142:
106:
181:
brain-behavior correlation values. The paper (published under the milder title "Puzzlingly Large
Correlations...") produced an intense controversy that was covered in popular media as well as academic press. Some writers have pointed to this paper as having helped launch the current period of intensive methodological debate and controversy in behavioral science Statistical practices in brain imaging field appear to have changed in response to the paper with increased use of
124:(sometimes referred to as Retrieval Practice) directly strengthens associative learning, and does so more effectively than the same time spent re-studying the same associative links. In 2007, Liqiang Huang and Pashler proposed the Boolean Map Theory of visual attention and awareness. The theory argues that a specific type of abstract data structure (the Boolean Map) characterizes the contents of human visual awareness at any given instant in time.
149:(This implies, for example, that if one wishes to study information on two occasions with the goal of retaining it for 1 year, the best practice would be to separate the two study events by about 1 month, whereas if one wished to retain the information for a week, a 1-day gap would work better.) This research is relied upon by some software developers in building spaced-learning apps and websites to help people to retain information more efficiently
128:
193:
outspoken proponent of efforts to increase replicability in psychological research, arguing that many very well-known findings in areas like social cognition and social psychology should not be believed due to statistical errors, publication bias, and other problems. Together with E. J. Wagenmakers, he edited the special issue of the
27:
effect concluded that the brain has discrete "processing bottlenecks" associated with specific types of cognitive operations). and for his work on visual attention He has also developed and tested new methods for enhancing learning and reducing forgetting, focusing on the temporal spacing of learning
180:
In 2008, Pashler (along with Vul, Harris, and
Winkielman) published a paper initially entitled âVoodoo Correlations in Social Neuroscienceâ arguing that many of the most prominent research articles in cognitive and social neuroscience had made statistical errors resulting in gross over-estimation of
135:
In 2008 (with Melody
Wiseheart & other collaborators) Pashler carried out the most systematic and long-term studies of the effect of temporal spacing on human learning. Holding total time constant, the team found that when people study information on two occasions separated by a temporal gap G,
164:
could be elicited within a single individual. Averaging two estimates from the same person (their first-choice answer and a second answer elicited later) produced an improvement in accuracy equal to about 1/3 the benefit obtained by averaging estimates from two different people. This discovery,
192:
The review concluded that widely accepted ideas about learning styles lacked serious empirical support and recommended that educators should not base instructional practices on these notions. These conclusions have prompted extensive controversy in the education field. Pashler has also been an
152:
In 2006, US Department of
Education commissioned Pashler to lead a review of cognitive science findings that could best help guide teachers in scientifically validated instructional practices. The resulting Practice Guide is distributed by the department and is available free of charge on the
171:
helped prompt follow-up research examining potential new methods of improving human judgment accuracy. Pashler has also published several articles on varied topics in political psychology, including biases in perception of newsworthiness and attitudes to pro-liberty views.
84:
in 1999; the academy cited his "many experimental breakthroughs in the study of spatial attention and executive control, and... his insightful analysis of human cognitive architecture." He also received the
Chancellor's Associates Award for Research given by
117:, using displays of letters that appeared, disappeared, and reappeared (sometimes with alterations). He noted the contrast between observers' subjective sense of awareness of an entire display and their very limited ability to detect even large changes.
97:
In the 1980s, Pashler and several colleagues developed the
Response Selection Bottleneck model of dual-task interference. The model, partly inspired by early work by Alan Welford, makes many predictions about patterns of behavioral response times in the
31:
Pashler is also known for influential critiques of methodological and statistical practices in behavioral science. His critiques have focused on statistical and logical issues in neuroimaging research ("voodoo correlations"), educational psychology
102:
experiment. The model has been supported by mathematical analyses of behavioral response times and studies of brain activity when people engage in multitasking.
1511:
23:. An experimental psychologist and cognitive scientist, Pashler is best known for his studies of human attentional limitations (his analysis of the
1389:
1285:
1067:
Pashler, Hal: âU.S. Immigrantsâ Attitudes Toward
Libertarian Valuesâ (2013). Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego.
1516:
1351:
1526:
299:"How to saw the Concept of Attention in Half without Sacrificing the Subject: Review of the Psychology of Attention by Harold Pashler"
197:
which appears to have introduced the term âReplicability Crisisâ in reference to the current state of social and behavioral science.
1370:
903:
498:
Bower, B. (19 May 2012). "The hot and cold of priming: Psychologists are divided on whether unnoticed cues can influence behavior".
36:
concept) testing of mathematical models, and the replicability of âbehavioral primingâ research in the field of social psychology.
136:
and then are given a memory test after a further delay D, performance on the test is best when the G is about 10-20% as long as D.
550:
564:
Welford, A. T. (1952). "The 'psychological
Refractory Period' and the Timing of High-Speed Performanceâa Review and a Theory".
433:
1130:
260:
188:
In 2009, Pashler chaired a review commissioned by the
American Psychological Society examining the validity of the concept of
1456:
Bower, B. (2012). "The hot and cold of priming: Psychologists are divided on whether unnoticed cues can influence behavior".
145:
Human Memory as a Joint
Function of Inter-Study Gap and Test Delay as revealed in data from Cepeda, Pashler, & Colleagues
69:
65:
1198:
757:
86:
53:
20:
1023:
Soll, J. B.; Larrick, R. P. (2009). "Strategies for revising judgment: how (and how well) people use others' opinions".
375:
Rohrer, D.; Pashler, H. (2010). "Recent Research on Human Learning Challenges Conventional Instructional Strategies".
1521:
1080:
1216:
141:
99:
24:
525:
182:
113:
In 1988, Pashler published the first demonstration of the perceptual phenomenon that later came to be called
81:
928:
Pashler, H.; Bain, P. M.; Bottge, B. A.; Graesser, A.; Koedinger, K.; McDaniel, M.; Metcalfe, J. (2007).
49:
937:. National Center for Education Research, Institute of Education Sciences, US Department of Education.
892:
1037:
966:
660:
279:
228:
318:
1326:
44:
Pashler was born in 1958 in New York. He received his BA in Logic and Philosophy of Science from
844:
77:
1531:
1032:
961:
655:
644:"A shared cortical bottleneck underlying Attentional Blink and Psychological Refractory Period"
313:
223:
1068:
929:
1081:"Puzzlingly High Correlations in fMRI Studies of Emotion, Personality, and Social Cognition"
1420:
334:
157:
8:
907:
214:
Pashler, H. (September 1994). "Dual-task interference in simple tasks: data and theory".
73:
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1318:
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987:
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738:
689:
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592:
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1050:
979:
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863:
825:
782:
730:
681:
669:
624:
472:
357:
241:
1484:"Special Section on Replicability in Psychological Science: A Crisis of Confidence?"
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742:
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484:
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665:
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507:
464:
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384:
349:
233:
114:
45:
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949:
609:
189:
33:
821:
643:
468:
353:
237:
105:
452:
161:
121:
931:
Organizing Instruction and Study to Improve Student Learning: A Practice Guide
1505:
388:
167:
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511:
298:
1442:
1314:
1262:
1175:
1107:
1054:
983:
871:
829:
808:
Huang, L.; Pashler, H. (2007). "A Boolean map theory of visual attention".
685:
628:
476:
361:
786:
734:
245:
1483:
1005:
845:"Spacing effects in learning: a temporal ridgeline of optimal retention"
843:
Cepeda, N. J.; Vul, E.; Rohrer, D.; Wixted, J. T.; Pashler, H. (2008).
777:
725:
708:
677:
593:"Parsing a Cognitive Task: A Characterization of the Mind's Bottleneck"
1046:
529:
127:
1433:
1408:
1166:
1149:
414:
1025:
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition
551:"Chancellor's Associates Faculty Excellence Award Winners: 2005â06"
1284:
Pashler, H.; McDaniel, M.; Rohrer, D.; Bjork, R. (December 2009).
1390:"Matching teaching style to learning style may not help students"
261:"The Brain: The "Router" in Your Headâa Bottleneck of Processing"
1352:"Everything you've ever been told about how you learn is a lie"
109:
Response Selection Bottleneck Model of Dual-Task Interference
528:. The Society of Experimental Psychologists. Archived from
453:"How persuasive is a good fit? A comment on theory testing"
131:
Boolean Map Theory of Attention to Multidimensional Stimuli
1283:
1203:
Statistical Modeling, Causal Inference, and Social Science
1078:
1079:
Vul, E.; Harris, C.; Winkielman, P.; Pashler, H. (2009).
927:
434:"If you're an aural learner, read this aloud to yourself"
156:
In 2008 (with Edward Vul) Pashler showed that the famous
1199:"What has happened down here is the winds have changed"
1409:"Disputed results a fresh blow for social psychology"
1371:"Is teaching to student's learning stye a bogus idea"
842:
120:
In 1992, Pashler (with Mark Carrier) showed that the
641:
1503:
755:
450:
590:
374:
68:in 2000. He is also an elected Fellow of the
1293:Psychological Science in the Public Interest
807:
332:
19:is Distinguished Professor of Psychology at
1512:University of California, San Diego faculty
1022:
642:Marti, S.; Sigman, M.; Dehaene, S. (2012).
48:in 1980 and his PhD in psychology from the
1233:
947:
335:"A Boolean map theory of visual attention"
1432:
1304:
1165:
1036:
965:
776:
758:"The influence of retrieval on retention"
724:
709:"Familiarity and visual change detection"
659:
618:
608:
317:
227:
64:Pashler was elected to membership in the
1131:"Doubts raised over brain scan findings"
408:
406:
140:
126:
104:
706:
563:
213:
1504:
1406:
1368:
1217:"Voodoo Correlations: Two Years Later"
1196:
1147:
412:
258:
52:in 1985. He joined the faculty of the
1488:Perspectives on Psychological Science
1455:
1387:
1349:
1128:
1088:Perspectives on Psychological Science
497:
403:
195:Perspectives on Psychological Science
70:Association for Psychological Science
66:Society of Experimental Psychologists
431:
296:
277:
1517:21st-century American psychologists
165:termed the âInner Crowd Effectâ by
87:University of California, San Diego
54:University of California, San Diego
21:University of California, San Diego
13:
1150:"Brain imaging studies under fire"
578:10.1111/j.2044-8295.1952.tb00322.x
92:
14:
1543:
1527:University of Pennsylvania alumni
756:Carrier, M.; Pashler, H. (1992).
451:Roberts, S.; Pashler, H. (2000).
1369:Guteri, S. (20 September 2013).
1306:10.1111/j.1539-6053.2009.01038.x
1255:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.01.027
1197:Gelman, A. (21 September 2016).
1100:10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01125.x
976:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02136.x
864:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02209.x
670:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.09.063
591:Sigman, M.; Dehaene, S. (2005).
175:
1476:
1449:
1400:
1381:
1362:
1350:Ferro, S. (12 September 2013).
1343:
1277:
1236:"Voodoo and circularity errors"
1227:
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1016:
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886:
836:
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749:
700:
635:
584:
557:
543:
518:
491:
333:Huang, L.; Pashler, H. (2007).
259:Zimmer, C. (15 November 2010).
100:Psychological Refractory Period
25:Psychological refractory period
1388:Glenn, D. (15 December 2009).
713:Perception & Psychophysics
444:
425:
413:Begley, S. (20 January 2009).
368:
326:
290:
271:
252:
207:
1:
1394:Chronicle of Higher Education
1234:Vul, E.; Pashler, H. (2012).
1129:Giles, J. (14 January 2009).
948:Vul, E.; Pashler, H. (2008).
566:British Journal of Psychology
200:
950:"Measuring the Crowd Within"
610:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030037
82:National Academy of Sciences
39:
7:
822:10.1037/0033-295x.114.3.599
469:10.1037/0033-295X.107.2.358
432:Cosh, C. (6 January 2010).
354:10.1037/0033-295X.114.3.599
238:10.1037/0033-2909.116.2.220
10:
1548:
50:University of Pennsylvania
904:"Courses - MyTools2Learn"
415:"Of Voodoo and the Brain"
278:Bush, C. (8 April 2001).
59:
389:10.3102/0013189X10374770
28:and retrieval practice.
1522:Brown University alumni
1470:10.1002/scin.5591811025
512:10.1002/scin.5591811025
78:Troland Research Awards
76:. Pashler received the
765:Memory & Cognition
377:Educational Researcher
216:Psychological Bulletin
160:Effect first noted by
153:department's website.
146:
132:
110:
954:Psychological Science
852:Psychological Science
144:
130:
108:
810:Psychological Review
707:Pashler, H. (1988).
457:Psychological Review
342:Psychological Review
1425:2013Natur.497...16A
1407:Abbott, A. (2013).
1375:Scientific American
1148:Abbott, A. (2009).
280:"HOW TO; Multitask"
74:Psychonomic Society
1006:"The crowd within"
778:10.3758/BF03202713
726:10.3758/BF03210419
284:The New York Times
147:
133:
111:
1286:"Learning Styles"
438:MacLeans Magazine
297:Moss, S. (1999).
265:Discover Magazine
1539:
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1379:
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1366:
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1347:
1341:
1340:
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1337:
1331:
1325:. Archived from
1308:
1290:
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1240:
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1207:
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1047:10.1037/a0015145
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1002:
996:
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969:
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939:
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906:. Archived from
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894:
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884:
883:
858:(11): 1095â102.
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231:
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183:cross-validation
158:Wisdom of Crowds
115:change blindness
46:Brown University
1547:
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1536:
1502:
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1434:10.1038/497016a
1405:
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1356:Popular Science
1348:
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1335:
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1288:
1282:
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1238:
1232:
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1221:The Neurocritic
1215:
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1191:
1167:10.1038/457245a
1146:
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1123:
1083:
1077:
1073:
1066:
1062:
1038:10.1.1.153.8244
1021:
1017:
1012:. 26 June 2008.
1004:
1003:
999:
967:10.1.1.408.4760
946:
942:
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661:10.1.1.397.4239
640:
636:
589:
585:
562:
558:
553:. UC San Diego.
549:
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229:10.1.1.324.4916
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190:learning styles
178:
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93:Research career
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34:learning styles
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319:10.1.1.518.665
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270:
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202:
199:
177:
174:
162:Francis Galton
122:testing effect
94:
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61:
58:
41:
38:
9:
6:
4:
3:
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1544:
1533:
1532:Living people
1530:
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1471:
1467:
1464:(10): 26â29.
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1346:
1332:on 2018-10-19
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1160:(7227): 245.
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1136:
1135:New Scientist
1132:
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1109:
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1101:
1097:
1094:(3): 274â90.
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1075:
1069:
1064:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1039:
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1030:
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1019:
1011:
1010:The Economist
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910:on 2016-10-24
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546:
532:on 2013-06-14
531:
527:
521:
513:
509:
506:(10): 26â29.
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486:
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478:
474:
470:
466:
463:(2): 358â67.
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176:Controversies
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168:The Economist
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1458:Science News
1457:
1451:
1419:(7447): 16.
1416:
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1393:
1383:
1374:
1364:
1355:
1345:
1334:. Retrieved
1327:the original
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1000:
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912:. Retrieved
908:the original
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