Head Start (program)

1869:(PPVT). The participants were low-income inner-city black children whose unemployed, economically disadvantaged parents were considered unskilled. The Head Start children had attended for at least five months at the time of testing, including nine boys and 11 girls. The non-enrolled group was on the Head Start waiting list. The control group consisted of 11 boys and nine girls. The groups were matched by family income, parental employment and marital status. The tester tested children at home and in a school or office setting. The Head Start children scored higher than the controls in both settings, which suggested preschool intervention programs may have influenced the result. The controls tested at home scored the lowest, apparently due to anxiety from having an unfamiliar person in their homes. The Head Start children were unaffected by the environmental factor. In evaluating this study vs. others, the relatively small sample size should be noted: 20 children vs. thousands in other studies. 1891:, examined the cognitive development, social-emotional development, and physical health outcomes of 4,667 three- and four-year-old children in a nationally representative sample of programs across 23 states. Children were randomly assigned to either a Head Start group (participants) or a non-Head Start group (control group). The children in the two groups were similar in all measured characteristics at program entry. Pre-participation assessments of all critical outcome measures were taken. Control group children optionally enrolled in non-Head Start programs. Nearly half of the control-group children enrolled in other preschool programs. Outcome measures covered cognitive development, social-emotional development, health status and access to health care, and parenting practices. Head Start students were split into two cohorts – 3-year-olds with two years of Head Start and 4-year-olds with one year of Head Start. The study found: 1818:

not exposed to generous Head Start funding. Another 2021 study found that students enrolled in Head Start ended up having substantially higher high school completion, college enrollment and college completion rates than comparable children who were not enrolled in Head Start. The authors of the study concluded, "these estimates imply sizable, long-term returns to investments in means-tested, public preschool programs." A 2009 study, which compared siblings, found that those who attended Head Start showed stronger academic performance as shown on test scores for years afterward, were less likely to be diagnosed as learning-disabled, less likely to commit crime, more likely to graduate from high school and attend college, and less likely to suffer from poor health as an adult. This study was replicated in a 2020 study which looked at 10 additional birth cohorts, and found a negligible impact.

1854:(Group 2); and 316 children had been enrolled for 2 years, entering at age 3 (Group 3). Academic outcome measures in literacy, math and science were collected based on the Head Start and Early Childhood Program Observational Checklist rating on a 4-point scale (1—not yet to 4—excels. Family risk factor indicators (developed by the State Department of Education) included single parent, unemployed parent, teenage parent, parental loss (divorce/death), low parental school achievement, food insufficiency. Group 3 had higher literacy, math and science scores than the other groups. Children in the high-risk group had significantly lower literacy, math, and science scores than those who had three or fewer risk factors. Head Start is associated with significant gains in test scores. Head Start significantly reduces the probability that a child will repeat a grade. 1862:

intervention, as opposed to comparing Head Start to a nonintervention alternative. Head Start Impact Study First Year Findings were released in June 2005. Study participants were assigned to either Head Start or other parent–selected community resources for one year. 60% of the children in the control group were placed in other preschools. The first report showed consistent small to moderate advantages to 3-year-old children including pre-reading, pre-vocabulary and parent reports of children's literacy skills. No significant impacts were found for oral comprehension, phonological awareness, or early mathematics skills for either age group. Fewer positive benefits were found for 4-year-olds. The benefits improved with early participation and varied across racial and ethnic groups. These analyses did not assess the benefits' durability.

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children (see 45 CFR 1306.3(h) for a definition of a Head Start Parent). All parent members of the Policy Council stand for election or re-election annually through individual parent groups. Grantees/Delegates are required to provide proportionate representation to parents in all program options and settings. If agencies operate programs serving different geographical regions or ethnic groups, they must ensure that all groups being served will have an equal opportunity to serve on the Policy Council. The Policy Council is required to meet once each month. The term follows the federal government fiscal year, running November–November. Service on the Policy Council board is limited to at most five one year terms. The meetings are conducted in accordance with

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addition to monthly meetings, Policy Council may at times need to hold special or emergency meetings or have a phone vote. Policy Council representatives are required to attend classroom meetings and report back to the Policy Council with issues and needs of the classroom. They may also be asked to sit in on interviews as Head Start requires that a Policy Council representative be present for all interviews. The officers of Policy Council include vice-chairperson, secretary, and vice-secretary. Classrooms are also able to elect alternate Policy Council reps in case the main rep is unable to attend the meetings.

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placements. Sustained increases in school achievement are sometimes found, but in other cases flawed research methods produce results that mimic fade-out. In recent years, the federal government has funded large-scale evaluations of Head Start and Early Head Start. Results from the Early Head Start evaluation are particularly informative, as study participants were randomly assigned to either the Early Head Start group or a control group. Early Head Start demonstrated modest improvements in children's development and parent beliefs and behavior."

1799: 925:. Up to 10% of any funded program's enrollment can be from higher income families or families experiencing emergency situations. All programs are required to provide services to children with disabilities, who must comprise 10% of their total enrollment. Per the Head Start Act (2007), programs may elect to serve families whose income is between 100-130% under certain circumstances. Programs must also complete additional reporting requirements if this is appropriate for their community. 495: 659:. They designed a comprehensive child development program intended to help communities meet the needs of disadvantaged preschool children. Rather than proceeding with a smaller pilot program, the decision was made to roll it out on a large scale with the enrollment of 500,000 children in 2,500 communities. The following year it was authorized by Congress as a year–round program. In 1968, Head Start began funding a television series that would eventually be called 4296: 1900:

grade, parents reported a significant reduction in total problem behavior and social and behavioral skills. Three-year-olds showed multiple, significant improvements in social and behavioral skills, but only for outcomes assessed by parents. Significant negative effects emerged in teacher relationships as rated by first-grade and third-grade teachers; and no significant positive effects for this cohort were reported by teachers for any elementary year.

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likely to complete high school, attend college and possibly have higher earnings in their early twenties. African-American adults who had attended Head Start were significantly less likely to be booked/charged for a crime. Head Start may increase the likelihood that African-American males graduate from high school. Separately the authors noted larger effects for younger siblings who attended Head Start after an older sibling.

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providing preschool for them; if it works, it saves money in the long run by producing fewer criminals and welfare recipients ... it is now 45 years later. We spend more than $ 7 billion providing Head Start to nearly 1 million children each year. And finally there is indisputable evidence about the program's effectiveness, provided by the Department of Health and Human Services: Head Start simply does not work."

1880:"Head Start Fade", in which significant initial impacts quickly fade, has often been observed, as early as second and third grade. One hypothesis is that the decline is because Head Start participants are likely to attend lower-quality schools, which fail to reinforce Head Start gains. Fryer and Levitt found no evidence that Head Start participation had lasting effect on test scores in the early years of school. 484: 1908:

third-grade year for either cohort. Parenting practice changes were significant, but applied only to the three-year-old cohort. Most related to discipline, such as reduced spanking or time-outs. The spanking outcome occurred did not last into the first grade. The significant effect on parental reading to children did not last into kindergarten.

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A 2020 study found that cohorts that attended Head Start had higher incomes and years of education as adults than similar children who did not attend. A 2021 study found that the children exposed to more generous Head Start funding had substantially improved test scores relative to children that were

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and dental check-ups. Meals and snacks are also provided, which can help ease financial pressure on families and improve children's diets. Family advocates assist parents in accessing community resources. All services are specific to each family's culture and experience. Head Start programs also seek

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Military families stationed abroad can apply for Sure Start. Sure Start is the military version of Head Start and is overseen by the Department of Defense Education Activity. There are four priority tiers for Sure Start, and like Head Start, not all eligible families are guaranteed a spot. The tiers

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Homeless children were included explicitly as subjects with the 2007 re-authorization. Programs must identify and provide services to homeless children of all ages within a reasonable period. The McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act of 2001 also requires access to early childhood education such as

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program that would teach low-income children in a few weeks what they needed to know to start elementary school. The Head Start Act of 1981 expanded the program. The program was revised and reauthorized in December 2007. As of late 2005, more than 22 million children had participated. As of June 30,

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Head Start had significant health-related effects, especially in increasing the number of children receiving dental care and having health-insurance coverage. These effects were not consistent, however. For example, while participants increased health-insurance coverage, it did not extend into the

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is up to individual states. Head Start programs typically operate independently from local school districts. Most often they are administered through local social-services agencies. Classes are generally small, with fewer than ten enrollees per adult staff member. Individual programs develop their

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The Policy Council approval is needed for several program functions, from new hires to the program, as well as for the budget and spending. The Council can serve the program in ways that the others in the program cannot, as it is the only body that is part of Head Start that can do fundraising. In

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Head Start covers families living below the federal poverty line, but there 65% of children under the age of 6 having both their parents (or one parent, if they are a single parent) in the workforce. Hotz and Wiswall’s research found that for two-parent households, childcare is the most expensive

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According to the Administrative History of the Office of Economic Opportunity, children who finish the program and are placed into disadvantaged schools perform worse than their peers by second grade. Only by isolating such children (such as dispersing and sending them to better-performing school

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A 2005 review of the literature by Barnett and Hustedt found "mixed, but generally positive, evidence regarding Head Start's long-term benefits. Although studies typically find that increases in IQ fade out over time, many other studies also find decreases in grade retention and special education

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In 2002, Garces, Thomas and Currie used data from the Panel Survey of Income Dynamics to review outcomes for close to 4,000 participating adults followed from childhood and compared with non-participant siblings. Among European Americans, adults who had attended Head Start were significantly more

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In 2014, CCR Analytics published the results of their study of 49,467 children assessed in the 2012–2013 school year from 81 Head Start programs throughout the state of California (more than 50% of the entire California Head Start population). Participation in the study was open to all California

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Participants showed fewer significant improvements in social and behavioral skills, even in the Head Start year, with inconsistent results between the three- and four-year-old cohorts. The four-year-old cohort showed no significant improvement in the Head Start year or kindergarten, but in third

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Lee collected data across sixty Head Start classrooms in 2007 and 2008. A sample of 1,260 children ages three to four were selected as the final sample. Of these children, 446 had entered Head Start at age 3 and enrolled for a year (Group 1); 498 had been entered at age 4 and enrolled for a year

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A randomized control study of the pre-k program serving socioeconomically disadvantaged children in Tennessee found short-term gains in language, literacy and math outcomes for pre-k participants compared with children who did not participate, which was also confirmed by a discontinuity analysis

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The Head Start Policy Council makes up part of the Head Start governing body. Policy Council must be composed of two types of representatives: parents of currently enrolled children and community representatives. At least 51% of the members of this group must be the parents of currently enrolled

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A 1995 within–family analysis compared subjects with nonparticipant siblings. Mothers who had themselves been enrolled in Head Start were compared to adult sisters who were not. Currie and Thomas separately analyzed white, black and Hispanic participants. White children showed larger and longer

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In the early years, some 700,000 children enrolled at a per-capita cost of $ 2,000 to $ 3,000 (2011 dollars). Under the full-time program, enrollment dropped to under 400,000 by the early 1970s. Enrollment reached close to 1 million children by 2011. The program has experienced underfunding and

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to provide Head Start for all eligible families, so to enroll in Head Start, families must apply and then be chosen. In 2017, there were 1 million children enrolled in Head Start and Early Head Start, but there were about 19 million children under five in the United States and around 3 million

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The HSIS study concludes, "Head Start has benefits for both 3-year-olds and 4-year-olds in the cognitive, health, and parenting domains, and for 3-year-olds in the social-emotional domain. However, the benefits of access to Head Start at age four are largely absent by 1st grade for the program

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parents. 90% of parents surveyed said that Head Start helped them to get or keep a job. 92% of parents surveyed said that Head Start helped them to enroll in an educational or training program. 99% of families surveyed said that Head Start helped them to improve their parenting skills, such as

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called for the elimination of Head Start, citing an internal report that the program is costly and makes a negligible impact on children's well-being over time. Klein wrote, "You take the million or so poorest 3- and 4-year-old children and give them a leg up on socialization and education by

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In 1998, Congress mandated an intensive study of the effectiveness of Head Start, the "Head Start Impact Study," which studied a target population of 5,000 3- and 4-year-old children. The study measured Head Start's effectiveness as compared to other forms of community support and educational

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Participants showed positive effects in cognitive skills during their Head Start years, including letter-naming, vocabulary, letter-word identification and applied math problems, although the "advantages children gained during their Head Start and age 4 years yielded only a few statistically

1924:, "Head Start Falls Further Behind", Besharov and Call discuss a 1998 evaluation that led to a national reevaluation of the program. The authors stated that research concluded that the current program had little meaningful impact. However, they did not cite primary sources. 1896:

significant differences in outcomes at the end of 1st grade for the sample as a whole. Impacts at the end of kindergarten were scattered. ... " The gains applied to different skills across cohorts and grades, undermining generalizations about program impacts.

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By the end of first grade, only "a single cognitive impact was found for each cohort". Compared to students in the control group, the 4-year-old Head Start cohort did "significantly better" on vocabulary and the 3-year-old cohort tested better in oral

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population as a whole. For 3-year-olds, there are few sustained benefits, although access to the program may lead to improved parent-child relationships through 1st grade, a potentially important finding for children's longer-term development."

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Head Start serves over 1 million children and their families each year in urban and rural areas in all 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico and the U.S. territories. Related health services include health screenings and check-ups,

551:, and parent involvement services to low-income children and families. It is the oldest and largest program of its kind. The program's services and resources are designed to foster stable family relationships, enhance children's physical and 563:

imposes diverse developmental challenges that include requiring the children to engage successfully with their peers outside the family network, adjust to the space of a classroom, and meet the expectations the school setting provides.

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In 1994, the Early Head Start program was established to serve children from birth to age three, in an effort to capitalize on research evidence that showed that the first three years are critical to children's long-term development.

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Head Start programs who used the DRDP-PS 2010 assessment tool. The study found that providing two years of Head Start to a child increases the probability by between 13% and 86% that the child will meet age appropriate expectations.

1946:, rebutted Klein, "Weighing all of the evidence and not just that cited by partisans on one side or the other, the most accurate conclusion is that Head Start produces modest benefits including some long-term gains for children." 1802: 623:

shortly after President Kennedy's assassination. The murder shook the nation, and Johnson attempted to gain public trust by passing legacy legislation during the subsequent months. Johnson received an initial briefing from

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The 2011 federal budget for Head Start was $ 8.1 billion. 85% was to be devoted to direct services and no more than 15% on administration, serving approximately one million students. The budget was $ 12 billion in 2023.

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responding to children's misbehavior and helping their children to learn. These results indicate that Head Start has a positive impact on the whole family, beyond the individual children who attend the program.

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Eligibility is largely income-based, although each local program includes other eligibility criteria, such as disabilities and services needed by other family members. Families must earn less than 100% of the

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The individual Head Start classrooms/centers "repay" the grant through a program known as InKind. The Inkind program is a way to get their parents and their students working together on out of class studies.

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the opportunity to attend Head Start. The analysis compared three-year-olds enrolled in Head Start to four-year-olds who returned to Head Start for their second year. This also eliminated the issue of

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Family and Community Partnerships engage and support parents to identify and meet their own goals, nurture their children, and advocate for communities that support children and families.

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All lead teachers must have a bachelor's degree or be working towards one. Most have completed six or more courses in early-childhood education. By 2013, all teachers were to have

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Local grantees must provide a 20% cash/in-kind match. Each local grantee is required to obtain an annual financial audit, if it receives more than $ 500,000 in federal support.

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The federal poverty line measure is not absolute, and it changes yearly to account for inflation. Families may also qualify under a categorical eligibility category—receipt of

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Migrant and Seasonal services are for children of migrant and seasonal farm workers. Service hours are longer and programs extend for fewer months than traditional Head Start.

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Lee, K. (2011). "Impacts of the duration of Head Start enrollment on children's academic outcomes: Moderation effects of family risk factors and earlier outcomes".

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In 2015, CCR Analytics, formerly Child Care Analytics, published the results of their Family Outcomes Survey completed by nearly 11,600 California Head Start and

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Early Head Start promotes healthy prenatal outcomes, healthy families, as well as infant and toddler development beginning as early as birth.

36: 2330: 4071: 4064: 4059: 4054: 3842: 680: 262: 186: 4377: 3813: 319: 309: 252: 2304:"Biden-Harris Administration Proposes New Rule to Strengthen the Head Start Workforce, Increase Wages & Support Quality Programming" 3976: 3961: 287: 196: 3187: 2757: 632:, had been prepared for Congress. The legislation included training, educational, and service programs for communities, including the 4619: 4441: 4421: 4034: 3853: 918: 366: 344: 206: 90: 4589: 4103: 4098: 3951: 3207:"Effects of place of testing on the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test scores of disadvantaged Head Start and non-Head Start children" 2087:"Patterns of School Readiness Among Head Start Children: Meaningful Within-Group Variability During the Transition to Kindergarten" 1686: 692: 462: 413: 4686: 4357: 3786: 1884: 403: 349: 191: 47: 2975: 2691: 647:

launched Project Head Start as an eight-week summer program in 1965. The program was led by Dr. Robert Cooke, a pediatrician at

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Valerie E. Lee; Susanna Loeb (Spring 1995). "Where Do Head Start Attendees End up? One Reason Why Preschool Effects Fade Out".

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In 1975, Seitz, Abelson, Levine and Zigler compared disadvantaged children enrolled and not enrolled in Head Start, using the

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As of 2003, the average Head Start teacher made $ 21,000 per year, compared to the public school teacher average of $ 43,000.

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Head Start helps to create healthy development and early childhood education in low-income children ages three to five.

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outside their rent or mortgage; in perspective, the median percent of income that goes towards childcare is 30%.

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S. Barnett (Winter 1995). "Long Term Effects of Early Childhood Programs on Cognitive and School Outcomes".

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Lubeck, Sally; DeVries, Mary; Nicholson, Julie; Post, Jackie (July 1997). "Head Start in Transition".

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under-enrollment in recent years. In 2023, there were about 820,000 children enrolled in the program.

628:, who informed Johnson of Kennedy's poverty program. By March 1964, the legislation, now known as the 4599: 3971: 3599:"Assessing New Zealand child day care quality using the early childhood environment rating scale (1)" 544: 396: 228: 3237: 2743: 4564: 4513: 4446: 4247: 3899: 3894: 3274: 2872: 2658: 727: 648: 644: 299: 3769: 3140: 3126:

Eliana Garces; Duncan Thomas; Janet Currie (September 2002). "Longer-Term Effects of Head Start".

1996:, an Academy Award–nominated documentary on children and nutrition produced for Project Head Start 4235: 4223: 4211: 4170: 3883: 1976: 1964: 1756: 731: 656: 3735: 2593:"Biden's plan would raise salaries for Head Start teachers but could leave fewer spots for kids" 4650: 4624: 4579: 3232: 3135: 2083: 1981: 3012:"Access to Head Start and Maternal Labor Supply: Experimental and Quasi-experimental Evidence" 2238: 4640: 4574: 4126: 3455: 3223:

Barnett, W. Steven; Hustedt, Jason T. (January–March 2005). "Head Start's Lasting Benefits".

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A 2022 study found that Head Start increased the employment and earnings of single mothers.

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Head Start serves indigenous Americans with centers on reservations and in urban communities.

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U.S. Department of Health & Human Services — Administration for Children & Families

2038: 666: 552: 499: 324: 277: 20: 2504: 8: 4645: 4395: 4229: 4217: 3666: 3507: 3171: 2976:"Early Childhood Intervention and Life-Cycle Skill Development: Evidence from Head Start" 2436: 2165: 4559: 4492: 4471: 4166: 3889: 3579: 3384: 3330: 3250: 3153: 3049: 3011: 2951: 2918: 2896: 2853: 2522: 2066: 1943: 922: 555:, and establish an environment to develop strong cognitive skills. The transition from 2777:"A Social History of Ideas Pertaining to Childcare in France and in the United States" 4604: 4569: 4205: 3916: 3822: 3618: 3583: 3571: 3246: 3053: 3041: 2956: 2938: 2900: 2888: 2845: 2796: 2634: 2242: 2231: 2183: 2084:

McWayne, C. M., Cheung, K.; Wright, L.; Hahs-Vaughn, D.L.; Thomas, D. (August 2012).

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Pages, Remy; Lukes, Dylan J.; Bailey, Drew H.; Duncan, Greg J. (December 2020).

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are based on the sponsor's rank and are, in order, E1-E4, E5, E6-E7, and E8-E9.

612:, civil rights organizer, national education policy adviser, and creator of the 3921: 3752: 3683: 2630: 2203: 1843: 620: 3598: 3551: 3149: 3067: 4665: 4341: 4275: 3622: 3614: 3575: 3567: 3405:

Understanding the blacK-white test score gap in the first two years of school

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own academic and social curricula, following federal performance standards.

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and Bernice H. Fleiss, Head Start was originally conceived as a catch-up

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Outreach and Assistance for Socially Disadvantaged Farmers and Ranchers

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Read Congressional Research Service (CRS) Reports regarding Head Start

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Administrative History of the Office of Economic Opportunity, Vol. I

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because both groups chose to attend Head Start as three-year-olds.

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campaign. Its justification came from the staff of the President's

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The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

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Program, is also credited with initiating the Head Start program.

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United States House of Representatives special elections, 1937

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2023, the current director of Head Start is Dr. Khari Garvin.

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The Head Start Child Development and Early Learning Framework

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Besharov, Douglas J.; Call, Douglas M. (February 7, 2009).

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US government—Administration for Children & Families

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Bailey, Martha J.; Sun, Shuqiao; Timpe, Brenden (2021).

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speaks about how Head Start changed his life as a child.

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Federal Register 2010 (Jan)Federal Register 2010 (Aug)

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Single Family Housing Direct Home Loans (Section 502)

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1938 United States House of Representatives elections

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De Haan, Monique; Leuven, Edwin (September 3, 2019).

2758:"NIEER Fact Sheet on Head Start Teachers – July 2003" 2690:. National Affairs. December 20, 2013. Archived from 1837:

was used to measure program impact without denying a

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In 1969, Head Start was transferred to the Office of

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United States Department of Health and Human Services

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to support children's social emotional development.

567:Launched in 1965 by its creator and first director 4498:Federal Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grant 3205:Seitz, V. Abelson, W., Levine, E. & Zigler, E. 2085: 4672:Administration for Children and Families programs 3783:documentary "Head Start in Mississippi" from 1967 2516: 2514: 1850:(Lip, Farran, Bilbrey, Hofer, & Dong, 2011). 16:U.S. federal aid program for low-income childcare 4663: 4477:Food Distribution Program on Indian Reservations 3348:S. Barnett (1993). "Does Head Start Fade Out?". 3268:Currie, Janet; Thomas, Duncan (September 1998). 655:, a professor of psychology and director of the 2290:"Jule Sugarman, Head Start Founder, Dies at 83" 1715:Teachers are also required to complete a (CDA) 4677:Early childhood education in the United States 3504:Does Head Start work for kids? The bottom line 3195:, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 3176:, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 2916: 2511: 823:Head Start for homeless children and families. 4327: 4055:Democratic Party presidential primaries, 1960 3807: 3678:Early Childhood Learning and Knowledge Center 3641:Sarge: The Life and Times of Sargent Shriver, 2813: 2329:Hollingsworth, Heather (September 29, 2023). 2328: 2177: 517: 4344:social welfare programs in the United States 4035:United States Senate special elections, 1941 3453: 3267: 3261: 2983:American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 2121:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1727:While Head Start is a national program, the 681:Department of Health, Education, and Welfare 19:For the experimental Air Force program, see 3549: 3401: 3092: 3009: 2645: 745:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 4334: 4320: 3977:Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs 3962:Lyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park 3814: 3800: 3689: 3665: 3550:Hotz, V. Joseph; Wiswall, Matthew (2019). 3366: 3347: 3315:Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis 3164: 2520: 2129: 2077: 2043:Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis 1877:lasting improvements than black children. 524: 510: 4682:Early childhood educational organizations 4620:Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program 4442:School meal programs in the United States 4422:Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program 3422: 3420: 3418: 3287: 3236: 3199: 3139: 3035: 2994: 2950: 2839: 2228: 1786:Learn how and when to remove this message 919:Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program 765:Learn how and when to remove this message 91:History of education in the United States 4697:1964 establishments in the United States 4590:Government National Mortgage Association 4099:1960 United States presidential election 3952:Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum 3596: 2264:Lyndon B. Johnson and the War on Poverty 2237:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 2208:Administration for Children and Families 1797: 1687:Administration for Children and Families 789: 693:Administration for Children and Families 583: 27: 4702:Federal assistance in the United States 4358:Temporary Assistance for Needy Families 3787:American Archive of Public Broadcasting 2682: 2680: 2678: 2676: 2674: 2672: 2670: 2668: 1959:children under five living in poverty. 1885:Department of Health and Human Services 685:Department of Health and Human Services 4664: 4550:Child care and development block grant 3746: 3426: 3415: 3010:Wikle, Jocelyn; Wilson, Riley (2022). 2973: 2774: 2158: 1766:Please improve this section by adding 1705:in a related field and half must have 915:Temporary Assistance to Needy Families 596:Head Start began as part of President 4315: 3821: 3795: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3479: 2912: 2910: 2590: 2182:(Fifth ed.). Pearson Education. 1917:districts) could gains be sustained. 1673: 116:History of education in New York City 106:History of education in Massachusetts 4555:HOME Investment Partnerships Program 4437:Nutrition Assistance for Puerto Rico 4373:Social Security Disability Insurance 4122:Lyndon B. Johnson in popular culture 3957:Lyndon B. Johnson National Grassland 3775:National Bureau of Economic Research 3770:The Center for Law and Social Policy 3643:2004, Smithsonian Books, Washington. 3597:Farquhar, Sarah-Eve (January 1989). 3427:Weigel, Margaret (August 11, 2011). 3270:"Does Head Start Make a Difference?" 2870: 2712: 2665: 2141:"Does Head Start Make A Difference?" 1739: 743:adding citations to reliable sources 710: 4524:Children's Health Insurance Program 4417:Commodity Supplemental Food Program 4401:Office of Public and Indian Housing 4084:Democratic National Convention 1956 4040:1948 United States Senate elections 3846:Vice President of the United States 3835:36th President of the United States 3098: 2591:Seitz, Amanda (November 22, 2023). 2396:"American Indian and Alaska Native" 13: 4206:Claudia "Lady Bird" Taylor Johnson 3633: 3538: 2907: 2548:"Sure Start for Military Children" 2171: 14: 4713: 4540:Community Development Block Grant 4452:Farmers' Market Nutrition Program 4432:Child and Adult Care Food Program 3701:New England Head Start (Region 1) 3647: 3456:"Head Start Falls Further Behind" 2713:Glod, Maria (November 15, 2007). 2619:Early Education & Development 2096:Journal of Educational Psychology 706: 592:visits a Head Start class in 1966 4295: 4294: 3603:Early Child Development and Care 3247:10.1097/00001163-200501000-00003 2480:"Beyond the Poverty Line (SSIR)" 1744: 715: 630:Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 493: 482: 111:History of education in Missouri 101:History of education in Kentucky 3696:National Head Start Association 3590: 3513: 3496: 3473: 3447: 3435: 3395: 3360: 3341: 3216: 3180: 3119: 3101:Journal of Community Psychology 3078: 3068:"Family Outcomes Bulletin 2015" 3060: 3003: 2967: 2864: 2807: 2768: 2750: 2732: 2706: 2610: 2584: 2566: 2540: 2497: 2472: 2447: 2429: 2414: 2388: 2373: 2348: 2322: 2296: 1867:Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test 1835:Regression discontinuity design 803:Programs and services include: 96:History of education in Chicago 4687:Education in the United States 4545:Community Services Block Grant 3967:Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center 3086:"2014 Child Outcomes Bulletin" 2282: 2255: 2222: 2196: 827: 691:. Today the program is in the 670:Children's Television Workshop 641:Office of Economic Opportunity 431:Full-service community schools 1: 3982:Memorial Grove on the Potomac 3684:Office of Regional Operations 2740:"Head Start Act Section 648A" 2437:"Part C - Homeless Education" 2178:Gonzalez-Mena, Janet (2009). 2020: 1768:secondary or tertiary sources 1722: 4368:Supplemental Security Income 3431:. Journalist's Resource.org. 3225:Infants & Young Children 3189:First year executive summary 3128:The American Economic Review 2775:Burger, K. (April 3, 2012). 2229:Vinovskis, Maris A. (2005). 2180:Child, Family, and Community 606:Council of Economic Advisers 543:that provides comprehensive 7: 4467:Nutrition Assistance Grants 4457:Summer Food Service Program 4141:The Years of Lyndon Johnson 3480:Klein, Joe (July 7, 2011). 2166:Memorandum of Understanding 2005:Southwest Human Development 1970: 1717:Child Development Associate 1696: 953:Page with Complete Details 843:2023 Federal Poverty Level 409:For-profit higher education 10: 4718: 3912:Texas Broadcasting Company 3758:December 25, 2016, at the 3016:Journal of Labor Economics 2877:Journal of Human Resources 2820:Journal of Labor Economics 2631:10.1207/s15566935eed0803_2 2441:US Department of Education 1685:Grants are awarded by the 579: 362:School corporal punishment 33:Washtenaw County, Michigan 18: 4633: 4600:HUD Neighborhood Networks 4532: 4506: 4485: 4409: 4386: 4350: 4263: 4196: 4112: 3995: 3972:Lyndon Baines Johnson Day 3935: 3876: 3829: 3753:The Head Start Experience 3150:10.1257/00028280260344560 2781:Journal of Social History 1949: 1735: 842: 545:early childhood education 397:School-to-work transition 4565:Mutual self-help housing 4447:School Breakfast Program 4248:George Washington Baines 3900:Civil Rights Act of 1960 3895:Civil Rights Act of 1957 3615:10.1080/0300443890470105 3568:10.1177/0002716219884078 3275:American Economic Review 2923:American Economic Review 2885:10.3368/jhr.0419-10147R2 2148:American Economic Review 2055:10.3102/0162373720948884 695:(ACF) division of DHHS. 649:Johns Hopkins University 645:Community Action Program 500:United States portal 46:This article is part of 4236:Samuel Ealy Johnson Sr. 4224:Samuel Ealy Johnson Jr. 4212:Lynda Bird Johnson Robb 3854:U.S. Senator from Texas 3690:Head Start Associations 3411:, University of Chicago 2521:Communications, DoDEA. 2233:The Birth of Head Start 1977:Arkansas Early Learning 657:Yale Child Study Center 218:Education policy issues 187:Environmental education 4692:Great Society programs 4580:Urban Partnership Bank 4533:Grants & subsidies 4378:Unemployment insurance 4150:(1991 television film) 3884:Early years and career 3736:Region VIII Head Start 3521:"How to Apply | ECLKC" 3402:Fryer; Levitt (2004), 3369:The Future of Children 1982:Compensatory Education 1814: 1755:relies excessively on 1667:Federal Register 1982 1650:Federal Register 1983 1633:Federal Register 1984 1616:Federal Register 1985 1599:Federal Register 1986 1582:Federal Register 1987 1565:Federal Register 1988 1548:Federal Register 1989 1531:Federal Register 1990 1514:Federal Register 1991 1497:Federal Register 1992 1480:Federal Register 1993 1463:Federal Register 1994 1446:Federal Register 1995 1429:Federal Register 1996 1412:Federal Register 1997 1395:Federal Register 1998 1378:Federal Register 1999 1361:Federal Register 2000 1344:Federal Register 2001 1327:Federal Register 2002 1310:Federal Register 2003 1293:Federal Register 2004 1276:Federal Register 2005 1259:Federal Register 2006 1242:Federal Register 2007 1225:Federal Register 2008 1208:Federal Register 2009 1174:Federal Register 2011 1157:Federal Register 2012 1140:Federal Register 2013 1123:Federal Register 2014 1106:Federal Register 2015 1089:Federal Register 2016 1072:Federal Register 2017 1055:Federal Register 2018 1038:Federal Register 2019 1021:Federal Register 2020 1004:Federal Register 2021 987:Federal Register 2022 970:Federal Register 2023 947:Each Additional Person 936:HHS POVERTY REGISTER 593: 355:Standards-based reform 330:Gender achievement gap 320:Racial achievement gap 253:Educational attainment 39: 4634:State & territory 4575:NeighborWorks America 3711:Region III Head Start 3525:eclkc.ohs.acf.hhs.gov 2139:; Thomas, D. (1995). 1993:Jenny Is a Good Thing 1931:magazine's columnist 1920:In an op-ed piece in 1883:A 2010 report by the 1809: 835:federal poverty level 790:Services and programs 587: 421:Research universities 288:Student financial aid 283:Graduate unemployment 258:Post-secondary issues 234:Primary and secondary 197:Mathematics education 35:Head Start school in 31: 4462:Special Milk Program 4242:Joseph Wilson Baines 3726:Region VI Head Start 3716:Region IV Head Start 3673:Office of Head Start 2935:10.1257/aer.20181801 2764:on October 27, 2008. 2746:on October 12, 2008. 2654:Head Start factsheet 1954:There is not enough 739:improve this section 689:Nixon Administration 667:Carnegie Corporation 619:Johnson started the 553:emotional well-being 539:is a program of the 489:Education portal 325:Desegregation busing 278:Elite overproduction 207:Vocational education 21:Operation Head Start 4396:Section 8 (housing) 4250:(great-grandfather) 4230:Sam Houston Johnson 4218:Luci Baines Johnson 3862:U.S. Representative 3747:General Information 3741:Region 9 Head Start 3731:Region 7 Head Start 3721:Region V Head Start 3706:Region 2 Head Start 3508:The Washington Post 2996:10.1257/app.1.3.111 2974:Deming, D. (2009). 2871:Kose, Esra (2021). 2719:The Washington Post 2661:on January 15, 2010 2310:. November 15, 2023 937: 442:Levels of education 414:For-profit colleges 382:Foreign involvement 4560:Housing trust fund 4493:Head Start Program 4472:Reduced-price meal 3987:U.S. Postage stamp 3890:Southern Manifesto 3502:Valerie Strauss, " 3460:The New York Times 3113:10.1002/jcop.20462 2793:10.1093/jsh/shr144 2552:Military OneSource 1956:government funding 1944:Rutgers University 1922:The New York Times 1815: 1707:bachelor's degrees 1674:Budget and funding 950:Four Person Family 935: 923:McKinney-Vento Act 665:, operated by the 594: 404:Community colleges 350:School segregation 268:Cost and financing 192:Language education 40: 4659: 4658: 4605:Renewal community 4351:Transfer payments 4309: 4308: 4287:Hubert Humphrey → 4269:← John F. Kennedy 3917:Johnson Amendment 3823:Lyndon B. Johnson 3211:Child Development 2929:(12): 3963–4001. 2507:. April 20, 2022. 2402:on March 17, 2017 1940:W. Steven Barnett 1889:Head Start Impact 1807: 1796: 1795: 1788: 1703:associate degrees 1671: 1670: 911: 910: 775: 774: 767: 677:Child Development 653:Dr. Edward Zigler 598:Lyndon B. Johnson 590:Lady Bird Johnson 561:elementary school 534: 533: 387:Special education 377:Sexual harassment 170:Medical education 124:Curriculum topics 60: 37:Superior Township 4709: 4610:Empowerment zone 4595:FHA insured loan 4507:Health Insurance 4336: 4329: 4322: 4313: 4312: 4298: 4297: 3869: 3857: 3849: 3838: 3816: 3809: 3802: 3793: 3792: 3669: 3664: 3663: 3661:Official website 3627: 3626: 3594: 3588: 3587: 3547: 3536: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3517: 3511: 3510:, March 5, 2013. 3500: 3494: 3493: 3492:on July 9, 2011. 3488:. 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3760:Wayback Machine 3749: 3692: 3659: 3658: 3655: 3650: 3639:Scott Stossel. 3636: 3634:Further reading 3631: 3630: 3595: 3591: 3548: 3539: 3529: 3527: 3519: 3518: 3514: 3501: 3497: 3478: 3474: 3464: 3462: 3452: 3448: 3444:, p. 252, Box 1 3440: 3436: 3425: 3416: 3408: 3400: 3396: 3381:10.2307/1602366 3365: 3361: 3346: 3342: 3327:10.2307/1164270 3311: 3304: 3294: 3292: 3266: 3262: 3238:10.1.1.644.8716 3221: 3217: 3204: 3200: 3192: 3186: 3185: 3181: 3170: 3169: 3165: 3134:(4): 999–1012. 3124: 3120: 3097: 3093: 3084: 3083: 3079: 3066: 3065: 3061: 3008: 3004: 2978: 2972: 2968: 2915: 2908: 2869: 2865: 2812: 2808: 2773: 2769: 2756: 2755: 2751: 2738: 2737: 2733: 2723: 2721: 2711: 2707: 2697: 2695: 2686: 2685: 2666: 2651: 2650: 2646: 2615: 2611: 2601: 2599: 2589: 2585: 2572: 2571: 2567: 2557: 2555: 2546: 2545: 2541: 2531: 2529: 2519: 2512: 2503: 2502: 2498: 2488: 2486: 2478: 2477: 2473: 2463: 2461: 2453: 2452: 2448: 2435: 2434: 2430: 2420: 2419: 2415: 2405: 2403: 2394: 2393: 2389: 2379: 2378: 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