140:
211:
492:
associated die back especially to the west. In 1937 it was recognised that the deposit from the Hatepe eruption had been so hot to burn the forest at a 160 km (99 mi) distance from Lake Taupō, but this was not understood as being due to a pyroclastic flow until 1956. Valleys had been filled with ignimbrite, evening out the shape of the land.
186:'s largest eruption within the last 20,000 years. The eruption ejected some 45–105 km (11–25 cu mi) of bulk tephra, of which just over 30 km (7.2 cu mi) was ejected in approximately 6–7 minutes. This makes it one of the largest eruptions in the last 5,000 years, comparable to the
569:
to New
Zealand-derived calibration data set to obtain the currently most precise eruption date of 232 CE ± 8 (95.4% confidence). This date is statistically indistinguishable from that of 1995 study and is the currently accepted date. It is suggested that the presence of magmatic carbon
514:
around 26,500 years ago. The previous outlet was blocked, raising the lake 35 meters (115 feet) above its present level until it broke out after about 20 years in a huge flood. Over 20 km (4.8 cu mi) of water escaped down river in less than 4 weeks, with peak discharge of the order of
491:
It is estimated that it might have taken as much as 30 years to refill the emptied lake in the caldera. There were massive changes in the landscape for 40 km (25 mi) around with all life sterilised and prior landforms evened out, with beyond the ignimbrite sheet likely forest fires and ash
561:
and others to investigate interhemispheric calibration offset in 1995, the team analyzed the uncalibrated ages of tree rings of a single tree killed in Taupo eruption, cross-matched the uncalibrated tree ring chronology to
Northern Hemisphere calibration curve, and extrapolated the calibrated tree
289:
more material off the ground surface than it replaced with ignimbrite. There is evidence that it occurred on an autumn afternoon and its energy release was about 150 megatons of TNT equivalent. The eruption column penetrated the stratosphere as revealed by deposits in ice core samples in
Greenland
598:
in animals that precluded productive livestock farming until this issue was identified and addressed. This identification by New
Zealand government scientists in 1934 was probably the most significant single advance in New Zealand agriculture ever, but was not able to be fully exploited until the
507:, maximising to an area of about 90 km (35 sq mi) and a volume of about 2.5 km (0.60 cu mi). This broke through the ignimbrite dam in a massive flood with peak flow believed to be 17,000 m/s, over 100 times the current river maximum flood flow.
1026:
Winstrup, Mai; Vallelonga, Paul; Kjær, Helle A.; Fudge, Tyler J.; Lee, James E.; Riis, Marie H.; Edwards, Ross; Bertler, Nancy A. N.; Blunier, Thomas; Brook, Ed J.; Buizert, Christo; Ciobanu, Gabriela; Conway, Howard; Dahl-Jensen, Dorthe; Ellis, Aja (2019-04-10).
1447:
Piva, Stephen B.; Barker, Simon J.; Iverson, Nels A.; Winton, V. Holly L.; Bertler, Nancy A. N.; Sigl, Michael; Wilson, Colin J. N.; Dunbar, Nelia W.; Kurbatov, Andrei V.; Carter, Lionel; Charlier, Bruce L. A.; Newnham, Rewi M. (2023-10-09).
234:
identified, although phase 5 has at least 26 deposit subunits. Most of the stages only affected the immediate surrounds of the caldera and regions to its east due to prevailing wind patterns. Despite the uniform composition of the erupted
1146:
Manville, V.; Segschneider, B.; Newton, E.; White, J.D.L.; Houghton, B.F.; Wilson, C.J.N. (2009). "Environmental impact of the 1.8 ka Taupo eruption, New
Zealand: Landscape responses to a large-scale explosive rhyolite eruption".
553:
pushes the radiocarbon result to a more recent date, and they proposed 186 CE as the exact year of eruption based on ancient
Chinese and Roman records of unusual atmospheric phenomena in about this year.
298:
of the same age have been found on the central New
Zealand coast, evidence that the eruption caused local tsunamis, but much more widespread waves may have been generated (like those observed after the
1557:
578:
ice core and are independently dated to 230 CE ± 19, thus refuting propositions of a potential age bias. These dates are also within a wider range of 205 CE to 373 CE determined by
269:
The main extremely fast moving pyroclastic flow travelled at close to the speed of sound and devastated the surrounding area, climbing over 1,500 m (4,900 ft) to overtop the nearby
1084:
Lowe, D. J., D.J.; de Lange, W. P. (2000). "Volcano-meteorological tsunamis, the c. 200 CE Taupo eruption (New
Zealand) and the possibility of a global tsunami".
1123:
Sedimentology and history of Lake
Reporoa: an ephemeral supra-ignimbrite lake, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand in Volcaniclastic sedimentation in lacustrine settings
1576:
1582:
533:
rafts that were later discovered deposited on the lake shoreline. The volcano continues to be classified as active with periods of volcanic unrest.
565:
In 2012, to circumvent interhemispheric calibration offset, the uncalibrated dates of tree rings of a single tree killed in Taupo eruption were
959:
152:(three of the vents in red) ran parallel to Lake Taupō's current southeastern shore. Present active geothermal systems are in light blue.
1176:"Giant rafted pumice blocks from the most recent eruption of Taupo volcano, New Zealand: Insights from palaeomagnetic and textural data"
1617:
541:
Early radiocarbon dating effort on 22 selected carbonized samples yielded an uncalibrated average date of 1,819 ± 17 years
1515:
Hasegawa, T.; Greve, A.; Gravley, D.M.; Kusu, C.; Kaneda, Y.; Shibata, S.; Okada, M.; Kósik, S.; Mochizuki, N.; Turner, G. (2023).
841:
Hasegawa, T.; Greve, A.; Gravley, D.M.; Kusu, C.; Kaneda, Y.; Shibata, S.; Okada, M.; Kósik, S.; Mochizuki, N.; Turner, G. (2023).
1319:"Revised calendar date for the Taupo eruption derived by 14 C wiggle-matching using a New Zealand kauri 14 C calibration data set"
1637:
510:
In due course after the Hatepe eruption the lake that formed further expanded on the lake that had formed after the much larger
1622:
1632:
901:"The Taupō eruption sequence of AD 232±10 in Aotearoa New Zealand: A retrospection (ニュージーランド・タウポ火山における 西暦 232±10 年噴火の推移)"
635:(1994). "Dilute gravity current and rain-flushed ash deposits in the 1.8 ka Hatepe Plinian deposit, Taupo, New Zealand".
482:
were created transiently, the larger first, and the second later smaller and very transient, when the dam at the present
1647:
1627:
1595:
Summary: the main Hatepe eruption vents are marked by submarine peaks on the far eastern side of Lake Taupō called the
900:
445:
No more than 15 minutes with speed of 250–300 m/s (820–980 ft/s) or 900–1,080 km/h (560–670 mi/h).
1278:"C calibration in the Southern Hemisphere and the date of the last Taupo eruption: evidence from tree-ring sequences"
562:
ring dates to obtain the outermost ring date of 232 CE ± 15, i.e. the last moment the tree was alive.
478:
Temporary maximum lake areas after the 232 ± 10 CE Hatepe eruption (dark blue shading). Two temporary
77:
191:
1612:
412:
Up to 17 hours, vent(s) more towards south-west of fissure. Eruption plume up to 40 km (25 mi) high.
1130:
199:
1029:"A 2700-year annual timescale and accumulation history for an ice core from Roosevelt Island, West Antarctica"
612:
1231:; Ambraseys, N. N.; Bradley, J.; Walker, G. P. L. (1980). "A new date for the Taupo eruption, New Zealand".
681:
Illsley-Kemp, Finnigan; Barker, Simon J.; Wilson, Colin J. N.; Chamberlain, Calum J.; Hreinsdóttir, Sigrún;
575:
285:
was high enough to divert the flow. The power of the pyroclastic flow was so strong that in some places it
226:
flow (yellow shading). The collapse caldera is in light red. It is superimposed on present day New
Zealand.
47:
1652:
779:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences
682:
558:
294:
until more than 1,000 years later, the area had no known human inhabitants when the eruption occurred.
109:
1175:
1215:
Stratigraphy and chronology of late Quaternary volcanic ash in Taupo, Rotorua, and Gisborne districts
1558:"Introduction to Tephra-Derived Soils and Farming, Waikato-Bay of Plenty, North Island, New Zealand"
1642:
1450:"Volcanic glass from the 1.8 ka Taupō eruption (New Zealand) detected in Antarctic ice at ~ 230 CE"
52:
1317:
Hogg, Alan; Lowe, David J.; Palmer, Jonathan; Boswijk, Gretel; Ramsey, Christopher Bronk (2012).
685:; Hamling, Ian J.; Savage, Martha K.; Mestel, Eleanor R. H.; Wadsworth, Fabian B. (1 June 2021).
590:
The tephra soils associated with the eruption were deficient in several essential minerals, with
56:
774:
1086:
966:
300:
1657:
195:
1532:
858:
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1318:
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1242:
1187:
1040:
854:
786:
739:
698:
644:
139:
8:
1384:"Evidence for magmatic carbon bias in 14 C dating of the Taupo and other major eruptions"
503:. A temporary lake above this blockage was formed over perhaps 2 to 3 years in the older
341:
Hours, south-western fissure vent with maximum plume height of 10 km (6.2 mi).
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1103:
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728:"An outline geochemistry of rhyolite eruptives from Taupo volcanic centre, New Zealand"
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632:
546:
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had been blocked by ignimbrite deposits with the lowest blockage on the river being at
727:
1517:"Paleomagnetic constraint of the age and duration of the Taupō Eruption, New Zealand"
1497:
1479:
1429:
1411:
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1356:
1199:
1126:
1107:
1070:
1058:
944:
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843:"Paleomagnetic constraint of the age and duration of the Taupō Eruption, New Zealand"
814:
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Sparks, R. J.; Melhuish, W. H.; McKee, J. W. A.; Ogden, J.; Palmer, J. G. (1995).
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175:
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but the age continues to be slightly controversial, for the reasons mentioned.
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were extruded, these smaller eruptions of unknown total size also created large
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1541:
1516:
1474:
1407:
1099:
917:
867:
842:
687:"Volcanic Unrest at Taupō Volcano in 2019: Causes, Mechanisms and Implications"
600:
579:
542:
231:
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1302:
1277:
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in pre-eruption groundwaters may have contaminated radiocarbon ages. However,
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Up to tens of hours with towards end or beginning of next stage heavy rain.
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32:
1501:
1433:
1217:. New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, Wellington.
1053:
1005:
798:
215:
167:
67:
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or Horomatangi Reef Unit Y eruption, is dated to 232 CE ± 10 and was
711:
686:
210:
183:
71:
997:
Studies on the origins and emplacement of pyroclastic flows (PHD thesis
927:
656:
278:
263:
219:
1351:
995:
1583:"Volume 10: High-tech Tools for Tackling Fisheries Problems in Lakes"
1254:
1174:
von Lichtan, I.J.; White, J.D.L.; Manville, V.; Ohneiser, C. (2016).
726:
Sutton, Andrew N.; Blake, Stephen; Wilson, Colin J. N. (1995-10-01).
526:
523:
255:
252:
515:
30,000 m/s so flowing for more than a week at roughly 200 times the
372:
Mainly phreatoplinian Hatepe ash but interrupted by dry magmatic ash
1581:
Dave Rowe Gavin; James Gavin Macaulay; Ude Shankar (October 2002).
680:
574:
shards derived from the Taupo eruption have been identified in the
571:
239:, a wide variety of eruptive styles were displayed, including weak
179:
145:
395:
Likely continuous with Y3, vent at the north-east end of fissure.
1382:
Kennedy, Ben; Duffy, Brendan; Holdaway, Richard N. (2018-10-05).
1121:
Manville, V (2001-04-18). James D. L. White; N. R. Riggs (eds.).
286:
1173:
1145:
591:
530:
353:
164:
630:
236:
277:, and covering the land within 80 km (50 mi) with
230:
The eruption went through several stages, with six distinct
1025:
775:"The Taupo eruption, New Zealand. II. The Taupo Ignimbrite"
1083:
1514:
1275:
840:
1446:
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were extruded some years or decades later, forming the
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and Antarctica. As New Zealand was not settled by the
1316:
1381:
1212:
676:
674:
599:1950s with the deployment of cobalt-ion-containing
585:
725:
1604:
836:
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832:
830:
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824:
671:
218:of a 10 cm ash deposit (white shading) and
1167:
1180:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
732:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
821:
303:). The stages as reclassified from 2003 are:
1139:
1114:
989:
987:
1375:
1213:Healy, J; Vucetich, CG; Pullar, WA (1964).
1019:
951:
898:
1221:
905:Journal of Geography (Chigaku Zasshi 地学雑誌)
894:
892:
890:
888:
886:
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352:Mainly magmatic dry ash and coarse Hatepe
138:
122:Devastated vegetation in region, expanded
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1301:
1052:
984:
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710:
205:
1549:
1120:
957:
209:
899:Lowe, David J; Pittari, Adrian (2021).
875:
1605:
1269:
993:
772:
536:
545:(131 CE ± 17). Research by
1000:(Thesis). Imperial College, London.
734:. Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand.
691:Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems
462:0.28 km (0.067 cu mi)
338:0.05 km (0.012 cu mi)
13:
1556:Lowe, D. J.; Balks, M. R. (2019).
425:1.5 km (0.36 cu mi)
392:1.1 km (0.26 cu mi)
375:1.9 km (0.46 cu mi)
358:2.5 km (0.60 cu mi)
14:
1669:
1618:Volcanic eruptions in New Zealand
1570:
994:Wilson, Colin James Ness (1983).
960:"Field Guide—Taupo Volcanic Zone"
549:and others remarked that ongoing
409:7.7 km (1.8 cu mi)
389:Rotongaio fine phreatoplinian ash
1200:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2016.04.003
442:30 km (7.2 cu mi)
428:Collapse of 5a eruptive column.
1508:
1440:
1310:
1206:
1077:
586:Post-eruption soil deficiencies
192:946 eruption of Paektu Mountain
190:in the 2nd millennium BCE, the
170:, sometimes referred to as the
163:, named for the Hatepe Plinian
16:Major eruption of Taupō volcano
1638:Events that forced the climate
766:
719:
624:
594:deficiency being the cause of
214:Hatepe eruption impact on the
200:1815 eruption of Mount Tambora
196:1257 eruption of Mount Samalas
1:
1623:3rd-century natural disasters
618:
613:North Island Volcanic Plateau
1161:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2009.04.017
752:10.1016/0377-0273(95)00011-I
406:Dry vesicular pumice and ash
305:
7:
1633:Prehistoric volcanic events
606:
10:
1674:
1542:10.1186/s40623-023-01779-7
1475:10.1038/s41598-023-42602-3
1408:10.1038/s41467-018-06357-0
1125:. Wiley. pp. 109–40.
1100:10.1191/095968300670392643
918:10.5026/jgeography.130.117
868:10.1186/s40623-023-01779-7
773:Wilson, CJN (1985-06-28).
603:fertiliser from aircraft.
1648:Phreatomagmatic eruptions
1628:Ancient natural disasters
1303:10.1017/S0033822200030599
631:Talbot, J. P.; Self, S.;
361:10 to 30 hours, plinian.
137:
133:
118:
108:
62:
46:
38:
28:
23:
1521:Earth, Planets and Space
1343:10.1177/0959683611425551
847:Earth, Planets and Space
471:
335:Phreatomagmatic fine ash
1533:2023EP&S...75...23H
958:Houghton, B.F. (2007).
859:2023EP&S...75...23H
637:Bulletin of Volcanology
522:Following the eruption
307:Hatepe eruption stages
1587:Water & Atmosphere
1054:10.5194/cp-15-751-2019
799:10.1098/rsta.1985.0020
301:1883 Krakatoa eruption
227:
206:Stages of the eruption
182:. It is thought to be
1577:Lake-floor relief map
1388:Nature Communications
465:Up to decades after.
213:
178:'s most recent major
712:10.1029/2021GC009803
580:paleomagnetic dating
557:In an effort led by
422:Dry pyroclastic flow
1613:Taupō Volcanic Zone
1466:2023NatSR..1316720P
1400:2018NatCo...9.4110H
1335:2012Holoc..22..439H
1294:1995Radcb..37..155S
1247:1980Natur.288..252W
1192:2016JVGR..318...73V
1149:Sedimentary Geology
1045:2019CliPa..15..751W
1033:Climate of the Past
791:1985RSPTA.314..229W
744:1995JVGR...68..153S
703:2021GGG....2209803I
649:1994BVol...56..538T
537:Dating the eruption
459:Rhyolite lava domes
456:and Waitahanui Bank
324:Timing and Comment
308:
89: /
1454:Scientific Reports
657:10.1007/BF00302834
547:Colin J. N. Wilson
306:
228:
93:38.817°S 175.917°E
1653:Plinian eruptions
1597:Horomatangi Reefs
1241:(5788): 252–253.
785:(1529): 229–310.
519:'s current rate.
469:
468:
454:Horomatangi Reefs
260:Horomatangi Reefs
245:Plinian eruptions
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42:About 230 CE
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1229:Wilson, C. J. N.
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1155:(3–4): 318–336.
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643:(6–7): 538–551.
633:Wilson, C. J. N.
628:
576:Roosevelt Island
512:Oruanui eruption
439:Taupō ignimbrite
309:
296:Tsunami deposits
271:Kaimanawa Ranges
249:pyroclastic flow
241:phreatomagmatism
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98:-38.817; 175.917
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972:on 3 March 2016
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275:Mount Tongariro
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161:Hatepe eruption
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53:Phreatomagmatic
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596:bush sickness
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517:Waikato River
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176:Taupō Volcano
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128:Waikato River
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57:ultra-Plinian
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37:
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27:
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1590:
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1460:(1): 16720.
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1323:The Holocene
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1087:The Holocene
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1021:
1011:23 September
1009:. Retrieved
996:
974:. Retrieved
967:the original
953:
908:
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683:Ellis, Susan
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540:
521:
509:
494:
490:
268:
229:
216:North Island
171:
168:tephra layer
160:
158:
68:North Island
66:Lake Taupō,
18:
1394:(1): 4110.
1282:Radiocarbon
928:10289/16150
697:(6): 1–27.
551:calibration
224:pyroclastic
184:New Zealand
144:The Hatepe
96: /
72:New Zealand
1658:Lake Taupō
1607:Categories
1352:10289/5936
1132:1444304267
619:References
527:lava domes
484:Lake Taupō
279:ignimbrite
264:Waitahanui
256:lava domes
220:ignimbrite
198:, and the
124:Lake Taupō
33:Lake Taupō
1527:(1). 23.
1484:2045-2322
1416:2041-1723
1369:129928745
1361:0959-6836
1186:: 73–88.
1108:129508873
1071:134798069
1063:1814-9324
945:235444050
937:1884-0884
853:(1). 23.
815:123039394
807:0080-4614
760:0377-0273
665:129632427
572:rhyolitic
524:rhyolitic
253:Rhyolitic
1502:37813875
1493:10562440
1434:30291227
607:See also
419:unit Y5b
403:unit Y5a
180:eruption
148:'s main
146:eruption
84:175°55′E
63:Location
1579:, from
1529:Bibcode
1462:Bibcode
1425:6173711
1396:Bibcode
1331:Bibcode
1290:Bibcode
1263:4309536
1243:Bibcode
1188:Bibcode
1041:Bibcode
976:3 March
855:Bibcode
787:Bibcode
740:Bibcode
699:Bibcode
645:Bibcode
436:unit Y6
386:unit Y4
369:unit Y3
349:unit Y2
332:unit Y1
315:Deposit
283:Ruapehu
281:. Only
266:Bank.
81:38°49′S
29:Volcano
1500:
1490:
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1261:
1234:Nature
1129:
1106:
1069:
1061:
943:
935:
813:
805:
758:
663:
592:cobalt
531:pumice
354:pumice
321:Volume
287:eroded
194:, the
165:pumice
119:Impact
1561:(PDF)
1365:S2CID
1259:S2CID
1104:S2CID
1067:S2CID
970:(PDF)
963:(PDF)
941:S2CID
811:S2CID
661:S2CID
472:After
312:Stage
292:Māori
237:magma
222:from
150:vents
1593:(3).
1498:PMID
1480:ISSN
1430:PMID
1412:ISSN
1357:ISSN
1127:ISBN
1059:ISSN
1013:2023
978:2016
933:ISSN
803:ISSN
756:ISSN
495:The
318:Type
273:and
262:and
159:The
48:Type
39:Date
1537:doi
1488:PMC
1470:doi
1420:PMC
1404:doi
1347:hdl
1339:doi
1298:doi
1251:doi
1239:288
1196:doi
1184:318
1157:doi
1153:220
1096:doi
1049:doi
1002:hdl
923:hdl
913:doi
909:130
863:doi
795:doi
783:314
748:doi
707:doi
653:doi
110:VEI
1609::
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851:75
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823:^
809:.
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736:68
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705:.
695:22
693:.
689:.
673:^
659:.
651:.
641:56
639:.
543:BP
251:.
243:,
202:.
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709::
701::
667:.
655::
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450:7
433:6
400:5
383:4
366:3
346:2
329:1
114:7
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