90:, who over the next decade guided the agency through the demolition of its large, declining housing projects. They were replaced on AHA land by private-public ventures of mixed-use, mixed-income communities modeled on Centennial Place, with a portion of units reserved for former public housing tenants. The first HOPE VI mixed-income community (where public housing was a component) was Phase I of Centennial Place, which closed on March 8, 1996. Glover distinguished the Atlanta program, which included providing vouchers to former tenants of public housing for privately held units, by requiring residents to participate in work or study programs to remain qualified for subsidized housing. These elements became known as the Atlanta Model.
184:
of housing." In San
Francisco, which made extensive use of the HOPE VI program to redevelop its aging public housing supply, virtually all projects constructed significantly fewer units than they demolished. In the Hayes Valley, Plaza East, Valencia Gardens, Geneva Towers, and Bernal Dwellings projects, Federal, State, and Local Housing Authorities spent somewhere in the neighborhood of $ 300,000,000 to create a net loss of 457 apartments.
79:
subsidized units was not part of the first HOPE VI grant awards, these redevelopment grants required private equity often in the form of Low Income
Housing Tax Credits (LIHTC) which created what are known as “mixed finance”, combining governmental sources with private sources in what is now known as a “public-private partnership”. The only eligible applicants for a HOPE VI Grant were federal public housing authorities.
146:
public housing residents to be part of existing neighborhoods, to produce a certain cohesion. In almost all implementations of the program, housing authorities and non-profits have provided resident-assistance information programs for new homeowners, teaching them and their neighbors how to take care of a house that they must protect.
138:
Private custodianship, with individuals taking care of their assigned part of the project, is a critical element. Likewise, providing residents with high-quality materials and houses is believed to encourage pride in the space and an interest in keeping things in good condition. This, theoretically, mitigates vandalism.
214:
Al Levine, Seattle
Housing's deputy executive director of development, noted that most housing authorities did not commit to replacing all of the demolished units. He said, "Seattle Housing is unique among housing authorities in the HOPE VI program in committing to one-for-one replacement housing for
183:
maintains that in order to acquire federal grants, local housing authorities have "demolished viable units and displaced families." The program has been called "notorious" for its allotment of federal grants for demolition of public housing. Some critics said that it has resulted in a "dramatic loss
166:
Federal auditors found that HUD was awarding grants based on the ability of the area to generate income for the city rather than the actual state of the housing project in question. By demolishing low-cost public housing units in an area, city officials can drive up property values in the surrounding
192:
HUD's failure to provide comprehensive and accurate information about HOPE VI has created an environment in which misimpressions about the program and its basic purposes and outcomes have flourished- often with encouragement from HUD. HOPE VI plays upon the public housing program's unfairly negative
133:
principles, meaning that communities must be dense, pedestrian-friendly, and transit-accessible. Housing is rarely built as apartments. Instead, private houses, duplexes and, especially for public housing projects, row houses are preferred. These buildings provide direct access and connection to the
120:
In FY 2009, HOPE VI received a $ 120 million budget; however, in FY2010 no funds were budgeted for HOPE VI. A new Choice
Neighborhoods program had a proposed budget of $ 250 million. Over the course of 15 years, HOPE VI grants were used to demolish 96,200 public housing units and produce 107,800 new
187:
Some have criticized the program for having the right goals but not accomplishing them, or not going about them in the right way. The
National Housing Law Project issued a joint report saying, "HOPE VI has been characterized by a lack of clear standards, a lack of hard data on program results, and
175:
reported that the number of units receiving a federal subsidy and available for the deeply poor to live in is cut in half in developments arising from the program. The
National Low Income Housing Coalition has said that no HOPE VI grants should be allotted without requirements for one-for-one unit
141:
In general, much of the philosophy comes from a theory that apartment buildings are not healthy spaces for human habitation. Only with substantial wealth can an apartment building maintain the characteristics of security, social networking, and urban integration that the designers feel is necessary
78:
This first grant was based on renovating/modernizing
Techwood Homes, the nation's oldest housing project, and about a third of adjacent Clark Howell Homes. The grant envisioned Techwood/Clark Howell remaining entirely public housing. Although a mixed-income approach combining market rate units with
62:
in Boston, Massachusetts inspired and contributed to development of the HOPE VI model. Built in 1954, and consisting of approximately 1,500 apartment units, these apartments had fallen into disrepair and become dangerous as a center of crime and dysfunction. By the 1980s, only 300 families remained
145:
Many of the elements of the program do not produce buildings. More funding goes to housing assistance vouchers than in previous programs. As with the strategy of constructing in-fill housing in middle-class neighborhoods and providing new housing for market-rate buyers, this element enables former
137:
By applying defensible space, most communities are specifically designed or remodeled with private property, emphasizing security. Buildings are low-rise and often integrated directly into failing urban areas by re-establishing the street grid. This can lead to revitalization of surrounding areas.
66:
Eventually, realizing the situation was almost hopeless, in 1984 Boston turned over the management, cleanup, planning, and revitalization of the property to a private development firm, Corcoran-Mullins-Jennison, that won a competition for the project. The construction work for the new Harbor Point
70:
Congress established the
National Commission on Severely Distressed Public Housing in 1989 to study the issue of dilapidated public housing. After it submitted the report to Congress in 1992, legislation creating the HOPE VI grants was drafted and passed. One of the first HOPE VI pilot grants,
45:
The program began in 1992, with formal recognition by law in 1998. As of 2005, the program had distributed $ 5.8 billion through 446 federal block grants to cities for the developments, with the highest individual grant being $ 67.7 million, awarded to
Arverne/Edgemere Houses in New York City.
170:
Some criticized the new developments because they resulted in a net loss of housing for the poor. As the program does not require a "one-for-one" replacement of the old housing unit, the new project does not have to house the same number of tenants as the old housing unit did. (The one-for-one
49:
HOPE VI has included a variety of grant programs including: Revitalization, Demolition, Main Street, and
Planning grant programs. As of June 1, 2010 there have been 254 HOPE VI Revitalization grants awarded to 132 housing authorities since 1993 – totaling more than $ 6.1 billion.
134:
street and communities. Houses are designed to stand close to the street, with small front yards. It is common to see porches on the buildings, where residents can oversee the street, as well as small apartments for single residents built over garages or on the ground floor.
162:
in Chicago, residents were forced out by armed police in order for HOPE VI redevelopment to take place. Projects generally construct fewer units than are demolished, so even in the best of circumstances enough units may not be available for all residents to return.
158:. They complain that less than 12% of those displaced from old housing eventually move into the replacement housing. In some cases, this is the choice of residents, who want to move to other housing. But one writer asserted that in the case of a section of
121:
or renovated housing units, of which 56,800 were to be affordable to the lowest-income households. The new and renovated housing units were mixed income, less dense, and sought to attain better design and integration into the local neighborhoods.
193:
reputation and an exaggerated sense of crisis about the state of public housing in general to justify a drastic model of large-scale family displacement and housing redevelopment that increasingly appears to do more harm than good.
197:
Housing authorities have also been criticized for allowing private management of the eventual redevelopments, which are built with mostly public funding. Others have characterized this is a positive aspect of the program.
1225:
1343:
1506:
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82:
The Atlanta-based The Integral Group partnered with McCormack Baron Salazar of St. Louis, and won a bid in the fall of 1994 for development of a new mixed-income project. They developed
1568:
1211:
548:
1050:"Public Law 105-276." (112 Stat. 2461). Text from United States Public Laws. Available from LexisNexis Congressional. Bethesda, MD: Congressional Information Service.
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23:
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area and reduce the number of low-income residents in need of public services. Only seven of the first 34 grants went toward the development of high-rise housing.
999:
835:
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proposed a local version of HOPE VI, using a $ 100 million public bond referendum to gather private money to rehabilitate outdated public housing projects.
579:
Cf. Roessner, p.293. "The HOPE VI housing program, inspired in part by the success of Harbor Point, was created by legislation passed by Congress in 1992."
154:
Some critics have said that local authorities use the program as a legal means to evict poor residents in favor of more affluent residents in a process of
87:
1389:
1368:
1132:"Chicago hope: Ambitious attempt to help the city's poor by moving them out of troubled housing projects is having mixed results, MIT study finds"
608:
484:
229:
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556:
808:
626:
1511:
1333:
1313:
860:
1481:
1047:, ed. John F. Bauman, Roger Biles, and Kristin Szilvian. (University Park (Pennsylvania), The Pennsylvania State University Press).
67:
development began in 1986 and was completed by 1990. It was developed as a mixed-income community, called Harbor Point Apartments.
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for a healthy community. Instead, the lower-rise, urban feel with a sense of safety in the built environment satisfies that need.
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479:
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96:, then Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, described the HOPE VI program as the last gasp for public housing.
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86:, which has continued as a successful mixed-income community. Instrumental in the process was AHA's new CEO
1259:
171:
replacement policy was repealed by Congress in 1998, separately from HUD's implementation of HOPE VI.) The
662:
1358:
1348:
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which in the first year of the program were $ 50m before being reduced in future years, was given to the
75:(AHA) in 1993. Other housing authorities that received pilot grants included Baltimore and New Haven.
466:
336:
230:
https://web.archive.org/web/20141018175601/http://econdev.kingsporttn.gov/hope-vi-housing-redevelopment
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1338:
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235:
59:
39:
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1471:
1083:
Housing the City by the Bay: Tenant Activism, Civil Rights, and Class Politics in San Francisco
725:
433:
104:
1563:
1532:
1466:
861:"Testimony of George Moses, Chair, Board of Directors, National Low Income Housing Coalition"
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North Beach, the Western Addition, Hayes Valley, Bernal Heights, and Valencia Gardens in the
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812:
633:
445:
408:
226:
31:
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8:
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From Despair to Hope: Hope VI and the New Promise of Public Housing in America's Cities
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1100:
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1097:"A Decent Place to Live: from Columbia Point to Harbor Point - A Community History"
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26:. It is intended to revitalize the most distressed public housing projects in the
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1191:
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429:
172:
1064:, Mary K. Cunningham, Karen D. Brown, Jeremy Gustafson, and Margery A. Turner,
627:"HOPE VI and Mixed-Finance Redevelopments: A Catalyst for Neighborhood Renewal"
388:
Martin Luther King Homes, Philadelphia, 1998, $ 25,229,950 revitalization grant
340:
155:
100:
93:
16:
US HUD Department program for converting rundown public to mixed-income housing
58:
The success of the mixed-use, mixed-income Columbia Point Housing Projects on
1557:
1233:
1061:
110:
27:
404:
379:
130:
114:
35:
1160:
United States Department of Housing and Urban Development Official Website
514:
1318:
1078:. (Washington, DC: US Department of Housing and Urban Development, 1996).
695:. United States Department of Housing & Urban Development. 2010-06-20
256:
247:
241:
794:. National Association to Restore Pride in America's Capital. June 2002.
188:
misleading and contradictory statements made by HUD." The report said:
1507:
Outreach and Assistance for Socially Disadvantaged Farmers and Ranchers
549:"HUD No.10-112/ U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)"
391:
Mill Creek Homes, Philadelphia, 2001, $ 34,825,000 revitalization grant
385:
Schuylkill Falls, Philadelphia, 1997, $ 26,400,951 revitalization grant
373:
367:
1120:, ed. Lora Engdahl. (Washington DC:Brookings Institution Press, 2009.)
915:
863:. National Low Income Housing Coalition. 21 June 2007. Archived from
791:
352:
202:
1410:
1143:"PUBLIC HOUSING PROJECTS REMODELED TO ATTRACT MIXED-INCOME TENANTS"
1000:"PDF description [[Urban Design Associates]], 2016"
611:. National Low Income Housing Coalition. 2007-03-01. Archived from
394:
Ludlow Homes, Philadelphia, 2004, $ 17,059,932 revitalization grant
307:
298:
289:
928:
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Bluegrass-Aspendale Housing Project and Sugar Mill Apartments,
1066:
A Decade of HOPE VI: Research Findings and Policy Challenges
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979:
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958:
940:
938:
936:
632:. The Brookings Institution. September 2005. Archived from
330:
1569:
United States Department of Housing and Urban Development
987:
974:
24:
United States Department of Housing and Urban Development
1164:
1055:
Chicago Architecture: Histories, Revisions, Alternatives
1043:
Alexander van Hoffman, "Why They Built Pruitt–Igoe," in
933:
721:"Tassafaronga Hope VI proposal threatens Oakland's poor"
63:
in the complex, where the buildings were falling apart.
1159:
1088:
Pam Belluck, "Raising Slums to Rescue the Residents,"
1462:
Single Family Housing Direct Home Loans (Section 502)
836:
San Francisco Planning and Urban Research Association
215:
every unit. We take this commitment very seriously."
1053:
Janet L. Smith, "Diminishing High Rise Housing," in
1390:Federal Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grant
509:
507:
505:
503:
501:
499:
1085:. (Stanford: University of Stanford Press, 2019).
103:called for abolition of the HOPE VI program, and
1555:
1369:Food Distribution Program on Indian Reservations
1099:, Boston: Northeastern University Press, c2000.
656:
654:
1110:Excerpts from the book "A Decent Place to Live"
1057:. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005).
684:
682:
496:
1068:. (Washington, DC: The Urban Institute, 2004).
853:
593:"Boston War Zone Becomes Public Housing Dream"
541:
1219:
1192:Choice Neighborhoods Program Official Website
651:
1236:social welfare programs in the United States
948:. Memphis, TN: BizJournals.com. 4 July 2005.
715:
713:
711:
709:
679:
485:Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity
733:
1226:
1212:
903:"Holly Park replacement housing completed"
826:
824:
822:
803:
801:
767:"What Next for Distressed Public Housing?"
739:
663:"Infamous projects are rebuilt and reborn"
575:
573:
382:, 1992, $ 50,000,000 revitalization grant.
201:The scheme was strongly criticized on the
1512:Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program
1334:School meal programs in the United States
1314:Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program
786:
784:
782:
780:
778:
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706:
1482:Government National Mortgage Association
811:. John McCrory. May 1999. Archived from
761:
759:
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1250:Temporary Assistance for Needy Families
819:
798:
603:
601:
570:
515:"Hope VI funds new urban neighborhoods"
1556:
1442:Child care and development block grant
959:Welcome to the High Point Neighborhood
773:
660:
107:reduced funding for the block grants.
34:. Its philosophy is largely based on
1207:
754:
1447:HOME Investment Partnerships Program
1329:Nutrition Assistance for Puerto Rico
1265:Social Security Disability Insurance
1165:The Urban Institute Official Website
598:
218:
1416:Children's Health Insurance Program
1309:Commodity Supplemental Food Program
1293:Office of Public and Indian Housing
480:Public housing in the United States
124:
13:
1124:
261:Hurt Village/Lauderdale Courts in
14:
1585:
1432:Community Development Block Grant
1344:Farmers' Market Nutrition Program
1324:Child and Adult Care Food Program
1153:
1180:Hope VI Program Official Website
1138:, MIT News Office, 3 March 2011
1092:, September 6, 1998. A Section.
1023:
992:
963:
952:
922:
908:
896:
871:
208:The Hope Six Demolition Project
1437:Community Services Block Grant
1045:From Tenements to Taylor Homes
809:"Little Hope in HUD's HOPE VI"
769:. Urban Institute. 2004-06-01.
661:Knight, Heather (2006-11-20).
619:
582:
532:
1:
490:
294:NewHolly/Holly Park, Seattle
149:
1260:Supplemental Security Income
916:"Welcome to Cascade Village"
838:. March 2005. Archived from
7:
1359:Nutrition Assistance Grants
1349:Summer Food Service Program
473:
10:
1590:
1170:From Hope VI to Hope Sick?
929:Uptown Memphis - Home Page
879:"HOPE VI in San Francisco"
832:"HOPE VI in San Francisco"
740:Mike Davis (25 Oct 2005).
555:. Jun 2010. Archived from
467:Greensboro, North Carolina
337:Arthur Capper/Carrollsburg
53:
1525:
1492:HUD Neighborhood Networks
1424:
1398:
1377:
1301:
1278:
1242:
1076:Creating Defensible Space
988:Chicago Housing Authority
461:Charlotte, North Carolina
450:Sam Levy Homes, Nashville
419:San Francisco, California
73:Atlanta Housing Authority
32:mixed-income developments
1457:Mutual self-help housing
1339:School Breakfast Program
667:San Francisco Chronicle
444:John Henry Hale Homes,
423:Chestnut Linden Court,
236:Allentown, Pennsylvania
1472:Urban Partnership Bank
1425:Grants & subsidies
1270:Unemployment insurance
742:"Gentrifying Disaster"
726:San Francisco Bay View
434:New Orleans, Louisiana
348:, Knoxville, Tennessee
346:Mechanicsville Commons
278:(now University Place)
195:
1526:State & territory
1467:NeighborWorks America
378:Richard Allen Homes,
190:
129:HOPE VI makes use of
1574:Mixed-income housing
1354:Special Milk Program
446:Nashville, Tennessee
409:Louisville, Kentucky
255:and Pico Gardens in
246:Edgewood Village in
227:Kingsport, Tennessee
22:is a program of the
1288:Section 8 (housing)
1174:Dollars & Sense
1116:Henry G. Cisneros,
595:, November 23, 1991
439:St. Thomas Projects
425:Oakland, California
399:Lexington, Kentucky
304:Robert Taylor Homes
281:LeMoyne Gardens in
240:Cascade Village in
38:and the concept of
1452:Housing trust fund
1385:Head Start Program
1364:Reduced-price meal
1197:2010-07-14 at the
1185:2010-05-27 at the
1090:The New York Times
867:on 27 August 2007.
589:The New York Times
403:Liberty Green and
325:Henry Horner Homes
285:(now College Park)
265:(now Uptown Homes)
88:Renee Lewis Glover
1551:
1550:
1497:Renewal community
1243:Transfer payments
1149:, March 13, 1988.
1060:Susan J. Popkin,
905:, Seattle Housing
351:Arthur Blumeyer,
297:Capitol Gateway,
274:Lamar Terrace in
234:Hanover Acres in
219:Previous projects
1581:
1502:Empowerment zone
1487:FHA insured loan
1399:Health Insurance
1228:
1221:
1214:
1205:
1204:
1130:Dizikes, Peter,
1095:Roessner, Jane.
1081:Baranski, John.
1032:
1027:
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1005:. Archived from
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455:Cincinnati, Ohio
415:Mission District
362:Portland, Oregon
319:Stateway Gardens
313:Rockwell Gardens
125:Program concepts
84:Centennial Place
40:defensible space
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1199:Wayback Machine
1187:Wayback Machine
1156:
1147:Chicago Tribune
1141:Overbea, Luis.
1127:
1125:Further reading
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690:"FY2010 Budget"
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639:on 4 March 2016
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538:Cisneros, p.308
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430:Desire Projects
268:Dixie Homes in
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173:Urban Institute
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946:"Memphis News"
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918:. Akron, Ohio.
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815:on 2007-06-30.
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519:New Urban News
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156:gentrification
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101:George W. Bush
94:Henry Cisneros
60:Columbia Point
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842:on 2007-08-11
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559:on 2010-07-14
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465:Willow Oaks,
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441:, New Orleans
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176:replacement.
174:
168:
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160:Cabrini–Green
157:
147:
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118:
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111:San Francisco
108:
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68:
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33:
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28:United States
25:
21:
1564:New Urbanism
1476:
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1117:
1089:
1082:
1075:
1072:Oscar Newman
1065:
1054:
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1025:
1014:. Retrieved
1007:the original
994:
965:
954:
924:
910:
898:
887:. Retrieved
885:. 2008-12-15
882:
873:
865:the original
855:
844:. Retrieved
840:the original
813:the original
792:"False HOPE"
747:Mother Jones
745:
735:
724:
697:. Retrieved
670:. Retrieved
666:
641:. Retrieved
634:the original
621:
613:the original
584:
561:. Retrieved
557:the original
543:
534:
523:. Retrieved
518:
459:First Ward,
405:Park DuValle
380:Philadelphia
358:New Columbia
288:High Point,
213:
206:
200:
196:
191:
186:
178:
169:
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153:
144:
140:
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131:New Urbanism
128:
119:
115:Gavin Newsom
109:
98:
92:
81:
77:
69:
65:
57:
48:
44:
36:New Urbanism
19:
18:
1543:Puerto Rico
1030:Willow Oaks
283:Memphis, TN
276:Memphis, TN
270:Memphis, TN
263:Memphis, TN
257:Los Angeles
248:Akron, Ohio
242:Akron, Ohio
1558:Categories
1533:California
1062:Bruce Katz
1016:2011-12-05
889:2023-02-26
846:2007-07-26
699:2010-07-12
672:2007-07-26
643:4 November
563:2010-07-12
525:2007-07-26
491:References
453:CityWest,
374:Pittsburgh
368:Pittsburgh
366:Oak Hill,
150:Criticisms
99:President
1378:Education
609:"HOPE VI"
353:St. Louis
333:, Chicago
327:, Chicago
321:, Chicago
315:, Chicago
203:PJ Harvey
1538:New York
1517:Lifeline
1411:Medicaid
1406:Medicare
1195:Archived
1183:Archived
1176:magazine
1136:MIT News
474:See also
211:(2016).
105:Congress
1477:HOPE VI
1038:Sources
970:Seattle
308:Chicago
299:Atlanta
290:Seattle
54:History
20:HOPE VI
1103:
205:album
113:mayor
1172:from
1010:(PDF)
1003:(PDF)
693:(PDF)
637:(PDF)
630:(PDF)
181:NLIHC
30:into
1302:Food
1101:ISBN
883:SPUR
645:2012
331:ABLA
179:The
1319:WIC
553:HUD
1560::
1145:,
1134:,
1074:,
976:^
935:^
881:.
834:.
821:^
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744:.
723:.
708:^
681:^
665:.
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591:,
572:^
551:.
517:.
498:^
432:,
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306:,
42:.
1227:e
1220:t
1213:v
1019:.
892:.
849:.
750:.
702:.
675:.
647:.
566:.
528:.
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