1743:, a more inclusive term that represents the entire human race". The curriculum used in the junior class of the program is based on indigenous philosophy using the Xicano paradigm. This paradigm has four key concepts: Tezkatlipoka, Quetzalkoatl, Huitzilopochtli, and Xipe Totek. Tezkatlipoka is a concept about self reflection and finding one's inner self. Quetzalkoatl is learning one's history and how that shapes who someone is. Huitzilopochtli is based on the will to act and be “positive, progressive, and creative”. Xipe Totek is the concept of being able to reshape one's self and be renew. Acosta states that the senior year high school classes follow the same paradigm and expand on it to incorporate more of a social justice aspect that relate specifically to “challenging mainstream assumptions and stereotypes” by teaching students the counter-narrative. Acosta states that the most important part of the curriculum is the “ability to loop with the same students in successive years”. The use of this curriculum Acosta expresses “is crucial for students to...discover their humanity and academic identity”. A part of the curriculum was also that students were required to go to community events. Additionally, the teachers tried to engage and collaborate with parents.
1780:. The bill was written by Arizona's superintendent of public instruction, Tom Horne, stating the terms that no program: "1. Promote the overthrow of the United States government 2. Promote resentment toward a race or class of people 3. Are designed primarily for pupils of a particular ethnic group 4. Advocate ethnic solidarity instead of the treatment of pupils as individuals". The bill came into effect on January 1, 2011, with the original intention to completely get rid of the Mexican American Studies Department programs, threatening that the teachings were not in accordance with the new law which would consequently result in the loss of ten percent of a certain school districts funding. Consequently, in a court hearing with the Tucson Unified School District on December 27, 2011, the decision was made that the MAS Program did not abide by the new law. Then, on January 10, 2012, the school board voted to end the Mexican American Studies courses. Additionally, the court ruling on December 27, 2011, deemed seven books in the MAS program to be in conflict with the law. These books were only removed from the MAS program, so only the program's teachers and students were prohibited from using these banned books.
1692:
about 43 classes in the years following. Within the Tucson school district, students were eligible to take the allotted courses throughout grades K-12. The program was designed to motivate students to engage and participate more effectively in school in order to raise the statistically low graduation rates of the
Hispanic community. The Hispanic dropout rate in the MAS program was 2.5%, which is lower than the national average of 56%. Though the program was banned by an Arizona state law in 2010, there has been resistance from the Hispanic community along with the student youth and those effected. Since the ban, the opposition has gained ground in the reinstatement of the Mexican American Studies Program through various court rulings. In recent years, Mexican American Studies programs have spread throughout the country and into college universities. Mexican American classes are being offered in different disciplines in other states with wide-ranged Latino/a communities. The newly integrated programs are promoting original goals while providing all students with new perspectives about Mexican American history and culture.
1789:
Programs appealed the ruling that the program should be eliminated. In July 2013, a federal court decided that culturally relevant courses should be in place in the TUSD, specifically
Mexican American Studies and African American Studies, in order to comply with desegregation. On October 22, 2013, the school board voted to allow the seven books to be taught in the schools again. As of May 2013, TUSD students can study Mexican American Studies through a class called CLASS (Chicano Literature, Art and Social Studies) offered at a college in Tucson. The students can earn college credit and can take the class for free.
1583:
51:
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that can relate to student justice work, encourage student activism, promote critical thinking, and develop awareness for social issues. The overall vision of the MAS program is to help students create a sense of identity while providing the opportunity for student youth to more deeply relate to the culture and environment they are a product of.
1810:
Tashima found the Tucson
Unified School District had interfered with the students' First Amendment right. The judge further ruled that former superintendent Tom Horne, who initiated the campaign to remove the program, along with other school officials, were motivated by racial bias and thereby violated the students' Fourteenth Amendment right.
1700:
The purpose of the classes were to enable students the opportunity to engage in a learning-based community, specifically encouraging students to become leaders while understanding and appreciating
Mexican American culture, both past and present. The goals were to have a culturally relevant curriculum
1691:
The
Mexican American Studies Department Programs in the Tucson Unified School District was established in 1998 by high school teacher, Curtis Acosta, in an effort to help Chicano/a and Latino/a students reach their full potentials. The department grew from offering a few classes at the beginning to
1809:
ruled that the Tucson
Unified School District had violated the students' First and Fourteenth Amendment rights by eliminating the Mexican American Studies Program in Tucson's public schools. Since the ban of the Mexican American studies program had deprived the students of certain knowledge, Judge
1717:
article “Developing
Critical Consciousness: Resistance literature in a Chicano Literature class,” Curtis Acosta, MAS curriculum teacher, states that at Tucson High Magnet School 60 percent of students are Chicano/a or Latino/a students, and the European-American student population is 28 percent.
1788:
In 2012, the Tucson
Unified School District decided to bring about the Mexican American Student Services. These services do not involve classes, but rather help address the achievement gap for Latino students. Students and teachers who had been a part of the Mexican American Studies Department
1751:
The classes offered for high school students through the
Mexican American Studies Department were American Government/Social Justice Education Project, American History/Mexican American Perspectives, Beginning and Advanced Chicano/a Art, and Latino Literature. These classes involved analyzing
1756:, that often were left out of other United States history courses. Art skills were developed while using content for artwork based around social justice issues. Students were encouraged to be active learners by engaging with literature through discussions, projects, writings, and readings.
1730:
article “Developing
Critical Consciousness: Resistance literature in a Chicano Literature class,” Curtis Acosta, a teacher and creator of the Mexican American Studies curriculum, outlines the class curriculum he used while teaching at Tucson High Magnet School. The classes in
1752:
government, researching problems that students face in school and coming up with solutions that were then presented to policy makers. Additionally, students engaged with history that included a variety of experiences, perspectives, and contributions, specifically those of
1801:
classes in Arizona is not broad and vague as plaintiffs argued. However, the ongoing case was also sent to the lower Arizona district court in Tucson because there was enough evidence suggesting the law was “motivated at least in part by a discriminatory intent”.
1792:
Students who had participated in the Mexican American Studies Department classes brought a lawsuit against the officials who had shut down the program. Oral arguments were heard on January 12, 2015, and a ruling on the case by the
1813:
Following this ruling, TUSD was required to form new classes to meet the needs of Latino students. Superintendent John Pedicone promised that the new program would not involve the MAS program's staff or curriculum in any way.
2568:
2377:
Cabrera, Nolan L.; Meza, Elisa L.; Romero, Andrea J.; Cintli RodrĂguez, Roberto (2013-01-09). ""If There is No Struggle, There is No Progress": Transformative Youth Activism and the School of Ethnic Studies".
1656:, and score higher test scores. A study found that "100 percent of those students enrolled in Mexican-American studies classes at Tucson High were graduating, and 85 percent were going on to college."
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who also attempted to ban the program in 2008 and 2009, gaining widespread student and community protests as well as media attention despite his unsuccessful efforts. On May 11, 2010, the governor of
1361:
1623:
1644:. Some key components of the MAS program include student support, curriculum content, teacher professional development, and parent and community involvement. In the past, programs helped
1886:
While TUSD claimed that only the seven titles on the above list were ordered to be confiscated and, effectively, banned, other books were also removed from MAS classrooms, such as
1822:
The following books were ordered to be boxed and carried off from MAS classes, in some cases in front of students, by the Tucson Unified School District following HB 2281:
1713:, the racial breakdown of the students was 90% Hispanic, 5% White/Anglo, 2% Native American, 1.5% African American, and about 0.5% Asian American and Multi-Racial. In the
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in 2010, which effectively banned the program. The ban was ultimately ruled unconstitutional in 2017. The ban of the programs also inspired educators in
960:
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1735:/Literature as well as Raza Studies could be taken instead of American History and Junior high school English. The department "uses
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984:
462:
435:
2596:
Acosta, Curtis (Spring 2014). "Huitzilopochtli: The Will and Resiliency of Tucson Youth to Keep Mexican American Studies Alive".
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2011:
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132:
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2103:"When This Teacher's Ethnic Studies Classes Were Banned, His Students Took the District to Court—and Won"
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1640:(MAS) provide courses for students attending various elementary, middle, and high schools within the
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2786:"Racism as Policy: A Critical Race Analysis of Education Reforms in the United States and England"
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In 2011, over 1,300 students were enrolled in the program. According to an audit conducted by
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2203:"Curriculum Audit of the Mexican American Studies Department Tucson Unified School District"
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2129:"Arizona's Law Banning Mexican-American Studies Curriculum Is Constitutional, Judge Rules"
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8:
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584:
546:
417:
367:
2253:"Developing Critical Consciousness: Resistance Literature in a Chicano Literature Class"
2813:
2613:
2403:
1918:("you are the other me"), were also banned. According the website bannedbooksweek.org,
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2543:"Arizona Law That Banned Mexican-American Studies May Be Discriminatory, Court Rules"
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2569:"Tucson's Mexican Studies Program Was a Victim of 'Racial Animus,' Judge Says"
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2828:
2809:
2746:"Highlighting Censorship: Tucson Unified School District | Banned Books Week"
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1949:
1312:
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1024:
561:
2703:"Arizona Education Officials Say It's Illegal To Recite This Poem In School"
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2353:"Neither Banned Nor Allowed: Mexican American Studies in Limbo in Arizona"
1927:
1901:
1896:. Those books not officially listed in the ban have been referred to by
1739:
to refer to the Mexican American experience within the United States and
1226:
1102:
1039:
612:
450:
2043:"Arizona's ban on Mexican American studies was racist, U.S. court rules"
2426:"Tucson's Mexican American Studies program is revived, has a new focus"
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307:
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2486:"Dismantled TUSD Mexican American Studies Program getting new life"
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84:
1857:
Chicano! The History of the Mexican American Civil Rights Movement
1797:
was made on July 7, 2015. This ruling stated that the law banning
566:
2376:
2277:
Acosta, Chris. "The Mexican American Studies Program in Tucson".
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1668:
1645:
589:
89:
79:
38:
2512:"Lawsuit Against Mexican-American Studies Ban Gets A Court Date"
1848:
Message to Aztlán: Selected Writings of Rodolfo “Corky” Gonzalez
1117:
1497:
99:
1680:
382:
392:
1880:
The History of the Mexican American Civil Rights Movement
2012:"Arizona bill targeting ethnic studies signed into law"
2748:. 2018-08-13. Archived from the original on 2018-08-13
2721:"Banned Books That Shaped America | Banned Books Week"
2069:
Censored: A Literary History of Subversion and Control
2457:"Mexican American Studies Books Un-Banned In Arizona"
2071:. McGill-Queen's University Press. pp. 392–393.
1971:"Raza Studies and the Battle Over Educational Reform"
1900:as "undocumented books." Readings of an excerpt of
1795:
United States Court of Appeal for the Ninth Circuit
2322:"Rift in Arizona as Latino Class Is Found Illegal"
2826:
2765:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
2658:"Racial Lens Used to Cull Curriculum in Arizona"
1950:Xicanx Institute for Teaching & Organizing
1817:
2682:Rodriguez, Roberto Cintli (18 January 2012).
2479:
2477:
2066:
1764:Since 2006, this program was under attack by
1659:The program was targeted by politicians like
1617:
2067:Matthew, Fellion; Inglis, Katherine (2017).
1667:that was signed into law by the governor of
1638:Mexican American Studies Department Programs
2684:"Arizona's 'banned' Mexican American books"
1683:to introduce ethnic studies into schools.
2474:
2009:
1990:"Ethnic Studies: A Movement Born Of A Ban"
1987:
1624:
1610:
2681:
2448:
2419:
2417:
2005:
2003:
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2197:
2120:
1827:500 Years of Chicano History in Pictures
985:Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza
2655:
2649:
2503:
2195:
2193:
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1199:Mission Cultural Center for Latino Arts
14:
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1642:Tucson Unified School District (TUSD)
2483:
2174:
2151:
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1988:Depenbrock, Julie (13 August 2017).
966:UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center
2840:Mexican-American culture in Arizona
2694:
2624:
2423:
2339:
2313:
2158:"Mexican American Studies Are Back"
2040:
1695:
1362:DHS v. Regents of the Univ. of Cal.
1299:Espinoza v. Farah Manufacturing Co.
24:
2777:
2656:Winerip, Michael (19 March 2012).
2586:
2529:
2276:
2270:
2219:
2085:
828:The Revolt of the Cockroach People
25:
2851:
2701:Planas, Roque (13 January 2015).
2350:
2146:
2010:Santa Cruz, Nicole (2010-05-12).
2100:
1865:by Bill Bigelow and Bob Peterson
1783:
1581:
49:
2738:
2713:
2675:
2632:"Explore the banned curriculum"
2560:
2370:
2289:
1704:
1292:San Antonio I.S.D. v. Rodriguez
218:California agricultural strikes
2060:
1981:
1962:
1759:
1746:
793:From This Wicked Patch of Dust
13:
1:
2541:Planas, Roque (7 July 2015).
1955:
1721:
849:...y no se lo tragĂł la tierra
388:Occupation of Catalina Island
2835:Education in Tucson, Arizona
2802:10.1080/00131725.2014.850982
2723:. 2018-08-01. Archived from
2610:10.1080/15210960.2013.867239
2567:Astor, Maggie (2017-08-23).
2510:Planas, Roque (2014-11-04).
2455:Roque, Planas (2013-10-23).
2127:Planas, Roque (2013-03-11).
1505:Indigenous Mexican Americans
1209:Self Help Graphics & Art
7:
2156:Voxxi, Voxxi (2013-02-08).
1938:
1818:Books Banned Due to HB 2281
807:The Dirty Girls Social Club
180:Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
10:
2856:
2598:Multicultural Perspectives
2320:Lacey, Marc (2011-01-07).
1805:On August 22, 2017, Judge
1686:
1652:students graduate, pursue
1006:This Bridge Called My Back
752:Who Would Have Thought It?
2820:– via ResearchGate.
2392:10.1007/s11256-012-0220-7
2297:"User account | NewsBank"
2279:Voices in Urban Education
1914:philosophical concept of
1870:Pedagogy of the Oppressed
1510:Punjabi Mexican Americans
1242:Great Wall of Los Angeles
814:The House on Mango Street
666:Mexican-American folklore
398:Plan Espiritual de Aztlán
223:Cantaloupe strike of 1928
2784:Gillborn, David (2014).
1898:Roberto Cintli Rodriguez
1588:United States portal
999:The Church in the Barrio
859:Poetry and Short Stories
595:Mexican-American cuisine
436:1985–1987 cannery strike
2251:Acosta, Curtis (2007).
1969:Acosta, Curtis (2013).
1910:, which references the
1778:Arizona House Bill 2281
1665:Arizona House Bill 2281
1327:Flores-Figueroa v. U.S.
1171:Royal Chicano Air Force
1030:Coyolxauhqui imperative
842:Under the Feet of Jesus
1907:Pensamiento Serpentino
1306:U.S. v. Brignoni-Ponce
1189:Centro de Arte PĂşblico
1151:East Los Streetscapers
890:Pensamiento Serpentino
480:Great American Boycott
358:Las Adelitas de Aztlán
328:Conferencia de Mujeres
116:Anti-Mexican sentiment
2790:The Educational Forum
1384:Madrigal v. Quilligan
1341:Mendez v. Westminster
1278:Botiller v. Dominguez
1070:Youth control complex
446:2019 El Paso shooting
403:Plan de Santa Bárbara
298:CatĂłlicos por La Raza
228:Citrus Strike of 1936
170:San Elizario Salt War
141:Early-American Period
2301:infoweb.newsbank.com
1945:Tupac Enrique Acosta
1844:& Jean Stefancic
1837:Critical Race Theory
1334:Leal Garcia v. Texas
956:MAS Programs, Tucson
745:Living Up the Street
497:Justice for Janitors
363:Los Siete de la Raza
318:Colegio César Chávez
238:Mexican Repatriation
189:Pre-Chicano Movement
160:Mexican–American War
2484:Grijalva, Barbara.
2436:on 29 November 2014
2424:Nevarez, Griselda.
2047:The Washington Post
1863:Rethinking Columbus
1373:Federal Court cases
1267:Supreme Court cases
585:New Mexican cuisine
547:Abrazos, no balazos
468:Chicano Art Exhibit
441:1992 Drywall Strike
427:Post-Chicano Period
418:United Farm Workers
368:Los Seis de Boulder
353:Land grant struggle
343:Hijas de Cuauhtémoc
258:Sleepy Lagoon trial
33:Part of a series on
27:Educational program
2662:The New York Times
2573:The New York Times
2041:Strauss, Valerie.
1935:were banned, too.
1831:Elizabeth Martinez
1807:A. Wallace Tashima
1776:, signed into law
1409:Population by City
1285:Hernandez v. Texas
1194:GalerĂa de la Raza
1161:Mujeres Muralistas
1060:Spiritual activism
714:Chicano literature
709:Chicana literature
514:South Central Farm
338:East L.A. walkouts
313:Chicano Moratorium
203:Bisbee Deportation
155:Las Gorras Blancas
2016:Los Angeles Times
1882:by Arturo Rosales
1859:by Arturo Rosales
1754:Mexican Americans
1634:
1633:
1571:
1570:
1553:Mexican Americans
1518:
1517:
1458:Dallas–Fort Worth
1393:
1392:
1355:Perez v. Brownell
1348:Bernal v. Fainter
1320:MedellĂn v. Texas
1250:
1249:
1180:Art organizations
1078:
1077:
906:
905:
883:Moment of Silence
684:
683:
522:
521:
288:Black-brown unity
253:Porvenir Massacre
248:Plan de San Diego
243:Operation Wetback
123:
122:
43:Mexican Americans
16:(Redirected from
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2441:
2432:. Archived from
2421:
2412:
2411:
2380:The Urban Review
2374:
2368:
2367:
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2348:
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2053:
2038:
2027:
2026:
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2022:
2007:
1998:
1997:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1966:
1889:Mexican WhiteBoy
1852:Rodolfo Gonzales
1711:Cambium Learning
1696:Vision and Goals
1654:higher education
1626:
1619:
1612:
1586:
1585:
1584:
1531:
1530:
1406:
1405:
1263:
1262:
1166:Teatro Campesino
1091:
1090:
992:Brown, Not White
933:Chicana feminism
921:
920:
800:Mexican WhiteBoy
772:Bless Me, Ultima
728:Autobiographical
697:
696:
661:Lowrider bicycle
535:
534:
502:Murder of Selena
413:Raza Unida Party
273:Chicano Movement
208:Bloody Christmas
138:
137:
64:
63:
53:
30:
29:
21:
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2780:
2778:Further reading
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2707:Huffington Post
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2549:
2547:Huffington Post
2539:
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2516:Huffington Post
2508:
2504:
2494:
2492:
2490:Tucson News Now
2482:
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2463:
2461:Huffington Post
2453:
2449:
2439:
2437:
2422:
2415:
2375:
2371:
2361:
2359:
2351:Roque, Planas.
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2318:
2314:
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1894:Matt de la Peña
1842:Richard Delgado
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1728:English Journal
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1715:English Journal
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2727:on 2018-08-01
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2107:Yes! Magazine
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2078:9780773551886
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562:Chicano names
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19:
2796:(1): 30–31.
2793:
2789:
2750:. Retrieved
2740:
2729:. Retrieved
2725:the original
2715:
2706:
2696:
2688:The Guardian
2687:
2677:
2665:. Retrieved
2661:
2651:
2639:. Retrieved
2635:
2626:
2601:
2597:
2576:. Retrieved
2572:
2562:
2550:. Retrieved
2546:
2519:. Retrieved
2515:
2505:
2493:. Retrieved
2489:
2464:. Retrieved
2460:
2450:
2438:. Retrieved
2434:the original
2429:
2383:
2379:
2372:
2360:. Retrieved
2356:
2329:. Retrieved
2325:
2315:
2304:. Retrieved
2300:
2291:
2282:
2278:
2272:
2263:
2259:
2209:. Retrieved
2165:. Retrieved
2161:
2136:. Retrieved
2132:
2122:
2110:. Retrieved
2106:
2101:Fong, Jing.
2068:
2062:
2050:. Retrieved
2046:
2019:. Retrieved
2015:
1993:
1983:
1974:
1964:
1926:
1922:Cesar Chavez
1919:
1915:
1905:
1887:
1885:
1879:
1875:Paulo Freire
1868:
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1821:
1812:
1804:
1791:
1787:
1763:
1750:
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1736:
1725:
1708:
1705:Demographics
1699:
1690:
1663:, who wrote
1658:
1637:
1635:
1563:Bibliography
1424:California (
1382:
1360:
1353:
1346:
1339:
1332:
1325:
1318:
1311:
1304:
1297:
1290:
1283:
1276:
1232:Chicano Park
1204:Precita Eyes
1123:Tortilla art
1055:Rasquachismo
1004:
997:
990:
983:
955:
895:
888:
881:
876:I Am Joaquin
874:
867:
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826:
821:The Rain God
819:
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786:Desert Blood
784:
777:
770:
750:
743:
736:
671:Pancho Claus
646:Cal-Style VW
628:Tejano music
623:Chicano soul
618:Chicano rock
506:
492:Farah strike
484:
472:
455:
293:Brown Berets
2641:14 November
2552:16 November
2521:14 November
2495:14 November
2466:14 November
2440:14 November
2386:(1): 7–22.
2362:14 November
2331:14 November
2211:14 November
2138:14 November
2112:14 November
2021:14 November
1975:Utne Reader
1928:The Tempest
1902:Luis Valdez
1760:Controversy
1747:High school
1488:Californios
1474:Multiethnic
1426:Los Angeles
1227:Balmy Alley
1108:Chicano art
1103:Chicana art
1040:Nahui Ollin
613:Chicano rap
463:Castro 2020
451:Abolish ICE
2829:Categories
2752:2022-04-08
2731:2022-04-08
2667:4 December
2306:2019-12-09
2167:2019-10-10
1956:References
1916:In Lak'ech
1774:Jan Brewer
1722:Curriculum
1677:California
1673:Jan Brewer
1445:Nebraska (
1438:Michigan (
1431:Illinois (
1402:Population
1094:Visual Art
1087:Visual art
700:Literature
693:Literature
408:Quinto Sol
308:Chicanismo
233:La Matanza
175:Sonoratown
165:Mutualista
2818:144670114
2810:1938-8098
2618:144513386
2578:3 October
2408:143501883
2400:0042-0972
2052:3 October
1766:Tom Horne
1661:Tom Horne
1646:Chicana/o
1483:Blaxicans
1417:Arizona (
1218:Locations
1065:VergĂĽenza
897:The Moths
869:Emplumada
779:Caballero
676:Zoot suit
2761:cite web
2285:: 15–26.
2266:(2): 36.
2162:HuffPost
1994:kpbs.org
1939:See also
1904:'s poem
1650:Latina/o
1593:Category
1156:Los Four
1045:Nepantla
656:Lowrider
538:Language
108:Concepts
67:Identity
39:Chicanos
2604:: 3–7.
1770:Arizona
1737:Chicano
1726:In the
1687:History
1669:Arizona
1558:Writers
1498:Tejanos
1463:Houston
1440:Detroit
1433:Chicago
637:Symbols
531:Culture
133:History
95:Pinta/o
90:Pachuco
85:Pachuca
80:La Raza
75:Chola/o
18:HB 2281
2816:
2808:
2616:
2406:
2398:
2075:
1419:Tucson
1016:Theory
924:Fields
762:Novels
651:Homies
283:Aztlán
100:Xicanx
2814:S2CID
2614:S2CID
2430:VOXXI
2404:S2CID
2256:(PDF)
2206:(PDF)
1912:Mayan
1681:Texas
1598:Index
1527:Lists
1453:Texas
1447:Omaha
975:Texts
961:NACCS
604:Music
567:Ă“rale
383:MEChA
60:Terms
2806:ISSN
2767:link
2669:2017
2643:2014
2580:2017
2554:2016
2523:2014
2497:2014
2468:2014
2442:2014
2396:ISSN
2364:2014
2333:2014
2213:2014
2140:2014
2114:2014
2073:ISBN
2054:2017
2023:2014
1925:and
1741:raza
1679:and
1648:and
1636:The
1141:Asco
1118:Paño
576:Food
552:CalĂł
486:IRCA
474:DACA
393:PCUN
378:MAYO
373:MANA
323:CFMN
41:and
2798:doi
2636:PBS
2606:doi
2388:doi
1931:by
1892:by
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