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622:(AAAS). At the time, the AAAS's choice appeared to be a "rebuke" of HCUA and a positive championing of scientists. In his inaugural address, Shapley referred to the danger of the "genius maniac" and proposed the elimination of "all primates that show any evidence or signs of genius or even talent". Other global threats he listed were: drugs that suppressed the desire for sex; boredom; world war with weapons of mass destruction; a plague epidemic.
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Michael Hoskin says "His decision was to treat the
National Academy of Sciences to an address so elementary that much of it was necessarily uncontroversial", with Shapley's motivation being only to impress a delegation from Harvard who were interviewing him for a possible offer as the next Director of
480:
had measured rotation in a spiral nebula, the nature and luminosity of the exploding novae and supernovae seen in spiral galaxies, and the size of our own Milky Way. However, Shapley's actual talk and argument given during the Great Debate were completely different from the published paper. Historian
33:
2046:
Shapley was not committed to any particular model of the expanding universe, but he did have strong opinions about the relationship between astronomy and religion. A confirmed agnostic, in the postwar period he often participated in science-religion discussions, and in 1960 he edited a major work on
468:
in
Washington DC. Shapley took the side that spiral nebulae (what are now called galaxies) are inside our Milky Way, while Curtis took the side that the spiral nebulae are "island universes" far outside our own Milky Way and comparable in size and nature to our own Milky Way. This issue and debate
912:
Before the anti-communist phrase "Better Dead Than Red" became popular during McCarthyism in the 1950s, Shapley said in a 1947 speech entitled "Peace or Pieces" that "A slave world is not worth preserving. Better be lifeless like the cold moon, or primitively vegetal like desolate Mars, than be a
528:
star in the
Andromeda galaxy, he withdrew his criticism. He reportedly told a colleague, "Here is the letter that destroyed my universe." He also encouraged Hubble to write a paper for a joint meeting of the American Astronomical Society and American Association for the Advancement of Science.
396:
to study journalism. When he learned that the opening of the School of
Journalism had been postponed for a year, he decided to study the first subject he came across in the course directory. Rejecting Archaeology, which Shapley later claimed he could not pronounce, he chose the next subject,
524:'s observations that there are additional galaxies in the universe other than the Milky Way. Shapley fiercely critiqued Hubble and regarded his work as junk science. However, after he received a letter from Hubble showing Hubble's observed light curve of V1, a
532:
Despite having earlier argued strongly against the idea of galaxies other than our Milky Way, Shapley went on to make significant progress in the research of the distribution of galaxies, working between 1925 and 1932. In this time period, with the
712:(1890–1981) in April 1914, whom he had met in Missouri. She assisted her husband in astronomical research both at Mount Wilson and at Harvard Observatory. She wrote numerous articles on eclipsing stars and other astronomical objects.
2666:
2087:
Although a declared agnostic, Shapley was deeply interested in religion and was a genuinely 'religious' person from a philosophical point of view. 'I never go to church', he told
Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin, 'I am too
2126:
2868:
537:, he worked to map 76,000 galaxies. One of the first astronomers to believe in the existence of galaxy superclusters, Shapley later discovered a large and distant example, which was later named the
389:. In Chanute, he found a Carnegie library and started reading and studying on his own. Shapley returned to complete a six-year high school program in 1.5 years, graduating as class valedictorian.
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commented about
Shapley's attitude, "I have never seen a witness treat a committee with more contempt" and considered contempt of Congress charges. Shapley accused HCUA of "
2714:
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2816:
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1141:
Flights from Chaos: A Survey of
Material Systems from Atoms to Galaxies, Adapted from Lectures at the College of the City of New York, Class of 1872 Foundation
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2738:
2708:
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and academia in general. In the book, Buckley cited
Shapley's participation and averred that event was "Communist-inspired" and "Russian-dominated."
615:
methods" and advocated for its abolition, saying that it had made "civic cowards of many citizens" by pursuing the "bogey of political radicalism."
2720:
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373:, but not beyond elementary school. He worked as a journalist after studying at home and covering crime stories as a newspaper reporter for the
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1833:
933:, also on the staff of the Harvard College Observatory), the first of the publisher's series of source books in the history of the sciences.
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was far larger than previously believed, and that the Sun's place in the galaxy was in a nondescript location. This discovery supports the
150:
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during mid-term elections that year and was asked to answer questions about the ICCASP's
Massachusetts' chapter. HCUA committee chairman
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603:(ICCASP), which HCUA described as a "major political arm of the Russophile left". It had opposed re-election of U.S. Representative
485:. With the default by Shapley, Curtis won the debate. The astronomical issues were soon resolved in favor of Curtis' position when
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on the nature of nebulae and galaxies and the size of the
Universe. The debate took place on April 26, 1920, in the hall of the
4236:
596:
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807:
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1346:"Dr. Harlow Shapley Dies at 86. Dean of American Astronomers. Dr. Harlow Shapley, Dean of American Astronomers, Dies at 86"
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and the Sun's position within it. In 1953 he proposed his "liquid water belt" theory, now known as the concept of a
851:
2315:
541:. He estimated the distance to this supercluster at 231 Mpc, which is within 15% of the currently accepted value.
4081:
2877:
1628:
344:
4181:
3522:
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770:
4179:
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4173:
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1950:
1924:
2625:
2281:"Harlow Shapley Wins Pius XI Prize. Harvard Observatory Chief Receives Astronomy Award of Pontifical Academy"
906:
855:
4133:
2151:
1562:
777:
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1105:. Series 1:Lectures given on the James Arthur Foundation, New York University. New York University Press.
963:
581:
534:
509:
482:
352:
235:
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3486:
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1977:"Preparing earth constitution | Global Strategies & Solutions | The Encyclopedia of World Problems"
1711:
Archibald, Gail, PhD (2006). "Part I: Setting the Scene, 1945–1965: How the 'S' Came to Be In UNESCO".
833:
693:
448:, according to which the Earth is not at the center of our Solar System, our galaxy, nor our Universe.
418:
1866:
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604:
303:
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1407:
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732:
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205:
115:
1925:"Letters from Thane Read asking Helen Keller to sign the World Constitution for world peace. 1961"
1843:
1658:("it was Shapley who almost singlehandedly prevented the deletion of the "S" from UNESCO." p. 478)
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1857:
1818:
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1736:– via UNESCO Asia-Pacific Centre of Education for International Understanding (APCEIU) in
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1951:"Letter from World Constitution Coordinating Committee to Helen, enclosing current materials"
1877:
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422:
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2616:
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In the 1940s, Shapley helped found government funded scientific associations, including the
473:, while the detailed arguments and data, often with ambiguities, appeared together in 1921.
274:
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81:
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8:
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2065:
1413:
709:
673:
664:
647:
366:
46:
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2419:
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Matter and spirit in the Universe: scientific and religious preludes to modern cosmology
1782:
The Committee: The Extraordinary Career of the House Committee on Un-American Activities
1523:
1310:
1149:
529:
Hubble's findings went on to fundamentally reshape the scientific view of the universe.
219:
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1038:
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477:
338:
144:
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1139:
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He was one of the signatories of the agreement to convene a convention for drafting a
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1976:
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1911:
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In 1953, he wrote the "Liquid Water Belt" which gave scientific credence to the
433:. He was instrumental in moving astronomy away from the idea that Cepheids were
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4009:
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Man in the Universe: The View from a Distant Star. Man's future in the universe
2100:
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In 1950, Shapley was instrumental in organizing a campaign in academia against
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He served as director of the HCO from 1921 to 1952. During this time, he hired
258:
121:
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3222:
2533:
2512:
1981:
The Encyclopedia of World Problems | Union of International Associations (UIA)
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234:(November 2, 1885 – October 20, 1972) was an American scientist, head of the
127:
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952:
568:. He also served on the board of trustees of Science Service, now known as
521:
504:. After the debate, however, he was hired to replace the recently deceased
486:
327:
209:
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292:
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3039:
2299:
The Pope today attended the inauguration of the new academic year of the
1694:
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819:
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Although Shapley was an agnostic, he was greatly interested in religion.
676:. Scientists generally considered this controversial US bestseller to be
652:
356:
319:
315:
162:
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1622:
1044:. Source books in the history of the sciences. Harvard University Press.
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1319:
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1172:. Harvard College Observatory. Annals, v. 85, no. 6. The Observatory.
922:
634:
558:
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243:
183:
32:
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2001:
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president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
601:
Independent Citizens Committee of the Arts, Sciences and Professions
592:(United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization).
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3094:
3070:
3005:
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1265:
1186:"Star Clusters and their Contribution to Knowledge of the Universe"
892:
300:
Independent Voters Committee of the Arts and Sciences for Roosevelt
239:
1066:. Harvard College Observatory. Annals, v. 88, no. 7. Beacon Press.
369:, to Willis and Sarah (née Stowell) Shapley. He went to school in
3397:
3082:
2979:
1873:
612:
1726:
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
3541:
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1270:
1064:
A Census of Northern Galaxies in an Area of 3600 Square Degrees
947:
In his 1957 book "Of Stars and Men", Shapley proposed the term
669:
589:
553:, who, in 1925, became the first person to earn a doctorate at
4262:
Recipients of the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society
2681:
3529:
3505:
3493:
3481:
3445:
3433:
3409:
3373:
3361:
3349:
3337:
3180:
3129:
2229:"Winners of the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society"
1737:
1721:
1053:
Of Stars and Men: The Human Response to an Expanding Universe
648:
God and Man at Yale: The Superstitions of "Academic Freedom,"
595:
On November 14, 1946, Shapley appeared under subpoena by the
4272:
Presidents of the Institute on Religion in an Age of Science
986:. The Harvard books on astronomy. Harvard University Press.
4094:
1868:
God and Man at Yale: The Superstitions of "Academic Freedom
887:
736:
564:
From 1941 he was on the original standing committee of the
2063:
I.S. Glass (2006). "Harlow Shapley: Defining our galaxy".
1029:
The View from a Distant Star: Man's Future in the Universe
867:
92:
2340:
James F. Kasting, How to find a habitable planet. p. 127
2205:. American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Archived from
753:
on October 20, 1972, shortly before his 87th birthday.
2255:"Past Winners of the Catherine Wolfe Bruce Gold Medal"
1480:
The Red Limit: The Search for the Edge of the Universe
1386:
1211:"Note on Pterergates in the Californian Harvester Ant"
692:. As a result, for the first time in human history, a
496:
At the time of the debate, Shapley was working at the
238:(1921–1952), and political activist during the latter
4129:
World Committee for a World Constitutional Convention
2257:. Astronomical Society of the Pacific. Archived from
16:
American scientist and political activist (1885–1972)
2408:
Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada
2370:
2067:
Revolutionaries of the Cosmos: The Astro-physicists
1862:"Chapter 4: The Supersitions of 'Academic Freedom'"
1144:. Whittlesey House, McGraw–Hill Book Company, Inc.
905:Harlow Shapley Visiting Lectureships In Astronomy,
437:, and toward the concept that they were pulsators.
409:After graduation, Shapley received a fellowship to
1865:
1621:
1610:
1170:Descriptions and Positions of 2,829 New Nebulae ..
1072:
1050:
1037:
1015:
1002:
639:National Council of Arts, Sciences and Professions
627:Cultural and Scientific Conference for World Peace
1559:"Hubble Views the Star that Changed the Universe"
1190:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
618:A few weeks later, in early 1947, Shapley became
4277:World Constitutional Convention call signatories
4203:
1506:"On the Nature and Cause of Cepheid Variation,"
1446:Harlow Shapley, 1885–1972, A Biographical Memoir
561:, for work done at Harvard College Observatory.
2318:. American Astronomical Society. Archived from
1035:
515:
2474:Climatic Change: Evidence, Causes, and Effects
2179:. National Academy of Sciences. Archived from
1704:
1616:
1476:
1381:Harlow Shapely 1885–1972 A Biographical Memoir
1075:Climatic Change: Evidence, Causes, and Effects
929:(New York: McGraw–Hill, 1929, co-written with
544:
365:Shapley was born on a farm five miles outside
306:at the White House (October 1944). From left:
4282:Members of the American Philosophical Society
2862:
2667:
2371:McCarthy, Martin F. (April 1969). "Review of
1553:
1551:
1289:
280:Shapley (first standing from the right) at a
2231:. Royal Astronomical Society. Archived from
1850:
1750:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1582:
1580:
1409:The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers
814:Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society
151:Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society
1785:. Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. p. 187.
1714:Sixty Years of Science at UNESCO, 1945–2005
1668:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1538:"The 'Great Debate': What Really Happened"
584:. He shares credit with British biochemist
451:
2869:
2855:
2683:Institute on Religion in an Age of Science
2674:
2660:
2583:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2553:Harlow Shapley: Biography of an Astronomer
2471:
2062:
1710:
1548:
1096:. Volume 36. National Academy of Sciences.
960:Institute on Religion in an Age of Science
723:, a mathematician and economist who won a
466:United States National Academy of Sciences
413:for graduate work, where he studied under
2908:World Constitution Coordinating Committee
2617:Collection of Pieces on The Great Debate
2532:
2433:Sitterly, Bancroft W. (1964). "Review of
1586:
1577:
1526:Bulletin of the National Research Council
1340:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1318:
1226:
1094:Galactic and Extragalactic Studies, XVIII
715:They had one daughter, editor and writer
597:House Committee on Un-American Activities
489:discovered Cepheid variable stars in the
2895:Constitution for the Federation of Earth
2432:
1856:
1112:The Angular Diameters of Bright Galaxies
866:
698:Constitution for the Federation of Earth
2510:
2472:McLaughlin, Dean B. (1954). "Review of
2401:
2195:
2105:American Academy of Arts & Sciences
1775:
1561:. HubbleSite NewsCenter. Archived from
1208:
1183:
1167:
1156:
1137:
1118:
1109:
1100:
1091:
1070:
1061:
1048:
1026:
1013:
1000:
979:
4204:
2203:"Past Recipients of the Rumford Prize"
2169:
1994:
1405:
1327:
2850:
2655:
2029:
1079:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press
808:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
764:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
2071:. Oxford University Press. pp.
1618:Mather, Kirtley Fletcher (1888–1978)
1542:Journal for the History of Astronomy
1394:Geoecology: An Evolutionary Approach
1375:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1184:Shapley, Harlow (October 21, 1919).
913:planet populated by social robots."
800:(French Astronomical Society) (1933)
776:Elected Member of the United States
756:
599:(HCUA) in his role as member of the
570:Society for Science & the Public
4232:People from Barton County, Missouri
2402:Shapley, Harlow (1962). "Review of
2308:
2011:. No. 3. NASA. October 1, 1965
1957:. American Foundation for the Blind
1931:. American Foundation for the Blind
1443:
1040:Source book in astronomy, 1900–1950
824:Astronomical Society of the Pacific
625:In March 1949, Shapley chaired the
476:Characteristic issues were whether
13:
4267:Harvard College Observatory people
2544:
2404:Source Book in Astronomy 1900–1950
1623:"Harlow Shapley, Man of the World"
925:and the sciences. Among these was
749:Shapley died in a nursing home in
566:Foundation for the Study of Cycles
347:members, 1947. From left, seated,
253:stars to estimate the size of the
14:
4298:
4252:20th-century American astronomers
2592:
2349:"Varieties of Belief" (Review of
1842:. January 6, 1947. Archived from
1366:
725:Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics
520:He is also known to have opposed
4186:
4185:
3564:
3552:
3540:
3528:
3516:
3504:
3492:
3480:
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3456:
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3348:
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3301:
3265:
3253:
3241:
3216:
3204:
3179:
3167:
3155:
3128:
3105:
3093:
3081:
3069:
3057:
3045:
3033:
2998:
2985:
2972:
2959:
2946:
2034:. OECD Publishing. p. 237.
1005:Through Rugged Ways to the Stars
852:Henry Norris Russell Lectureship
719:; and four sons. These included
703:
696:convened to draft and adopt the
683:
355:; standing, Dr. Harlow Shapley,
337:
291:
273:
91:Determining correct position of
31:
2878:World Constitutional Convention
2504:
2465:
2451:10.1126/science.143.3611.1160.a
2426:
2395:
2364:
2343:
2334:
2273:
2247:
2221:
2144:
2119:
2093:
2056:
2023:
1969:
1943:
1917:
1826:
1806:
1769:
1532:
1524:Shapley, H. and Curtis, H. D.,
1516:
1448:. National Academy of Sciences.
1215:Psyche: A Journal of Entomology
1209:Shapley, Harlow (August 1920).
966:and was the editor of the book
588:for the addition of the "S" in
345:Progressive Citizens of America
2490:10.1126/science.119.3095.546.a
1500:
1470:
1452:
1437:
1399:
1383:. National Academy of Sciences
1283:
798:Société astronomique de France
771:American Philosophical Society
404:
1:
4237:University of Missouri alumni
3875:(Righteous Among the Nations)
2626:Mathematics Genealogy Project
1822:. January 9, 1947. p. 9.
1590:The Day We Found the Universe
1277:
1071:Shapley, Harlow, ed. (1953).
1036:Shapley, Harlow, ed. (1960).
907:American Astronomical Society
856:American Astronomical Society
500:, where he had been hired by
456:Shapley participated in the "
392:In 1907, Shapley went to the
381:, and intermittently for the
264:
4287:Recipients of Franklin Medal
4134:Provisional World Parliament
1764:122262620 (all editions)
1528:, 2, 169, pp. 171–217 (1921)
1522:"The Scale of the Universe"
1460:"Obituary of Harlow Shapley"
921:Shapley wrote many books on
788:National Academy of Sciences
778:National Academy of Sciences
739:. His eldest granddaughter,
655:, he attacked liberalism at
516:Conversion to Hubble's ideas
429:) to determine distances to
7:
4222:Princeton University alumni
4018:MaurĂcio Campos de Medeiros
3331:Ahmed Ebrahim Haroon Jaffer
3052:Francisco Orlich Bolmarcich
2633:Shapley, Harlow (1885–1972)
2476:edited by Harlow Shapley".
2406:edited by Harlow Shapley".
2316:"Grants, Prizes and Awards"
1261:National Science Foundation
1243:
582:National Science Foundation
575:
545:Harvard College Observatory
535:Harvard College Observatory
510:Harvard College Observatory
483:Harvard College Observatory
236:Harvard College Observatory
216:Other notable students
101:Harvard College Observatory
10:
4303:
4227:Harvard University faculty
3487:Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi
2715:Malcolm R. Sutherland, Jr.
1596:(1st ed.). Pantheon.
1587:Bartusiak, Marcia (2009).
1295:"Obituary: Harlow Shapley"
834:French Academy of Sciences
694:World Constituent Assembly
637:. It was sponsored by the
419:period-luminosity relation
4168:
4142:
4121:
3906:
3888:
3862:
3844:
3786:
3763:
3742:
3721:
3690:
3666:
3635:
3626:
3583:
3391:Ezequiel Padilla Peñaloza
3316:
3293:
3284:
3231:
3194:
3145:
3120:
3023:
3014:
2936:
2888:
2689:
2534:10.3189/S0022143000032895
2517:edited by Harlow Shapley"
1912:189667 (all editions)
1834:"People: Inside Dopester"
1672:) CS1 maint: postscript (
1177:
862:
605:Joseph William Martin Jr.
225:
215:
201:
189:
179:
172:
137:
107:
87:
73:
54:
39:
30:
23:
4247:Scientists from Missouri
4242:Physicists from Missouri
4105:(teacher & pacifist)
3981:(scholar & pacifist)
3547:Pascoal Ranieri Mazzilli
2351:Science Ponders Religion
2049:Science Ponders Religion
1485:William Morrow & Co.
1168:Shapley, Harlow (1924).
1157:Shapley, Harlow (1926).
1138:Shapley, Harlow (1930).
1119:Shapley, Harlow (1930).
1110:Shapley, Harlow (1934).
1101:Shapley, Harlow (1936).
1092:Shapley, Harlow (1948).
1062:Shapley, Harlow (1958).
1049:Shapley, Harlow (1958).
1027:Shapley, Harlow (1964).
1014:Shapley, Harlow (1967).
1001:Shapley, Harlow (1969).
980:Shapley, Harlow (1972).
973:
968:Science Ponders Religion
951:for what are now called
927:Source Book in Astronomy
916:
733:Senior Executive Service
717:Mildred Shapley Matthews
672:expatriate psychiatrist
645:, authored a 1951 book,
506:Edward Charles Pickering
498:Mount Wilson Observatory
452:The Great Debate of 1920
206:Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin
116:Mildred Shapley Matthews
3774:(Chemistry & Peace)
2835:Barbara Whittaker-Johns
2811:Barbara Whittaker-Johns
2599:Harlow Shapley Project
2009:NASA History Newsletter
1858:Buckley, William F. Jr.
1819:Sarasota Herald-Tribune
1477:Timothy Ferris (1977).
1406:Hockey, Thomas (2009).
1125:. New York: McGraw-Hill
651:wherein, in the eve of
643:William F. Buckley, Jr.
471:extragalactic astronomy
4013:(writer & scholar)
3922:David Alfaro Siqueiros
3872:André and Magda Trocmé
3854:Martin Luther King Jr.
3846:Human rights activists
3806:Edris Rice-Wray Carson
3691:Physiology or Medicine
3559:Patrick Wolrige-Gordon
3355:B. Satya Narayan Reddy
3135:Jaramogi Oginga Odinga
2511:Simpson, G.C. (1955).
2373:Beyond the Observatory
1638:Phi Beta Kappa Society
1103:Time and Its Mysteries
1031:. Dell Publishing, Co.
1018:Beyond the Observatory
875:
769:Elected Member of the
762:Elected Member of the
743:, became a physicist.
741:June Lorraine Matthews
435:spectroscopic binaries
427:Henrietta Swan Leavitt
423:Cepheid variable stars
394:University of Missouri
78:University of Missouri
3708:Hermann Joseph Muller
3703:Dickinson W. Richards
3511:Komla Agbeli Gbedemah
3088:LĂ©opold SĂ©dar Senghor
2745:Malcolm R. Sutherland
2521:Journal of Glaciology
2357:, December 18, 1960,
2209:on September 27, 2012
2030:Kragh, Helge (2004).
1878:Henry Regnery Company
1510:Astrophysical Journal
1464:Nature Vol 240 (1972)
1163:. George H. Doran Co.
878:Named after him are:
870:
572:, from 1935 to 1971.
440:He realized that the
284:board meeting in 1941
3914:Arthur Ernest Bishop
3698:Albert Szent-Györgyi
3064:José Figueres Ferrer
2799:Christopher Corbally
2437:by Harlow Shapley".
2375:by Harlow Shapley".
2322:on December 22, 2010
2177:"Henry Draper Medal"
2131:search.amphilsoc.org
2127:"APS Member History"
2002:"Mr. Willis Shapley"
1955:Helen Keller Archive
1929:Helen Keller Archive
1880:. pp. 136–137.
1846:on February 3, 2011.
1629:The American Scholar
901:Shapley Supercluster
872:Shapley Supercluster
641:. Arch-conservative
539:Shapley Supercluster
446:Copernican principle
415:Henry Norris Russell
411:Princeton University
330:, Dr. Harlow Shapley
196:Henry Norris Russell
82:Princeton University
4085:(cultural theorist)
3734:Salvatore Quasimodo
3598:Dana McLean Greeley
3308:Cornelis Berkhouwer
3112:Otilio Ulate Blanco
3016:Head of governments
2829:Varadaraja V. Raman
2781:Marjorie Hall Davis
2642:2000eaa..bookE4002.
2551:West, Doug (2015).
2420:1962JRASC..56..270S
2183:on January 26, 2013
1466:. pp. 429–430.
1414:Springer Publishing
1392:Richard J. Hugget,
1311:1973PhT....26a.107G
1150:1930fcsm.book.....S
674:Immanuel Velikovsky
665:Worlds in Collision
508:as director of the
367:Nashville, Missouri
47:Nashville, Missouri
4257:American agnostics
4150:World constitution
3978:Hugh J. Schonfield
3938:Edward J. Sparling
3463:Irène de Lipkowski
3451:Inder Kumar Gujral
3100:Muhammad Ayub Khan
2697:Edwin Prince Booth
2359:The New York Times
2301:Pontifical Academy
2289:. December 1, 1941
2286:The New York Times
2107:. February 9, 2023
1860:(December 1951) .
1814:"He's anti-genius"
1444:Bok, Bart (1978).
1354:. October 21, 1972
1351:The New York Times
1228:10.1155/1920/73165
1114:. The Observatory.
942:Hubertus Strughold
876:
794:Prix Jules Janssen
784:Henry Draper Medal
690:world constitution
502:George Ellery Hale
478:Adriaan van Maanen
145:Henry Draper Medal
4199:
4198:
4114:
4106:
4098:
4086:
4078:
4070:
4062:
4054:
4046:
4038:
4030:
4022:
4014:
4006:
3998:
3990:
3982:
3974:
3966:
3958:
3950:
3942:
3934:
3926:
3918:
3876:
3826:Priyadaranjan Ray
3782:
3781:
3775:
3713:Macfarlane Burnet
3678:
3585:Religious leaders
3579:
3578:
3571:William Beveridge
3379:Diwan Chaman Lall
3280:
3279:
2844:
2843:
2805:Michael Cavanaugh
2787:Ursula Goodenough
2562:978-1-5089-5084-4
2555:. United States.
2389:10.1063/1.3035499
2156:www.nasonline.org
2041:978-1-86094-469-7
1565:on March 31, 2016
1493:978-0-688-03176-3
1423:978-0-387-31022-0
1320:10.1063/1.3127920
958:Shapley attended
757:Awards and honors
751:Boulder, Colorado
555:Radcliffe College
469:are the start of
431:globular clusters
353:Elliott Roosevelt
229:
228:
202:Doctoral students
174:Scientific career
157:Rittenhouse Medal
66:Boulder, Colorado
4294:
4189:
4188:
4160:World federalism
4155:World government
4112:
4104:
4092:
4084:
4076:
4068:
4060:
4058:Shigeri Yamataka
4052:
4044:
4042:Rameshwari Nehru
4036:
4028:
4020:
4012:
4004:
3996:
3988:
3980:
3972:
3965:(science editor)
3964:
3956:
3954:Gregorio Bermann
3948:
3940:
3932:
3930:E. M. L. Odjidja
3925:(Social realist)
3924:
3916:
3874:
3796:Charles C. Price
3773:
3729:Bertrand Russell
3676:
3674:Frederick Sanger
3633:
3632:
3613:Martin Niemöller
3569:
3568:
3557:
3556:
3545:
3544:
3533:
3532:
3521:
3520:
3509:
3508:
3497:
3496:
3485:
3484:
3473:
3472:
3461:
3460:
3449:
3448:
3437:
3436:
3425:
3424:
3413:
3412:
3401:
3400:
3389:
3388:
3377:
3376:
3367:Chiyo Sakakibara
3365:
3364:
3353:
3352:
3341:
3340:
3329:
3328:
3306:
3305:
3304:
3291:
3290:
3270:
3269:
3258:
3257:
3246:
3245:
3221:
3220:
3209:
3208:
3184:
3183:
3172:
3171:
3160:
3159:
3133:
3132:
3110:
3109:
3098:
3097:
3086:
3085:
3074:
3073:
3062:
3061:
3050:
3049:
3038:
3037:
3021:
3020:
3004:
3002:
3001:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2978:
2976:
2975:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2952:
2950:
2949:
2898:
2871:
2864:
2857:
2848:
2847:
2739:George A. Riggan
2709:Sanborn C. Brown
2676:
2669:
2662:
2653:
2652:
2644:
2612:The Great Debate
2588:
2582:
2574:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2430:
2424:
2423:
2399:
2393:
2392:
2368:
2362:
2347:
2341:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2312:
2306:
2305:
2296:
2294:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2261:on July 21, 2011
2251:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2152:"Harlow Shapley"
2148:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2101:"Harlow Shapley"
2097:
2091:
2090:
2070:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2006:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1921:
1915:
1906:
1902:
1899:Internet Archive
1896:
1894:
1872:(4th printing).
1871:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1773:
1767:
1758:
1755:
1749:
1741:
1735:
1733:
1728:. pp. 36–40
1719:
1708:
1702:
1681:
1677:
1667:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1625:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1595:
1584:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1555:
1546:
1536:
1530:
1520:
1514:
1512:, 40, 448 (1914)
1504:
1498:
1497:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1441:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1403:
1397:
1390:
1384:
1377:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1342:
1325:
1324:
1322:
1293:(January 1973).
1287:
1256:Milky Way Galaxy
1239:
1237:
1235:
1230:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1173:
1164:
1153:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1115:
1106:
1097:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1078:
1067:
1058:
1056:
1045:
1043:
1032:
1023:
1021:
1010:
1008:
997:
931:Helen E. Howarth
708:Shapley married
557:in the field of
526:Cepheid variable
491:Andromeda Galaxy
442:Milky Way Galaxy
387:Joplin, Missouri
371:Jasper, Missouri
349:Henry A. Wallace
341:
295:
277:
255:Milky Way Galaxy
251:Cepheid variable
220:Georges Lemaître
191:Doctoral advisor
97:Milky Way Galaxy
61:
58:October 20, 1972
43:November 2, 1885
35:
21:
20:
4302:
4301:
4297:
4296:
4295:
4293:
4292:
4291:
4202:
4201:
4200:
4195:
4164:
4138:
4117:
4110:Toyohiko Kagawa
4074:Stanley Slotkin
4045:(social worker)
3902:
3884:
3858:
3840:
3836:Wilder Penfield
3821:Pitirim Sorokin
3778:
3759:
3738:
3717:
3686:
3662:
3628:Nobel laureates
3622:
3575:
3563:
3551:
3539:
3527:
3515:
3503:
3499:KenzĹŤ Matsumura
3491:
3479:
3467:
3455:
3443:
3431:
3419:
3415:Hisato Ichimada
3407:
3395:
3383:
3371:
3359:
3347:
3335:
3323:
3312:
3302:
3300:
3276:
3264:
3252:
3240:
3227:
3215:
3203:
3190:
3178:
3166:
3154:
3147:Prime Ministers
3141:
3127:
3121:Vice-presidents
3116:
3104:
3092:
3080:
3068:
3056:
3044:
3032:
3010:
2999:
2997:
2986:
2984:
2973:
2971:
2960:
2958:
2947:
2945:
2932:
2892:
2884:
2875:
2845:
2840:
2775:Ward Goodenough
2763:Solomon H. Katz
2751:Solomon H. Katz
2727:Hudson Hoagland
2685:
2680:
2630:
2595:
2576:
2575:
2563:
2550:
2547:
2545:Further reading
2542:
2527:(18): 609–610.
2515:Climatic Change
2509:
2505:
2470:
2466:
2431:
2427:
2400:
2396:
2369:
2365:
2348:
2344:
2339:
2335:
2325:
2323:
2314:
2313:
2309:
2292:
2290:
2279:
2278:
2274:
2264:
2262:
2253:
2252:
2248:
2238:
2236:
2235:on May 25, 2011
2227:
2226:
2222:
2212:
2210:
2201:
2200:
2196:
2186:
2184:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2160:
2158:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2135:
2133:
2125:
2124:
2120:
2110:
2108:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2083:
2061:
2057:
2042:
2028:
2024:
2014:
2012:
2004:
2000:
1999:
1995:
1985:
1983:
1975:
1974:
1970:
1960:
1958:
1949:
1948:
1944:
1934:
1932:
1923:
1922:
1918:
1904:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1855:
1851:
1832:
1831:
1827:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1777:Goodman, Walter
1774:
1770:
1756:
1743:
1742:
1731:
1729:
1717:
1709:
1705:
1689:(publication);
1679:
1661:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1648:
1620:(Summer 1971).
1615:
1611:
1604:
1593:
1585:
1578:
1568:
1566:
1557:
1556:
1549:
1544:, 7, 169 (1976)
1537:
1533:
1521:
1517:
1505:
1501:
1494:
1475:
1471:
1458:
1457:
1453:
1442:
1438:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1404:
1400:
1391:
1387:
1378:
1367:
1357:
1355:
1344:
1343:
1328:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1275:
1246:
1233:
1231:
1199:
1197:
1180:
1128:
1126:
1082:
1080:
1057:. Beacon Press.
994:
976:
962:conferences at
919:
865:
759:
731:, who became a
706:
686:
631:Waldorf-Astoria
578:
547:
518:
462:Heber D. Curtis
454:
425:(discovered by
407:
379:Chanute, Kansas
363:
362:
361:
360:
359:
342:
333:
332:
331:
308:Van Wyck Brooks
298:Members of the
296:
287:
286:
285:
282:Science Service
278:
267:
168:
133:
74:Alma mater
69:
63:
59:
50:
44:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4300:
4290:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4197:
4196:
4194:
4193:
4183:
4169:
4166:
4165:
4163:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4146:
4144:
4140:
4139:
4137:
4136:
4131:
4125:
4123:
4119:
4118:
4116:
4115:
4107:
4099:
4087:
4079:
4071:
4063:
4055:
4047:
4039:
4031:
4026:Oscar Niemeyer
4023:
4015:
4010:Mark Van Doren
4007:
3999:
3991:
3989:(union leader)
3983:
3975:
3967:
3959:
3951:
3943:
3935:
3927:
3919:
3910:
3908:
3904:
3903:
3901:
3900:
3898:Hugh B. Hester
3894:
3892:
3886:
3885:
3883:
3882:
3880:Brock Chisholm
3877:
3868:
3866:
3860:
3859:
3857:
3856:
3850:
3848:
3842:
3841:
3839:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3811:Harlow Shapley
3808:
3803:
3798:
3792:
3790:
3784:
3783:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3776:
3767:
3765:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3757:
3755:Joseph Rotblat
3752:
3746:
3744:
3740:
3739:
3737:
3736:
3731:
3725:
3723:
3719:
3718:
3716:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3694:
3692:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3684:
3679:
3670:
3668:
3664:
3663:
3661:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3643:Alfred Kastler
3639:
3637:
3630:
3624:
3623:
3621:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3603:George MacLeod
3600:
3595:
3589:
3587:
3581:
3580:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3573:
3561:
3549:
3537:
3525:
3513:
3501:
3489:
3477:
3465:
3453:
3441:
3429:
3417:
3405:
3393:
3381:
3369:
3357:
3345:
3333:
3320:
3318:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3310:
3297:
3295:
3288:
3282:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3274:
3262:
3250:
3237:
3235:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3225:
3213:
3200:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3188:
3186:Tetsu Katayama
3176:
3164:
3162:Clement Attlee
3151:
3149:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3124:
3122:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3114:
3102:
3090:
3078:
3076:Julius Nyerere
3066:
3054:
3042:
3029:
3027:
3018:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3008:
2995:
2982:
2969:
2956:
2942:
2940:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2930:
2925:
2923:Margaret Isely
2920:
2915:
2910:
2904:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2889:
2886:
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3946:Erich Kahler
3810:
3648:C. F. Powell
3608:John Collins
3523:Lewis Silkin
3403:Gerhard Jahn
3343:Akira Kazami
3272:Shinzo Hamai
2993:Sierra Leone
2918:Philip Isely
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2326:February 19,
2324:. Retrieved
2320:the original
2310:
2298:
2291:. Retrieved
2284:
2275:
2265:February 19,
2263:. Retrieved
2259:the original
2249:
2239:February 19,
2237:. Retrieved
2233:the original
2223:
2213:February 19,
2211:. Retrieved
2207:the original
2197:
2187:February 19,
2185:. Retrieved
2181:the original
2171:
2161:September 8,
2159:. Retrieved
2155:
2146:
2136:September 8,
2134:. Retrieved
2130:
2121:
2111:September 8,
2109:. Retrieved
2104:
2095:
2086:
2066:
2058:
2048:
2045:
2031:
2025:
2013:. Retrieved
2008:
1996:
1984:. Retrieved
1980:
1971:
1959:. Retrieved
1954:
1945:
1933:. Retrieved
1928:
1919:
1897:– via
1891:. Retrieved
1867:
1852:
1844:the original
1837:
1828:
1817:
1808:
1796:. Retrieved
1781:
1771:
1730:. Retrieved
1713:
1706:
1664:cite journal
1649:. Retrieved
1633:
1627:
1612:
1589:
1567:. Retrieved
1563:the original
1541:
1540:Hoskin, M.,
1534:
1525:
1518:
1509:
1502:
1479:
1472:
1463:
1454:
1445:
1439:
1427:. Retrieved
1408:
1401:
1393:
1388:
1380:
1356:. Retrieved
1349:
1302:
1298:
1285:
1232:. Retrieved
1221:(4): 72–74.
1218:
1214:
1198:. Retrieved
1196:(5): 337–345
1193:
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1140:
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949:Metagalaxies
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522:Edwin Hubble
519:
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455:
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364:
328:Dorothy Gish
248:
231:
230:
210:Carl Seyfert
173:
60:(1972-10-20)
18:
4217:1972 deaths
4212:1885 births
4082:Stuart Hall
4037:(economist)
4034:ĹŚuchi HyĹŤei
4029:(architect)
3962:Gerard Piel
3831:René Dumont
3593:Abbé Pierre
3535:N. G. Ranga
3475:John Foster
3286:Politicians
3223:Hiroo ĹŚhara
3040:Edgar Faure
2883:signatories
2831:(2011-2013)
2825:(2008-2011)
2819:(2005-2008)
2813:(2004-2005)
2807:(2002-2004)
2801:(1999-2002)
2795:(1996-1999)
2789:(1992-1996)
2783:(1989-1992)
2777:(1987-1989)
2771:(1984-1986)
2765:(1981-1983)
2759:(1979-1981)
2753:(1977-1979)
2747:(1976-1977)
2741:(1973-1975)
2735:(1971-1973)
2729:(1969-1971)
2723:(1968-1969)
2717:(1967-1968)
2711:(1962-1967)
2705:(1960-1962)
2699:(1954-1959)
2647:antwiki.org
2513:"Review of
2293:January 15,
1640:: 475–481.
1594:(Hardcover)
1358:January 15,
1022:. Scribner.
1009:. Scribner.
964:Star Island
882:The crater
820:Bruce Medal
710:Martha Betz
653:McCarthyism
405:Early years
357:Jo Davidson
320:Jan Kiepura
316:Jo Davidson
163:Bruce Medal
103:(1921–1952)
4206:Categories
4113:(pacifist)
4102:Tano JĹŤdai
4097:executive)
4061:(feminist)
4005:(humanist)
3957:(humanist)
3941:(educator)
3917:(inventor)
3816:Jean Orcel
3788:Scientists
3722:Literature
3248:E.C. Quaye
3025:Presidents
2954:Costa Rica
2913:Thane Read
2817:John Teske
2692:Presidents
2607:– Obituary
2088:religious.
1798:January 7,
1701:(article).
1699:5543369091
1429:August 22,
1278:References
940:theory of
735:leader at
265:Background
99:; head of
4021:(teacher)
3994:Kay Boyle
3986:Kaoru ĹŚta
3973:(scholar)
3949:(scholar)
3933:(teacher)
3682:Otto Hahn
3667:Chemistry
3196:Governors
2938:Countries
2579:cite book
2571:945106026
2498:239835703
2459:239847309
1893:April 22,
1746:cite book
1732:April 22,
1687:0003-0937
1651:April 22,
1160:Starlight
938:ecosphere
923:astronomy
832:from the
559:astronomy
399:Astronomy
375:Daily Sun
244:Fair Deal
184:Astronomy
130:(b. 1923)
124:(b. 1917)
118:(b. 1915)
4191:Category
4172:Source:
4053:(artist)
3997:(writer)
3890:Veterans
3764:Multiple
3658:Max Born
3317:National
3006:Tanzania
2967:Pakistan
2636:. 2000.
2015:July 18,
1986:July 15,
1779:(1968).
1695:38258794
1646:41209873
1266:RR Lyrae
1244:See also
1234:June 11,
1200:June 11,
1129:June 11,
1083:June 11,
983:Galaxies
970:(1960).
893:Asteroid
635:New York
576:Activism
240:New Deal
108:Children
4122:Related
3677:(twice)
3636:Physics
2980:Senegal
2837:(2013–)
2638:Bibcode
2624:at the
2478:Science
2439:Science
2416:Bibcode
2414:: 270.
1961:July 3,
1935:July 1,
1874:Chicago
1569:May 23,
1396:. p. 10
1307:Bibcode
1146:Bibcode
886:on the
884:Shapley
854:of the
842:(1941)
822:of the
810:(1933)
806:of the
796:of the
786:of the
670:Russian
629:at the
613:Gestapo
512:(HCO).
460:" with
95:within
3233:Mayors
3003:
2990:
2977:
2964:
2951:
2605:Nature
2569:
2559:
2496:
2457:
2079:
2038:
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1884:
1789:
1762:
1757:
1693:
1685:
1680:
1656:
1644:
1600:
1490:
1420:
1271:UNESCO
1178:Papers
990:
863:Legacy
858:(1950)
848:(1945)
836:(1940)
826:(1939)
816:(1934)
790:(1926)
780:(1924)
773:(1922)
766:(1920)
590:UNESCO
302:visit
180:Fields
165:(1939)
159:(1935)
153:(1934)
147:(1926)
138:Awards
68:, U.S.
49:, U.S.
4143:Other
3743:Peace
2494:S2CID
2455:S2CID
2353:) by
2075:–66.
2005:(PDF)
1738:Seoul
1722:Paris
1718:(PDF)
1642:JSTOR
1636:(3).
974:Books
917:Works
383:Times
4095:YWCA
2881:call
2585:link
2567:OCLC
2557:ISBN
2328:2011
2295:2014
2267:2011
2241:2011
2215:2011
2189:2011
2163:2023
2138:2023
2113:2023
2077:ISBN
2036:ISBN
2017:2019
1988:2023
1963:2023
1937:2023
1908:OCLC
1895:2021
1882:ISBN
1839:Time
1800:2018
1787:ISBN
1760:OCLC
1752:link
1734:2021
1691:OCLC
1683:ISSN
1674:link
1670:link
1653:2021
1598:ISBN
1571:2011
1488:ISBN
1431:2012
1418:ISBN
1360:2014
1236:2020
1202:2022
1131:2022
1085:2022
988:ISBN
888:Moon
737:NASA
657:Yale
421:for
242:and
55:Died
40:Born
2645:at
2529:doi
2486:doi
2482:119
2447:doi
2443:143
2385:doi
2303:...
2073:265
1315:doi
1223:doi
874:map
668:by
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