697:
31:
250:
was the same organism in which Smith had discovered restriction enzymes in the late 1960s. He subsequently played a key role in the sequencing of many of the early genomes at The
Institute for Genomic Research, and in the assembly of the
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614:
Smith, H. O.; Wilcox, K. W. (1992). "A restriction enzyme from
Hemophilus influenzae. I. Purification and general properties. 1970".
3159:
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130:
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207:
94:
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Smith H, Wilcox KW (1970). "A Restriction enzyme from
Hemophilus influenzae *1I. Purification and general properties".
230:
177:
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68:
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Berg, K. (1978). "The Nobel prize in physiology and medicine 1978. Nobel prize to a controversial research field".
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that constitute the other half of the bacterial host restriction and modification systems, as hypothesized by
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Shampo, M. A.; Kyle, R. A. (1995). "Hamilton Smith--Nobel Prize winner in medicine or physiology".
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2012:
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642:"Craig Venter Has Algae Biofuel in Synthetic Genomics' Pipeline - Xconomy"
627:
600:
460:
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2876:
2337:
2277:
2069:
1984:
1980:
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1442:
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785:
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276:. In 2003 the same group synthetically assembled the genome of a virus,
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30:
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120:
344:"A Half-Century of Inspiration: An Interview with Hamilton Smith"
292:
2917:
Princess of
Asturias Award for Technical and Scientific Research
291:
to continue this work. Synthetic
Genomics is working to produce
237:
191:
In 1970, Smith and Kent W. Wilcox discovered the first type II
2552:
Prince of
Asturias Award for Technical and Scientific Research
195:, which is now known as HindII. Smith went on to discover DNA
307:
This article incorporates CC-BY-2.5 text from the reference
296:
3150:
University
Laboratory High School (Urbana, Illinois) alumni
2955:
2884:
170:
3105:
Members of the United States
National Academy of Sciences
225:
He later became a leading figure in the nascent field of
522:"Brazil learns its ecological lessonsâthe hard way".
491:
JAMA: The
Journal of the American Medical Association
155:
University
Laboratory High School of Urbana, Illinois
176:
in 1956. Between 1956 and 1957 Smith worked for the
576:
146:(born August 23, 1931 in New York) is an American
662:Lagerkvist, U (October 1978). "To split a gene".
283:. Smith is scientific director of privately held
3165:Washington University School of Medicine faculty
3091:
337:
335:
333:
331:
2885:European Organization for Nuclear Research CERN
259:, which he joined when it was founded in 1998.
2275:
2522:
2261:
718:
328:
262:More recently, he has directed a team at the
398:Raju, T. N. (1999). "The Nobel Chronicles".
316:
314:
613:
180:Medical Service. In 1975, he was awarded a
2529:
2515:
2268:
2254:
725:
711:
695:
661:
436:
159:University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
29:
3130:University of California, Berkeley alumni
3120:Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine
371:
361:
341:
311:
295:on an industrial-scale using recombinant
489:"Molecular genetics takes Nobel Prize".
266:that works towards creating a partially
131:Washington University School of Medicine
470:Tidsskrift for den Norske Laegeforening
172:. He received his medical degree from
3092:
2915:
2550:
2541:for Technical and Scientific Research
2510:
2249:
738:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
706:
208:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
95:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
2539:Prince or Princess of Asturias Award
467:
397:
2667:Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad
13:
655:
231:The Institute for Genomic Research
178:Washington University in St. Louis
163:University of California, Berkeley
69:University of California, Berkeley
14:
3176:
2691:Pedro Miguel Echenique LandirĂbar
685:
161:, but in 1950 transferred to the
3110:21st-century American biologists
229:, when in 1995 he and a team at
210:in 1978 for discovering type II
174:Johns Hopkins School of Medicine
74:Johns Hopkins School of Medicine
3160:Human Genome Project scientists
3135:Johns Hopkins University alumni
287:, which was founded in 2005 by
634:
616:Biotechnology (Reading, Mass.)
607:
570:
388:
1:
453:10.1016/s0025-6196(11)64310-3
414:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)76606-X
302:
593:10.1016/0022-2836(70)90149-X
580:Journal of Molecular Biology
499:American Medical Association
363:10.1371/journal.pgen.1002466
7:
1830:Christiane NĂŒsslein-Volhard
10:
3181:
299:and other microorganisms.
2922:
2911:
2597:Antonio GonzĂĄlez GonzĂĄlez
2575:Luis Antonio SantalĂł Sors
2557:
2546:
2434:
2415:
2384:
2353:
2328:
2304:
2285:
1903:
1568:
1229:
1027:Charles Scott Sherrington
1003:Frederick Gowland Hopkins
965:
744:
322:"Hamilton O. Smith Facts"
264:J. Craig Venter Institute
136:
126:
108:
101:
90:
80:
64:
40:
28:
21:
3125:American Nobel laureates
3100:American microbiologists
2958:Scientific Collaboration
2663:Manuel Losada Villasante
2639:Francisco BolĂvar Zapata
2017:Françoise Barré-Sinoussi
507:10.1001/jama.240.20.2137
3049:Everett Peter Greenberg
2701:Enrique Moreno GonzĂĄlez
2645:Federico GarcĂa Moliner
440:Mayo Clinic Proceedings
273:Mycoplasma laboratorium
169:in Mathematics in 1952
2928:Emmanuelle Charpentier
2587:David VĂĄzquez MartĂnez
2581:Antonio Garcia-Bellido
2440:Nobel Prize recipients
2386:Physiology or Medicine
2321:(Poland/United States)
798:Santiago RamĂłn y Cajal
532:(5682): 689â90. 1978.
342:Gitschier, J. (2012).
243:Haemophilus influenzae
165:, where he earned his
144:Hamilton Othanel Smith
2857:Arturo Ălvarez-Buylla
2375:Robert Woodrow Wilson
2319:Isaac Bashevis Singer
1299:Dickinson W. Richards
983:Julius Wagner-Jauregg
182:Guggenheim Fellowship
153:Smith graduated from
2819:George M. Whitesides
1722:Rita Levi-Montalcini
1083:Albert Szent-Györgyi
476:(34â36): 1741â1742.
447:(6). Elsevier: 540.
233:sequenced the first
186:University of Zurich
150:and Nobel laureate.
3063:Jeffrey M. Friedman
2891:Avelino Corma CanĂłs
2687:Emilio MĂ©ndez PĂ©rez
2114:William C. Campbell
2025:Elizabeth Blackburn
1862:Robert F. Furchgott
1854:Stanley B. Prusiner
1846:Rolf M. Zinkernagel
1746:George H. Hitchings
1710:Joseph L. Goldstein
1670:Bengt I. Samuelsson
1499:Earl Sutherland Jr.
538:1978Natur.275..684.
501:: 2137â2138. 1978.
212:restriction enzymes
206:He was awarded the
85:Restriction enzymes
2861:Giacomo Rizzolatti
2791:Juan Ignacio Cirac
2591:Emilio Rosenblueth
2369:Arno Allan Penzias
2174:William Kaelin Jr.
2170:Peter J. Ratcliffe
1913:Leland H. Hartwell
1802:Richard J. Roberts
1682:Barbara McClintock
1626:Godfrey Hounsfield
1527:Nikolaas Tinbergen
1459:Marshall Nirenberg
1427:Charles B. Huggins
1216:Tadeusz Reichstein
1204:AntĂłnio Egas Moniz
999:Christiaan Eijkman
694:on Nobelprize.org
394:Multiple sources:
285:Synthetic Genomics
222:as co-recipients.
193:restriction enzyme
157:. He attended the
16:American biologist
3087:
3086:
3083:
3082:
3059:Daniel J. Drucker
3045:Jeffrey I. Gordon
2983:Ingrid Daubechies
2973:Sandra Myrna DĂaz
2907:
2906:
2871:Richard A. Lerner
2833:Raymond Tomlinson
2629:Santiago GrisolĂa
2537:Laureates of the
2504:
2503:
2417:Economic Sciences
2406:Hamilton O. Smith
2295:Peter D. Mitchell
2243:
2242:
2208:Ardem Patapoutian
2057:Ralph M. Steinman
2053:Jules A. Hoffmann
2041:Robert G. Edwards
2009:Harald zur Hausen
1933:H. Robert Horvitz
1834:Eric F. Wieschaus
1770:E. Donnall Thomas
1754:J. Michael Bishop
1742:Gertrude B. Elion
1614:Hamilton O. Smith
1539:Christian de Duve
1275:Frederick Robbins
1152:Alexander Fleming
1091:Corneille Heymans
937:Frederick Banting
842:Allvar Gullstrand
692:Hamilton O. Smith
140:
139:
113:Molecular biology
103:Scientific career
23:Hamilton O. Smith
3172:
3155:Biotechnologists
2913:
2912:
2881:François Englert
2739:Lawrence Roberts
2733:Jean Weissenbach
2657:Manuel Patarroyo
2633:Salvador Moncada
2617:Marcos Moshinsky
2569:Manuel Ballester
2548:
2547:
2531:
2524:
2517:
2508:
2507:
2442:
2425:Herbert A. Simon
2297:(United Kingdom)
2270:
2263:
2256:
2247:
2246:
2236:
2221:
2210:
2195:
2189:Michael Houghton
2176:
2166:Gregg L. Semenza
2160:
2154:James P. Allison
2148:
2146:Michael W. Young
2132:
2130:Yoshinori Ohsumi
2124:
2108:
2092:
2090:Thomas C. SĂŒdhof
2076:
2064:
2043:
2035:
2029:Carol W. Greider
2019:
2003:
1987:
1975:
1963:
1951:
1939:
1923:
1896:
1880:
1872:
1856:
1848:
1842:Peter C. Doherty
1836:
1820:
1814:Alfred G. Gilman
1808:
1796:
1784:
1772:
1760:
1758:Harold E. Varmus
1748:
1732:
1724:
1712:
1700:
1684:
1676:
1660:
1644:
1634:Baruj Benacerraf
1628:
1616:
1600:
1584:
1561:
1545:
1529:
1513:
1501:
1493:
1477:
1461:
1451:Robert W. Holley
1445:
1429:
1417:
1401:
1389:
1373:
1357:
1355:Georg von Békésy
1349:
1337:
1325:
1323:Joshua Lederberg
1309:
1301:
1295:Werner Forssmann
1285:
1277:
1261:
1249:
1241:
1222:
1206:
1194:
1186:
1184:Bernardo Houssay
1170:
1162:
1146:
1134:
1122:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1101:
1093:
1085:
1077:
1065:
1057:
1041:
1033:
1021:
1013:
1011:Karl Landsteiner
1005:
993:
985:
977:
975:Johannes Fibiger
958:
957:
951:
949:Willem Einthoven
943:
931:
919:
918:
912:
904:
896:
895:
889:
888:
882:
881:
875:
874:
868:
860:
852:
844:
836:
828:
820:
814:Ălie Metchnikoff
808:
806:Alphonse Laveran
800:
788:
780:
772:
764:
756:
727:
720:
713:
704:
703:
699:
681:
650:
649:
638:
632:
631:
611:
605:
604:
574:
568:
565:
546:10.1038/275684a0
518:
485:
464:
433:
392:
386:
385:
375:
365:
339:
326:
325:
318:
203:of Switzerland.
184:he spent at the
54:
50:
48:
33:
19:
18:
3180:
3179:
3175:
3174:
3173:
3171:
3170:
3169:
3090:
3089:
3088:
3079:
3075:Svetlana Mojsov
3071:Jens Juul Holst
3067:Joel F. Habener
3027:Geoffrey Hinton
2991:Emmanuel CandĂšs
2952:Barry C. Barish
2932:Jennifer Doudna
2918:
2903:
2899:Galen D. Stucky
2785:Antonio Damasio
2779:Robert Weinberg
2775:Bert Vogelstein
2751:Tim Berners-Lee
2725:Francis Collins
2674:ValentĂn Fuster
2553:
2542:
2535:
2505:
2500:
2438:
2430:
2427:(United States)
2411:
2408:(United States)
2402:(United States)
2380:
2377:(United States)
2371:(United States)
2349:
2324:
2300:
2281:
2274:
2244:
2239:
2224:
2213:
2198:
2193:Charles M. Rice
2185:Harvey J. Alter
2179:
2163:
2151:
2142:Michael Rosbash
2138:Jeffrey C. Hall
2135:
2127:
2111:
2102:May-Britt Moser
2095:
2079:
2074:Shinya Yamanaka
2067:
2046:
2038:
2033:Jack W. Szostak
2022:
2006:
2001:Oliver Smithies
1990:
1978:
1966:
1954:
1949:Peter Mansfield
1942:
1937:John E. Sulston
1926:
1910:
1899:
1883:
1875:
1859:
1851:
1839:
1826:Edward B. Lewis
1823:
1811:
1799:
1787:
1775:
1763:
1751:
1735:
1730:Susumu Tonegawa
1727:
1715:
1703:
1687:
1679:
1663:
1647:
1631:
1619:
1603:
1590:Roger Guillemin
1587:
1582:Daniel Gajdusek
1578:Baruch Blumberg
1575:
1564:
1555:Renato Dulbecco
1551:David Baltimore
1548:
1532:
1519:Karl von Frisch
1516:
1504:
1496:
1480:
1464:
1448:
1439:Haldan Hartline
1432:
1420:
1404:
1392:
1376:
1371:Maurice Wilkins
1360:
1352:
1340:
1335:Arthur Kornberg
1328:
1312:
1304:
1288:
1280:
1264:
1252:
1244:
1236:
1225:
1209:
1197:
1189:
1173:
1165:
1149:
1140:Joseph Erlanger
1137:
1125:
1119:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1096:
1088:
1080:
1068:
1060:
1044:
1036:
1024:
1016:
1008:
996:
991:Charles Nicolle
988:
980:
972:
961:
955:
954:
946:
934:
922:
916:
915:
907:
899:
893:
892:
886:
885:
879:
878:
872:
871:
863:
855:
847:
839:
834:Albrecht Kossel
831:
823:
811:
803:
791:
783:
775:
767:
759:
751:
740:
731:
688:
658:
656:Further reading
653:
640:
639:
635:
612:
608:
575:
571:
521:
488:
393:
389:
356:(1): e1002466.
340:
329:
320:
319:
312:
305:
257:Celera Genomics
142:
72:
65:Alma mater
60:
55:
52:
51:August 23, 1931
46:
44:
36:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3178:
3168:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3085:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3078:
3077:
3055:
3053:Bonnie Bassler
3041:
3039:Demis Hassabis
3023:
3005:Philip Felgner
2997:Katalin KarikĂł
2993:
2975:
2965:
2959:
2940:
2934:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2909:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2901:
2887:
2873:
2867:Gregory Winter
2863:
2849:
2835:
2825:
2811:Shuji Nakamura
2803:
2797:Peter Lawrence
2793:
2787:
2781:
2759:
2753:
2743:Robert E. Kahn
2735:
2729:Hamilton Smith
2713:
2711:Luc Montagnier
2703:
2697:Ricardo Miledi
2693:
2683:
2676:
2670:
2659:
2653:
2647:
2641:
2635:
2625:
2619:
2613:Manuel Cardona
2609:
2603:Jacinto Convit
2599:
2593:
2583:
2577:
2571:
2565:
2558:
2555:
2554:
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668:(in Swedish).
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32:
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3013:Ăzlem TĂŒreci
2969:Joanne Chory
2963:Svante PÀÀbo
2944:Rainer Weiss
2843:Baruch Minke
2839:David Julius
2807:Sumio Iijima
2801:Ginés Morata
2757:Jane Goodall
2728:
2721:John Sulston
2717:Craig Venter
2707:Robert Gallo
2651:Amable Liñån
2563:Alberto Sols
2470:
2405:
2394:Werner Arber
2219:Svante PÀÀbo
2204:David Julius
2158:Tasuku Honjo
2106:Edvard Moser
2098:John O'Keefe
2061:posthumously
2060:
1997:Martin Evans
1973:Robin Warren
1957:Richard Axel
1904:2001âpresent
1782:Bert Sakmann
1650:Roger Sperry
1642:George Snell
1638:Jean Dausset
1613:
1606:Werner Arber
1559:Howard Temin
1483:Bernard Katz
1467:Max DelbrĂŒck
1423:Francis Rous
1399:Feodor Lynen
1395:Konrad Bloch
1383:Alan Hodgkin
1367:James Watson
1343:Frank Burnet
1331:Severo Ochoa
1319:Edward Tatum
1307:Daniel Bovet
1220:Philip Hench
1132:Edward Doisy
1063:Hans Spemann
1051:George Minot
1031:Edgar Adrian
1019:Otto Warburg
941:John Macleod
910:August Krogh
902:Jules Bordet
818:Paul Ehrlich
770:Niels Finsen
754:Emil Behring
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271:
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253:human genome
248:H. influenza
247:
241:
224:
216:Werner Arber
205:
201:Werner Arber
190:
152:
143:
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127:Institutions
117:biochemistry
102:
3140:1931 births
2987:Terence Tao
2877:Peter Higgs
2823:Tobin Marks
2767:Tony Hunter
2747:Vinton Cerf
2623:Guido MĂŒnch
2338:Anwar Sadat
2278:Nobel Prize
2070:John Gurdon
1985:Craig Mello
1981:Andrew Fire
1894:Eric Kandel
1870:Ferid Murad
1778:Erwin Neher
1690:Niels Jerne
1455:Har Khorana
1443:George Wald
1411:André Lwoff
1379:John Eccles
1267:John Enders
1239:Max Theiler
1200:Walter Hess
1192:Paul MĂŒller
1156:Ernst Chain
826:Emil Kocher
786:Robert Koch
778:Ivan Pavlov
762:Ronald Ross
270:bacterium,
3094:Categories
3031:Yann LeCun
3009:UÄur Ćahin
2979:Yves Meyer
2954:, and the
2306:Literature
1921:Paul Nurse
1255:Hans Krebs
1180:Gerty Cori
1128:Henrik Dam
1075:Otto Loewi
1071:Henry Dale
401:The Lancet
303:References
240:, that of
197:methylases
47:1931-08-23
2938:Hugh Herr
2680:Atapuerca
2287:Chemistry
2280:laureates
2122:Tu Youyou
1674:John Vane
1569:1976â2000
1230:1951â1975
1176:Carl Cori
966:1926â1950
745:1901â1925
734:Laureates
622:: 38â50.
278:Phi X 174
268:synthetic
235:bacterial
2346:(Israel)
1917:Tim Hunt
430:53257399
422:10551539
382:22253610
293:biofuels
227:genomics
121:genomics
2355:Physics
2340:(Egypt)
736:of the
646:Xconomy
628:1330118
601:5312500
562:4221192
534:Bibcode
461:7776712
373:3257296
97:in 1978
3073:, and
3057:2024:
3051:, and
3043:2023:
3037:, and
3025:2022:
3019:, and
2995:2021:
2989:, and
2977:2020:
2967:2019:
2961:2018:
2942:2017:
2936:2016:
2926:2015:
2897:, and
2889:2014:
2883:, and
2875:2013:
2865:2012:
2859:, and
2851:2011:
2845:, and
2837:2010:
2827:2009:
2821:, and
2805:2008:
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2789:2006:
2783:2005:
2777:, and
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2749:, and
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