394:, was tabled in the federal parliament in order to implement the deal in November 2005. While C-333 purported to acknowledge, commemorate and educate about past government wrongdoings, it fell far short of the apology demanded by generations of Chinese Canadians. The Ontario Coalition of Head Tax Payers and Families lobbied the Conservative Party to stop the passage of Bill C-333. The Conservatives exercised a procedural prerogative and switched the order of Bill C-333 with Bill C-331, a bill to recognize past wrongs against Ukrainian Canadians during wartime, causing Bill C-333 to die when Prime Minister Martin's Liberals lost a motion of non-confidence and parliament was dissolved on November 28, 2005.
434:, Harper promised to work with the Chinese community on redress, should the Conservatives be called to form the next government. Before his party ultimately lost the election, Martin issued a personal apology on a Chinese language radio program. However, he was quickly criticized by the Chinese Canadian community for not issuing the apology in the House of Commons and for then trying to dismiss it completely in the English-speaking media on the very same day. Several Liberal candidates with significant Chinese-Canadian populations in their
33:
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representatives from a number of groups, among them the
Halifax Redress Committee; the British Columbia Coalition of Head Tax Payers, Spouses and Descendants; ACCESS; the Ontario Coalition of Head Tax Payers and Families; the CCNC; the Edmonton HTEA Redress Committee of the Chinese Canadian Redress Alliance; and, the Montreal chapter of the Chinese Canadian Redress Alliance.
104:("beyond the powers") of the provincial legislative assembly, as it impinged upon federal jurisdiction over immigration into Canada. A similar attempt had been made a year before, and another one was made in 1878 to tax every Chinese over the age of 12 the sum of taxed $ 10 (equivalent to $ 385 in 2023) every three months.
478:. Three days after the ballots had been counted on January 23, but before he had been appointed prime minister, Harper reiterated his position on the head tax issue in a news conference, that "the Chinese Canadian community deserves an apology for the head tax and appropriate acknowledgement and redress."
291:
won the leadership of the federal
Liberal Party and became prime minister in 2003, there was a sense of urgency in the Chinese Canadian community as it became clear that there were perhaps only a few dozen surviving Chinese Head Tax payers left, along with potentially a few hundred spouses or widows.
553:
To the disappointment of many in the
Chinese Canadian community, it was announced that only original head tax payers, or their surviving spouses, then in their nineties, or a total 785 claimants, would receive CAD$ 20,000 in individual redress, representing less than a fraction of one-percent of the
283:
Following the legal setbacks, community activism resumed once again across the country. Several regional and national events had been organized to revitalize the redress campaign, including opening discussions with opposition parties, led by groups in
Edmonton and Montreal, which later formed the
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As no mention of further redress was made, the
Chinese Canadian community continued to fight for redress from the Canadian government. A national day of protest was held to coincide with Canada Day 2006 in major cities across Canada, and several hundred Chinese Canadians joined in local marches.
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on Racism, Racial
Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance, concluded that Canada should redress the head tax to Chinese Canadians in response to a submission by May Chiu, legal counsel to the Chinese Canadian Redress Alliance. The Report's recommendations once again drew national and
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announcing in a letter, the following year, that the government "cannot rewrite history" and would not grant financial compensation or redress to groups for past injustices. Instead, the letter reaffirmed $ 24 million in financing for a
Canadian Race Relations Foundation, an idea raised by the
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collected about CA$ 23 million ($ 393 million in 2023 dollars) in face value from about 81,000 head tax payers. The head tax did discourage
Chinese women and children from joining their men, but it failed to meet its goal, articulated by contemporary politicians and labour leaders, of the
136:
However, not all
Chinese arrivals had to pay the head tax; those who were better off financially and presumed to return to China based on the apparent, transitory nature of their occupation or background were exempt from the penalty. These included arrivals identifying themselves as: students,
517:
That year, from April 21 to 30, the Crown-in-Council hosted the first, formal public consultations across Canada in cities most actively involved and responsible for the campaign: Halifax, Vancouver, Toronto, Edmonton, Montreal, and
Winnipeg. They included the personal testimony of elders and
528:, proposing that the redress be represented (and limited) by each, actual "head tax" certificate brought forward by its surviving family members, or estate. Early demands from community groups for individual redress, ranged from $ 10,000 to $ 30,000 for the estimated 4,000 registrants.
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On June 22, 2006, twenty-two years after the Chinese Canadian redress campaign began, Prime Minister Stephen Harper delivered an official apology to Chinese Canadians in the House of Commons for the first session of the 39th Parliament. During his address Harper spoke a few words in
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The NCCC was formed on a platform of "no apology and no individual compensation," and was seen by many as the reason the Liberal government selected them as the representative group to negotiate the deal without any prior consultation with the Chinese Canadian community at large.
274:, offered by the government in 1988, established a precedent for redressing other racially motivated policies. However, the Ontario court declared in its 2001 decision that the Government of Canada had no obligation to redress the head tax levied on Chinese immigrants because the
521:
A number of the leading groups demanded meaningful redress, not only for the handful of surviving "head tax" payers and their widows or spouses, but first-generation sons and daughters who were direct victims, as recounted in the documentary
212:
The redress campaign included holding community meetings, gathering support from other groups and prominent people, increasing the media profile, conducting research and published materials, making presentations at schools, etc.
380:
The surprise Liberal agreement caused a great outcry in the Chinese Canadian community, as the purported deal with the NCCC had been conducted without their input, resulting in an escalation in the redress movement, nationwide.
352:
On November 17, 2005, the National Congress of Chinese Canadians (NCCC) announced in a turn of events that an agreement had been reached between 11 of its member Chinese-Canadian groups and the federal Cabinet, wherein the
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made an offer of individual medallions, a museum wing, and other collective measures that would also include several other redress-seeking communities. These were rejected outright by the Chinese Canadian national groups.
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would pay CA$ 12.5 million for the creation of a new non-profit foundation to educate Canadians about anti-Chinese discrimination, but with a specific pre-condition that no apology would be expected from the government.
305:
international attention to the Chinese Canadian redress campaign. In 2005, Gim Wong, an 82-year-old son of two head tax payers and a World War II veteran, conducted a cross-country Ride for Redress on his
1104:
Platiel, Rudy, Ottawa stuns, angers ethnic groups by refusing to grant financial redress The government cannot rewrite history, multiculturalism minister says, Globe & Mail, December 16, 1994, A5
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and the public. Some of the groups named in the agreement later stated publicly that their names had been used without permission and in other cases, several other groups listed did not even exist.
94:(CPR), though they were paid a third or a half less than their co-workers (about CA$ 1/day). Once the Canadian Pacific Railway was completed, the demand for cheap labour was non-existent, so the
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Early discussions on the form of apology and redress began on March 24, 2006, with a preliminary meeting between Chinese Canadians representing various groups (including some head tax payers),
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had no retroactive application and the case of the internment of Japanese Canadians was not a legal precedent. Two subsequent appeals in 2002 and 2003 were also unsuccessful.
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and undertaking court action against the Crown-in-Council, arguing that the federal Crown should not be profiting from racism, and that it had a responsibility under the
1226:"UN Submission of the Chinese Canadian Redress Alliance to Special Rapporteur on Contemporary Forms of Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance"
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announced on November 24, 2005 that the agreed upon funding would be reduced to $ 2.5 million. It was later revealed that the Minister for Asia and Pacific Affairs,
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became prime minister, the newly elected Liberal government openly refused to provide an apology or redress at all with the Multiculturalism Minister
914:"Consumer Price Index by product group, monthly, percentage change, not seasonally adjusted, Canada, provinces, Whitehorse, Yellowknife and Iqaluit"
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1303:
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151:, which stopped Chinese immigration, but with certain exemptions for business owners and others. It is sometimes referred to by opponents as the
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The CCNC and a number of regional groups across Canada continued to raise the issue whenever they could, including a submission to the
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legal challenge led by the CCNC, it was argued that the apology and compensation for the internment of Japanese Canadians during the
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82:, which outright prevented all Chinese immigration except for that of business people, clergy, educators, students, and some others.
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passed a strict law to virtually prevent Chinese immigration in 1885. However, this was immediately struck down by the courts as
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117:, which became law in 1885. Under its regulations, the law stipulated that all Chinese people entering Canada must first pay a
205:(CCNC) and its member organizations across Canada, after the issue gathered broad public attention on the CJVB radio program,
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550:, 'Canada Apologizes'), breaking the parliamentary tradition of speaking either English and French in the House of Commons.
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1370:"CCNC Press Release - Chinese Canadians welcome New Year's promise on Head Tax Redress from PM Designate Stephen Harper"
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In 1989, Chinese Canadian National Council, the longtime advocate for the head Tax redress, suffered a split after the
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Through the mid- to late 19th century, some 17,000 labourers were brought from China to do construction work on the
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81,000 original head tax payers. Only an estimated 20 Chinese Canadians who paid the tax were still alive in 2006.
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in 1903 (equivalent to $ 18,000 in 2023), representing a two-year salary of an immigrant worker at that time.
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complete exclusion of Chinese immigration. That was achieved through the same law that ended the head tax: the
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MP Raymond Chan, also made futile attempts to change their positions in the midst of the campaign. Notably,
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1282:"The Globe & Mail: Gim Foon Wong's motorcycle ride turned the tide on Chinese head-tax redress"
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220:, which saw the formation of a competing group, the National Congress of Chinese Canadians (NCCC).
91:
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1963:
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1304:"Gim Wong completes his "Ride for Redress" in Montreal - flying back to Vancouver for Wednesday"
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and it was meant to discourage Chinese people from entering Canada after the completion of the
2811:
1259:"Peter Warren Talk Show: Chinese Canadian Redress Campaign (Guests, Kenda Gee & May Chiu)"
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campaigned for the federal government to open immigration policies for the Chinese community.
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1979:
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418:, their support for an apology and redress for the head tax. Similarly, on December 8, 2005,
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Responding to the anti-immigration sentiment in British Columbia, the Canadian government of
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motorcycle, whereupon his arrival in Ottawa Prime Minister Paul Martin refused to meet him.
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Over 4,000 other head tax payers and their family members were eventually registered by the
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Sympatico / MSN : News : CTV.ca: PM apologizes in House of Commons for head tax
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1952:
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raised the issue of repaying the Chinese Head Tax for two of her constituents in the
108:
37:
1443:. National Post-Postmedia Network Inc. Archived from the original on August 13, 2009
511:
295:
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However, the concept of a redress movement did not begin until 1984, when Vancouver
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209:, hosted by Richmond, British Columbia, personality Hanson Lau in February 1984.
36:
Head tax receipt. The head tax was introduced in 1885, as a means of controlling
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expressing his support for an apology for the head tax. As a part of his own
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1577:. CanWest MediaWorks Publications Inc. - Edmonton Journal. Archived from
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129: (equivalent to $ 3,847 in 2023) in 1900 and later to its maximum of
100:
49:
2525:
474:
The 2006 federal election was won by the Conservative Party, forming a
137:
teachers, missionaries, merchants, or members of the diplomatic corps.
125:. This was amended in 1887, 1892, and 1900, with the fee increasing to
2556:
2120:
1159:"Edmonton Petition of 2,000 Canadians Introduced in House of Commons"
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533:
373:, who claimed to have negotiated the deal, purposely misled both the
892:(December 6, 2016). Afterwards, Canadian inflation numbers based on
2636:
1636:
National Post-Chinese Cdns Speak of Anger, Anguish - April 23, 2006
803:
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2004: recommendations and report of the United Nations rapporteur
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972:
In the Sea of Sterile Mountains: The Chinese in British Columbia
2663:
1701:
1548:"Address by the Prime Minister on the Chinese Head Tax Redress"
899:"Consumer Price Index, annual average, not seasonally adjusted"
53:
2287:
Monosodium glutamate controversy (Chinese restaurant syndrome)
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1499:
2658:
1542:
1631:
Transcript of Prime Minister Harper's apology in Parliament
573:
171:
was repealed in 1948, various community leaders including
1224:
Redress Alliance, Chinese Canadian (September 17, 2003).
994:. House of Commons, Canada. April 18, 2005. p. 1100.
807:
An act to further amend the Chinese Immigration Act, 1892
1621:
Search for names in Canadian government head tax records
852:
1685:
619:
Dere & Guy, William Ging Wee & Malcolm (1993).
1139:. Postmedia, Southam - Edmonton Journal, Vancouver Sun
1137:"RIGHTING A WRONG BEFORE IT'S TOO LATE (May 21, 2000)"
397:
284:
Chinese Canadian Redress Alliance alongside the CCNC.
1231:. Chinese Canadian Redress Alliance. Archived from
503:. The government's acknowledgement followed in the
446:and the Minister of State for Multiculturalism and
1058:"PRM 2005 - Redressing the Past of the Lo Wah Kui"
986:"Chinese Canadian Recognition and Restitution Act"
830:Act respecting and restricting Chinese immigration
261:
223:
1441:"National Post: Head tax tales tinged with anger"
1422:"Throne speech promises crime crackdown, GST cut"
1396:"Chinese-Cdns. hail promise for head tax apology"
784:An act to amend the Chinese Immigration Act, 1887
567:
537:
2897:
1500:"Chinese Canadian HTE Redress Committee Protest"
1461:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1333:
1223:
1094:Head-Tax Payer Rejects MP's Proposal for Apology
896:tables 18-10-0005-01 (formerly CANSIM 326-0021)
621:"Moving the Mountain: An Untold Chinese Journey"
1007:"Most head-tax families haven't gotten a penny"
936:
934:
756:"Chinese-Canadian Genealogy - Chinese Head Tax"
2127:Union Colliery Co of British Columbia v Bryden
2058:Royal Commission on Chinese Immigration (1885)
1183:. Commons Debates - Hansard. February 20, 2003
618:
2726:
2068:Attack on Squak Valley Chinese laborers, 1885
1671:
677:Anti-Chinese legislation in the United States
572:. Lost Years Productions, Inc. Archived from
570:"Lost Years: A People's Struggle for Justice"
1161:. Commons Debates - Hansard. October 8, 2002
931:
804:Canada. Dept. of Trade and Commerce (1892),
781:Canada. Dept. of Trade and Commerce (1887),
703:Canada. Dept. of Trade and Commerce (1885),
387:Chinese Canadian Recognition and Redress Act
321:Chinese Canadian Recognition and Redress Act
2740:
1626:LOST YEARS: A People's Struggle for Justice
1372:. Ccnc.ca. January 26, 2006. Archived from
1279:
963:
877:
698:
696:
656:Lost Years: A People's Struggle for Justice
568:Gee & Radford, Kenda & Tom (2011).
525:Lost Years: A People's Struggle for Justice
402:As they had done while campaigning for the
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194:had been proclaimed and entrenched in the
96:provincial legislature of British Columbia
1920:Canadian Brotherhood of Railway Employees
1205:. Chinese Canadian National Council. 2012
1181:"Petition & Rally on Parliament Hill"
758:. Vpl.ca. January 1, 1902. Archived from
2772:History of Chinese immigration to Canada
693:
31:
1026:
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750:
748:
277:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
255:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
192:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
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1550:. Government of Canada. Archived from
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889:A Price Index for Canada, 1688 to 1850
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250:United Nations Human Rights Commission
2714:
2173:Soviet deportations of Chinese people
1659:
1475:
1438:
1203:"CCNC Acknowledgements - Our Stories"
1004:
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846:
628:(Interviews head tax redress leaders)
577:(Interviews head tax redress leaders)
228:In 1993, Conservative prime minister
1572:
1329:Head-tax debate heats up on hustings
1280:Mickleburgh, Rod (October 1, 2013).
1021:
1005:Pablo, Carlito (November 28, 2007).
745:
729:. CCNC. July 1, 1923. Archived from
727:"Chinese Head Tax and Exclusion Act"
258:and international human rights law.
75:(CPR). The tax was abolished by the
2277:Indonesian mass killings of 1965â66
1306:. GungHaggisFatChoy. Archived from
1032:"Chinese Canadian National Council"
591:
462:lost her riding to Conservative MP
398:2006: federal campaign and election
24:
2254:Legislation on Chinese Indonesians
2105:Vancouver anti-Chinese riots, 1886
2089:1885 Chinese expulsion from Eureka
1575:"First head-tax compensation paid"
1573:Kent, Gordon (December 10, 2006).
1522:"Charlie Quan was a Canadian Hero"
843:
245:previous Conservative government.
29:Canadian tax on Chinese immigrants
25:
2957:
2797:Chinese Canadian National Council
1614:
1257:Warren, Peter (January 8, 2005).
650:Chinese Canadian National Council
414:stated, during the leadup to the
302:United Nations special rapporteur
236:However, in the same year, after
203:Chinese Canadian National Council
2941:Anti-Chinese sentiment in Canada
2921:History of immigration to Canada
2411:Artificial Intelligence Cold War
2371:2014 Vietnam anti-China protests
2282:1967 anti-Chinese riots in Burma
682:Internment of Japanese Canadians
594:"In the Shadow of Gold Mountain"
561:
48:was a fixed fee charged to each
2777:Chinese Immigration Act of 1885
2063:Chinese Immigration Act of 1885
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1060:. Langara.bc.ca. Archived from
1050:
998:
991:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
978:
597:(Interviews head tax survivors)
367:Department of Canadian Heritage
262:CA$ 1.2 billion legal challenge
224:1990s: preliminary negotiations
148:Chinese Immigration Act of 1923
2649:Chinese, Japanese, dirty knees
1524:. Straight.com. March 10, 2012
1439:Marck, Paul (April 23, 2006).
1083:Head-Tax Issue Causes Division
820:
797:
774:
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13:
1:
2926:Human rights abuses in Canada
2782:Chinese Immigration Act, 1923
2438:2024 Papua New Guinean unrest
2401:ChinaâUnited States trade war
2266:Internment of Chinese-Indians
2179:Chinese Immigration Act, 1923
1115:"2002 CanLII 45062 (ON C.A.)"
706:Chinese Immigration Act, 1885
687:
605:National Film Board of Canada
2916:History of Chinese Canadians
2443:Boycotts of Chinese products
2366:2013 Tiananmen Square attack
2298:1969 race riots of Singapore
2272:1964 race riots in Singapore
1959:2nd Sangley Rebellion (1639)
1544:Office of the Prime Minister
1351:Conservative Party Of Canada
538:
7:
2931:Political history of Canada
2433:2021 Solomon Islands unrest
2423:COVID-19 pandemic incidents
2320:May 1998 riots of Indonesia
1478:"Head Tax Families Society"
1356:September 27, 2007, at the
643:
300:In 2004, Doudou DiĂšne, the
155:, a term also used for its
60:was first levied after the
10:
2962:
2911:Chinese diaspora in Canada
2428:2021 Atlanta spa shootings
2292:13 May incident (Malaysia)
2260:Chinese Confession Program
2150:Vancouver anti-Asian riots
2094:Chinese head tax in Canada
2041:San Francisco riot of 1877
1605:February 20, 2012, at the
1284:. The Globe & Mail Inc
975:. Vancouver: J.J. Douglas.
469:
188:House of Commons of Canada
162:
2831:
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2802:List of Chinese Canadians
2749:
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2346:2008 Kunming bus bombings
2328:
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1993:
1972:
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1938:
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1717:The Unparalleled Invasion
1694:
1034:. Ccnc.ca. Archived from
547:
342:
331:
326:
319:
218:Tiananmen Square Massacre
2906:Anti-Chinese legislation
2792:Canadian Chinese cuisine
2381:April 2014 ĂrĂŒmqi attack
2190:Second Sino-Japanese War
2019:Chinese massacre of 1871
1915:Asiatic Exclusion League
1398:. CTV.ca. Archived from
911:and table 18-10-0004-13
854:Vancouver Public Library
404:federal election in 2004
92:Canadian Pacific Railway
73:Canadian Pacific Railway
2511:Ita Martadinata Haryono
2391:2015 Plaza Low Yat riot
2341:Abacus Bank prosecution
1964:Sangley Massacre (1662)
483:Parliamentary Secretary
313:2005: failed Bill C-333
169:Chinese Immigration Act
114:Chinese Immigration Act
78:Chinese Immigration Act
67:Chinese Immigration Act
2386:May 2014 ĂrĂŒmqi attack
2351:July 2009 ĂrĂŒmqi riots
2144:White Australia policy
1687:Anti-Chinese sentiment
1340:Redress door left open
948:, 2005, archived from
667:White Australia Policy
505:Speech from the Throne
485:to the Prime Minister
375:ministers of the Crown
196:Constitution Act, 1982
85:
41:
2700:Hong Kong nationalism
2336:2006 Nukuʻalofa riots
2315:1997 Banjarmasin riot
2110:Hells Canyon Massacre
2083:Rock Springs massacre
2073:Issaquah riot of 1885
2052:Chinese Exclusion Act
1980:1740 Batavia massacre
1782:Plaek Phibunsongkhram
1757:Andrew Jackson Bryant
969:Morton, James. 1974.
672:Chinese Exclusion Act
499:Chinese Exclusion Act
452:Deputy Prime Minister
416:January 2006 election
392:private member's bill
153:Chinese Exclusion Act
35:
2823:Chinatowns in Canada
2356:2011 Kashgar attacks
2100:Seattle riot of 1886
2046:New Zealand head tax
1985:1782 Saigon massacre
1724:Japanese nationalism
1581:on November 16, 2013
1480:. Headtaxfamilies.ca
1038:on December 14, 2014
946:Canada in the Making
662:New Zealand head tax
630:on November 17, 2011
579:on February 11, 2019
408:New Democratic Party
180:Member of Parliament
157:American counterpart
142:Government of Canada
2816:Chinese communities
2767:Taiwanese Canadians
2762:Hong Kong Canadians
2695:Chinese imperialism
2376:2014 Kunming attack
2232:Home Office 213/926
2220:Sook Ching massacre
2208:Japanese war crimes
2184:Wanpaoshan Incident
2078:Tacoma riot of 1885
2035:Trout Creek Outrage
1402:on October 25, 2008
1376:on February 2, 2014
1064:on January 21, 2010
942:"Asian Immigration"
901:. Statistics Canada
886:: Geloso, Vincent,
592:Cho, Karen (2004).
539:Ga na daai doe heep
476:minority government
327:Legislative history
62:Canadian parliament
38:Chinese immigration
2936:Taxation in Canada
2309:Cambodian genocide
2246:Mergosono massacre
2226:Changkiao massacre
2202:Nanshitou Massacre
2007:Lambing Flat riots
1910:Anti-Chinese Union
1840:Racism in Malaysia
1752:Adriaan Valckenier
1712:Chinese emigration
1646:HeadTaxRedress.org
1310:on January 8, 2016
866:on October 1, 2007
440:Vancouver-Kingsway
420:Conservative Party
42:
2893:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2787:Chinese Canadians
2708:
2707:
2642:Chinaman's chance
2625:
2624:
2592:Mi Gao Huang Chen
2562:Franklin Feng Tao
2451:
2450:
2213:Three Alls Policy
2024:Pigtail Ordinance
1953:Sangley Rebellion
1651:ChineseHeadTax.ca
918:Statistics Canada
894:Statistics Canada
733:on April 13, 2017
491:Heritage Minister
350:
349:
184:Margaret Mitchell
109:John A. Macdonald
18:Head tax (Canada)
16:(Redirected from
2953:
2829:
2828:
2757:Chinese Canadian
2742:Chinese Canadian
2735:
2728:
2721:
2712:
2711:
2679:Sick man of Asia
2669:Locust/Wongchung
2587:Leung Chi-cheung
2460:
2459:
2418:China Initiative
2196:Nanking Massacre
2162:TorreĂłn massacre
2116:Scott Act (1888)
2030:Page Act of 1875
1943:
1942:
1887:China Initiative
1680:
1673:
1666:
1657:
1656:
1609:
1597:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1570:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1554:on July 15, 2007
1540:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1496:
1490:
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1487:
1485:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1460:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1428:. April 4, 2006.
1418:
1412:
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938:
929:
928:
926:
924:
910:
908:
906:
881:
875:
874:
873:
871:
862:, archived from
859:Chinese Head Tax
850:
841:
840:
839:
837:
824:
818:
817:
816:
814:
801:
795:
794:
793:
791:
778:
772:
771:
769:
767:
762:on June 28, 2013
752:
743:
742:
740:
738:
723:
717:
716:
715:
713:
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639:
637:
635:
629:
623:. Archived from
615:
613:
611:
601:Documentary film
598:
588:
586:
584:
578:
549:
541:
509:Governor General
384:Bill C-333, the
355:Queen-in-Council
317:
316:
272:Second World War
269:
242:Sheila Finestone
132:
128:
120:
52:person entering
46:Chinese head tax
21:
2961:
2960:
2956:
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2952:
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2950:
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2894:
2885:
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2806:
2745:
2739:
2709:
2704:
2683:
2621:
2530:
2494:
2447:
2324:
2303:Malari incident
2168:1918 Kudus riot
2132:
2013:Anti-Coolie Act
1989:
1968:
1934:
1898:
1845:Ketuanan Melayu
1818:Racism in Japan
1786:
1740:
1736:De-Sinicization
1690:
1684:
1617:
1612:
1607:Wayback Machine
1598:
1594:
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1358:Wayback Machine
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1238:on June 1, 2023
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979:
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952:on May 10, 2010
940:
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912:
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902:
897:
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878:
869:
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851:
844:
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833:
827:Canada (1901),
825:
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798:
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775:
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472:
456:Edmonton Centre
428:press statement
400:
315:
307:Honda Gold Wing
298:
268:CA$ 1.2 billion
267:
264:
226:
165:
130:
126:
118:
111:introduced the
88:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
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5:
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2577:Jiansheng Chen
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2521:Velma Demerson
2518:
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2500:
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2470:Chae Chan Ping
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2361:Wolf Amendment
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2156:Beipu uprising
2153:
2147:
2140:
2138:
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2016:
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2004:
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1982:
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1906:
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1903:By institution
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1615:External links
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1009:. Straight.com
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512:Michaëlle Jean
471:
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432:party platform
424:Stephen Harper
412:Bloc Québécois
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2175:(1920sâ1930s)
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2017:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2002:
2001:Buckland Riot
1999:
1998:
1996:
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1983:
1981:
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1882:United States
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1762:Denis Kearney
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1501:
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1314:September 16,
1309:
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1283:
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1261:. Corus Radio
1260:
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1234:
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1121:September 16,
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1042:September 16,
1037:
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1013:September 16,
1008:
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562:Documentaries
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2499:20th century
2485:Wong Kim Ark
2463:19th century
2329:21st century
2242:(1945â1947)
2237:
2192:(1937-1945)
2137:20th century
1994:19th century
1973:18th century
1946:17th century
1930:Uyoku dantai
1925:Tsagaan Khas
1857:Nazi Germany
1707:Yellow Peril
1689:(Sinophobia)
1595:
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2674:Shina/Zhina
2654:Ching chong
2617:Michelle Go
2607:Xiaoxing Xi
2597:Sherry Chen
2582:Jiayang Fan
2516:Qian Xuesen
2311:(1975â1979)
2262:(1956â1965)
2234:(1945â1946)
2204:(1942-1945)
2198:(1937â1938)
2146:(1901â1973)
2123:(1892â1943)
2096:(1885â1923)
2054:(1882â1943)
2048:(1881â1944)
2009:(1860â1861)
1939:By incident
1862:Philippines
1767:Hideki Tojo
1585:October 15,
1476:Kevin Lee.
1447:January 20,
1288:October 15,
1242:January 19,
1209:January 31,
1165:January 31,
464:Laurie Hawn
426:released a
289:Paul Martin
101:ultra vires
64:passed the
2946:Poll taxes
2900:Categories
2846:Lethbridge
2812:Chinatowns
2612:Yao Pan Ma
2572:Haoyang Yu
2547:Danny Chen
2526:Wen Ho Lee
1791:By country
1695:Background
1641:Redress.ca
688:References
634:August 26,
583:August 20,
346:Not passed
338:Bill C-333
190:after the
167:After the
2866:Vancouver
2567:Gang Chen
2557:Eileen Gu
2542:Anming Hu
2480:Mary Tape
2456:By victim
2121:Geary Act
1867:Singapore
1808:Indonesia
1798:Hong Kong
1558:August 8,
905:April 17,
534:Cantonese
2881:Winnipeg
2871:Victoria
2851:Montreal
2841:Edmonton
2637:Chinaman
2256:(1950s-)
1877:Thailand
1835:Malaysia
1603:Archived
1546:(2006).
1457:cite web
1426:CBC News
1354:Archived
1117:. CanLII
856:(2007),
644:See also
610:April 7,
448:Richmond
123:head tax
58:head tax
2876:Windsor
2861:Toronto
2836:Calgary
2688:Related
2490:Yick Wo
2239:Bersiap
1894:Vietnam
1852:Myanmar
1777:Pol Pot
1772:Suharto
1729:Minzoku
766:May 13,
737:May 13,
544:Chinese
501:of 1923
494:Bev Oda
470:Apology
436:ridings
422:leader
344:Status:
163:Redress
131:CA$ 500
127:CA$ 100
80:of 1923
69:of 1885
50:Chinese
2856:Ottawa
2750:Topics
2744:topics
2664:Chinky
2552:Ee Lee
2305:(1974)
2294:(1969)
2268:(1962)
2248:(1947)
2228:(1943)
2222:(1942)
2186:(1931)
2164:(1911)
2158:(1907)
2152:(1907)
2129:(1899)
2112:(1887)
2085:(1885)
2037:(1876)
2026:(1873)
2015:(1862)
2003:(1857)
1955:(1603)
1872:Taiwan
1702:Coolie
1265:May 5,
1187:May 5,
1143:May 5,
923:May 8,
546::
489:, and
406:, the
119:CA$ 50
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2659:Chink
2630:Slurs
1825:Korea
1813:Japan
1803:India
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1229:(PDF)
548:ć æżć€§éæ
335:title
287:When
266:In a
182:(MP)
1830:Laos
1587:2013
1560:2006
1530:2013
1508:2013
1486:2013
1463:link
1449:2023
1408:2013
1382:2013
1316:2013
1290:2013
1267:2015
1244:2023
1211:2023
1189:2015
1167:2023
1145:2015
1123:2013
1070:2013
1044:2013
1015:2013
958:2007
925:2024
907:2021
872:2007
838:2007
815:2007
792:2007
768:2013
739:2013
714:2007
636:2014
612:2012
585:2011
454:and
410:and
390:, a
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333:Bill
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