 10792: 10481: 10440: 10391: 10333: 10100: 10051: 10042: 10034: 10024: 10015: 10007: 9996: 9985: 9974: 9964: 9955: 9947: 9942: 9915: 9552:Robinson, I. S. (2003) . 9484:. History. Vol. 12. 9427:Fuhrmann, Horst (2001) . 9264:Andersson & Gade 2012 9252:Andersson & Gade 2012 9240:Andersson & Gade 2012 3980: 3978: 3966: 3964: 3916: 3914: 3902: 3900: 3856: 3854: 3852: 3846: 3844: 3838: 3836: 3825: 3785: 3758: 3756: 3754: 3745: 3743: 3741: 3700: 3656: 3654: 3652: 3646: 3644: 3642: 3640: 3638: 3636: 3634: 3632: 3630: 3628: 3626: 3624: 3622: 3620: 3614: 3612: 3610: 3608: 3606: 3604: 3602: 3592: 3588: 3586: 3584: 3582: 3580: 3578: 3576: 3574: 3572: 3570: 3568: 3566: 3564: 3562: 3560: 3558: 3556: 3554: 3550: 3522: 3518: 3516: 3514: 3512: 3510: 3508: 3506: 3496: 3494: 3492: 3490: 3484: 3482: 3480: 3474: 3448: 3439: 3386: 3366: 3364: 3362: 3344: 3324: 3322: 3320: 3281: 3279: 3263: 3261: 3245: 3243: 3231: 3229: 3221: 3219: 3199: 3197: 3187: 3185: 3177: 3175: 3173: 3171: 3169: 3167: 3165: 3159: 3157: 3155: 3153: 3151: 3149: 3147: 3141: 3139: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3127: 3125: 3123: 3117: 3115: 3113: 3111: 3109: 3107: 3105: 3103: 3101: 3095: 3093: 3091: 3089: 3079: 3075: 3073: 3071: 3069: 3067: 3065: 3063: 3057: 3055: 3053: 3051: 3049: 3047: 3045: 3043: 3041: 3039: 3037: 3035: 3033: 3027: 3025: 3023: 3021: 3019: 3017: 3015: 3013: 3011: 3009: 3007: 3005: 3003: 2997: 2995: 2993: 2991: 2979: 2977: 2975: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2967: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2959: 2957: 2955: 2929: 2927: 2899: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2879: 2877: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2869: 2849: 2843: 2841: 2839: 2833: 2822: 2820: 2818: 2798: 2763: 2761: 2759: 2724: 2722: 2652: 2650: 2436: 2313: 1760:battle of Volta Mantovana 1694:The Defence of King Henry 1570:Saxon revolt of 1077–1088 1199:Margrave of Lower Lusatia 1174:Saxon revolt of 1073–1075 641:Duke of Upper Lotharingia 375: 365: 355: 343: 315: 252: 240: 220: 210:Imperial Palace of Goslar 196: 192: 184: 176: 168: 157: 149: 141: 129: 121: 114: 104: 94: 79: 71: 64: 48: 39: 34: 12568:Gotofredo da Castiglione 12473:Albert V the Magnanimous 12456:William IV the Steadfast 12392:Louis VIII the Hunchback 11970:Henry II the Quarrelsome 11397:(title disputed 887–933) 10846:Archduke John of Austria 9847:(German Digital Library) 9768:. Empires of the World. 9695:(in German). Thorbecke. 9335:Cornell University Press 8001:, pp. 272–273, 281. 4225:, pp. 64–65, 70–74. 4065:until her death in 1061. 2417:). In 1122, Henry V and 2271:Othbert, Bishop of Liège 2077:Adalbert Azzo II of Este 1969:Berthold II of Zähringen 1422:Vratislaus II of Bohemia 1326:, Archbishop of Bremen, 1004:Cadalus, Bishop of Parma 945:Humbert of Silva Candida 897:Cardinal-Bishop of Ostia 548:—the royal house ruling 330:Conrad II, King of Italy 325:Agnes, Duchess of Swabia 88:Old St. Peter's Basilica 12871:Medieval child monarchs 12866:Investiture Controversy 12638:Donation of Constantine 12534:Investiture Controversy 12395:(Ingolstadt: 1443–1445) 12387:(Ingolstadt: 1413–1443) 9852:"Henricus IV Imperator" 9454:Hill, Boyd H. (2020) . 3664:Berthold of Rheinfelden 2476: 2190: 2169:. Robert laid siege to 2132:captured properties of 1991:(from the 11th-century 1953:Adelaide of Quedlinburg 1632:Battle of Mellrichstadt 1178:Investiture Controversy 1084:First years of majority 960:treaty with the Normans 927:which issued a decree, 626:Investiture Controversy 534:Investiture Controversy 514:Welf I, Duke of Bavaria 428:"liberty of the Church" 410:from 1056 to 1105, and 12876:Monarchs who abdicated 12805:Catholicism portal 12339:(Straubing: 1417-1425) 12331:(Straubing: 1417-1429) 12323:(Straubing: 1404–1417) 12315:(Straubing: 1389–1397) 12061:(1070–1077, 1096–1101) 12037:(1053–1054, 1055–1061) 12005:(1004–1009, 1017–1026) 9884: 9858: 9691:Althoff, Gerd (2009). 2446: 2346: 2331: 2208: 2107: 1996: 1973:Ladislaus I of Hungary 1964:the siege in October. 1913:Egbert II of Brunswick 1842: 1755: 1702: 1642: 1540: 1528:Foxe's Book of Martyrs 1451: 1444:illuminated manuscript 1418:Duke of Lower Lorraine 1347: 1279:Bishopric of Constance 1275:Archbishopric of Milan 1265: 1240: 1228:Ordulf, Duke of Saxony 1226:estates in Thuringia. 1117: 982: 929: 820: 806: 522: 391: 12723:Divine right of kings 12608:Rudolf of Rheinfelden 12443:(Landshut: 1479–1503) 12435:(Landshut: 1450–1479) 12384:Louis VII the Bearded 12336:John III the Pitiless 11997:(995–1004, 1009–1017) 11986:Henry III the Younger 11906:Louis III the Younger 9892:University of Marburg 9810:Zey, Claudia (2017). 9726:10.1093/gerhis/ghy108 9659:Zupka, Dušan (2016). 5618:, pp. 65–66, 68. 5014:, pp. 40–41, 42. 4081:Henry IV (Pirandello) 3684:Berthold of Zähringen 3328:Rudolf of Rheinfelden 3296:Abbess of Quedlinburg 2444: 2341:Song of the Saxon War 2239:Wiprecht of Groitzsch 2198: 2157:, allied with Bishop 2100: 1986: 1917:Margravate of Meissen 1840: 1749: 1640: 1619:Benno II of Osnabrück 1592:Liutold of Eppenstein 1588:Berthold of Zähringen 1580:Rudolf of Rheinfelden 1524: 1441: 1414:Godfrey the Hunchback 1345: 1253: 1172:Further information: 1091: 988:Berthold of Zähringen 968: 867:Egbert I of Brunswick 799:Throne of Charlemagne 797: 591:church synod at Sutri 491:Rudolf of Rheinfelden 42:Emperor of the Romans 12718:College of Cardinals 12558:Antipope Clement III 12360:Frederick I the Wise 12146:Otto the Illustrious 12106:Henry XI Jasomirgott 11607:Lothair III (or II) 10960:between 476 and 1556 10859:German Confederation 10813:German Confederation 9812:Der Investiturstreit 9302:, pp. 266, 290. 9278:, pp. 266, 269. 9242:, pp. 307, 450. 9104:, pp. 179, 214. 7860:, pp. 269, 271. 7776:, pp. 265, 269. 6793:, pp. 174, 176. 6377:, pp. 162, 168. 3794:Antiking to Henry IV 3704:Agnes of Rheinfelden 3333:Antiking to Henry IV 2484:Magnus III of Norway 2427:Frederick Barbarossa 2145:Gebhard of Constance 2001:Bernold of Constance 1889:Battle of Pleichfeld 1704:corpus juris civilis 1658:Burchard of Lausanne 1424:obeyed his command. 1356:Hubert of Palestrina 1332:Treaty of Gerstungen 1258:in the 14th-century 1106:(orange to the East) 1102:(orange to the West) 1058:Hezilo of Hildesheim 1037:Coup of Kaiserswerth 1020:Henry II of Augsburg 771:Otto, Count of Savoy 589:to Italy and held a 303: 1089; 12481:William V the Pious 12419:(Munich: 1460–1463) 12411:(Munich: 1438–1460) 12154:Louis II the Strict 12133:(Regent: 1183–1191) 11933:(Margrave: 895–907) 11925:(Margrave: 890–895) 11890:Louis II the German 10398:Carolingian dynasty 10385:Monarchs of Germany 10094:Holy Roman emperors 9878:"digitalised image" 9870:bust reconstruction 9486:The Hambledon Press 9254:, pp. 307–308. 9188:, pp. 109–110. 9080:, pp. 349–350. 9053:, pp. 89, 113. 9026:, pp. 345–348. 8987:, pp. 188–189. 8946:, pp. 340–341. 8790:, pp. 332–333. 8778:, pp. 330–331. 8681:, pp. 322–323. 8669:, pp. 321–322. 8606:, pp. 310–311. 8582:, pp. 316–317. 8511:, pp. 314–315. 8499:, pp. 308–309. 8363:, pp. 296–297. 8333:, pp. 295–296. 8241:, pp. 293–294. 8202:, pp. 291–292. 8178:, pp. 289–291. 8124:, pp. 289–290. 8049:, pp. 285–286. 8025:, pp. 284–285. 8013:, pp. 282–283. 7945:, pp. 173–174. 7933:, pp. 172–173. 7833:, pp. 270–271. 7711:, pp. 260–261. 7684:, pp. 258–259. 7606:, pp. 250–251. 7594:, pp. 249–250. 7519:, pp. 242–244. 7456:, pp. 227–228. 7379:, pp. 223–224. 7367:, pp. 222–223. 7340:, pp. 220–221. 7328:, pp. 217–218. 7304:, pp. 208–209. 7268:, pp. 214–215. 7220:, pp. 205–206. 7208:, pp. 204–205. 7196:, pp. 203–204. 7057:, pp. 192–193. 7013:, pp. 189–190. 6977:, pp. 185–186. 6922:, pp. 181–182. 6742:, pp. 171–172. 6715:, pp. 167–168. 6703:, pp. 169–170. 6664:, pp. 167–168. 6464:, pp. 147–148. 6420:, pp. 145–146. 6408:, pp. 143–145. 6365:, pp. 140–141. 6353:, pp. 139–140. 6275:, pp. 102–103. 6216:, pp. 100–101. 6102:, pp. 132–133. 5992:, pp. 152–153. 5864:, pp. 129–130. 5852:, pp. 148–149. 5720:, pp. 92, 126. 5708:, pp. 125–126. 4336:, pp. 125–126. 4117:, pp. 197–198. 3783:Maximilla of Sicily 3767:Margrave of Austria 2792:Gunhilda of Denmark 2757:Margravine of Turin 2358:Lambert of Hersfeld 2159:Manasses of Cambrai 2126:Theoderic of Albano 2115:order of succession 2052:Council of Clermont 2033:Council of Piacenza 2025:Udalric of Aquileia 2021:Henry of Eppenstein 1789:St Peter's Basilica 1742:Imperial coronation 1634:proved indecisive. 1623:Theoderic of Verdun 1481:Godfrey of Bouillon 1361:Herman I of Bamberg 1213:'s former husband, 1126:Lampert of Hersfeld 935:, establishing the 653:Adalbert of Hamburg 645:Beatrice of Tuscany 637:Godfrey the Bearded 402:from 1054 to 1105, 398:from 1084 to 1105, 12836:People from Goslar 12626:Concordat of Worms 12598:Matilda of Tuscany 12583:Henry I of England 12448:Albert IV the Wise 12400:Henry XVI the Rich 12271:(Upper: 1361–1363) 12237:(Lower: 1339–1340) 12229:(Lower: 1310–1339) 12221:(Lower: 1310–1334) 12213:(Lower: 1312–1333) 12205:(Upper: 1294–1317) 12189:(Lower: 1290–1312) 12181:(Lower: 1290–1310) 12173:(Lower: 1290–1296) 12165:(Lower: 1253–1290) 12114:Henry XII the Lion 12082:Henry IX the Black 11973:(955–976, 985–995) 11766:Bavaria-Ingolstadt 10483:Kingdom of Germany 10447:Kingdom of Germany 9999:Holy Roman Emperor 9907:Marburg University 9644:. pp. 38–71. 9613:. pp. 72–92. 5487:, pp. 65, 77. 5316:, pp. 45, 53. 4827:, pp. 44, 53. 4493:, pp. 28, 98. 4324:, pp. 85, 94. 3829:Matilda of England 3814:Holy Roman Emperor 3721:Frederick of Büren 3689:Antiduke of Swabia 3669:Antiduke of Swabia 3452:Władysław I Herman 3375:Holy Roman Emperor 2807:Holy Roman Emperor 2447: 2423:Concordat of Worms 2327:Isidore of Seville 2279:Philip I of France 2209: 2108: 2063:. After the first 1997: 1904:, held a synod in 1843: 1781:Castel Sant'Angelo 1764:Alexios I Komnenos 1756: 1662:Frederick of Büren 1643: 1558:Matilda of Tuscany 1541: 1507:divine retribution 1452: 1348: 1266: 1138:Siegfried of Mainz 1118: 1016:Anno II of Cologne 983: 956:Richard I of Capua 807: 790:Under guardianship 704:Holy Roman Emperor 506:Matilda of Tuscany 432:Anno II of Cologne 396:Holy Roman Emperor 66:Holy Roman Emperor 12813: 12812: 12755:Donation of Pepin 12735:Holy Roman Empire 12713:Clerical celibacy 12553:Pope Callixtus II 12500: 12499: 12440:George I the Rich 12432:Louis IX the Rich 11781:Bavaria-Straubing 11706: 11705: 11517:Holy Roman Empire 10924: 10923: 10850: 10849:(Imperial Regent) 10488:Holy Roman Empire 10417:Louis the Younger 10351: 10350: 10061: 10060: 10052:Succeeded by 10025:Succeeded by 9965:Succeeded by 9825:978-3-406-70655-4 9779:978-1-4408-4858-2 9674:978-90-04-31467-2 9589:978-1-4438-1966-4 9518:978-0-521-87005-4 9469:978-0-429-26124-4 9419:978-0-521-84666-0 9393:978-0-8122-1386-7 9344:978-1-5017-2061-1 9140:, pp. 93–94. 9041:, pp. 65–66. 8657:, pp. 85–86. 8394:, pp. 84–85. 6153:, pp. 82–83. 6072:, pp. 98–99. 6048:, pp. 95–96. 5944:, pp. 87–88. 5903:, pp. 73–74. 5876:, pp. 72–73. 5642:, pp. 69–71. 5551:, pp. 93–94. 5539:, pp. 82–83. 5376:, pp. 58–59. 5328:, pp. 54–55. 5292:, pp. 50–52. 5268:, pp. 51–52. 5244:, pp. 75–76. 5180:, pp. 61–62. 5165:, pp. 48–49. 5153:, pp. 45–46. 5112:, pp. 43–44. 4963:, pp. 35–36. 4851:, pp. 52–53. 4751:, pp. 85–86. 4715:, pp. 33–34. 4655:, pp. 52–53. 4435:, pp. 20–21. 4375:, pp. 39–40. 4348:, pp. 73–74. 4297:, pp. 41–42. 4237:, pp. 87–91. 4129:, pp. 43–44. 4050: 4049: 4046: 4045: 3315:Adelaide of Savoy 2405:, and his pupil, 2387:Otto von Bismarck 2383:Gang nach Canossa 2322:The Twelve Abuses 2187:on 29 June 1103. 2167:bishop of Cambrai 1957:Henry of Nordheim 1831:Udo of Hildesheim 1805:Battle of Sorbara 1722:Wibert of Ravenna 1710:Rupert of Bamberg 1651:Altmann of Passau 996:Pope Alexander II 840:duke of Carinthia 622:clerical celibacy 460:Pope Alexander II 452:reformist clerics 385: 384: 16:(Redirected from 12903: 12881:Sons of emperors 12803: 12802: 12670:Gregorian Reform 12659:In nomine Domini 12573:Pope Gregory VII 12527: 12520: 12513: 12504: 12503: 12234:John I the Child 12122:Otto the Redhead 12050:Otto of Nordheim 11771:Bavaria-Landshut 11751:Duchy of Bavaria 11740:Dukes of Bavaria 11733: 11726: 11719: 11710: 11709: 11698: 11690: 11682: 11674: 11666: 11658: 11650: 11642: 11634: 11626: 11618: 11610: 11602: 11594: 11586: 11578: 11570: 11562: 11554: 11546: 11538: 11530: 11511:Kingdom of Italy 11501: 11493: 11479: 11471: 11463: 11449: 11435: 11427: 11413: 11386: 11378: 11370: 11362: 11354: 11346: 11338: 11330: 11322: 11314: 11293: 11285: 11277: 11269: 11261: 11253: 11245: 11237: 11229: 11221: 11213: 11205: 11197: 11189: 11181: 11173: 11165: 11157: 11149: 11141: 11133: 11125: 11117: 11109: 11101: 11091: 11083: 11062: 11054: 11046: 11038: 11030: 11022: 11014: 11006: 10988: 10976: 10951: 10944: 10937: 10928: 10927: 10848: 10407:Louis the German 10378: 10371: 10364: 10355: 10354: 10341: 10340: 10087: 10080: 10073: 10064: 10063: 10035:Preceded by 10008:Preceded by 9988:King of Burgundy 9948:Preceded by 9938: 9931: 9913: 9912: 9895: 9887: 9865: 9861: 9829: 9806: 9783: 9760: 9737: 9706: 9678: 9655: 9632:. Vol. IV: 9624: 9601:. 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1084–1105 3381: 3341: 3340: 1078–1080 3339: 3306: 3305: 1061–1096 3304: 2815: 2814: 1046–1056 2813: 2752:Adelaide of Susa 2517: 2516: 2508: 2507: 2481: 2419:Pope Calixtus II 2351: 2336: 2291:Speyer Cathedral 2205:Ekkehard of Aura 2149:Lateran Basilica 2130:Henry of Limburg 2092:Ruthard of Mainz 1925:Eupraxia of Kiev 1867:County of Verdun 1811:Reign as emperor 1707: 1677:Udalric of Padua 1533:Pope Gregory VII 1407:divine judgement 1245: 1195:civil procedures 1141:administration. 1054:Widerad of Fulda 934: 931:In nomine Domini 859:Otto of Nordmark 825: 712:palace at Goslar 688:counts of Aversa 673:Peter of Hungary 527: 447:Otto of Nordheim 308: 306: 302: 289:Eupraxia of Kiev 279: 277: 246:Speyer Cathedral 227: 207:11 November 1050 206: 204: 136:Aachen Cathedral 53: 32: 31: 21: 12911: 12910: 12906: 12905: 12904: 12902: 12901: 12900: 12816: 12815: 12814: 12809: 12797: 12789: 12771: 12691: 12687:Walk to Canossa 12643:Excommunication 12618: 12612: 12603:Pope Paschal II 12578:Guido da Velate 12536: 12531: 12501: 12496: 11917:(King: 882–887) 11914:Charles the Fat 11909:(King: 880–882) 11901:(King: 876–880) 11893:(King: 817–843) 11785: 11742: 11737: 11707: 11702: 11696: 11688: 11680: 11672: 11664: 11656: 11648: 11640: 11632: 11624: 11616: 11608: 11600: 11592: 11584: 11576: 11568: 11560: 11552: 11544: 11536: 11528: 11519: 11514: 11505: 11499: 11491: 11477: 11469: 11461: 11447: 11433: 11425: 11411: 11396: 11390: 11384: 11376: 11368: 11360: 11352: 11344: 11336: 11328: 11320: 11312: 11297: 11291: 11283: 11275: 11267: 11259: 11251: 11243: 11235: 11227: 11219: 11211: 11203: 11195: 11187: 11179: 11171: 11163: 11155: 11147: 11139: 11131: 11123: 11115: 11107: 11099: 11089: 11081: 11066: 11060: 11052: 11044: 11036: 11028: 11020: 11012: 11004: 10989: 10980: 10974: 10961: 10955: 10925: 10920: 10891: 10872: 10853: 10831: 10807: 10788: 10655:Frederick (III) 10486: 10477: 10445: 10436: 10432:Louis the Child 10422:Charles the Fat 10396: 10387: 10382: 10352: 10347: 10329: 10096: 10091: 10057: 10048: 10045:Duke of Bavaria 10040: 10030: 10021: 10018:Duke of Bavaria 10013: 10002: 9991: 9980: 9970: 9961: 9953: 9932: 9926: 9925: 9918: 9876: 9850: 9837: 9832: 9826: 9809: 9803: 9786: 9780: 9763: 9757: 9740: 9709: 9703: 9690: 9686: 9684:Further reading 9681: 9675: 9652: 9640:1198, Part II. 9621: 9609:1198, Part II. 9590: 9576:Schutz, Herbert 9568: 9545: 9519: 9496: 9470: 9447: 9420: 9394: 9371: 9353:Barber, Malcolm 9345: 9324: 9319: 9318: 9310: 9306: 9298: 9294: 9286: 9282: 9274: 9270: 9262: 9258: 9250: 9246: 9238: 9234: 9226: 9222: 9214: 9207: 9199: 9192: 9184: 9177: 9169: 9156: 9150:Blumenthal 2010 9148: 9144: 9136: 9132: 9124: 9120: 9112: 9108: 9100: 9096: 9088: 9084: 9076: 9072: 9064: 9057: 9049: 9045: 9037: 9030: 9022: 9018: 9010: 9003: 8995: 8991: 8983: 8979: 8971: 8967: 8959: 8950: 8942: 8938: 8930: 8923: 8915: 8908: 8900: 8896: 8888: 8884: 8876: 8872: 8866:McLaughlin 2010 8864: 8857: 8849: 8840: 8832: 8821: 8813: 8806: 8798: 8794: 8786: 8782: 8774: 8767: 8759: 8755: 8747: 8743: 8735: 8728: 8720: 8716: 8708: 8704: 8696: 8685: 8677: 8673: 8665: 8661: 8653: 8649: 8641: 8634: 8626: 8622: 8614: 8610: 8602: 8598: 8590: 8586: 8578: 8574: 8566: 8562: 8554: 8545: 8537: 8530: 8522: 8515: 8507: 8503: 8495: 8491: 8483: 8472: 8464: 8455: 8447: 8443: 8435: 8431: 8423: 8419: 8411: 8398: 8390: 8386: 8378: 8367: 8359: 8352: 8346:McLaughlin 2010 8344: 8337: 8329: 8325: 8317: 8308: 8300: 8296: 8288: 8281: 8273: 8269: 8261: 8257: 8249: 8245: 8237: 8233: 8225: 8218: 8210: 8206: 8198: 8194: 8186: 8182: 8174: 8167: 8159: 8152: 8144: 8140: 8132: 8128: 8120: 8116: 8108: 8104: 8096: 8087: 8079: 8070: 8062: 8053: 8045: 8041: 8033: 8029: 8021: 8017: 8009: 8005: 7997: 7993: 7985: 7978: 7970: 7961: 7953: 7949: 7941: 7937: 7929: 7925: 7917: 7910: 7902: 7893: 7885: 7881: 7873: 7864: 7856: 7852: 7844: 7837: 7829: 7825: 7817: 7810: 7802: 7795: 7787: 7780: 7772: 7768: 7760: 7756: 7748: 7744: 7736: 7732: 7724: 7715: 7707: 7703: 7695: 7688: 7680: 7676: 7668: 7664: 7656: 7649: 7641: 7634: 7626: 7622: 7616:Blumenthal 2010 7614: 7610: 7602: 7598: 7590: 7586: 7578: 7567: 7559: 7552: 7544: 7535: 7527: 7523: 7515: 7511: 7503: 7499: 7491: 7487: 7479: 7472: 7464: 7460: 7452: 7448: 7440: 7427: 7419: 7412: 7404: 7400: 7392: 7383: 7375: 7371: 7363: 7359: 7351: 7344: 7336: 7332: 7324: 7320: 7312: 7308: 7300: 7296: 7288: 7284: 7276: 7272: 7264: 7260: 7252: 7248: 7240: 7236: 7228: 7224: 7216: 7212: 7204: 7200: 7192: 7188: 7180: 7173: 7165: 7158: 7150: 7143: 7135: 7126: 7118: 7114: 7106: 7097: 7089: 7085: 7077: 7073: 7065: 7061: 7053: 7049: 7041: 7032: 7024: 7017: 7009: 7005: 6997: 6993: 6985: 6981: 6973: 6969: 6961: 6950: 6942: 6938: 6932:Blumenthal 2010 6930: 6926: 6918: 6914: 6906: 6899: 6891: 6887: 6879: 6872: 6864: 6857: 6849: 6845: 6837: 6833: 6825: 6821: 6813: 6809: 6801: 6797: 6789: 6785: 6777: 6773: 6765: 6761: 6753: 6746: 6738: 6731: 6723: 6719: 6711: 6707: 6699: 6695: 6687: 6683: 6675: 6668: 6660: 6656: 6648: 6639: 6631: 6624: 6616: 6612: 6604: 6597: 6589: 6582: 6574: 6570: 6562: 6555: 6547: 6538: 6530: 6521: 6513: 6504: 6496: 6492: 6484: 6480: 6474:Blumenthal 2010 6472: 6468: 6460: 6456: 6448: 6441: 6435:Blumenthal 2010 6433: 6424: 6416: 6412: 6404: 6400: 6392: 6381: 6373: 6369: 6361: 6357: 6349: 6345: 6337: 6333: 6325: 6318: 6310: 6303: 6295: 6291: 6283: 6279: 6271: 6267: 6259: 6250: 6242: 6235: 6227: 6220: 6212: 6208: 6200: 6193: 6185: 6181: 6173: 6169: 6161: 6157: 6149: 6145: 6137: 6133: 6125: 6118: 6110: 6106: 6098: 6091: 6083: 6076: 6068: 6064: 6056: 6052: 6044: 6040: 6032: 6023: 6015: 6008: 6000: 5996: 5988: 5984: 5976: 5963: 5955: 5948: 5940: 5936: 5928: 5919: 5911: 5907: 5899: 5895: 5887: 5880: 5872: 5868: 5860: 5856: 5848: 5844: 5836: 5829: 5821: 5817: 5809: 5802: 5794: 5790: 5782: 5775: 5767: 5760: 5752: 5745: 5739:Blumenthal 2010 5737: 5724: 5716: 5712: 5704: 5700: 5692: 5688: 5680: 5673: 5665: 5658: 5650: 5646: 5638: 5634: 5626: 5622: 5614: 5610: 5602: 5593: 5587:Blumenthal 2010 5585: 5574: 5566: 5555: 5547: 5543: 5535: 5531: 5523: 5516: 5508: 5491: 5483: 5479: 5471: 5467: 5459: 5455: 5447: 5443: 5435: 5428: 5420: 5416: 5408: 5404: 5396: 5392: 5384: 5380: 5372: 5368: 5360: 5356: 5348: 5344: 5336: 5332: 5324: 5320: 5312: 5308: 5300: 5296: 5288: 5284: 5276: 5272: 5264: 5260: 5252: 5248: 5240: 5236: 5228: 5219: 5211: 5196: 5188: 5184: 5176: 5169: 5161: 5157: 5149: 5145: 5137: 5133: 5125: 5116: 5108: 5104: 5096: 5089: 5081: 5066: 5058: 5054: 5046: 5037: 5029: 5018: 5010: 5006: 4998: 4994: 4988:Blumenthal 2010 4986: 4979: 4971: 4967: 4959: 4955: 4947: 4934: 4928:Blumenthal 2010 4926: 4922: 4914: 4910: 4902: 4898: 4892:Blumenthal 2010 4890: 4886: 4880:Blumenthal 2010 4878: 4867: 4859: 4855: 4847: 4843: 4835: 4831: 4823: 4819: 4811: 4807: 4801:Blumenthal 2010 4799: 4795: 4787: 4776: 4768: 4755: 4749:Blumenthal 2010 4747: 4743: 4735: 4731: 4723: 4719: 4711: 4707: 4699: 4692: 4684: 4680: 4672: 4659: 4651: 4644: 4636: 4632: 4624: 4620: 4612: 4608: 4600: 4587: 4579: 4572: 4564: 4555: 4549:Blumenthal 2010 4547: 4543: 4535: 4526: 4518: 4514: 4506: 4497: 4489: 4485: 4477: 4473: 4465: 4454: 4446: 4439: 4431: 4427: 4419: 4408: 4400: 4391: 4383: 4379: 4371: 4364: 4356: 4352: 4344: 4340: 4332: 4328: 4320: 4316: 4308: 4301: 4293: 4289: 4281: 4277: 4273:, pp. 2–3. 4269: 4265: 4259:Blumenthal 2010 4257: 4253: 4245: 4241: 4233: 4229: 4223:Blumenthal 2010 4221: 4217: 4209: 4205: 4197: 4193: 4187:Blumenthal 2010 4185: 4181: 4173: 4169: 4163:Blumenthal 2010 4161: 4157: 4151:Blumenthal 2010 4149: 4145: 4137: 4133: 4125: 4121: 4113: 4109: 4101: 4094: 4089: 4072: 3831: 3817: 3815: 3813: 3811: 3797: 3795: 3793: 3791: 3770: 3768: 3766: 3764: 3751: 3733: 3731: 3729: 3723: 3706: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3686: 3672: 3670: 3668: 3666: 3464: 3462: 3460: 3454: 3445: 3431: 3429: 3428:King of Hungary 3427: 3425: 3411: 3409: 3408:Duke of Bavaria 3407: 3405: 3392: 3378: 3376: 3374: 3372: 3359: 3357:Bertha of Savoy 3350: 3336: 3334: 3332: 3330: 3317: 3301: 3299: 3298:and Gandersheim 3297: 3295: 3293: 2828: 2826:Agnes of Poitou 2810: 2808: 2806: 2804: 2795: 2771: 2769: 2756: 2754: 2511:Henry's family 2439: 2403:Ivo of Chartres 2316: 2298:Liège Cathedral 2266: 2193: 2073: 1981: 1946:Rüdiger Huzmann 1933: 1931:Return to Italy 1902:Pope Victor III 1881:Welf of Bavaria 1818: 1813: 1769:Hermann of Salm 1744: 1726:Pope Clement II 1718:synod in Brixen 1673:Peter of Albano 1572: 1566: 1543:Henry moved to 1525:A depiction by 1516:House of Wettin 1457:Robert Guiscard 1448:Vatican Library 1436: 1434:Road to Canossa 1430: 1428:Road to Canossa 1375:in Hungary and 1373:Mosonmagyaróvár 1352:Gerald of Ostia 1223:Bruno the Saxon 1180: 1170: 1108:, Papal States 1086: 1070:invaded Hungary 1010:on 28 October. 990:in early 1061. 952:Robert Guiscard 803:Palatine Chapel 792: 787: 763:Bertha of Savoy 708:Agnes of Poitou 700: 602:Vicar of Christ 542: 518:Pope Paschal II 499:Hermann of Salm 483:Walk to Canossa 424:Agnes of Poitou 412:Duke of Bavaria 400:King of Germany 380:Catholic Church 370:Agnes of Poitou 339: 311: 310: 307: 1095) 298: 294: 291: 281: 273: 269: 266: 264:Bertha of Savoy 248: 229: 225: 208: 202: 200: 134: 116:King of Germany 86: 60: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12909: 12899: 12898: 12893: 12888: 12883: 12878: 12873: 12868: 12863: 12858: 12853: 12848: 12846:Salian dynasty 12843: 12838: 12833: 12828: 12811: 12810: 12808: 12807: 12794: 12791: 12790: 12788: 12787: 12779: 12777: 12773: 12772: 12770: 12769: 12764: 12759: 12758: 12757: 12747: 12742: 12737: 12732: 12729:Dominium mundi 12725: 12720: 12715: 12710: 12705: 12699: 12697: 12693: 12692: 12690: 12689: 12684: 12683: 12682: 12672: 12667: 12662: 12655: 12650: 12645: 12640: 12635: 12632:Dictatus papae 12628: 12622: 12620: 12614: 12613: 12611: 12610: 12605: 12600: 12595: 12590: 12585: 12580: 12575: 12570: 12565: 12560: 12555: 12550: 12544: 12542: 12538: 12537: 12530: 12529: 12522: 12515: 12507: 12498: 12497: 12495: 12494: 12486: 12478: 12470: 12461: 12453: 12445: 12437: 12429: 12421: 12413: 12405: 12397: 12389: 12381: 12373: 12365: 12357: 12349: 12341: 12333: 12325: 12317: 12309: 12300: 12291: 12282: 12273: 12265: 12256: 12247: 12239: 12231: 12223: 12215: 12207: 12199: 12191: 12183: 12175: 12167: 12159: 12151: 12143: 12135: 12127: 12119: 12111: 12103: 12095: 12087: 12079: 12071: 12063: 12055: 12047: 12039: 12031: 12023: 12015: 12007: 11999: 11991: 11983: 11975: 11967: 11959: 11951: 11943: 11935: 11927: 11919: 11911: 11903: 11895: 11887: 11879: 11871: 11863: 11855: 11847: 11839: 11831: 11823: 11815: 11807: 11799: 11790: 11787: 11786: 11784: 11783: 11778: 11776:Bavaria-Munich 11773: 11768: 11763: 11758: 11753: 11747: 11744: 11743: 11736: 11735: 11728: 11721: 11713: 11704: 11703: 11701: 11700: 11692: 11687:Frederick III 11684: 11676: 11668: 11660: 11652: 11644: 11636: 11628: 11620: 11612: 11604: 11596: 11588: 11580: 11572: 11564: 11556: 11548: 11540: 11532: 11523: 11521: 11507: 11506: 11504: 11503: 11495: 11481: 11473: 11465: 11451: 11437: 11429: 11415: 11400: 11398: 11392: 11391: 11389: 11388: 11380: 11372: 11364: 11356: 11348: 11340: 11332: 11324: 11316: 11307: 11305: 11299: 11298: 11296: 11295: 11287: 11279: 11271: 11263: 11255: 11247: 11239: 11231: 11223: 11215: 11207: 11199: 11191: 11183: 11175: 11167: 11159: 11151: 11143: 11135: 11127: 11119: 11111: 11103: 11093: 11085: 11076: 11074: 11068: 11067: 11065: 11064: 11056: 11048: 11040: 11032: 11024: 11016: 11008: 10999: 10997: 10991: 10990: 10983: 10981: 10979: 10978: 10969: 10967: 10963: 10962: 10958:Kings of Italy 10954: 10953: 10946: 10939: 10931: 10922: 10921: 10919: 10918: 10913: 10908: 10902: 10900: 10893: 10892: 10890: 10889: 10883: 10881: 10874: 10873: 10871: 10870: 10868:Franz Joseph I 10864: 10862: 10855: 10854: 10852: 10851: 10842: 10840: 10833: 10832: 10830: 10829: 10824: 10818: 10816: 10809: 10808: 10806: 10805: 10799: 10797: 10790: 10789: 10787: 10786: 10781: 10776: 10771: 10766: 10761: 10756: 10751: 10746: 10741: 10736: 10731: 10726: 10721: 10716: 10711: 10706: 10701: 10696: 10691: 10686: 10679: 10674: 10669: 10662: 10657: 10652: 10647: 10642: 10637: 10632: 10627: 10620: 10615: 10610: 10603: 10598: 10593: 10588: 10583: 10578: 10573: 10568: 10563: 10558: 10556:Lothair II/III 10553: 10548: 10543: 10536: 10529: 10524: 10519: 10514: 10509: 10504: 10499: 10493: 10491: 10479: 10478: 10476: 10475: 10470: 10463: 10458: 10452: 10450: 10438: 10437: 10435: 10434: 10429: 10424: 10419: 10414: 10409: 10403: 10401: 10389: 10388: 10381: 10380: 10373: 10366: 10358: 10349: 10348: 10346: 10345: 10334: 10331: 10330: 10328: 10327: 10322: 10317: 10312: 10307: 10302: 10297: 10292: 10287: 10282: 10277: 10272: 10267: 10262: 10257: 10252: 10247: 10242: 10237: 10232: 10227: 10222: 10217: 10212: 10207: 10202: 10197: 10192: 10187: 10182: 10177: 10172: 10167: 10162: 10157: 10152: 10147: 10142: 10137: 10132: 10127: 10122: 10117: 10112: 10107: 10101: 10098: 10097: 10090: 10089: 10082: 10075: 10067: 10059: 10058: 10053: 10050: 10041: 10036: 10032: 10031: 10026: 10023: 10014: 10009: 10005: 10004: 9994: 9993: 9983: 9982: 9972: 9971: 9966: 9963: 9954: 9949: 9945: 9944: 9943:Regnal titles 9940: 9939: 9922:Salian dynasty 9919: 9916: 9911: 9910: 9896: 9873: 9868:Report on the 9866: 9848: 9836: 9835:External links 9833: 9831: 9830: 9824: 9807: 9801: 9784: 9778: 9761: 9756:978-0719084690 9755: 9738: 9720:(2): 149–171. 9713:German History 9707: 9702:978-3799568692 9701: 9687: 9685: 9682: 9680: 9679: 9673: 9656: 9651:978-0521414111 9650: 9625: 9620:978-0521414111 9619: 9594: 9588: 9572: 9566: 9549: 9543: 9523: 9517: 9500: 9494: 9474: 9468: 9451: 9445: 9424: 9418: 9402:Chazan, Robert 9398: 9392: 9375: 9369: 9349: 9343: 9325: 9323: 9320: 9317: 9316: 9314:, p. 291. 9304: 9292: 9290:, p. 269. 9280: 9268: 9266:, p. 450. 9256: 9244: 9232: 9230:, p. 117. 9220: 9218:, p. 110. 9205: 9203:, p. 109. 9190: 9175: 9173:, p. 266. 9154: 9142: 9130: 9118: 9106: 9094: 9092:, p. 368. 9082: 9070: 9068:, p. 113. 9055: 9043: 9028: 9016: 9014:, p. 344. 9001: 8989: 8977: 8975:, p. 184. 8965: 8963:, p. 343. 8948: 8936: 8934:, p. 340. 8921: 8919:, p. 339. 8906: 8904:, p. 338. 8894: 8892:, p. 337. 8882: 8880:, p. 336. 8870: 8868:, p. 176. 8855: 8853:, p. 334. 8838: 8819: 8817:, p. 333. 8804: 8802:, p. 332. 8792: 8780: 8765: 8763:, p. 330. 8753: 8751:, p. 326. 8741: 8739:, p. 324. 8726: 8724:, p. 200. 8714: 8712:, p. 327. 8702: 8700:, p. 323. 8683: 8671: 8659: 8647: 8645:, p. 321. 8632: 8630:, p. 317. 8620: 8618:, p. 188. 8608: 8596: 8594:, p. 310. 8584: 8572: 8570:, p. 316. 8560: 8558:, p. 311. 8543: 8541:, p. 309. 8528: 8526:, p. 315. 8513: 8501: 8489: 8487:, p. 187. 8470: 8468:, p. 307. 8453: 8451:, p. 306. 8441: 8439:, p. 305. 8429: 8427:, p. 300. 8417: 8396: 8384: 8382:, p. 303. 8365: 8350: 8348:, p. 175. 8335: 8323: 8321:, p. 181. 8306: 8294: 8292:, p. 180. 8279: 8277:, p. 279. 8267: 8265:, p. 278. 8255: 8243: 8231: 8229:, p. 295. 8216: 8204: 8192: 8180: 8165: 8163:, p. 290. 8150: 8138: 8136:, p. 289. 8126: 8114: 8112:, p. 288. 8102: 8100:, p. 176. 8085: 8083:, p. 287. 8068: 8066:, p. 286. 8051: 8039: 8037:, p. 285. 8027: 8015: 8003: 7991: 7989:, p. 272. 7976: 7974:, p. 302. 7959: 7957:, p. 174. 7947: 7935: 7923: 7921:, p. 281. 7908: 7891: 7879: 7877:, p. 274. 7862: 7850: 7848:, p. 271. 7835: 7823: 7821:, p. 268. 7808: 7806:, p. 267. 7793: 7778: 7766: 7764:, p. 265. 7754: 7752:, p. 264. 7742: 7740:, p. 263. 7730: 7728:, p. 262. 7713: 7701: 7699:, p. 260. 7686: 7674: 7672:, p. 256. 7662: 7660:, p. 255. 7647: 7645:, p. 254. 7632: 7630:, p. 253. 7620: 7618:, p. 126. 7608: 7596: 7584: 7582:, p. 175. 7565: 7563:, p. 245. 7550: 7548:, p. 246. 7533: 7531:, p. 244. 7521: 7509: 7507:, p. 234. 7497: 7495:, p. 210. 7485: 7483:, p. 233. 7470: 7468:, p. 230. 7458: 7446: 7425: 7423:, p. 227. 7410: 7408:, p. 224. 7398: 7396:, p. 174. 7381: 7369: 7357: 7355:, p. 222. 7342: 7330: 7318: 7316:, p. 216. 7306: 7294: 7292:, p. 208. 7282: 7280:, p. 215. 7270: 7258: 7256:, p. 213. 7246: 7244:, p. 212. 7234: 7232:, p. 211. 7222: 7210: 7198: 7186: 7184:, p. 183. 7171: 7169:, p. 202. 7156: 7154:, p. 200. 7141: 7139:, p. 173. 7124: 7122:, p. 198. 7112: 7110:, p. 197. 7095: 7083: 7081:, p. 195. 7071: 7069:, p. 193. 7059: 7047: 7045:, p. 192. 7030: 7028:, p. 190. 7015: 7003: 7001:, p. 189. 6991: 6989:, p. 188. 6979: 6967: 6965:, p. 172. 6948: 6946:, p. 183. 6936: 6934:, p. 139. 6924: 6912: 6910:, p. 181. 6897: 6895:, p. 180. 6885: 6883:, p. 179. 6870: 6868:, p. 171. 6855: 6853:, p. 172. 6843: 6841:, p. 177. 6831: 6829:, p. 176. 6819: 6817:, p. 174. 6807: 6805:, p. 174. 6795: 6783: 6781:, p. 171. 6771: 6769:, p. 173. 6759: 6757:, p. 166. 6744: 6729: 6717: 6705: 6693: 6691:, p. 165. 6681: 6679:, p. 168. 6666: 6654: 6637: 6622: 6620:, p. 167. 6610: 6608:, p. 159. 6595: 6593:, p. 157. 6580: 6568: 6566:, p. 156. 6553: 6551:, p. 153. 6536: 6534:, p. 152. 6519: 6517:, p. 151. 6502: 6490: 6488:, p. 149. 6478: 6476:, p. 122. 6466: 6454: 6452:, p. 147. 6439: 6437:, p. 121. 6422: 6410: 6398: 6379: 6367: 6355: 6343: 6341:, p. 162. 6331: 6329:, p. 139. 6316: 6301: 6299:, p. 104. 6289: 6287:, p. 103. 6277: 6265: 6263:, p. 102. 6248: 6246:, p. 138. 6233: 6231:, p. 101. 6218: 6206: 6204:, p. 100. 6191: 6189:, p. 135. 6179: 6177:, p. 133. 6167: 6165:, p. 334. 6155: 6143: 6141:, p. 335. 6131: 6116: 6104: 6089: 6087:, p. 132. 6074: 6062: 6050: 6038: 6036:, p. 151. 6021: 6006: 6004:, p. 182. 5994: 5982: 5961: 5959:, p. 160. 5946: 5934: 5917: 5905: 5893: 5878: 5866: 5854: 5842: 5840:, p. 118. 5827: 5825:, p. 124. 5815: 5800: 5788: 5786:, p. 120. 5773: 5771:, p. 129. 5758: 5756:, p. 125. 5743: 5741:, p. 113. 5722: 5710: 5698: 5686: 5684:, p. 223. 5671: 5656: 5644: 5632: 5620: 5608: 5591: 5589:, p. 112. 5572: 5553: 5541: 5529: 5527:, p. 150. 5514: 5489: 5477: 5475:, p. 148. 5465: 5463:, p. 108. 5453: 5441: 5439:, p. 147. 5426: 5414: 5412:, p. 102. 5402: 5390: 5378: 5366: 5354: 5342: 5330: 5318: 5306: 5294: 5282: 5270: 5258: 5246: 5234: 5217: 5194: 5182: 5167: 5155: 5143: 5131: 5114: 5102: 5087: 5064: 5062:, p. 145. 5052: 5035: 5016: 5004: 4992: 4977: 4965: 4953: 4932: 4920: 4908: 4906:, p. 115. 4896: 4884: 4865: 4853: 4841: 4829: 4817: 4815:, p. 144. 4805: 4793: 4774: 4753: 4741: 4729: 4717: 4705: 4690: 4678: 4657: 4642: 4640:, p. 143. 4630: 4618: 4606: 4585: 4570: 4553: 4541: 4524: 4522:, p. 138. 4512: 4495: 4483: 4481:, p. 101. 4471: 4452: 4437: 4425: 4423:, p. 139. 4406: 4389: 4377: 4362: 4360:, p. 129. 4350: 4338: 4326: 4314: 4299: 4287: 4275: 4263: 4251: 4239: 4227: 4215: 4203: 4201:, p. 128. 4191: 4179: 4167: 4155: 4143: 4131: 4119: 4107: 4105:, p. 113. 4091: 4090: 4088: 4085: 4084: 4083: 4078: 4071: 4068: 4048: 4047: 4044: 4042: 4041: 4036: 4034: 4032: 4030: 4025: 4023: 4021: 4019: 4017: 4015: 4013: 4011: 4009: 4007: 4005: 4003: 4001: 3999: 3997: 3995: 3993: 3991: 3989: 3986: 3984: 3983: 3981: 3979: 3977: 3975: 3973: 3971: 3969: 3967: 3965: 3963: 3961: 3959: 3957: 3955: 3953: 3951: 3949: 3947: 3945: 3943: 3941: 3939: 3937: 3935: 3933: 3931: 3929: 3927: 3925: 3922: 3920: 3919: 3917: 3915: 3913: 3911: 3909: 3907: 3905: 3903: 3901: 3899: 3897: 3895: 3893: 3891: 3889: 3887: 3885: 3883: 3881: 3879: 3877: 3875: 3873: 3871: 3869: 3867: 3865: 3863: 3861: 3858: 3857: 3855: 3853: 3851: 3849: 3847: 3845: 3843: 3841: 3839: 3837: 3834: 3833: 3826: 3824: 3806: 3804: 3786: 3784: 3781: 3779: 3777: 3759: 3757: 3755: 3753: 3752:*1072/73 †1143 3746: 3744: 3742: 3740: 3730:Duke of Swabia 3718: 3716: 3714: 3712: 3710: 3708: 3701: 3699: 3681: 3679: 3660: 3659: 3657: 3655: 3653: 3651: 3649: 3647: 3645: 3643: 3641: 3639: 3637: 3635: 3633: 3631: 3629: 3627: 3625: 3623: 3621: 3619: 3617: 3615: 3613: 3611: 3609: 3607: 3605: 3603: 3601: 3599: 3596: 3595: 3593: 3591: 3589: 3587: 3585: 3583: 3581: 3579: 3577: 3575: 3573: 3571: 3569: 3567: 3565: 3563: 3561: 3559: 3557: 3555: 3553: 3551: 3549: 3547: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3539: 3537: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3529: 3527: 3525: 3523: 3521: 3519: 3517: 3515: 3513: 3511: 3509: 3507: 3505: 3503: 3501: 3498: 3497: 3495: 3493: 3491: 3489: 3487: 3485: 3483: 3481: 3479: 3477: 3475: 3472: 3471: 3461:Duke of Poland 3449: 3447: 3440: 3438: 3420: 3418: 3400: 3398: 3387: 3385: 3367: 3365: 3363: 3361: 3354: 3352: 3345: 3343: 3325: 3323: 3321: 3319: 3312: 3310: 3308: 3287: 3285: 3284: 3282: 3280: 3278: 3276: 3274: 3272: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3264: 3262: 3260: 3258: 3256: 3254: 3252: 3250: 3248: 3246: 3244: 3242: 3240: 3238: 3236: 3234: 3232: 3230: 3228: 3226: 3224: 3222: 3220: 3218: 3216: 3214: 3212: 3210: 3208: 3206: 3204: 3202: 3200: 3198: 3196: 3194: 3192: 3190: 3188: 3186: 3184: 3181: 3180: 3178: 3176: 3174: 3172: 3170: 3168: 3166: 3164: 3162: 3160: 3158: 3156: 3154: 3152: 3150: 3148: 3146: 3144: 3142: 3140: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3130: 3128: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3120: 3118: 3116: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3108: 3106: 3104: 3102: 3100: 3098: 3096: 3094: 3092: 3090: 3088: 3086: 3083: 3082: 3080: 3078: 3076: 3074: 3072: 3070: 3068: 3066: 3064: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3056: 3054: 3052: 3050: 3048: 3046: 3044: 3042: 3040: 3038: 3036: 3034: 3032: 3030: 3028: 3026: 3024: 3022: 3020: 3018: 3016: 3014: 3012: 3010: 3008: 3006: 3004: 3002: 3000: 2998: 2996: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2983: 2982: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2968: 2966: 2964: 2962: 2960: 2958: 2956: 2954: 2952: 2949: 2948: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2924: 2922: 2920: 2918: 2916: 2914: 2912: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2890: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2880: 2878: 2876: 2874: 2872: 2870: 2868: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2851: 2850: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2840: 2838: 2836: 2834: 2831: 2830: 2823: 2821: 2819: 2817: 2799: 2797: 2789: 2787: 2785: 2783: 2781: 2779: 2777: 2775: 2773: 2772:Count of Savoy 2764: 2762: 2760: 2758: 2749: 2747: 2745: 2743: 2741: 2739: 2737: 2735: 2733: 2730: 2728: 2727: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2715: 2713: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2705: 2703: 2701: 2699: 2697: 2695: 2693: 2691: 2689: 2687: 2685: 2683: 2681: 2679: 2677: 2675: 2673: 2671: 2669: 2667: 2665: 2663: 2661: 2658: 2656: 2655: 2653: 2651: 2649: 2647: 2645: 2643: 2641: 2639: 2637: 2635: 2633: 2631: 2629: 2627: 2625: 2623: 2621: 2619: 2617: 2615: 2613: 2611: 2609: 2607: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2599: 2597: 2595: 2593: 2591: 2589: 2586: 2584: 2583: 2578: 2576: 2574: 2572: 2570: 2568: 2566: 2564: 2562: 2560: 2558: 2556: 2554: 2552: 2550: 2548: 2546: 2544: 2542: 2540: 2538: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2530: 2528: 2526: 2524: 2522: 2520: 2513: 2512: 2503:Henry of Stade 2472: 2471: 2468: 2465: 2438: 2435: 2415:spiritualities 2407:Hugh of Fleury 2356:. In contrast 2315: 2312: 2265: 2262: 2192: 2189: 2072: 2069: 2041:Vitale Faliero 1980: 1977: 1942:Jews of Speyer 1932: 1929: 1863:Henry of Liège 1817: 1814: 1812: 1809: 1793:Lateran Palace 1743: 1740: 1698:Petrus Crassus 1565: 1562: 1554:Canossa Castle 1537:Canossa Castle 1511:Herman of Metz 1472:synod in Worms 1432:Main article: 1429: 1426: 1402:Homburg Castle 1298:Duke of Poland 1169: 1166: 1147:Roman Campagna 1085: 1082: 1074:Székesfehérvár 874:Duke of Swabia 791: 788: 786: 783: 779:Pope Victor II 699: 696: 585:, crossed the 546:Salian dynasty 541: 538: 420:Salian dynasty 383: 382: 377: 373: 372: 367: 363: 362: 357: 353: 352: 350:Salian dynasty 347: 341: 340: 338: 337: 332: 327: 321: 319: 313: 312: 296: 292: 287: 286: 285: 284: 271: 267: 262: 261: 260: 259: 256: 254: 250: 249: 244: 242: 238: 237: 235:Lower Lorraine 228:(aged 55) 222: 218: 217: 198: 194: 193: 190: 189: 186: 182: 181: 178: 174: 173: 170: 166: 165: 155: 154: 151: 147: 146: 143: 139: 138: 131: 127: 126: 123: 119: 118: 112: 111: 106: 102: 101: 96: 92: 91: 83: 77: 76: 73: 69: 68: 62: 61: 54: 46: 45: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12908: 12897: 12894: 12892: 12889: 12887: 12884: 12882: 12879: 12877: 12874: 12872: 12869: 12867: 12864: 12862: 12859: 12857: 12854: 12852: 12849: 12847: 12844: 12842: 12839: 12837: 12834: 12832: 12829: 12827: 12824: 12823: 12821: 12806: 12801: 12796: 12795: 12792: 12786: 12785: 12781: 12780: 12778: 12774: 12768: 12765: 12763: 12760: 12756: 12753: 12752: 12751: 12748: 12746: 12743: 12741: 12738: 12736: 12733: 12731: 12730: 12726: 12724: 12721: 12719: 12716: 12714: 12711: 12709: 12706: 12704: 12701: 12700: 12698: 12694: 12688: 12685: 12681: 12678: 12677: 12676: 12673: 12671: 12668: 12666: 12663: 12661: 12660: 12656: 12654: 12651: 12649: 12646: 12644: 12641: 12639: 12636: 12634: 12633: 12629: 12627: 12624: 12623: 12621: 12615: 12609: 12606: 12604: 12601: 12599: 12596: 12594: 12591: 12589: 12586: 12584: 12581: 12579: 12576: 12574: 12571: 12569: 12566: 12564: 12561: 12559: 12556: 12554: 12551: 12549: 12546: 12545: 12543: 12539: 12535: 12528: 12523: 12521: 12516: 12514: 12509: 12508: 12505: 12493: 12490: 12487: 12485: 12482: 12479: 12477: 12474: 12471: 12469: 12465: 12462: 12460: 12457: 12454: 12452: 12449: 12446: 12444: 12441: 12438: 12436: 12433: 12430: 12428: 12425: 12422: 12420: 12417: 12414: 12412: 12409: 12406: 12404: 12401: 12398: 12396: 12393: 12390: 12388: 12385: 12382: 12380: 12377: 12374: 12372: 12369: 12366: 12364: 12361: 12358: 12356: 12353: 12350: 12348: 12345: 12342: 12340: 12337: 12334: 12332: 12329: 12326: 12324: 12321: 12318: 12316: 12313: 12310: 12308: 12304: 12301: 12299: 12295: 12292: 12290: 12286: 12283: 12281: 12277: 12274: 12272: 12269: 12266: 12264: 12260: 12257: 12255: 12251: 12248: 12246: 12243: 12240: 12238: 12235: 12232: 12230: 12227: 12224: 12222: 12219: 12216: 12214: 12211: 12208: 12206: 12203: 12200: 12198: 12195: 12192: 12190: 12187: 12184: 12182: 12179: 12176: 12174: 12171: 12168: 12166: 12163: 12160: 12158: 12155: 12152: 12150: 12147: 12144: 12142: 12139: 12136: 12134: 12131: 12130:Agnes of Loon 12128: 12126: 12123: 12120: 12118: 12115: 12112: 12110: 12107: 12104: 12102: 12099: 12096: 12094: 12091: 12088: 12086: 12083: 12080: 12078: 12075: 12072: 12070: 12067: 12064: 12062: 12059: 12056: 12054: 12051: 12048: 12046: 12043: 12040: 12038: 12035: 12032: 12030: 12027: 12024: 12022: 12019: 12016: 12014: 12011: 12008: 12006: 12003: 12000: 11998: 11995: 11992: 11990: 11987: 11984: 11982: 11979: 11976: 11974: 11971: 11968: 11966: 11963: 11960: 11958: 11955: 11952: 11950: 11947: 11944: 11942: 11939: 11936: 11934: 11931: 11928: 11926: 11923: 11920: 11918: 11915: 11912: 11910: 11907: 11904: 11902: 11899: 11896: 11894: 11891: 11888: 11886: 11883: 11880: 11878: 11875: 11872: 11870: 11867: 11864: 11862: 11859: 11856: 11854: 11851: 11848: 11846: 11845:(c.716–c.719) 11843: 11840: 11838: 11837:(c.716–c.719) 11835: 11832: 11830: 11829:(c.716–c.719) 11827: 11824: 11822: 11819: 11816: 11814: 11811: 11808: 11806: 11803: 11800: 11798: 11795: 11792: 11791: 11788: 11782: 11779: 11777: 11774: 11772: 11769: 11767: 11764: 11762: 11761:Lower Bavaria 11759: 11757: 11756:Upper Bavaria 11754: 11752: 11749: 11748: 11745: 11741: 11734: 11729: 11727: 11722: 11720: 11715: 11714: 11711: 11699: 11693: 11691: 11685: 11683: 11677: 11675: 11669: 11667: 11661: 11659: 11653: 11651: 11647:Frederick II 11645: 11643: 11637: 11635: 11629: 11627: 11621: 11619: 11613: 11611: 11605: 11603: 11597: 11595: 11589: 11587: 11581: 11579: 11573: 11571: 11565: 11563: 11557: 11555: 11549: 11547: 11541: 11539: 11533: 11531: 11525: 11524: 11522: 11518: 11512: 11508: 11502: 11496: 11494: 11487: 11486: 11482: 11480: 11474: 11472: 11466: 11464: 11457: 11456: 11452: 11450: 11443: 11442: 11438: 11436: 11430: 11428: 11421: 11420: 11416: 11414: 11407: 11406: 11402: 11401: 11399: 11393: 11387: 11381: 11379: 11373: 11371: 11365: 11363: 11357: 11355: 11349: 11347: 11341: 11339: 11333: 11331: 11325: 11323: 11317: 11315: 11309: 11308: 11306: 11304: 11300: 11294: 11288: 11286: 11280: 11278: 11272: 11270: 11264: 11262: 11256: 11254: 11248: 11246: 11240: 11238: 11232: 11230: 11224: 11222: 11216: 11214: 11208: 11206: 11200: 11198: 11192: 11190: 11184: 11182: 11176: 11174: 11168: 11166: 11160: 11158: 11152: 11150: 11144: 11142: 11136: 11134: 11128: 11126: 11120: 11118: 11112: 11110: 11104: 11102: 11098: 11094: 11092: 11086: 11084: 11078: 11077: 11075: 11073: 11069: 11063: 11057: 11055: 11049: 11047: 11041: 11039: 11033: 11031: 11025: 11023: 11017: 11015: 11009: 11007: 11001: 11000: 10998: 10996: 10992: 10987: 10977: 10971: 10970: 10968: 10964: 10959: 10952: 10947: 10945: 10940: 10938: 10933: 10932: 10929: 10917: 10914: 10912: 10911:Frederick III 10909: 10907: 10904: 10903: 10901: 10898: 10897:German Empire 10894: 10888: 10885: 10884: 10882: 10879: 10875: 10869: 10866: 10865: 10863: 10860: 10856: 10847: 10844: 10843: 10841: 10838: 10837:German Empire 10834: 10828: 10825: 10823: 10820: 10819: 10817: 10814: 10810: 10804: 10801: 10800: 10798: 10795: 10791: 10785: 10782: 10780: 10777: 10775: 10772: 10770: 10767: 10765: 10762: 10760: 10757: 10755: 10752: 10750: 10747: 10745: 10742: 10740: 10739:Ferdinand III 10737: 10735: 10732: 10730: 10727: 10725: 10722: 10720: 10719:Maximilian II 10717: 10715: 10712: 10710: 10707: 10705: 10702: 10700: 10699:Frederick III 10697: 10695: 10692: 10690: 10687: 10685: 10684: 10680: 10678: 10675: 10673: 10670: 10668: 10667: 10663: 10661: 10658: 10656: 10653: 10651: 10648: 10646: 10643: 10641: 10638: 10636: 10633: 10631: 10628: 10626: 10625: 10621: 10619: 10616: 10614: 10611: 10609: 10608: 10604: 10602: 10599: 10597: 10594: 10592: 10589: 10587: 10584: 10582: 10579: 10577: 10574: 10572: 10569: 10567: 10564: 10562: 10559: 10557: 10554: 10552: 10549: 10547: 10544: 10542: 10541: 10537: 10535: 10534: 10530: 10528: 10525: 10523: 10520: 10518: 10515: 10513: 10510: 10508: 10505: 10503: 10500: 10498: 10495: 10494: 10492: 10489: 10484: 10480: 10474: 10471: 10469: 10468: 10464: 10462: 10459: 10457: 10454: 10453: 10451: 10448: 10443: 10439: 10433: 10430: 10428: 10425: 10423: 10420: 10418: 10415: 10413: 10410: 10408: 10405: 10404: 10402: 10399: 10394: 10390: 10386: 10379: 10374: 10372: 10367: 10365: 10360: 10359: 10356: 10344: 10336: 10335: 10332: 10326: 10323: 10321: 10318: 10316: 10313: 10311: 10308: 10306: 10303: 10301: 10298: 10296: 10293: 10291: 10288: 10286: 10285:Ferdinand III 10283: 10281: 10278: 10276: 10273: 10271: 10268: 10266: 10265:Maximilian II 10263: 10261: 10258: 10256: 10253: 10251: 10248: 10246: 10245:Frederick III 10243: 10241: 10238: 10236: 10233: 10231: 10228: 10226: 10223: 10221: 10218: 10216: 10213: 10211: 10208: 10206: 10203: 10201: 10198: 10196: 10193: 10191: 10188: 10186: 10183: 10181: 10178: 10176: 10173: 10171: 10168: 10166: 10163: 10161: 10158: 10156: 10153: 10151: 10148: 10146: 10143: 10141: 10138: 10136: 10133: 10131: 10128: 10126: 10123: 10121: 10118: 10116: 10113: 10111: 10108: 10106: 10103: 10102: 10099: 10095: 10088: 10083: 10081: 10076: 10074: 10069: 10068: 10065: 10056: 10047: 10046: 10039: 10033: 10029: 10020: 10019: 10012: 10006: 10001: 10000: 9995: 9990: 9989: 9984: 9979: 9978: 9977:King of Italy 9973: 9969: 9960: 9959: 9952: 9946: 9941: 9936: 9929: 9924: 9923: 9914: 9908: 9904: 9900: 9897: 9893: 9889: 9886: 9879: 9874: 9872:(with images) 9871: 9867: 9863: 9860: 9853: 9849: 9846: 9842: 9839: 9838: 9827: 9821: 9817: 9814:(in German). 9813: 9808: 9804: 9802:0-8122-3508-8 9798: 9794: 9790: 9785: 9781: 9775: 9771: 9767: 9762: 9758: 9752: 9748: 9744: 9739: 9735: 9731: 9727: 9723: 9719: 9715: 9714: 9708: 9704: 9698: 9694: 9689: 9688: 9676: 9670: 9666: 9662: 9657: 9653: 9647: 9643: 9639: 9635: 9631: 9626: 9622: 9616: 9612: 9608: 9604: 9600: 9595: 9591: 9585: 9581: 9577: 9573: 9569: 9567:0-521-54590-0 9563: 9559: 9555: 9550: 9546: 9544:0-691-05588-2 9540: 9536: 9532: 9528: 9527:Pflanze, Otto 9524: 9520: 9514: 9510: 9506: 9501: 9497: 9495:0-907628-08-7 9491: 9487: 9483: 9479: 9475: 9471: 9465: 9461: 9457: 9452: 9448: 9446:0-521-31980-3 9442: 9438: 9434: 9430: 9425: 9421: 9415: 9411: 9407: 9403: 9399: 9395: 9389: 9385: 9381: 9376: 9372: 9370:0-415-17414-7 9366: 9362: 9358: 9354: 9350: 9346: 9340: 9336: 9332: 9327: 9326: 9313: 9312:Robinson 2003 9308: 9301: 9300:Robinson 2003 9296: 9289: 9288:Robinson 2003 9284: 9277: 9276:Robinson 2003 9272: 9265: 9260: 9253: 9248: 9241: 9236: 9229: 9228:Fuhrmann 2001 9224: 9217: 9216:Robinson 2003 9212: 9210: 9202: 9201:Robinson 2003 9197: 9195: 9187: 9186:Robinson 2003 9182: 9180: 9172: 9171:Robinson 2003 9167: 9165: 9163: 9161: 9159: 9151: 9146: 9139: 9134: 9128:, p. 59. 9127: 9126:Vollrath 1995 9122: 9116:, p. 58. 9115: 9114:Fuhrmann 2001 9110: 9103: 9098: 9091: 9090:Robinson 2003 9086: 9079: 9078:Robinson 2003 9074: 9067: 9066:Robinson 2003 9062: 9060: 9052: 9051:Robinson 2003 9047: 9040: 9039:Vollrath 1995 9035: 9033: 9025: 9024:Robinson 2003 9020: 9013: 9012:Robinson 2003 9008: 9006: 8999:, p. 68. 8998: 8997:Vollrath 1995 8993: 8986: 8981: 8974: 8969: 8962: 8961:Robinson 2003 8957: 8955: 8953: 8945: 8944:Robinson 2003 8940: 8933: 8932:Robinson 2003 8928: 8926: 8918: 8917:Robinson 2003 8913: 8911: 8903: 8902:Robinson 2003 8898: 8891: 8890:Robinson 2003 8886: 8879: 8878:Robinson 2003 8874: 8867: 8862: 8860: 8852: 8851:Robinson 2003 8847: 8845: 8843: 8836:, p. 86. 8835: 8834:Fuhrmann 2001 8830: 8828: 8826: 8824: 8816: 8815:Robinson 2003 8811: 8809: 8801: 8800:Robinson 2003 8796: 8789: 8788:Robinson 2003 8784: 8777: 8776:Robinson 2003 8772: 8770: 8762: 8761:Robinson 2003 8757: 8750: 8749:Robinson 2003 8745: 8738: 8737:Robinson 2003 8733: 8731: 8723: 8718: 8711: 8710:Robinson 2003 8706: 8699: 8698:Robinson 2003 8694: 8692: 8690: 8688: 8680: 8679:Robinson 2003 8675: 8668: 8667:Robinson 2003 8663: 8656: 8655:Fuhrmann 2001 8651: 8644: 8643:Robinson 2003 8639: 8637: 8629: 8628:Robinson 2003 8624: 8617: 8612: 8605: 8604:Robinson 2003 8600: 8593: 8592:Robinson 2003 8588: 8581: 8580:Robinson 2003 8576: 8569: 8568:Robinson 2003 8564: 8557: 8556:Robinson 2003 8552: 8550: 8548: 8540: 8539:Robinson 2003 8535: 8533: 8525: 8524:Robinson 2003 8520: 8518: 8510: 8509:Robinson 2003 8505: 8498: 8497:Robinson 2003 8493: 8486: 8481: 8479: 8477: 8475: 8467: 8466:Robinson 2003 8462: 8460: 8458: 8450: 8449:Robinson 2003 8445: 8438: 8437:Robinson 2003 8433: 8426: 8425:Robinson 2003 8421: 8415:, p. 85. 8414: 8413:Fuhrmann 2001 8409: 8407: 8405: 8403: 8401: 8393: 8392:Fuhrmann 2001 8388: 8381: 8380:Robinson 2003 8376: 8374: 8372: 8370: 8362: 8361:Robinson 2003 8357: 8355: 8347: 8342: 8340: 8332: 8331:Robinson 2003 8327: 8320: 8315: 8313: 8311: 8304:, p. 66. 8303: 8302:Vollrath 1995 8298: 8291: 8286: 8284: 8276: 8275:Robinson 2003 8271: 8264: 8263:Robinson 2003 8259: 8253:, p. 76. 8252: 8251:Fuhrmann 2001 8247: 8240: 8239:Robinson 2003 8235: 8228: 8227:Robinson 2003 8223: 8221: 8214:, p. 84. 8213: 8212:Fuhrmann 2001 8208: 8201: 8200:Robinson 2003 8196: 8190:, p. 69. 8189: 8188:Fuhrmann 2001 8184: 8177: 8176:Robinson 2003 8172: 8170: 8162: 8161:Robinson 2003 8157: 8155: 8148:, p. 65. 8147: 8146:Vollrath 1995 8142: 8135: 8134:Robinson 2003 8130: 8123: 8122:Robinson 2003 8118: 8111: 8110:Robinson 2003 8106: 8099: 8094: 8092: 8090: 8082: 8081:Robinson 2003 8077: 8075: 8073: 8065: 8064:Robinson 2003 8060: 8058: 8056: 8048: 8047:Robinson 2003 8043: 8036: 8035:Robinson 2003 8031: 8024: 8023:Robinson 2003 8019: 8012: 8011:Robinson 2003 8007: 8000: 7999:Robinson 2003 7995: 7988: 7987:Robinson 2003 7983: 7981: 7973: 7972:Robinson 2003 7968: 7966: 7964: 7956: 7951: 7944: 7939: 7932: 7927: 7920: 7919:Robinson 2003 7915: 7913: 7906:, p. 87. 7905: 7900: 7898: 7896: 7889:, p. 92. 7888: 7883: 7876: 7875:Robinson 2003 7871: 7869: 7867: 7859: 7858:Robinson 2003 7854: 7847: 7846:Robinson 2003 7842: 7840: 7832: 7831:Robinson 2003 7827: 7820: 7819:Robinson 2003 7815: 7813: 7805: 7804:Robinson 2003 7800: 7798: 7791:, p. 64. 7790: 7789:Vollrath 1995 7785: 7783: 7775: 7774:Robinson 2003 7770: 7763: 7762:Robinson 2003 7758: 7751: 7750:Robinson 2003 7746: 7739: 7738:Robinson 2003 7734: 7727: 7726:Robinson 2003 7722: 7720: 7718: 7710: 7709:Robinson 2003 7705: 7698: 7697:Robinson 2003 7693: 7691: 7683: 7682:Robinson 2003 7678: 7671: 7670:Robinson 2003 7666: 7659: 7658:Robinson 2003 7654: 7652: 7644: 7643:Robinson 2003 7639: 7637: 7629: 7628:Robinson 2003 7624: 7617: 7612: 7605: 7604:Robinson 2003 7600: 7593: 7592:Robinson 2003 7588: 7581: 7576: 7574: 7572: 7570: 7562: 7561:Robinson 2003 7557: 7555: 7547: 7546:Robinson 2003 7542: 7540: 7538: 7530: 7529:Robinson 2003 7525: 7518: 7517:Robinson 2003 7513: 7506: 7505:Robinson 2003 7501: 7494: 7489: 7482: 7481:Robinson 2003 7477: 7475: 7467: 7466:Robinson 2003 7462: 7455: 7454:Robinson 2003 7450: 7444:, p. 68. 7443: 7442:Fuhrmann 2001 7438: 7436: 7434: 7432: 7430: 7422: 7421:Robinson 2003 7417: 7415: 7407: 7406:Robinson 2003 7402: 7395: 7390: 7388: 7386: 7378: 7377:Robinson 2003 7373: 7366: 7365:Robinson 2003 7361: 7354: 7353:Robinson 2003 7349: 7347: 7339: 7338:Robinson 2003 7334: 7327: 7326:Robinson 2003 7322: 7315: 7314:Robinson 2003 7310: 7303: 7302:Robinson 2003 7298: 7291: 7290:Robinson 2003 7286: 7279: 7278:Robinson 2003 7274: 7267: 7266:Robinson 2003 7262: 7255: 7254:Robinson 2003 7250: 7243: 7242:Robinson 2003 7238: 7231: 7230:Robinson 2003 7226: 7219: 7218:Robinson 2003 7214: 7207: 7206:Robinson 2003 7202: 7195: 7194:Robinson 2003 7190: 7183: 7178: 7176: 7168: 7167:Robinson 2003 7163: 7161: 7153: 7152:Robinson 2003 7148: 7146: 7138: 7133: 7131: 7129: 7121: 7120:Robinson 2003 7116: 7109: 7108:Robinson 2003 7104: 7102: 7100: 7093:, p. 67. 7092: 7091:Fuhrmann 2001 7087: 7080: 7079:Robinson 2003 7075: 7068: 7067:Robinson 2003 7063: 7056: 7055:Robinson 2003 7051: 7044: 7043:Robinson 2003 7039: 7037: 7035: 7027: 7026:Robinson 2003 7022: 7020: 7012: 7011:Robinson 2003 7007: 7000: 6999:Robinson 2003 6995: 6988: 6987:Robinson 2003 6983: 6976: 6975:Robinson 2003 6971: 6964: 6959: 6957: 6955: 6953: 6945: 6944:Robinson 2003 6940: 6933: 6928: 6921: 6920:Robinson 2003 6916: 6909: 6908:Robinson 2003 6904: 6902: 6894: 6893:Robinson 2003 6889: 6882: 6881:Robinson 2003 6877: 6875: 6867: 6862: 6860: 6852: 6851:Robinson 2003 6847: 6840: 6839:Robinson 2003 6835: 6828: 6827:Robinson 2003 6823: 6816: 6811: 6804: 6803:Robinson 2003 6799: 6792: 6791:Robinson 2003 6787: 6780: 6779:Robinson 2003 6775: 6768: 6767:Robinson 2003 6763: 6756: 6755:Robinson 2003 6751: 6749: 6741: 6740:Robinson 2003 6736: 6734: 6727:, p. 60. 6726: 6725:Vollrath 1995 6721: 6714: 6713:Robinson 2003 6709: 6702: 6697: 6690: 6689:Robinson 2003 6685: 6678: 6673: 6671: 6663: 6658: 6652:, p. 65. 6651: 6650:Fuhrmann 2001 6646: 6644: 6642: 6635:, p. 89. 6634: 6629: 6627: 6619: 6614: 6607: 6606:Robinson 2003 6602: 6600: 6592: 6591:Robinson 2003 6587: 6585: 6578:, p. 58. 6577: 6576:Vollrath 1995 6572: 6565: 6564:Robinson 2003 6560: 6558: 6550: 6549:Robinson 2003 6545: 6543: 6541: 6533: 6532:Robinson 2003 6528: 6526: 6524: 6516: 6515:Robinson 2003 6511: 6509: 6507: 6500:, p. 90. 6499: 6494: 6487: 6486:Robinson 2003 6482: 6475: 6470: 6463: 6462:Robinson 2003 6458: 6451: 6450:Robinson 2003 6446: 6444: 6436: 6431: 6429: 6427: 6419: 6418:Robinson 2003 6414: 6407: 6406:Robinson 2003 6402: 6396:, p. 64. 6395: 6394:Fuhrmann 2001 6390: 6388: 6386: 6384: 6376: 6371: 6364: 6363:Robinson 2003 6359: 6352: 6351:Robinson 2003 6347: 6340: 6335: 6328: 6327:Robinson 2003 6323: 6321: 6314:, p. 88. 6313: 6308: 6306: 6298: 6297:Robinson 2003 6293: 6286: 6285:Robinson 2003 6281: 6274: 6273:Robinson 2003 6269: 6262: 6261:Robinson 2003 6257: 6255: 6253: 6245: 6244:Robinson 2003 6240: 6238: 6230: 6229:Robinson 2003 6225: 6223: 6215: 6214:Robinson 2003 6210: 6203: 6202:Robinson 2003 6198: 6196: 6188: 6187:Robinson 2003 6183: 6176: 6175:Robinson 2003 6171: 6164: 6159: 6152: 6147: 6140: 6135: 6129:, p. 82. 6128: 6123: 6121: 6114:, p. 99. 6113: 6112:Robinson 2003 6108: 6101: 6100:Robinson 2003 6096: 6094: 6086: 6085:Robinson 2003 6081: 6079: 6071: 6070:Robinson 2003 6066: 6060:, p. 98. 6059: 6058:Robinson 2003 6054: 6047: 6046:Robinson 2003 6042: 6035: 6030: 6028: 6026: 6019:, p. 95. 6018: 6017:Robinson 2003 6013: 6011: 6003: 5998: 5991: 5986: 5980:, p. 93. 5979: 5978:Robinson 2003 5974: 5972: 5970: 5968: 5966: 5958: 5953: 5951: 5943: 5938: 5932:, p. 91. 5931: 5930:Robinson 2003 5926: 5924: 5922: 5915:, p. 90. 5914: 5913:Robinson 2003 5909: 5902: 5901:Robinson 2003 5897: 5891:, p. 73. 5890: 5889:Robinson 2003 5885: 5883: 5875: 5874:Robinson 2003 5870: 5863: 5862:Robinson 2003 5858: 5851: 5846: 5839: 5838:Robinson 2003 5834: 5832: 5824: 5823:Robinson 2003 5819: 5813:, p. 87. 5812: 5807: 5805: 5798:, p. 63. 5797: 5796:Fuhrmann 2001 5792: 5785: 5784:Robinson 2003 5780: 5778: 5770: 5769:Robinson 2003 5765: 5763: 5755: 5754:Robinson 2003 5750: 5748: 5740: 5735: 5733: 5731: 5729: 5727: 5719: 5718:Robinson 2003 5714: 5707: 5706:Robinson 2003 5702: 5696:, p. 92. 5695: 5694:Robinson 2003 5690: 5683: 5678: 5676: 5669:, p. 72. 5668: 5667:Robinson 2003 5663: 5661: 5654:, p. 71. 5653: 5652:Robinson 2003 5648: 5641: 5640:Robinson 2003 5636: 5630:, p. 70. 5629: 5628:Robinson 2003 5624: 5617: 5616:Robinson 2003 5612: 5606:, p. 68. 5605: 5604:Robinson 2003 5600: 5598: 5596: 5588: 5583: 5581: 5579: 5577: 5570:, p. 64. 5569: 5568:Robinson 2003 5564: 5562: 5560: 5558: 5550: 5545: 5538: 5537:Robinson 2003 5533: 5526: 5521: 5519: 5512:, p. 62. 5511: 5510:Fuhrmann 2001 5506: 5504: 5502: 5500: 5498: 5496: 5494: 5486: 5485:Robinson 2003 5481: 5474: 5469: 5462: 5461:Robinson 2003 5457: 5450: 5445: 5438: 5433: 5431: 5424:, p. 60. 5423: 5422:Robinson 2003 5418: 5411: 5406: 5400:, p. 61. 5399: 5398:Robinson 2003 5394: 5388:, p. 59. 5387: 5386:Robinson 2003 5382: 5375: 5374:Robinson 2003 5370: 5364:, p. 56. 5363: 5362:Robinson 2003 5358: 5352:, p. 85. 5351: 5346: 5340:, p. 55. 5339: 5338:Robinson 2003 5334: 5327: 5326:Robinson 2003 5322: 5315: 5314:Robinson 2003 5310: 5304:, p. 54. 5303: 5302:Robinson 2003 5298: 5291: 5290:Robinson 2003 5286: 5280:, p. 52. 5279: 5278:Robinson 2003 5274: 5267: 5266:Robinson 2003 5262: 5256:, p. 49. 5255: 5254:Robinson 2003 5250: 5243: 5238: 5232:, p. 75. 5231: 5226: 5224: 5222: 5215:, p. 53. 5214: 5213:Robinson 2003 5209: 5207: 5205: 5203: 5201: 5199: 5192:, p. 61. 5191: 5190:Fuhrmann 2001 5186: 5179: 5178:Robinson 2003 5174: 5172: 5164: 5163:Robinson 2003 5159: 5152: 5151:Robinson 2003 5147: 5141:, p. 44. 5140: 5139:Robinson 2003 5135: 5129:, p. 99. 5128: 5123: 5121: 5119: 5111: 5110:Robinson 2003 5106: 5100:, p. 54. 5099: 5098:Vollrath 1995 5094: 5092: 5085:, p. 43. 5084: 5083:Robinson 2003 5079: 5077: 5075: 5073: 5071: 5069: 5061: 5056: 5050:, p. 42. 5049: 5048:Robinson 2003 5044: 5042: 5040: 5033:, p. 56. 5032: 5031:Fuhrmann 2001 5027: 5025: 5023: 5021: 5013: 5012:Robinson 2003 5008: 5002:, p. 53. 5001: 5000:Vollrath 1995 4996: 4990:, p. 96. 4989: 4984: 4982: 4975:, p. 40. 4974: 4973:Robinson 2003 4969: 4962: 4961:Robinson 2003 4957: 4951:, p. 35. 4950: 4949:Robinson 2003 4945: 4943: 4941: 4939: 4937: 4930:, p. 55. 4929: 4924: 4918:, p. 51. 4917: 4916:Vollrath 1995 4912: 4905: 4904:Robinson 2003 4900: 4894:, p. 89. 4893: 4888: 4882:, p. 94. 4881: 4876: 4874: 4872: 4870: 4863:, p. 39. 4862: 4861:Robinson 2003 4857: 4850: 4849:Vollrath 1995 4845: 4839:, p. 53. 4838: 4837:Fuhrmann 2001 4833: 4826: 4825:Fuhrmann 2001 4821: 4814: 4809: 4803:, p. 86. 4802: 4797: 4791:, p. 84. 4790: 4785: 4783: 4781: 4779: 4772:, p. 73. 4771: 4766: 4764: 4762: 4760: 4758: 4750: 4745: 4739:, p. 33. 4738: 4737:Robinson 2003 4733: 4727:, p. 32. 4726: 4725:Robinson 2003 4721: 4714: 4713:Robinson 2003 4709: 4703:, p. 52. 4702: 4701:Vollrath 1995 4697: 4695: 4688:, p. 63. 4687: 4686:Robinson 2003 4682: 4676:, p. 37. 4675: 4674:Robinson 2003 4670: 4668: 4666: 4664: 4662: 4654: 4653:Fuhrmann 2001 4649: 4647: 4639: 4634: 4628:, p. 27. 4627: 4626:Robinson 2003 4622: 4616:, p. 31. 4615: 4614:Robinson 2003 4610: 4604:, p. 57. 4603: 4602:Fuhrmann 2001 4598: 4596: 4594: 4592: 4590: 4583:, p. 48. 4582: 4581:Robinson 2003 4577: 4575: 4568:, p. 26. 4567: 4566:Robinson 2003 4562: 4560: 4558: 4551:, p. 82. 4550: 4545: 4539:, p. 52. 4538: 4537:Fuhrmann 2001 4533: 4531: 4529: 4521: 4516: 4510:, p. 25. 4509: 4508:Robinson 2003 4504: 4502: 4500: 4492: 4491:Robinson 2003 4487: 4480: 4475: 4469:, p. 22. 4468: 4467:Robinson 2003 4463: 4461: 4459: 4457: 4450:, p. 21. 4449: 4448:Robinson 2003 4444: 4442: 4434: 4433:Robinson 2003 4429: 4422: 4417: 4415: 4413: 4411: 4404:, p. 19. 4403: 4402:Robinson 2003 4398: 4396: 4394: 4387:, p. 93. 4386: 4381: 4374: 4373:Robinson 2003 4369: 4367: 4359: 4354: 4347: 4342: 4335: 4330: 4323: 4318: 4312:, p. 94. 4311: 4306: 4304: 4296: 4295:Fuhrmann 2001 4291: 4285:, p. 41. 4284: 4283:Fuhrmann 2001 4279: 4272: 4271:Robinson 2003 4267: 4261:, p. 36. 4260: 4255: 4248: 4247:Robinson 2003 4243: 4236: 4231: 4224: 4219: 4213:, p. 45. 4212: 4211:Fuhrmann 2001 4207: 4200: 4195: 4189:, p. 49. 4188: 4183: 4177:, p. 39. 4176: 4175:Fuhrmann 2001 4171: 4165:, p. 57. 4164: 4159: 4153:, p. 56. 4152: 4147: 4141:, p. 44. 4140: 4139:Fuhrmann 2001 4135: 4128: 4127:Fuhrmann 2001 4123: 4116: 4111: 4104: 4099: 4097: 4092: 4082: 4079: 4077: 4074: 4073: 4067: 4066: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4043: 4040: 4029: 4028:HOHENSTAUFENS 3987: 3985: 3923: 3921: 3859: 3850: 3848: 3842: 3840: 3835: 3830: 3810: 3790: 3763: 3750: 3722: 3705: 3685: 3665: 3661: 3658: 3650: 3648: 3618: 3616: 3600: 3598: 3597: 3590: 3552: 3520: 3504: 3502: 3499: 3488: 3486: 3478: 3476: 3473: 3453: 3444: 3424: 3404: 3391: 3371: 3358: 3349: 3329: 3316: 3292: 3288: 3286: 3182: 3179: 3163: 3161: 3145: 3143: 3131: 3129: 3121: 3119: 3099: 3097: 3087: 3085: 3084: 3077: 3061: 3059: 3031: 3029: 3001: 2999: 2989: 2987: 2984: 2981: 2953: 2951: 2950: 2897: 2883: 2881: 2867: 2865: 2852: 2847: 2845: 2837: 2835: 2832: 2827: 2803: 2793: 2768: 2753: 2731: 2729: 2659: 2657: 2587: 2585: 2582: 2518: 2515: 2514: 2510: 2509: 2506: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2491: 2489: 2485: 2480: 2479: 2469: 2466: 2463: 2460: 2459: 2458: 2455: 2453: 2443: 2434: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2411:temporalities 2408: 2404: 2399: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2378: 2374: 2372: 2368: 2362: 2359: 2355: 2350: 2349: 2343: 2342: 2335: 2334: 2328: 2324: 2323: 2311: 2308: 2303: 2299: 2294: 2292: 2287: 2282: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2261: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2242: 2240: 2236: 2230: 2227: 2221: 2219: 2218:ministeriales 2215: 2214:ministeriales 2206: 2202: 2197: 2188: 2186: 2180: 2178: 2177: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2137: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2122: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2105: 2104: 2099: 2095: 2093: 2089: 2084: 2082: 2078: 2068: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2053: 2049: 2048:First Crusade 2044: 2042: 2039: 2034: 2028: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1994: 1990: 1985: 1976: 1974: 1970: 1965: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1949: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1928: 1926: 1920: 1918: 1914: 1909: 1907: 1903: 1897: 1894: 1890: 1884: 1882: 1877: 1873: 1868: 1864: 1858: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1839: 1835: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1816:Consolidation 1808: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1784: 1782: 1778: 1772: 1770: 1765: 1761: 1753: 1748: 1739: 1736: 1735:were defeated 1732: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1713: 1711: 1706: 1705: 1699: 1695: 1689: 1687: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1669: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1654: 1652: 1648: 1639: 1635: 1633: 1629: 1624: 1620: 1615: 1612: 1608: 1603: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1584: 1581: 1577: 1571: 1561: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1546: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1529: 1523: 1519: 1517: 1512: 1508: 1503: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1484: 1482: 1478: 1473: 1468: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1449: 1445: 1440: 1435: 1425: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1410: 1408: 1403: 1398: 1392: 1388: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1365: 1362: 1357: 1353: 1344: 1340: 1338: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1319: 1314: 1309: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1289: 1283: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1263: 1262: 1257: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1243: 1235: 1233: 1229: 1224: 1218: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1191:ministeriales 1189: 1185: 1179: 1175: 1165: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1150: 1148: 1142: 1139: 1135: 1129: 1127: 1123: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1090: 1081: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1065: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1033: 1030: 1026: 1021: 1017: 1011: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 991: 989: 980: 979:Bernhard Rode 976: 972: 967: 963: 961: 957: 953: 948: 946: 942: 938: 933: 932: 926: 922: 916: 914: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 885: 883: 879: 875: 870: 868: 864: 860: 855: 853: 848: 843: 841: 837: 833: 829: 824: 823: 822:ministerialis 817: 813: 804: 800: 796: 785:Reign as king 782: 780: 774: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 751: 749: 744: 740: 735: 733: 729: 725: 724:Hugh of Cluny 721: 717: 713: 709: 705: 695: 693: 689: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 666: 661: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 633: 629: 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 598: 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 576: 575:Sylvester III 572: 568: 564: 559: 555: 551: 547: 537: 535: 531: 526: 525: 519: 515: 511: 507: 502: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 471: 469: 465: 461: 457: 453: 448: 444: 440: 435: 433: 429: 425: 421: 417: 413: 409: 405: 404:King of Italy 401: 397: 393: 389: 381: 378: 374: 371: 368: 364: 361: 358: 354: 351: 348: 346: 342: 336: 333: 331: 328: 326: 323: 322: 320: 318: 314: 290: 283: 282: 265: 258: 257: 255: 251: 247: 243: 239: 236: 232: 224:7 August 1106 223: 219: 215: 211: 199: 195: 191: 187: 183: 179: 175: 171: 167: 164: 160: 159:King of Italy 156: 152: 148: 144: 140: 137: 132: 128: 124: 120: 117: 113: 110: 107: 103: 100: 97: 93: 89: 84: 82: 78: 74: 70: 67: 63: 58: 52: 47: 44: 43: 38: 33: 30: 19: 12782: 12750:Papal States 12727: 12680:Sack of Rome 12657: 12630: 12587: 12491: 12489:Maximilian I 12483: 12475: 12467: 12458: 12450: 12442: 12434: 12426: 12418: 12410: 12402: 12394: 12386: 12378: 12370: 12362: 12354: 12346: 12338: 12330: 12322: 12314: 12306: 12297: 12288: 12279: 12270: 12262: 12253: 12244: 12236: 12228: 12220: 12212: 12204: 12196: 12188: 12180: 12172: 12164: 12156: 12148: 12140: 12132: 12124: 12116: 12108: 12100: 12092: 12084: 12076: 12068: 12065: 12060: 12052: 12044: 12036: 12033: 12028: 12020: 12012: 12004: 11996: 11988: 11980: 11972: 11964: 11956: 11948: 11940: 11932: 11924: 11916: 11908: 11900: 11892: 11884: 11876: 11868: 11860: 11852: 11844: 11836: 11828: 11820: 11812: 11804: 11796: 11623:Frederick I 11582: 11490:Berengar II 11483: 11453: 11439: 11417: 11403: 11395:Non-dynastic 11367:Charles III 11311:Charlemagne 11303:Carolingians 11096: 10966:Non-dynastic 10744:Ferdinand IV 10734:Ferdinand II 10704:Maximilian I 10681: 10664: 10622: 10607:Henry (VIII) 10605: 10591:Frederick II 10546:Conrad (III) 10538: 10531: 10526: 10465: 10442:East Francia 10393:East Francia 10280:Ferdinand II 10250:Maximilian I 10220:Frederick II 10189: 10043: 10016: 9997: 9986: 9975: 9956: 9934: 9927: 9920: 9881: 9855: 9811: 9788: 9765: 9742: 9717: 9711: 9692: 9660: 9637: 9633: 9629: 9606: 9602: 9598: 9579: 9553: 9530: 9504: 9481: 9478:Leyser, K.J. 9455: 9432: 9428: 9405: 9379: 9356: 9330: 9307: 9295: 9283: 9271: 9259: 9247: 9235: 9223: 9145: 9133: 9121: 9109: 9102:Pflanze 1990 9097: 9085: 9073: 9046: 9019: 8992: 8980: 8968: 8939: 8897: 8885: 8873: 8795: 8783: 8756: 8744: 8717: 8705: 8674: 8662: 8650: 8623: 8611: 8599: 8587: 8575: 8563: 8504: 8492: 8444: 8432: 8420: 8387: 8326: 8297: 8270: 8258: 8246: 8234: 8207: 8195: 8183: 8141: 8129: 8117: 8105: 8042: 8030: 8018: 8006: 7994: 7950: 7938: 7926: 7904:Tabacco 1995 7882: 7853: 7826: 7769: 7757: 7745: 7733: 7704: 7677: 7665: 7623: 7611: 7599: 7587: 7524: 7512: 7500: 7488: 7461: 7449: 7401: 7372: 7360: 7333: 7321: 7309: 7297: 7285: 7273: 7261: 7249: 7237: 7225: 7213: 7201: 7189: 7115: 7086: 7074: 7062: 7050: 7006: 6994: 6982: 6970: 6939: 6927: 6915: 6888: 6846: 6834: 6822: 6810: 6798: 6786: 6774: 6762: 6720: 6708: 6696: 6684: 6657: 6613: 6571: 6493: 6481: 6469: 6457: 6413: 6401: 6370: 6358: 6346: 6334: 6292: 6280: 6268: 6209: 6182: 6170: 6158: 6146: 6134: 6107: 6065: 6053: 6041: 5997: 5985: 5937: 5908: 5896: 5869: 5857: 5845: 5818: 5791: 5713: 5701: 5689: 5647: 5635: 5623: 5611: 5544: 5532: 5480: 5468: 5456: 5449:Tabacco 1995 5444: 5417: 5405: 5393: 5381: 5369: 5357: 5350:Tabacco 1995 5345: 5333: 5321: 5309: 5297: 5285: 5273: 5261: 5249: 5237: 5185: 5158: 5146: 5134: 5105: 5055: 5007: 4995: 4968: 4956: 4923: 4911: 4899: 4887: 4856: 4844: 4832: 4820: 4808: 4796: 4789:Tabacco 1995 4744: 4732: 4720: 4708: 4681: 4633: 4621: 4609: 4544: 4515: 4486: 4474: 4428: 4380: 4353: 4341: 4329: 4317: 4290: 4278: 4266: 4254: 4249:, p. 2. 4242: 4230: 4218: 4206: 4194: 4182: 4170: 4158: 4146: 4134: 4122: 4110: 4052: 4051: 3369: 2492: 2478:Morkinskinna 2473: 2456: 2448: 2400: 2382: 2379: 2375: 2363: 2354:liberal arts 2339: 2320: 2317: 2295: 2283: 2267: 2243: 2231: 2222: 2217: 2213: 2210: 2200: 2181: 2176:Reichsfriede 2174: 2153: 2151:on 3 April. 2138: 2123: 2111:Bretislav II 2109: 2101: 2085: 2074: 2045: 2029: 1998: 1992: 1989:(upper line) 1988: 1979:Family feuds 1966: 1950: 1938:Welf the Fat 1934: 1921: 1910: 1898: 1885: 1859: 1855:Peace of God 1847:Odo of Ostia 1844: 1819: 1785: 1777:Leonine City 1773: 1757: 1751: 1714: 1693: 1690: 1670: 1655: 1644: 1616: 1604: 1585: 1573: 1542: 1526: 1504: 1485: 1469: 1453: 1446:kept in the 1411: 1393: 1389: 1366: 1364:supporters. 1349: 1322: 1310: 1292: 1284: 1267: 1259: 1236: 1219: 1190: 1181: 1151: 1143: 1134:Lorsch Abbey 1130: 1119: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1066: 1040: 1034: 1029:Kaiserswerth 1012: 992: 984: 949: 917: 893:Peter Damian 886: 871: 856: 844: 808: 775: 752: 736: 722:, but Abbot 701: 662: 634: 630: 612:, came from 599: 543: 524:Reichsfriede 503: 472: 436: 387: 386: 226:(1106-08-07) 133:17 July 1054 85:1 April 1084 56: 40: 29: 12831:1106 deaths 12826:1050 births 12740:Investiture 12492:(1597–1623) 12484:(1579–1597) 12476:(1550–1579) 12468:(1516–1545) 12344:William III 12280:(1347–1365) 12149:(1231–1253) 12141:(1183–1231) 12125:(1180–1183) 12117:(1156–1180) 12109:(1143–1156) 12101:(1139–1141) 12093:(1126–1138) 12085:(1120–1126) 12077:(1101–1120) 12069:(1077–1096) 12053:(1061–1070) 12045:(1054–1055) 12029:(1049–1053) 12021:(1042–1047) 12013:(1026–1042) 11882:Tassilo III 11821:(c.680–716) 11810:Garibald II 11697:(1530–1556) 11689:(1452–1493) 11681:(1431–1437) 11673:(1355–1378) 11671:Charles IV 11665:(1327–1347) 11657:(1311–1313) 11649:(1212–1250) 11641:(1209–1212) 11633:(1186–1197) 11625:(1154–1186) 11617:(1138–1152) 11615:Conrad III 11609:(1125–1137) 11601:(1106–1125) 11593:(1093–1101) 11585:(1056–1105) 11577:(1039–1056) 11569:(1026–1039) 11561:(1004–1024) 11553:(1002–1014) 11476:Lothair II 11410:Berengar I 11405:Unruochings 11351:Charles II 11290:Desiderius 11266:Hildeprand 11242:Aripert II 11097:Interregnum 10899:(1871–1918) 10880:(1867–1871) 10861:(1850–1866) 10839:(1848/1849) 10827:Ferdinand I 10815:(1815–1848) 10796:(1806–1813) 10764:Charles VII 10714:Ferdinand I 10596:Henry (VII) 10571:Frederick I 10305:Charles VII 10260:Ferdinand I 10205:Frederick I 10200:Lothair III 10130:Charles III 10105:Charlemagne 9958:German King 9693:Heinrich IV 9138:Barber 2004 8985:Schutz 2010 8973:Barber 2004 8722:Leyser 1982 8616:Schutz 2010 8485:Schutz 2010 8319:Schutz 2010 8290:Schutz 2010 8098:Schutz 2010 7955:Chazan 2006 7943:Chazan 2006 7931:Chazan 2006 7887:Barber 2004 7580:Schutz 2010 7493:Barber 2004 7394:Schutz 2010 7182:Barber 2004 7137:Schutz 2010 6963:Schutz 2010 6866:Schutz 2010 6815:Leyser 1982 6701:Schutz 2010 6677:Schutz 2010 6662:Schutz 2010 6633:Barber 2004 6618:Schutz 2010 6498:Barber 2004 6375:Schutz 2010 6339:Schutz 2010 6312:Barber 2004 6163:Barber 2004 6139:Barber 2004 6034:Schutz 2010 6002:Barber 2004 5990:Schutz 2010 5957:Schutz 2010 5942:Barber 2004 5850:Schutz 2010 5811:Barber 2004 5682:Leyser 1982 5549:Leyser 1982 5525:Schutz 2010 5473:Schutz 2010 5437:Schutz 2010 5060:Schutz 2010 4813:Schutz 2010 4638:Schutz 2010 4520:Schutz 2010 4421:Schutz 2010 4358:Schutz 2010 4334:Schutz 2010 4310:Leyser 1982 4235:Barber 2004 4199:Schutz 2010 4115:Barber 2004 4103:Schutz 2010 4063:Gandersheim 4059:Quedlinburg 3832:*1102 †1167 3812:*1086 †1125 3792:*1074 †1101 3765:*1073 †1136 3762:Leopold III 3426:*1053 †1087 3406:*1052 †1055 3373:*1050 †1106 3360:*1051 †1087 3351:*1048 †1060 3294:*1045 †1096 2805:*1017 †1056 2499:Kievan Rus' 2452:consummated 2333:Etymologiae 2307:sarcophagus 2246:Hammerstein 2071:Restoration 1851:Quedlinburg 1829:and Bishop 1807:on 2 July. 1797:sacked Rome 1731:Hohenmölsen 1488:Saint Peter 1294:Bolesław II 1100:, Burgundy 1056:and Bishop 669:Bretislav I 614:Lotharingia 571:Benedict IX 495:Clement III 475:Gregory VII 392:Heinrich IV 177:Predecessor 142:Predecessor 95:Predecessor 12820:Categories 12619:and events 12408:Albert III 12328:Jacqueline 12320:William II 12285:Stephen II 12268:Meinhard I 12162:Henry XIII 12066:Henry VIII 12034:Henry VIII 11842:Tassilo II 11794:Garibald I 11695:Charles V 11679:Sigismund 11655:Henry VII 11591:Conrad II 11575:Henry III 11567:Conrad II 11545:(996–1002) 11520:(962–1556) 11335:Lothair I 11258:Liutprand 11234:Raginpert 11194:Perctarit 11170:Perctarit 11154:Aripert I 11019:Theodahad 11011:Athalaric 11003:Theodoric 10995:Ostrogoths 10916:William II 10803:Napoleon I 10784:Francis II 10779:Leopold II 10759:Charles VI 10672:Wenceslaus 10660:Charles IV 10566:Henry (VI) 10561:Conrad III 10490:(962–1806) 10485:within the 10395:during the 10325:Francis II 10320:Leopold II 10300:Charles VI 10270:Rudolph II 10235:Charles IV 10125:Charles II 10049:1078–1096 10022:1052–1054 10003:1084–1105 9992:1056–1105 9981:1056–1105 9962:1054–1105 6151:Zupka 2016 6127:Zupka 2016 5242:Zupka 2016 5230:Zupka 2016 4770:Zupka 2016 4346:Zupka 2016 4087:References 4039:BABENBERGS 3728:1050 †1105 3459:1044 †1102 3397:1068 †1109 2254:Böckelheim 2212:a band of 2141:Paschal II 2134:Prüm Abbey 2119:Bořivoj II 1876:suffragans 1628:Franconian 1607:Strasbourg 1568:See also: 1550:Mont Cenis 1496:Gottschalk 1397:Breitungen 1381:suzerainty 1377:Bratislava 1337:desecrated 1313:Gerstungen 1242:jus spolii 1104:, Bohemia 921:Hildebrand 852:Stephen IX 698:Early life 649:Bernard II 595:Clement II 579:Gregory VI 567:Crescentii 540:Background 203:1050-11-11 130:Coronation 81:Coronation 12703:Canon law 12617:Documents 12563:Erlembald 12424:Sigismund 12312:Albert II 12294:William I 12226:Henry XIV 12202:Rudolph I 12178:Stephen I 12170:Louis III 12098:Leopold I 12042:Conrad II 12018:Henry VII 11989:(983–985) 11981:(976–982) 11965:(947–955) 11957:(938–947) 11949:(937–938) 11941:(907–937) 11885:(748–788) 11869:(736–748) 11861:(725–736) 11853:(715–725) 11826:Theodbert 11813:(610–625) 11805:(591–610) 11802:Tassilo I 11797:(555–591) 11663:Louis IV 11631:Henry VI 11583:Henry IV 11559:Henry II 11551:Arduin I 11543:Otto III 11537:(980–983) 11529:(962–973) 11500:(950–963) 11498:Adalbert 11492:(950–963) 11485:Anscarids 11478:(945–950) 11470:(926–947) 11462:(900–905) 11460:Louis II 11448:(922–933) 11434:(891–897) 11426:(889–894) 11419:Guideschi 11412:(887–924) 11377:(896–899) 11369:(879–887) 11361:(877–879) 11359:Carloman 11353:(875–877) 11345:(855–875) 11337:(818–855) 11329:(810–818) 11321:(781–810) 11313:(774–814) 11292:(756–774) 11284:(749–756) 11276:(744–749) 11260:(712–744) 11250:Ansprand 11244:(702–712) 11228:(700–702) 11226:Liutpert 11220:(689–700) 11218:Cunipert 11204:(688–689) 11202:Cunipert 11196:(671–688) 11186:Garibald 11180:(662–671) 11178:Grimoald 11172:(661–662) 11164:(661–662) 11162:Godepert 11156:(653–661) 11148:(652–653) 11140:(636-652) 11132:(626–636) 11124:(616–626) 11122:Adaloald 11116:(590–616) 11108:(584–590) 11100:(574–584) 11090:(572–574) 11082:(568–572) 11061:(552–553) 11053:(541–552) 11037:(540–541) 11029:(536–540) 11021:(534–536) 11013:(526–534) 11005:(493–526) 10975:(476–493) 10906:William I 10887:William I 10822:Francis I 10774:Joseph II 10769:Francis I 10749:Leopold I 10724:Rudolf II 10709:Charles V 10694:Albert II 10689:Sigismund 10645:Henry VII 10601:Conrad IV 10522:Henry III 10517:Conrad II 10449:(919–962) 10444:(911–919) 10400:(843–911) 10315:Joseph II 10310:Francis I 10290:Leopold I 10255:Charles V 10240:Sigismund 10225:Henry VII 10185:Henry III 10180:Conrad II 10150:Louis III 10115:Lothair I 10028:Conrad II 9951:Henry III 9816:C.H. Beck 9734:0266-3554 9460:Routledge 9433:1050–1200 9355:(2004) . 5410:Hill 2020 5127:Hill 2020 4479:Hill 2020 4385:Hill 2020 4322:Hill 2020 2802:Henry III 2391:Reichstag 2371:pederasty 2264:Last year 2258:Ingelheim 2201:Chronicle 2057:Holy Land 1906:Benevento 1893:Oppenheim 1870:of Salm, 1576:Forchheim 1564:Civil war 1500:lightning 1492:William I 1273:, to the 1271:Gotofredo 1256:miniature 1207:benefices 975:engraving 937:cardinals 805:in Aachen 728:godfather 618:canon law 606:patrician 583:Henry III 563:Tusculani 510:Conrad II 443:Thuringia 390:(German: 185:Successor 180:Henry III 172:1056–1105 150:Successor 145:Henry III 125:1054–1105 105:Successor 99:Henry III 75:1084–1105 12776:See also 12696:Concepts 12303:Albert I 12276:Louis VI 12242:Louis IV 12186:Otto III 12026:Conrad I 12010:Henry VI 11994:Henry IV 11954:Berthold 11946:Eberhard 11930:Luitpold 11922:Engeldeo 11898:Carloman 11850:Grimoald 11834:Theobald 11639:Otto IV 11599:Henry V 11535:Otto II 11455:Bosonids 11446:Rudolph 11432:Lambert 11343:Louis I 11327:Bernard 11282:Aistulf 11274:Ratchis 11146:Rodoald 11138:Rothari 11130:Arioald 11114:Agilulf 11106:Authari 11072:Lombards 11035:Ildibad 11027:Vitiges 10973:Odoacer 10754:Joseph I 10729:Matthias 10650:Louis IV 10640:Albert I 10630:Rudolf I 10576:Henry VI 10527:Henry IV 10512:Henry II 10507:Otto III 10456:Conrad I 10412:Carloman 10343:Category 10295:Joseph I 10275:Matthias 10230:Louis IV 10210:Henry VI 10190:Henry IV 10175:Henry II 10170:Otto III 10155:Berengar 10120:Louis II 10011:Conrad I 9770:ABC-CLIO 9578:(2010). 9529:(1990). 9480:(1982). 9404:(2006). 4070:See also 3446:†1092/96 3370:HENRY IV 3291:Adelaide 2770:†1057–60 2431:Henry VI 2017:margrave 1681:Fritzlar 1666:Berthold 1611:Würzburg 1477:Piacenza 1318:Adalbert 1306:Lüneburg 1302:Harzburg 1211:his wife 1114:Sardinia 1110:(purple) 1096:, Italy 1049:treatise 1041:magister 1008:antipope 981:, 1781). 905:Augsburg 863:Bruno II 838:family, 828:liegeman 826:(unfree 816:guardian 677:Andrew I 657:Ottonian 565:and the 558:Burgundy 487:antiking 464:Holy See 408:Burgundy 388:Henry IV 376:Religion 163:Burgundy 35:Henry IV 12466:, Duke 12464:Louis X 12416:John IV 12368:John II 12218:Otto VI 12194:Matilda 12138:Louis I 12090:Henry X 12074:Welf II 12002:Henry V 11962:Henry I 11858:Hugbert 11527:Otto I 11513:within 11383:Ratold 11375:Arnulf 11210:Alahis 11080:Alboin 11051:Totila 11043:Eraric 10666:Günther 10624:Alfonso 10618:Richard 10613:William 10586:Otto IV 10551:Henry V 10540:Hermann 10502:Otto II 10461:Henry I 10215:Otto IV 10195:Henry V 10165:Otto II 10140:Lambert 10110:Louis I 9968:Henry V 9843:in the 9322:Sources 4055:Beatrix 3809:Henry V 3423:Solomon 3348:Matilda 2581:SALIANS 2250:Koblenz 2171:Cambrai 2163:Walcher 2088:Henry V 2065:pogroms 2050:at the 2009:Cremona 1801:Salerno 1754:, 1157) 1716:second 1647:crosier 1590:, with 1450:, 1115) 1188:Swabian 1184:demesne 1162:Hamburg 971:Anno II 909:Solomon 878:Spoleto 836:Ezzonid 834:of the 812:nunnery 801:in the 748:Bavaria 739:Cologne 671:. King 665:Bohemia 550:Germany 530:Henry V 479:Canossa 309: 297: 293: 280: 272: 268: 253:Spouses 188:Henry V 153:Henry V 109:Henry V 12767:Simony 12745:Papacy 12541:People 12352:Ernest 12250:Otto V 12058:Welf I 11978:Otto I 11938:Arnulf 11818:Theodo 11319:Pepin 11088:Cleph 10677:Rupert 10581:Philip 10533:Rudolf 10497:Otto I 10473:Otto I 10467:Arnulf 10427:Arnulf 10160:Otto I 10145:Arnulf 10055:Welf I 10038:Welf I 9933: 9822: 9799: 9776: 9753: 9732: 9699: 9671: 9648: 9617: 9586: 9564: 9541: 9515: 9492: 9466: 9443: 9416: 9390: 9367: 9341: 3789:Conrad 3443:Judith 3403:Conrad 2488:stanza 2437:Family 2367:incest 2314:Legacy 2302:chapel 2103:Mikveh 1596:Friuli 1545:Speyer 1465:Tedald 1324:Liemar 1232:Magnus 1203:Dedi I 1154:Lutici 1098:(grey) 1094:(blue) 1078:Mantua 913:Judith 901:Gerard 895:, the 847:regent 832:Conrad 769:, and 759:Conrad 755:Aachen 743:Tribur 732:Pöhlde 692:Apulia 685:Norman 610:Leo IX 456:simony 439:Saxony 366:Mother 356:Father 241:Burial 214:Saxony 90:, Rome 11877:(748) 11874:Grifo 11866:Odilo 11468:Hugh 11441:Welfs 11385:(896) 11268:(744) 11252:(712) 11236:(701) 11212:(689) 11188:(671) 11059:Teia 11045:(541) 10683:Jobst 10635:Adolf 9935:Died: 9928:Born: 9665:Brill 9636:1024– 9605:1024– 3749:Agnes 3707:†1111 3687:†1111 3667:†1090 3331:†1080 3318:†1079 2829:†1077 2796:†1038 2755:†1091 2462:Agnes 2185:Liège 1823:Werra 1209:that 1122:Worms 1035:The " 1025:Rhine 1000:Basel 925:synod 882:Fermo 554:Italy 422:—and 345:House 317:Issue 299:( 295: 274:( 270: 231:Liège 169:Reign 122:Reign 72:Reign 11515:the 11424:Guy 9937:1106 9930:1050 9820:ISBN 9797:ISBN 9774:ISBN 9751:ISBN 9730:ISSN 9697:ISBN 9669:ISBN 9646:ISBN 9615:ISBN 9584:ISBN 9562:ISBN 9539:ISBN 9513:ISBN 9490:ISBN 9464:ISBN 9441:ISBN 9414:ISBN 9388:ISBN 9365:ISBN 9339:ISBN 4061:and 2767:Otto 2474:The 2429:and 2369:and 2286:Visé 2191:Fall 2081:duke 2038:Doge 2013:Lodi 2005:Saul 1675:and 1621:and 1369:Géza 1354:and 1176:and 1158:Elbe 954:and 880:and 865:and 690:and 681:Béla 587:Alps 577:and 556:and 441:and 406:and 305:sep. 221:Died 197:Born 161:and 12305:, 12296:, 12287:, 12278:, 12261:, 12252:, 10135:Guy 9905:at 9722:doi 2329:'s 2203:of 1598:to 1535:at 1409:". 1385:Vác 1328:Udo 977:by 216:(?) 12822:: 11488:: 11458:: 11444:: 11422:: 11408:: 9890:. 9880:. 9854:. 9818:. 9795:. 9772:. 9749:. 9728:. 9718:37 9716:. 9667:. 9638:c. 9634:c. 9607:c. 9603:c. 9560:. 9556:. 9537:. 9511:. 9507:. 9488:. 9462:. 9439:. 9431:c. 9412:. 9386:. 9382:. 9363:. 9359:. 9337:. 9333:. 9208:^ 9193:^ 9178:^ 9157:^ 9058:^ 9031:^ 9004:^ 8951:^ 8924:^ 8909:^ 8858:^ 8841:^ 8822:^ 8807:^ 8768:^ 8729:^ 8686:^ 8635:^ 8546:^ 8531:^ 8516:^ 8473:^ 8456:^ 8399:^ 8368:^ 8353:^ 8338:^ 8309:^ 8282:^ 8219:^ 8168:^ 8153:^ 8088:^ 8071:^ 8054:^ 7979:^ 7962:^ 7911:^ 7894:^ 7865:^ 7838:^ 7811:^ 7796:^ 7781:^ 7716:^ 7689:^ 7650:^ 7635:^ 7568:^ 7553:^ 7536:^ 7473:^ 7428:^ 7413:^ 7384:^ 7345:^ 7174:^ 7159:^ 7144:^ 7127:^ 7098:^ 7033:^ 7018:^ 6951:^ 6900:^ 6873:^ 6858:^ 6747:^ 6732:^ 6669:^ 6640:^ 6625:^ 6598:^ 6583:^ 6556:^ 6539:^ 6522:^ 6505:^ 6442:^ 6425:^ 6382:^ 6319:^ 6304:^ 6251:^ 6236:^ 6221:^ 6194:^ 6119:^ 6092:^ 6077:^ 6024:^ 6009:^ 5964:^ 5949:^ 5920:^ 5881:^ 5830:^ 5803:^ 5776:^ 5761:^ 5746:^ 5725:^ 5674:^ 5659:^ 5594:^ 5575:^ 5556:^ 5517:^ 5492:^ 5429:^ 5220:^ 5197:^ 5170:^ 5117:^ 5090:^ 5067:^ 5038:^ 5019:^ 4980:^ 4935:^ 4868:^ 4777:^ 4756:^ 4693:^ 4660:^ 4645:^ 4588:^ 4573:^ 4556:^ 4527:^ 4498:^ 4455:^ 4440:^ 4409:^ 4392:^ 4365:^ 4302:^ 4095:^ 3819:r. 3799:r. 3772:r. 3735:r. 3726:c. 3694:r. 3674:r. 3466:r. 3457:c. 3433:r. 3413:r. 3395:c. 3380:r. 3338:r. 3303:r. 2812:r. 2293:. 2207:). 2083:. 2019:, 2011:, 1961:Po 1459:, 1416:, 1296:, 1264:). 1201:, 1112:. 1006:, 842:. 750:. 639:, 628:. 597:. 573:, 489:, 301:m. 276:m. 233:, 212:, 12526:e 12519:t 12512:v 11732:e 11725:t 11718:v 10950:e 10943:t 10936:v 10377:e 10370:t 10363:v 10086:e 10079:t 10072:v 9894:. 9888:) 9864:. 9862:) 9828:. 9805:. 9782:. 9759:. 9736:. 9724:: 9705:. 9677:. 9654:. 9623:. 9592:. 9570:. 9547:. 9521:. 9498:. 9472:. 9449:. 9422:. 9396:. 9373:. 9347:. 3823:) 3816:( 3803:) 3796:( 3776:) 3769:( 3739:) 3732:( 3724:* 3698:) 3691:( 3678:) 3671:( 3470:) 3463:( 3455:* 3437:) 3430:( 3417:) 3410:( 3393:* 3384:) 3377:( 3342:) 3335:( 3307:) 3300:( 2816:) 2809:( 2794:* 1995:) 1539:. 205:) 201:( 59:) 20:)

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Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor

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