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were established as the
Hakalau Forest Unit. In 1997, the Fish and Wildlife Service purchased an additional 5,300 acres (21 km) of land to create the Kona Forest Unit of Hakalau Forest NWR. The Kona Forest Unit includes lands within the Hoʻokena and Kalahiki land divisions on the western slopes
228:, fern patches, and scrubby forest dominate this area, which is dissected by numerous deep gulches. Rainfall decreases to about 150 in (3,800 mm) at elevations above 4,500 ft (1,400 m), where majestic koa (
441:, abbreviated "Cfb" on climate maps. The hottest temperature recorded in Hakalau was 81 °F (27.2 °C) on July 17, 2002, while the coldest temperature recorded was 30 °F (−1.1 °C) on February 10, 2021.
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and pigs has resulted in the replacement of
Hawaiian plants by more competitive alien grasses and shrubs within the upper portions of Hakalau Forest. Below this pasture area, the native tree
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were additionally released into the forests, and hundreds of additional alien plants, animals, and insects have subsequently been introduced. Most lowland plants seen today like the
2134:
406:). The replacement process may have been accelerated by efforts to create more pasture land through bulldozing and burning, and by logging mature trees for timber and fence posts.
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forest. Further upslope, above 6,000 ft (1,800 m), rainfall decreases to 100 in (2,500 mm) or less and native forest merges into abandoned
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Eight of the 14 native bird species occurring at
Hakalau are endangered. Thirteen migratory bird species and 20 introduced species, including eight
252:, are the dominant vegetation. Since 1989, over 400,000 koa, ʻōhiʻa, and other native plants have been planted in this area as part of the refuge's
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Much of Hawaii's native lowland habitat was first degraded following the
Polynesians’ arrival over a thousand years ago. In the late 18th century,
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in Hawaiʻi. The slopes below 4,000 ft (1,200 m) feet receive very high rainfall - 250 in (6,400 mm) annually.
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1003:, the refuge is closed to self-guided visits. Guided visits on a commercial tour can be arranged for hiking and birdwatching.
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program. The Pua Akala Cabin, located within the refuge, was nominated to the
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Climate data for
Hakalau, Hawaii, 2006–2020 normals, extremes 2002–present
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Hakalau Forest NWR contains some of the finest remaining stands of native
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284:. The Kona Forest Unit is located about 23 mi (37 km) south of
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208:. Access to the Kona Forest is restricted since it contains several
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319:. The Kona Forest district is somewhat drier than the Hakalau Unit.
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In 1985, 32,733 acres (132.47 km) on the eastern slope of
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have fewer than five plants known to exist in the wild.
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where alien grasses and weeds, introduced as forage for
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have also harmed
Hawaiian habitat and native species.
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are aliens or nonnative. Introduced animals such as
1154:Friends of Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge
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1809:Hawai'i Department of Land and Natural Resources
16:Protected area on the Big Island of Hawaiʻi, US
1852:National Wildlife Refuges of the United States
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1567:Russian Fort Elizabeth State Historical Park
206:Big Island National Wildlife Refuge Complex
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1107:"NOAA Online Weather Data – NWS Honolulu"
1101:
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1083:"Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge"
1055:United States Fish & Wildlife Service
1030:"Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge"
200:. It is one of two units, along with the
161:United States Fish & Wildlife Service
1791:Wahiawā Freshwater State Recreation Area
1524:Wailuku River State Park / Rainbow Falls
413:, as well as the endangered ʻopeʻapeʻa (
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1149:Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge
1034:United States Fish and Wildlife Service
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194:Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge
171:Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge
22:Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge
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1514:Old Kona Airport State Recreation Area
1479:Kohala Historical Sites State Monument
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1726:Kūkaniloko Birthstones State Monument
1620:Polipoli Spring State Recreation Area
1234:National Historical Parks & Sites
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1786:Waʻahila Ridge State Recreation Area
1600:Halekiʻi-Pihana Heiau State Monument
1464:Kealakekua Bay State Historical Park
386:has been replaced by alien grasses,
258:National Register of Historic Places
202:Kona Forest National Wildlife Refuge
31:IV (habitat/species management area)
2171:Protected areas established in 1985
2166:National Wildlife Refuges in Hawaii
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13:
2161:Protected areas of Hawaii (island)
1751:Puʻu o Mahuka Heiau State Monument
1716:Keaīwa Heiau State Recreation Area
1519:Wailoa River State Recreation Area
1469:Kekaha Kai (Kona Coast) State Park
1449:Hapuna Beach State Recreation Area
234:) and red-blossomed ʻōhiʻa lehua (
14:
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1776:Sand Island State Recreation Area
1741:Mālaekahana State Recreation Area
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987:Source: National Weather Service
1676:ʻAiea Bay State Recreation Area
1635:Wailua Valley State Wayside Park
1131: This article incorporates
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1059:"Protecting Habitat and History"
382:is still intact, but the native
63:
56:
37:
1781:Ulupō Heiau State Historic Site
1509:Mauna Kea State Recreation Area
1494:MacKenzie State Recreation Area
1298:Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale
204:that is managed as part of the
1766:Royal Mausoleum State Monument
1582:Waimea State Recreational Pier
1484:Lapakahi State Historical Park
1137:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
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1:
2191:1985 establishments in Hawaii
1696:ʻIolani Palace State Monument
1625:Puaʻa Kaʻa State Wayside Park
1542:Ahukini State Recreation Pier
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994:
435:Köppen Climate Classification
144:38,047 acres (15,397 ha)
2181:Landforms of Hawaii (island)
1756:Puʻu ʻUalakaʻa State Wayside
1736:Makapuʻu Point State Wayside
1706:Kaiwi State Scenic Shoreline
1671:Ahupuaʻa O Kahana State Park
1610:Kaumahina State Wayside Park
1459:Kalopa State Recreation Area
7:
2130:U.S. Minor Outlying Islands
1686:Hanauma Bay Nature Preserve
1681:Diamond Head State Monument
777:Mean daily minimum °F (°C)
637:Mean daily maximum °F (°C)
196:is a protected area on the
10:
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1746:Nuʻuanu Pali State Wayside
1605:ʻĪao Valley State Monument
1109:. National Weather Service
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1731:Lāʻie Point State Wayside
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1504:Mauna Kea Ice Age Reserve
1499:Manuka State Wayside Park
1474:Kīholo State Park Reserve
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1308:National Wildlife Refuges
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1290:National Marine Sanctuary
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1085:. Wilderrnet.com web site
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1761:Queen Emma Summer Palace
1711:Kaka'ako Waterfront Park
1630:Waiʻanapanapa State Park
1577:Waimea Canyon State Park
1557:Nā Pali Coast State Park
1489:Lava Tree State Monument
1280:Papahānaumokuākea Marine
1257:Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau NHP
1771:Sacred Falls State Park
1701:Ka'ena Point State Park
1572:Wailua River State Park
1444:ʻAkaka Falls State Park
1032:. official web site of
437:system, Hakalau has an
237:Metrosideros polymorpha
1133:public domain material
400:), and English holly (
307:19.38278°N 155.85139°W
240:) trees form a closed-
190:
125:19.86556°N 155.33611°W
999:To prevent spread of
847:Mean minimum °F (°C)
567:Mean maximum °F (°C)
397:Passiflora tarminiana
361:small Asian mongooses
198:Big Island of Hawaiʻi
189:- Hakalau Forest NWR.
181:
46:- Hakalau Forest NWR.
1262:Puʻukoholā Heiau NHS
1252:Kaloko-Honokōhau NHP
497:Record high °F (°C)
394:spp.), banana poka (
374:Grazing pressure by
323:Wildlife and habitat
312:19.38278; -155.85139
130:19.86556; -155.33611
2135:U.S. Virgin Islands
1562:Polihale State Park
917:Record low °F (°C)
707:Daily mean °F (°C)
303: /
282:extinct in the wild
157:Governing body
121: /
2186:Wetlands of Hawaii
1653:Palaʻau State Park
1272:National Monuments
1057:(September 2008).
1001:Rapid ʻŌhiʻa Death
415:Hawaiian hoary bat
278:Corvus hawaiiensis
222:montane wet forest
210:endangered species
191:
2176:Forests of Hawaii
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2142:
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1691:Heʻeia State Park
1615:Makena State Park
1552:Kōkeʻe State Park
1547:Haʻena State Park
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1414:
1399:National memorial
1224:Hawaiʻi Volcanoes
991:
990:
433:According to the
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94:Nearest city
88:Island of Hawaiʻi
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2156:IUCN Category IV
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1821:
1436:Hawaiʻi (island)
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1425:Recreation Areas
1389:Hawaii Volcanoes
1376:Wilderness Areas
1326:Hawaiian Islands
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2058:South Carolina
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2023:North Carolina
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2003:New Hampshire
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1427:and Preserves
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29:IUCN category
25:
20:
2063:South Dakota
2053:Rhode Island
2048:Pennsylvania
2028:North Dakota
1807:
1721:Kewalo Basin
1421:State Parks,
1407:Pearl Harbor
1366:Pearl Harbor
1315:
1111:. Retrieved
1087:. Retrieved
1077:
1067:September 6,
1065:. Retrieved
1049:
1039:September 6,
1037:. Retrieved
998:
432:
418:
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373:
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193:
192:
2125:Puerto Rico
1978:Mississippi
1893:Connecticut
1361:Oahu Forest
1356:Kona Forest
1346:Kealia Pond
1113:January 19,
310: /
286:Kailua-Kona
246:pastureland
216:Description
149:Established
128: /
116:155°20′10″W
104:Coordinates
2150:Categories
2093:Washington
2013:New Mexico
2008:New Jersey
1883:California
1089:2009-07-23
1007:References
995:Recreation
411:game birds
388:blackberry
384:understory
353:mosquitoes
298:155°51′5″W
295:19°22′58″N
231:Acacia koa
185:on native
113:19°51′56″N
2103:Wisconsin
2068:Tennessee
1973:Minnesota
1948:Louisiana
1423:Monuments
1384:Haleakala
1219:Haleakalā
270:Mauna Loa
265:Mauna Kea
2088:Virginia
2038:Oklahoma
2018:New York
1993:Nebraska
1983:Missouri
1968:Michigan
1958:Maryland
1943:Kentucky
1923:Illinois
1898:Delaware
1888:Colorado
1878:Arkansas
1645:Moloka‘i
1341:Kakahaia
423:lobelias
349:plumeria
84:Location
2108:Wyoming
2083:Vermont
1988:Montana
1928:Indiana
1908:Georgia
1903:Florida
1873:Arizona
1863:Alabama
1321:Hanalei
1202:Federal
772:(12.1)
767:(11.6)
762:(12.2)
757:(13.2)
752:(13.1)
747:(13.6)
742:(13.3)
737:(12.7)
732:(11.8)
727:(11.2)
722:(10.6)
717:(10.5)
712:(11.1)
702:(17.7)
697:(17.0)
692:(17.6)
687:(18.7)
682:(18.6)
677:(19.5)
672:(19.2)
667:(18.7)
662:(17.3)
657:(16.5)
652:(15.7)
647:(16.2)
642:(17.2)
632:(24.3)
627:(21.9)
622:(21.7)
617:(22.4)
612:(21.8)
607:(23.2)
602:(23.2)
597:(22.7)
592:(21.3)
587:(20.4)
582:(19.8)
577:(21.2)
572:(22.1)
429:Climate
167:Website
72:Map of
2043:Oregon
1998:Nevada
1938:Kansas
1913:Hawaii
1868:Alaska
1534:Kaua‘i
1331:Huleia
1194:Hawaii
912:(0.1)
907:(2.3)
902:(2.6)
897:(4.3)
892:(4.1)
887:(4.2)
882:(3.8)
877:(3.3)
872:(2.8)
867:(1.9)
862:(1.7)
857:(0.6)
852:(1.3)
842:(6.4)
837:(6.1)
832:(6.8)
827:(7.7)
822:(7.4)
817:(7.8)
812:(7.4)
807:(6.8)
802:(6.3)
797:(5.9)
792:(5.5)
787:(4.8)
782:(5.0)
453:Month
380:canopy
376:cattle
367:, and
347:, and
345:ginger
341:orchid
329:cattle
274:ʻalalā
250:cattle
242:canopy
183:'I'iwi
74:Hawaii
2073:Texas
1953:Maine
1918:Idaho
1663:O‘ahu
1062:(pdf)
982:(−1)
932:(−1)
927:(−1)
922:(−1)
562:(27)
557:(24)
552:(25)
547:(25)
542:(24)
537:(26)
532:(27)
527:(25)
522:(24)
517:(25)
512:(22)
507:(24)
502:(24)
492:Year
392:Rubus
357:wasps
333:goats
2120:Guam
2078:Utah
2033:Ohio
1933:Iowa
1592:Maui
1115:2023
1069:2010
1041:2010
977:(1)
972:(1)
967:(2)
962:(2)
957:(2)
952:(2)
947:(2)
942:(1)
937:(1)
910:32.2
905:36.1
900:36.7
895:39.7
890:39.3
885:39.5
880:38.9
875:37.9
870:37.1
865:35.4
860:35.1
855:33.1
850:34.3
840:43.6
835:42.9
830:44.2
825:45.8
820:45.4
815:46.0
810:45.4
805:44.3
800:43.3
795:42.6
790:41.9
785:40.6
780:41.0
770:53.7
765:52.8
760:53.9
755:55.7
750:55.5
745:56.5
740:56.0
735:54.9
730:53.2
725:52.2
720:51.1
715:50.9
710:52.0
700:63.8
695:62.6
690:63.6
685:65.6
680:65.5
675:67.1
670:66.6
665:65.6
660:63.2
655:61.7
650:60.3
645:61.1
640:62.9
630:75.7
625:71.5
620:71.1
615:72.3
610:71.3
605:73.7
600:73.7
595:72.8
590:70.3
585:68.8
580:67.7
575:70.1
570:71.7
489:Dec
486:Nov
483:Oct
480:Sep
477:Aug
474:Jul
471:Jun
468:May
465:Apr
462:Mar
459:Feb
456:Jan
369:rats
365:cats
337:pigs
226:Bogs
187:mint
152:1985
141:Area
44:Nene
1192:of
268:of
2152::
1098:^
1015:^
980:30
975:33
970:34
965:36
960:36
955:35
950:35
945:36
940:33
935:33
930:30
925:30
920:31
560:81
555:76
550:77
545:77
540:75
535:78
530:81
525:77
520:76
515:77
510:72
505:76
500:76
417:,
363:,
359:,
355:,
343:,
331:,
212:.
1844:e
1837:t
1830:v
1182:e
1175:t
1168:v
1117:.
1092:.
1071:.
1043:.
390:(
276:(
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