Knowledge

2525: 4736:("effort to ascertain correct doctrine"). The usulis, in contrast, claimed that, although the bases of belief were laid down in the Quran and the Traditions, learned mujtahids were still needed to interpret doctrine for the faithful. As usuli doctrine developed, particularly under Mortaza Ansari, the chief marja'-e taqlid ("source of imitation") of the mid-nineteenth century, every believer was required to follow the rulings of a living mujtahid, and, whenever there was a single chief mujtahid, his rulings took precedence over all others. The usuli ulama have a stronger doctrinal position than do the Sunni ulama. While not infallible, mujtahids are qualified to interpret the will of the infallible twelfth, Hidden Imam. 3216:) that is delegated to the noblest messenger of Allah is the most important divine law and has priority over all other ordinances of the law. If the powers of the government were restricted to the framework of ordinances of the law then the delegation of the authority to the Prophet would be a senseless phenomenon. I have to say that government is a branch of the Prophet's absolute Wilayat and one of the primary (first order) rules of Islam that has priority over all ordinances of the law even praying, fasting and Hajj…The Islamic State could prevent implementation of everything – devotional and non- devotional – that so long as it seems against Islam's interests. 3413:), emphasizes the many dangers to defend against, warning the faithful of: "intellectual and ideological threats", “satanic hands" and "propaganda" spreading "incorrect" and "groundless" thoughts", the "untenable claims and inconsistent features", the "calumnies and lies", the "sinister and nefarious propaganda", of "the enemies" of Wilayat al-Faqih. In addition, there is the danger of the influence of "the prevailing intellectual atmosphere", the danger of those "fascinated by or deluded by the Western culture", and the concepts of "freedom and democracy", which are the "goddesses" and "sacred idols ... of the 20th and 21st centuries", etc. 4701: 4158:فتحصل مما ذكرنا: ان الأدلة غير وافية و الإجماع مخدوش, و الدليل العقلي يناقش فيه بما ذكر و غير ما ذكر, و لا بد للمثبت من دفع جميع الشبهات,و أني له ذلك, لعل لأجل دقة الموقف قال المحقق النائني و المحقق الإصفهاني: (فيه تزلزل عظيم) و صلى الله على سيدنا محمد آله الطاهرين. "The proofs are insufficient, the scholarly consensus is depleted, the rational proof is disputative between what's been mentioned and what's not. The verifier must repel all the suspicions (surrounding the scriptural and rational speculations on topic) and how can he do that? Perhaps, due to the delicacy of the situation 3620:... in Islam the legislative power and competence to establish laws belongs exclusively to God Almighty. The Sacred Legislator of Islam is the sole legislative power. No one has the right to legislate and no law may be executed except the law of the Divine Legislator. ... The law of Islam, divine command, has absolute authority over all individuals and the Islamic government. Everyone, including the Most Noble Messenger (s) and his successors, is subject to law and will remain so for all eternity—the law that has been revealed by God, Almighty and Exalted,... 3406:(b. 1963) — have also defended Khomeini's theory of government by the Faqih and the principle of the universal and absolute guardianship of the Guardian Faqih. (Misbah Yazdi in particular was “perhaps the most prominent and vocal proponent of absolute velayat-e faghih "—asserted that “neither the laws nor the officials of the state have any legitimacy unless and until they meet with the vali-e faghih’s approval”, and that the vali-e faghi ruler possesses "all the prerogatives" of the infallible Imam (‘a) "as the holder of authority of the Islamic society".) 3895:"is not uniform. It takes various forms and its motivations are manifold. Some reject the concept of velāyat-e faqih altogether, while others accept it but denounce the personalization which the position has experienced both under Khomeini and Khamenei; some accept Khomeini’s claim to the velāyat, while they reject Khamenei’s; yet others accept the velāyat-e faqih, but disagree with particular policies, notably with the extent to which the Leader’s office interferes with the administration of religious seminaries and the content of the curricula." 3196:"Wilayat al-faqih is among the rational, extrinsic (ʿaqla' tibari) matters and has no reality apart from appointment (jaCI), like the appointment of a guardian for a young person. Guardianship over the nation and guardianship over a young person are no different from each other in regard to duty and position. It is like the Imam appointing someone to be the guardian of a young person, or appointing someone to govern, or appointing him to some post. In such instances, it is not reasonable that the Prophet and the Imam would differ from the faqih. 4827: 3660:, in March 1989 Khomeini made a "major pronouncement" declaring that clerics could be categorized "into two distinct groups" — those clerics knowledgeable about "religious scholarship", and those knowledgeable about "the problems of the day", i.e. the contemporary world and economic, social and political matters. It was the second group that should rule, not the "religious" clerics, despite the fact that Khomeini had spent decades denouncing the secularist idea that the affairs of this world "were separate from the understanding of the sacred law". 3802:, Supreme Leader by noting it is "stipulated in the Constitution" or Iran, that the approval of candidates for the Council of Guardians is the "prerogative" of wali al-faqih’s (who as previously demonstrated is God's ruler). He further points out that in all modern so-called democracies there is always a first election to vote members of some body of representatives (such as a constitutional assembly to write a constitution) and that body comes "into existence as a result of an election based on a certain set of rules and regulations" which were 2029:("universal authority" of the faqih/jurisprudent). Supporters of this concept believe orders given by a jurist holder of "wilayat al-amma" are not restricted "to merely the administration of justice". They "may issue orders" which are "incumbent upon all Muslims, even other fuqaha, to obey". They have the "right and duty to lead the Shi’a community and undertake the full function and responsibilities of an infallible Imam". This is "the highest form of authority (Wilayat) bestowed upon the faqih" according to at least one cleric ( 4057: 2484:—who "surpasses all others in knowledge" of Islamic law and justice — as well as having intelligence and administrative ability. Not only is the rule of Islamic jurists and obedience toward them an obligation of Islam, it is as important a religious obligation as any a Muslim has. "Our obeying holders of authority", like Islamic jurists, "is actually an expression of obedience to God." Preserving Islam — for which Wilāyat al-Faqīh is necessary — "is more necessary even than prayer and fasting". 4338:, argued that while the ideal government is the rule of the divinely inspired and infallible leader of the community of believers, i.e. the Imam, this ideal form of government is unavailable during the occultation. Consequently, the choices available are between "despotic" and "constitutional" government. Despotism being tyranny, it is constitutional government that diverges "least from the ideal government of the Imam", and is "therefore the best type of government during the occultation 3806:"enacted and approved by any popularly-elected cabinet and parliament" (such as who gets to vote—how old do they must be, whether only men can vote, etc.; who gets to be elected to the body, voting system—first past the post, ranked choice, proportional representation, etc..) because it's the first election! But this "is nothing but the circular relationship to which we have referred at the beginning". So we see that (according to Mesbah Yazdi) just because there is "circularity" in the 2102:(died 661 CE), and continuing with his male descendants. Imams were almost never in a position to rule territory, but did have the loyalty of their followers and delegated some of their functions, to "qualified members" of their community, "particularly in the judicial sphere". In the late 9th century (873-874 CE) the Twelfth Imam, a boy at the time, is reported to have mysteriously disappeared. Historians believe that Shi'i jurists "responded by developing the idea" of the " 1582: 11885: 3483:(who are described as wali in numerous Shi'i hadith). So it is natural that the next religious figure after them also have the "universal" powers that Muhammad and the Imams had. This also explains why giving a faqih general powers over the public does not put sane adults in the same category as minors and those without the power of reason. The powers of God, Muhammad and the Imams were total, despite the fact their subjects possessed maturity ( 3337:) whether it is permissible when two Shi‘ah have a dispute over a debt or a legacy to go to a judge or ruler for mediation/arbitration. The Imam replies that the mediator they use should be a Muslim who knows the hadith and rulings of the Shi'i Imams or Infallibles ("a person among you who narrates from us, is versed in the lawful and the unlawful"), i.e. who knows Shi'i fiqh; and that a "ruler or judge" who doesn't have this knowledge is of 2706:(age 85), is thought to have taken some pain "to ensure that after his death Iran maintains an anti-American line and regime clerics continues to have "control of important state institutions". To this end, he has initiated a "massive purge" of "all but the most reliable and obedient members" of the political class, and worked to eliminate the government's generous consumer subsidies that while very popular drain the treasury. According to 3351:“If there is a person among you who narrates from us, is versed in the lawful and the unlawful, and is well acquainted with our laws and ordinances, accept him as judge and arbiter, for I have appointed him as a ruler over you. So, if he rules according to our law and you reject his ruling, you will belittle Allah’s law and oppose us, and to oppose us means to oppose Allah, and opposing Him is tantamount to associating partners with Him.” 2415: 11623: 843: 1594: 4127:فليس الطاغوت عبارة عن السلاطين و الأمراء كما قيل, إذ لم يكن في زمن النبي (ص) في جزيرة العرب سلطان و أمير حتى يقال بأنه القدر المتيقن منه من يحكم بالجور او ما ينسب إليه الحكم كالأصنام, مضافا إلى انه لم يكن للطاغوط قوة تنفيذية "al-Taghut (a term that is specifically used to denounce everything that is worshiped instead or besides Allah) is not an expression concerning kings or governors as stated by some (i.e. Khomeini), 5010:"... from 1981 to 1987 the Guardian Council vetoed some 100 reform bills as violations against the sanctity of private property. These bills included land reform, labor legislation, progressive income tax, control over urban real-estate transactions, nationalization of foreign trade, and confiscation of the property of emigres who had not been found guilt of having obtained their wealth through unlawful means." 779: 3888:(at least in 2013) do not supporting the regime's position on velayat-e faqih, even though it has led to a number of them being placed under house arrest and barred "from expressing their views and ideas or continuing their teaching and religious duties". Najaf religious leaders present an even greater problem as Najaf is outside the border of Iran and so its marjaʿ cannot be incarcerated by Iran. 3430: 6810: 4842:: "Anyone who rules over the Muslims, or over human society in general, must always take into consideration, the public welfare and interest, and ignore personal feelings and interests. For this reason, Islam is prepared to subordinate individuals to the collective interest of society and has rooted out numerous groups that were a source of corruption and harm to human society. 3973:— that opposition forces lacking religious cachet and knowledge of the intricacies Islamic law would not. "Dissident theologians who prove the extent to which the velāyat-e faqih is inconsistent with Shiʿi traditions and the extent to which it is a theological novelty whose primary function is to justify the exercise of authoritarian rule", are a danger to the Guardian ruler. 2945:"meant no more than legal guardianship of senior clerics over those deemed incapable of looking after their own interests — minors, widows, and the insane" (known as ‘mawla alayh’, one who is need of a guardian). Political power was to be left to Shi'i monarchs called "Sultans", who should defend the territory against the non-Shi'a. For example, according to Iranian historian 2049:(ontological guardianship). According to Muhammad Taqi Misbah Yazdi, ontological guardianship is "having authority over the entire universe and the rules governing it is basically related to God". This great power was granted by God "to the Prophet of Islam (S) and the infallible Imams (‘a)" and explains why they and certain other "saints" can perform miracles. 4291:"Since the people consider the clergymen to be deputies of Imam al-Zaman, they will expect the religious government to create an exemplary system (closely matching the one supposed to be established by the Infallible Imam) and when they can not establish justice at that level, the Shia masses will become weak in their faith about Imam al-Zaman and religion." 3911:. Throughout his life, Borujerdi, who was a quietist and therefore refrained from taking political stances, forbid his student Khomeini from engaging in non-religious matters. It was only after Borujerdi's death that Khomeini published his first political and social treatise in which he explicitly called for active participation in political matters. 3019:), i.e. providing a guardian for those who need one (for example, when the father of a minor or an insane person dies. Also religious endowments, inheritance and funerals). Imami jurists disagree (according to Vaezi) over whether this role is "appointed by the Shari’ah" or just a good idea because jurists are "naturally the best suited for the role". 3903:) and Najafi clerics in general, opposed Ruhollah Khomeini's concept of guardianship, or were conspicuously silent on the subject and a large segment of the clerical Shia community in general does not accept the theory of velayat-e-faqih and believes the clergy should stay away from politics. The majority of Shi'a accepted the late Grand Ayatollah 2500:"to keep us backward, to keep us in our present miserable state so they can exploit our riches, our underground wealth, our lands and our human resources. They want us to remain afflicted and wretched, and our poor to be trapped in their misery ... they and their agents wish to go on living in huge palaces and enjoying lives of abominable luxury". 5123:, was removed. New wording in constitutional articles 5, 107, 109, 111, required him to be `a pious and just faqih, aware of the exigencies of the time, courageous, and with good managerial skills and foresight.` If there are a number of candidates, the person with the best `political and jurisprudential` vision should have the priority.` 2488: 3737: 4217:- and it's only the prerogative of the Messenger and the Imams peace be upon them all, rather the established fact according to the narrations lies in two affairs: 1. him exercising the role of a judge and 2. his fatwa being a proof - and he holds no authority over the property of a child or others which is from the affairs of wilayah 4142:ان مستفاد من بعض الروايات هو دخالة الإنتخاب في المسألة, فلا بد أن يكون القاضي منتخباً من المسلمين, و ذلك لقوله (ع): <فاجعلوا بينكم> في مقبولة عمر بن حنظلة, و على هذا الاحتمال لا بد ا أن يكون المتصدي لهذه الأمور ممثلا للمسلمين "It is deduced from some narrations, the involvement of election in this issue; so the Qadhi (i.e. 10619: 3872:, a former student and the designated successor of Khomeini before dissenting and being rejected in 1989, approved the concept. Moreover, Khomeini was not the most influential ayatollah at the moment of the Islamic revolution. The one who had the most developed network of disciples and former students was the very old Ayatollah 3706: 3635:) remain intact. He explains that under the "revolutionary view" of Ayatollah Khomeini, "Shari’ah … is not the ultimate goal". Islamic laws are only a means to an end, "the protection of Islam and the extension of Justice". For Khomeini "the Islamic State is not merely one part of Islam amongst others, but it is Islam itself". 2882:), over all public matters, where the mandate of the ruling jurisprudent/jurist/faqih is "among the primary ordinances of Islam". Here the ruling faqih has control over all public matters including governance of states; has such power over religious affairs that he can (temporary) suspend religious obligations, such as the 2250:(the divine mandate of the jurisprudent to rule). Ahmad Naraqi insisted on the absolute guardianship of the jurist over all aspects of a believer's personal life, but he did not claim jurist's authority over public affairs nor present Islam as a modern political or state system. Nor did he pose any challenge to 2645:", (despite the fact that his 1970 book insists that "in Islam the legislative power and competence to establish laws belongs exclusively to God Almighty"). The new theory was instigated by the need "to break the stalemate" within the Islamic Government on "controversial items of social and economic legislation". 4278:, Iran's democratic revolution of 1905–1911. Traditional Shia scholarship has been historically critical with regard to the clergy relinquishing the role of advisory for the State and taking over absolute charge of the State affairs firsthand instead. Khurasani made a set of prudent observations in his famous 2258:, which Iran lost. According to Moojan Momen, "the most" that Naraqi or any Shi'i prior to Khomeini "have claimed is that kings and rulers should be guided in their actions and politics by the Shi'i faqih ..." Naraqi's concept was not passed on by his most famous student, the great Shi'ite jurist Ayatullah 4213:إن الولاية لم تثبت للفقيه في عصر الغيبة بدليل، وإنما هي مختصة بالنبي والأئمة المعصومين (عليهم السلام)، بل الثابت حسبما يستفاد من الروايات أمران: نفوذ قضائه، وحجّية فتواه. وليس له التصرف في أموال القصّر أو غير ذلك مما هو من شؤون الولاية، إلاّ في الأمر الحسبي، فإن الفقيه له الولاية في ذلك لا بالمعنى المدعى 4232:أما الولاية على الأمور الحسبية كحفظ أموال الغائب واليتيم إذا لم يكن من يتصدى لحفظها كالولي أو نحوه، فهي ثابتة للفقيه الجامع للشرائط وكذا الموقوفات التي ليس لها متولي من قبل الواقف والمرافعات، فإن فصل الخصومة فيها بيد الفقيه وأمثال ذلك، وأما الزائد على ذلك فالمشهور بين الفقهاء على عدم الثبوت، والله العال 3552:, the Muslim must obey the Wali's hukm over their marja' fatwa because the order/hukm "is binding upon all Muslims"—including other faqih and including Muslims outside of the political jurisdiction of the Wali (i.e. outside Iran), (as explained in The Maqbulah of ‘Umar ibn Hanzalah, the hadith above). 3736: 3696: 3389: 3255: 4826: 4170: 2810: 1877: 4056: 3705: 3495: 2674: 2010: 5517: 5100: 3513: 3482: 3429: 3355: 2592: 2524: 8779: 3822: 3714: 2492:"Foreign experts have studied our country and have discovered all our mineral reserves -- gold, copper, petroleum, and so on. They have also made an assessment of our people's intelligence and come to the conclusion that the only barrier blocking their way are Islam and the religious leadership." 4700: 2487: 2325: 3578: 3831: 3500: 3230: 1792: 3250: 3835: 3372: 2648: 2616: 5087: 4525: 3818: 1956:—the guardian of those who have no guardian; authority given to a regular administrator of justice (hakim), to supervise the interests of a person who does not have a natural guardian and who is unable to take care of his own affairs; such as a mentally ill or mentally disabled person. 4053:(Islamic State), pressuring the United States to hold elections sooner than it wanted, demanding Iraqi political leaders push ahead with anti-corruption reforms in 2015—but sees himself as a unifier, above politics and has had no "role in executive or administrative arms of the state". 2246:(1771-1829 C.E.), are said to have argued that "the scope of wilayat al-faqıh extends to political authority", more than a century earlier than Khomeini, and over all aspects of a believer's personal life, but never tried to establish or preach for the establishment of a state based on 2827: 3367: 3953:, giving sentences of imprisonment, corporal punishment, execution, etc. The court system eventually evolved into a apparatus with its own security and prison systems, and many features unique from the rest of Iran's courts (direct control by the Supreme Leader rather than the 3790:(and may dismiss them at will), the Guardians approve any candidate wishing to run for the office of the Assembly of Experts. This creates a self-perpetuating cycle whereby if the people of Iran oppose the Leader, or oppose the people who select him, they can do little about it. 3876:(born in 1899), an Iranian Azeri whose great influence reached from Lebanon (the spiritual leader of the Hizbullah, Sheikh Fadallah) ... to Afghanistan .... Al-Khoei did not leave Najaf during the war between Iran and Iraq and always rejected the concept of velayat-e faqih .... 2835: 2683:, dictator a reference to the Supreme Leader), and “Death to velayat-e faqih”, have been heard during protests in Iran, which have become serious enough to see as many as 1,500 protesters killed by security forces (in one series of protests in late 2019 and early 2020). In 3113: 4955:"After the prophets, the function of instruction and rearing lies with the ulama, who are the real heirs of the prophets. The prophets (A) by virtue of this spiritual station, were not owners of wealth or concerned with the world of mulk and its corporeal affairs." 5603: 2641:("the absolute authority of the jurist"), whereby obedience to the ruling jurist is to "be as incumbent on the believer as the performance of prayer", and the guardian jurist's powers "extend even to the temporary suspension of such essential rites of Islam as the 3160: 6699: 2169:) insist that the idea that the governance by jurist is "new", is erroneous. Vaezi maintains it is the logical conclusion of arguments made by high-level Shia faqih of medieval times who argued that high-level Shia faqih be given authority, although their use of 4816: 8738: 2551: 2949:, in centuries of debate among Shi'i scholars, none have "ever explicitly contended that monarchies per se were illegitimate or that the senior clergy had the authority to control the state." Other main responsibilities (i.e. guardianship) the 'ulama's were: 3538:). One ('maraji‘) gives opinions on "general issues and Islamic precepts", answering religious questions on practical matters in Islam by making deductions from their religious knowledge; and the other (wilayat) enacts and implements laws and regulations, 1788: 3376: 2633: 3836: 3923: 3573: 3726: 3140:, published in the 1940s), Khomeini had made ambiguous statements, arguing that “the state must be administered with the divine law, which defines the interests of the country and the people, and this cannot be achieved without clerical supervision ( 10516:الإجتهاد والتقليد والإحتياط ـ السيد علي السيستاني, بقلم محمد علي الرباني, ص ١٢٩ al-Ijtihad wa al-Taqlid wa al-Ehtiyat - Advanced curriculum lectures of al-Sistani compiled by Muhammad Ali al-Rabbani (taghrirat.net) (in Arabic). (1437 AH ed.). p. 129. 10507:الإجتهاد والتقليد والإحتياط ـ السيد علي السيستاني, بقلم محمد علي الرباني, ص ١٢٨ al-Ijtihad wa al-Taqlid wa al-Ehtiyat - Advanced curriculum lectures of al-Sistani compiled by Muhammad Ali al-Rabbani (taghrirat.net) (in Arabic). (1437 AH ed.). p. 128. 1925: 1801:), or whether there is no consensus in favor of the model of the Islamic Republic of Iran, neither among the public in Iran (Alireza Nader, David E Thaler, S. R. Bohandy), nor among most religious leaders in the leading centers of Shia thought (i.e. 10498:الإجتهاد والتقليد والإحتياط ـ السيد علي السيستاني, بقلم محمد علي الرباني, ص ١٠٣ al-Ijtihad wa al-Taqlid wa al-Ehtiyat - Advanced curriculum lectures of al-Sistani compiled by Muhammad Ali al-Rabbani (taghrirat.net) (in Arabic) (1437 AH ed.). p. 103. 5023:. After all, in his Velayat-e Faqih, Khomeini had argued that only the most senior religious jurists -- not just any cleric -- had the scholastic expertise and the educational training to fully comprehend the intricacies of Islamic jurisprudence." 3626: 9960: 2055:(legislative guardianship) Also a term used by Muhammad Taqi Misbah Yazdi, is guardianship involving the "management of society", "which concerns the Prophet (S) and the infallible Imams (‘a)" and with Khomeini's system the ruling guardian jurist. 4315:"At the time when clergymen do not have government positions, yet there exists so much disagreement. If they come to power, this disagreement will cause further division in religion and creation of new sects and hence cause damage to religion." 4973:...فَإِنّي قَدْ جَعَلْتُهُ عَلَيْكُمْ حَاكِمًا، فَإِذَا حَكَمَ بِحُكْمِنَا فَلَمْ يَقْبَلْهُ مِنْهُ فَإِنَّمَا إسْتَخَفَّ بِحُكْمِ اللهِ وَ عَلَيْنَا رَدَّهُ وَالرَّادُّ عَلَيْنَا الرَّادُّ عَلىٰ اللهِ وَ هُوَ عَلىٰ حَدِّ الشِّرْكِ بِاللهِ... 8236: 5041: 4049:. Perhaps because of his considerable influence, sources disagree on his stand on Wilayat al-Faqih. Al-Sistani has inserted himself in post-2003 invasion Iraqi crisises several times—issuing a call for Iraqis to take up arms and push back 2192:), under the Safavids, the general deputyship "occasionally was interpreted to include all the prerogatives of rule that in principle had belonged to the imams, but no special emphasis was placed on this." And in the nineteenth century, 3049: 4883:, the highest level Shia cleric, though mention of the necessity of the Leader being a source of imitation/marja' is found only in the original constitution -- such as in chapter 107 -- and removed from the amended 1989 constitution) 4146:) must be elected by muslims and this is in accordance to the saying of the Imam "appoint among yourselves" in the acceptable report of Omar bin Hanzalah, based on this prospect he must be addressing the affairs representing muslims ( 2762: 3514: 4123:(i.e. the highest level of theological education related to jurisprudence in the form of lectures, beyond the limited boundaries of textbooks) in the Shi'i seminary of Najaf summing up his opinion regarding Wilayat al-Faqih stated: 2609:, Khomeini had warned sternly about measures that Islam will take with "troublesome" groups that damage "Islam and the Islamic state", and noted that the Prophet Muhammad had "eliminated" one "troublesome group" (i.e. the tribe 2467: 9286: 2656:, was ousted, after he called for "an open assessment of failures" of the Revolution and an end to efforts to export it. The Iranian constitution called for the Leader/Wali Al Faqih to be a marja', and Montazeri was the only 6489: 2519: 2334: 2774: 2312: 4998: 4985: 4198: 3606:"I should state that the government, which is part of the absolute deputyship of the Prophet, is one of the primary injunctions of Islam and has priority over all secondary injunctions, even prayers fasting and hajj". 5710: 4792:`The 'ulema themselves will not hold power in the government. They will exercise supervision over those who govern and give them guidance.` -- Khomeini in conversation with a journalist from Reuters (26 October 1978). 3777: 2387: 2472:... all traces" of which it is the duty of Muslims to "destroy". In a true Islamic state (he maintained) only those who have knowledge of Sharia should hold government posts, and the country's ruler should be the 3914: 2997: 4194:(the 12th and last Shi'a Imam), the authority of jurisprudence was not the preserve of one or a few fuqaha. is deemed to be one of the most vocal modern day jurists against the innate nature of Wilayat al-Faqih. 6459: 2548:"The plan of the Islamic government" is "based upon wilayat al-faqih, as proposed by Imam Khumaynî ", according to the constitution, which was drafted by an assembly made up primarily by disciples of Khomeini. 3272: 4754:"... Khorasani was one of the most important of the clerical supporters of constitutionalism, and his aide, Na'ini (d. 1936) wrote the most important of the treatises legitimating constitutional government" 4282: 5574: 5097: 3453: 4242: 5032:"The death of Imam Khomeini, on June 3, 1989, brought an end to the logic of the Islamic revolution, according to which the highest authority of the clerical institution coincided with that of the state." 4227: 4206:(i.e. protection, delegation, or authorization often agreed to in a legal contract) alone while dismissing the notion of the jurist inheriting the intrinsic authority to rule of the Infallibles (Imams). 3630: 2158:), Shia jurists have tended to stick to one of three approaches to the state: cooperated with it, trying to influence policies by becoming active in politics, or most commonly, remaining aloof from it. 3928:, they are people whom SAVAK has issued a turban and told to pray"; and stated that "our youth must strip them of their turbans. I am not saying they should be killed ... But take off their turbans!". 3103: 1950:—authority given to a just and capable faqih during the absence of the Imam to judge "amongst the people based upon God's law and revelation", and collect Islamic taxes/tithes (zakat, sadaqa, kharaj). 5069: 2770: 8232: 5078: 4323:"The essence of fallible governance is to spew lies and it is technically impossible to govern morally. Therefore, it is against the moral character of clergymen to lie and thus defame religion." 3756:)? why would "the Prophet (S) ask the people to give their allegiance to the Imam (‘a) ... if the legitimacy of the government of ‘Ali (‘a) had indeed nothing to do with the vote of the people"? 9972: 4307:"The clergy's aspiration is government's obedience to religion, while if the clergymen took over the charge of government, they are more likely to make religion subservient to the government." 4183:(1899-1992), (also transliterated Khuʾi) the leading Shia ayatollah at the time Khomeini's book on his theory of Wilayat al-Faqih was published, rejected Khomeini's argument on the grounds that 3773:(oath of allegiance) is only "a means of expressing readiness to assist and cooperate" with the leader, and "has nothing to do with giving legitimacy and granting the right" to rule over them. 3722: 2989:(a supporter of the rule of the Islamic jurist) lists the "traditional roles and functions that qualified jurists undertake as deputies of the Imam", and that "in the history of Imami Shi’ism, 4238:(non-litigious affairs) such as the maintenance of properties of the missing and the orphans, if they are not addressed to preservation by a wali (guardian) or so, it is proven for the faqih 3434:"), which when properly understood, make "it is crystal clear that obedience to the ... decree of the faqih" is just as obligatory and mandatory," as obedience to the infallible Imam (‘a). 5051: 3969:, etc.). It has been suggested (by scholar Mirjam Künkler) that the courts existence, size and scope can be explained by the unique problem that dissident clerics pose for the principle of 1901: 2624: 7724: 1617: 4582: 2687:, another Shia-majority country that is smaller and less stable than Iran and shares a border with it, sentiment against Iranian influence in 2019 led to demonstrations and attacks with 3880: 3251:(jurists) are the legatees," which means that since the prophet was given the power to rule over the Muslim community and all it conquered, the jurists' legacy includes that same power. 2671:), to be the new Faqih/Leader. Lacking religious credentials, Khamenei has used "other means, such as patronage, media propaganda, and the security apparatus" to establish his power. 4060: 1773:), the jurist/faqih has control over all public matters including governance of states, all religious affairs including the temporary suspension of religious obligations such as the 3697: 3316: 3266: 1878: 4529: 3312: 8298: 4800: 3065: 4287:چون مردم ما را نایبان امام زمان می دانند انتظار دارند حکومت دینی هم همان شرایط را ایجاد کند و وقتی نتوانیم در آن سطح عدالت را برقرار کنیم نسبت به امام زمان و دین سست عقیده می شون 3247: 3068: 2832:). Furthermore, they must be upright, pious, committed experts on Islam, informed about the issues of the times, and known as God-fearing, brave and qualified for leadership. 2890:; and is owed such deference that the obligation of Muslims to obey him is as important as the obligation to perform those religious obligations he has the power to suspend. 3269:"Believers who are fuqaha are the fortresses of Islam, like the encircling walls that protect a city", according to a narration of the Seventh Imam (Vaezi also cites this); 2456: 1999: 5701: 3730: 5060: 8267: 4133: 3096:/guardianship over mentally sound people (not just minors and mentally disabled) by God, the Prophet Muhammad, and the Imams, which appears in principles of faith and 2663: 1937: 8136: 3744: 2275:, the first Islamic scholar to advance the theory of the Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist (and who "developed a notion of 'rule of the jurist'") came much later -- 2106:", whereby the 12th Imam was still alive but had "been withdrawn by God from the eyes of people" to protect his life until conditions were ripe for his reappearance. 11030: 11009: 2617:"drastically expanded" and prison conditions made "drastically worse" under the Islamic Republic. Press freedom was also tightened, with the international group the 4024:“The Islamic Ruler is he who is appointed divinely by the Almighty Allah and they are the Imams of Guidance from the Progeny of Muhammad, peace be upon them all.” 2898: 3688: 2667: 5148:"Review by Hossein Modarressi, by The Just Ruler or the Guardian Jurist: An Attempt to Link Two Different Shicite Concepts by Abdulaziz Abdulhussein Sachedina" 2165:—describes the arrival of rule of jurist in Iran as a "revolution" after fourteen centuries of "lamentable" governance in the Islamic world. Other supporters ( 1730:, Khomeini advanced the idea of guardianship in its "absolute" form as rule of the state and society. This version of guardianship now forms the basis of the 9116: 3984: 3684:/Wali al-Faqih to be a marja' — and although it stated that its clauses were to endure until the Mahdi reappeared on earth to rule — after Khomeini died the 3231: 2117:) for what functions during the Imam's absence. The delegation of some functions—for example, the collection and disbursement of religiously mandated tithes ( 5303: 11159: 11121: 6076: 5588: 2545: 11140: 9091: 6211: 6210: 5189: 4311:اکنون که مناصب حکومتی نداریم ، اینهمه اختلاف نظر وجود دارد . اگر به حکومت برسیم این اختلاف نظر باعث چندپارگی دین و ایجاد فرقه های جدید و آسیب به دین می شود 3680: 10733: 9285: 4805:"A day later (8 November 1978) he gave virtually the same answer to a reporter from the United Press and added that he had already stated this many times. 11574: 10862: 9801: 5692: 2917: 2866:), people or things in Islamic society that lack a guardian over their interests (الامور الحسبیه), including unattended children, religious endowments ( 17: 11197: 11178: 11102: 6268: 3961:, trials that are not open to the public and do not allow the accused to choose their own defense counsel, and whose verdict cannot be appealed to the 2613: 2063:, i.e. by Islamic clerics) has been used as a pejorative term to describe Wilāyat al-Faqīh as government and specifically the Islamic Republic of Iran. 10436: 8074: 4848: 4430: 3023: 2576: 4166: 3333:(along with Ahmed Vaezi and Baqir Sharif al-Qurashi) cites a hadith known as "the maqbulah of ‘Umar ibn Hanzalah", where this Umar asks the 6th Imam ( 9092: 9065: 5296: 3669:, was ousted as Khomeini's officially designated successor, after he called for "an open assessment of failures" of the Revolution and an end to the 3472: 2203: 11362: 10468: 7325: 4499:, which rejects that notion, has made some researchers in Shiite affairs predict the end of the traditional Shiite reference with Sistani's death". 2326: 2019:("conditional" authority" of the faqih/jurisprudent) "restricts the right of the faqih for issuing governmental orders" to "permissibility cases" ( 9064: 4948:(Interestingly, Khomeini himself seems to have disagreed with Vaezi's interpretation, thinking the hadith said ulema should distain the world of 3852:"the velayat-e faqih thesis was rejected by almost the entire dozen grand ayatollahs living in 1981: they either openly opposed Khomeini, as did 3263:"those who transmit my statements and my traditions and teach them to the people" are the successors of Imam Ali's (Ali is said to have narrated); 9751:: Chapter 5. The Concept of Absolute Guardianship of the Jurist. ... ‘Guardianship of the Jurist’ or ‘Guardianship of the Most Qualified Jurist’? 3954: 3810: 1546: 11569: 8188: 7736: 4410: 3109: 1624: 4187: 9260: 9193: 7454:"Iran (Islamic Republic of)'s Constitution of 1979 with Amendments through 1989. Chapter VIII. The Leader or Leadership Council. Article 107" 6549: 3823: 1962:—authority over administration of inheritance, and rights of inheritors in Sunni fiqh. (This authority is "not accepted by Imami scholars".) 1344: 11307: 11289: 9598: 9149: 8983: 5536: 4763: 3409: 3107:إِنَّمَا وَلِيُّكُمُ ٱللَّهُ وَرَسُولُهُۥ وَٱلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُوا۟ ٱلَّذِينَ يُقِيمُونَ ٱلصَّلَوٰةَ وَيُؤْتُونَ ٱلزَّكَوٰةَ وَهُمْ رَٰكِعُونَ 11840: 6029: 4348: 3069: 2541:, adopted by referendum on 2 and 3 December 1979. It established the first country (and so far only) in history to apply the principal of 2339: 1731: 10130: 6293: 2819: 11585: 11479: 10083: 3290:"The superiority of the learned man over the mere worshipper is like that of the full moon over the stars. Truly the religious scholars ( 3144:)”, but had not called for Jurists to rule or for them to replace monarchs -- "we do not say that government must be in the hands of the 8290: 6553:"Khomeini's Concept of Governance of the Jurisconsult ( Wilayat al-Faqih) Revisited: The Aftermath of Iran's 2009 Presidential Election" 3718: 2282: 2279:(~1781–1864). Mohamad Bazzi dates "the concept of wilayat al-faqih" as a model "of political rule" from "the early nineteenth century". 11549: 9534: 6624: 3200: 3031:-- "Shi’a centers of thought" outside of the Islamic Republic of Iran—and even within the IRI is still influential in the holy city of 2811:"to assure the continuation of the struggle for the liberation of all deprived and oppressed peoples in the world." it quotes Q.21:92: 2621: 2109: 11077: 7708: 5241: 11689: 11579: 7625: 2746: 11357: 11337: 2597:". By 2008, the goal of transforming Lebanon into somewhere like Iran had been abandoned in favor of "a more inclusive approach". 2538: 2181: 1134: 7271: 6405: 3760: 3046: 2902: 11539: 11389: 6196: 5733: 1855: 1723: 4440: 4245: 3868:, al-Shirazi and al-Najaf al-Mar'ashi. In fact the high clergy kept its distance from the revolution. Only one grand ayatollah, 3478: 3192:, Khomeini explains that there is little difference between guardianship over the nation and guardianship over a young person: 2564: 11917: 11177: 3615:", was seemingly in contradiction for the rationale Khomeini gave for the need for an Islamic government in his 1970 manifesto: 2695:. Political forces alleged to be under the control of Iran there have sometimes been disparagingly referred to as "the arms of 8838: 3639: 2726:, who wield both military and economic clout, and a number of conservative clerics, such as the current head of the assembly, 11872: 11529: 11091: 8259: 8119: 7590: 7564: 7126: 6794: 6101: 4475: 1334: 11139: 10254: 5267: 5101: 3505: 1709:), at least some of the religious and social affairs of the Muslim world should be administered by righteous Shi'i jurists ( 11507: 10106: 9553: 8437:"Iran (Islamic Republic of)'s Constitution of 1979 with Amendments through 1989. Preamble. The Form of Government in Islam" 8363: 2894: 11120: 11101: 8389:"Iran (Islamic Republic of)'s Constitution of 1979 with Amendments through 1989. CHAPTER I. General Principles. Article 5" 7859: 6267: 11867: 11431: 11216: 10280: 8523: 5361: 1349: 248: 11240: 11196: 10759: 9341: 7604: 6135: 4319:ذات حکومت کردن دروغ گفتن است و نمی شود حکومت با اخلاق داشت . لذا در شان روحانیت نیست که دروغ بگوید و دامن دین را بیالاید 4219: 11419: 6647: 2723: 2072: 1785: 807: 3710: 3437: 2870:), and property for which no specific person is responsible, as well as judicial matters, such as mediating disputes; 2011: 11732: 11554: 11278: 11226: 11042: 11019: 10906: 10851: 9982: 9576: 9574: 9572: 9354: 8680: 8638: 8596: 7801: 7239: 7207: 6684: 6482: 6452: 6427: 6398: 6111: 5986: 5480: 4275: 4180: 3648: 3239:"The seat you are occupying is filled by someone who is a prophet, the legatee of a prophet, or else a sinful wretch" 2397: 2365: 2298: 2255: 1429: 10790: 8137:"The Ayatollahs and the Republic: The religious establishment in Iran and its interaction with the Islamic Republic" 5442: 2572: 11424: 9691: 7690: 3308:) instead they bequeathed knowledge, and whoever acquires it has indeed acquired a generous portion of their legacy 188: 31: 10302: 9841: 9569: 7666: 5197: 4299:"When the clergymen will come to power, they could no longer see their faults and justify and ignore corruption." 3556: 2767:(Other articles—107 to 112—specify the procedure for selecting the leader and list his constitutional functions.) 11694: 11603: 11472: 9343: 8669: 8627: 8585: 6180: 5975: 5469: 3611: 2794: 2605: 1210: 997: 764: 9886:: Chapter 3: The Role of the People in the Islamic Government. The role of the people in the Islamic government. 9474: 2862: 11835: 11610: 11250: 10912: 10823: 10800: 8321: 6874: 6632: 5802: 4724: 4303:آمال وآرزوی ما تبعیت حکومت از دین است در حالیکه اگر حکومت را در دست گیریم، به تبعیت دین از حکومت دچار خواهیم شد 4295:وقتی روحانیون پا به حکومت بگذارند دیگر نمی توانند عیوب خود را ببینند و توجیه می کنند و فسادها را نادیده میگیرند 2271: 1898:, meaning not only "to be in charge", but “to be near or close to someone or something", to be a friend, etc. 1465: 889: 7343:"Iran (Islamic Republic of)'s Constitution of 1979 with Amendments through 1989. Preamble. Islamic Government" 4087: 3341:("illegitimate ruling power"). Furthermore, to reject use or ruling of experts in Shi'i fiqh is equivalent to 1122: 10426: 9471:: Chapter 3: The Role of the People in the Islamic Government. Two prerequisites for conducting this research 7651: 3719: 3462: 3004: 2239: 1934:, for example, would talk of the "guardianship of the jurisprudent", not "the mandate of the jurisprudent".) 1610: 824: 8495:"Iran (Islamic Republic of)'s Constitution of 1979 with Amendments through 1989. Chapter one, Article 2, 6a" 4785:`Our intention is not that religious leaders should themselves administer the state,` (October 25, 1978, in 3501: 3390: 2906:— a view that while accepted in much of the Shi'i world, is outside the "red lines" of the Islamic Republic; 857: 725: 10348:"Ayatullah Khomeini's Concept of Governance (wilayat al-faqih) and the Classical Shi'i Doctrine of Imamate" 9550:: Chapter 4. The Concept of Absolute Guardianship of the Jurist. ... founded on imitation or on research ? 7968:"Ayatullah Khomeini's Concept of Governance (wilayat al-faqih) and the Classical Shi'i Doctrine of Imamate" 4508: 4470: 3857: 3560:" (Ahmed Vaezi), not only contradicts "Khomeini's previous promises but also the norms of the sacred law" ( 2714:, the choice of the next Supreme Leader will likely not be deliberated by the body designed to do that—the 2711: 1329: 503: 11158: 9896: 9894: 9892: 9870:: Chapter 3: The Role of the People in the Islamic Government. Reviewing and commenting on two other views 7500: 5293: 4970:, Mesbah-Yazdi quotes a different translation of the relevant part of the Maqbulah of ‘Umar ibn Hanzalah’ 4095: 1017: 11559: 11544: 11502: 11382: 10987: 10458: 10401:"ولاية الفقيه - الاستفتاءات - موقع مكتب سماحة المرجع الديني الأعلى السيد علي الحسيني السيستاني (دام ظله)" 9827: 9825: 9823: 9821: 9819: 7197: 4917: 4100: 659: 193: 7322: 3715: 3425: 669: 11922: 11888: 11783: 11564: 11465: 11414: 11351: 9889: 9857: 9854:: Chapter 3: The Role of the People in Islamic Government. Reviewing and commenting on two other views. 8494: 8465: 8436: 8388: 7907: 7905: 7453: 7419: 7342: 6167: 3399: 3330: 2921: 2162: 1798: 694: 9816: 9779: 9777: 9775: 9773: 9146: 8891: 5832: 5380: 5110:"Khomeini had to preside over a state bureaucracy three times larger than that of Mohammad Reza Shah." 2452:, Khomeini was an expert on Islamic jurisprudence, and had originally supported an interpretation of 2180:(1501–1702), which at its height ruled a vast area including modern day Iran and beyond. The Safavids 11932: 11813: 10328: 4380: 4131: 2618: 635: 10995:. Translated by Algar, Hamid. The Institute for Compilation and Publication of Imam Khomeini's Works 9178: 9012: 7902: 6322: 6058: 5683: 4103: 11777: 10929: 9770: 8812: 4335: 4259: 4011: 3904: 3861: 3561: 3466: 2845: 2361: 2095: 1702: 1376: 1205: 959: 729: 560: 277: 218: 63: 9452:: Chapter 6: Chapter 6: The Assembly of Experts and Wilayat al-Faqih. Why the Assembly of Experts? 4465: 11907: 11669: 11345: 11334: 11083: 9873: 9587:: Chapter 5. The Concept of Absolute Guardianship of the Jurist. Marja‘iyyah and wilayat al-faqih 9566:: Chapter 5. The Concept of Absolute Guardianship of the Jurist. Marja‘iyyah and wilayat al-faqih 4163: 1944:—authority (Wilayat) given to a father or paternal grandfather over minors and the mentally ill. 1653: 1551: 1339: 689: 320: 315: 9767:: Chapter 3:The Role of the People in the Islamic Government. Searching for the correct view ... 9738: 9537: 6786: 6776: 11593: 11375: 10127: 9948: 9259: 7518: 4596: 4331: 4159: 3938: 3932: 3865: 3837: 3783: 3681: 3597:)". (This of course also elevated the jurist ruler of the Islamic state, and concept is called 3510: 3205: 2903: 1992: 1759: 1748: 1706: 1677: 1391: 879: 800: 355: 11522: 8862: 8550: 8233:"Special Report: Iran's leader ordered crackdown on unrest – 'Do whatever it takes to end it'" 7931: 6503: 5945: 5865: 5744: 4863:) and downgraded rituals (e.g., the obligatory prayers and fasting) to secondary injunctions ( 3907:(1875–1961) as their Marja' al Taqlid (source of emulation), including his student, Ayatollah 3149: 2779: 2262:, who argued against absolute authority of the jurist over all affairs of a believer's life. 2133: 11639: 7580: 6472: 6417: 6388: 4778:'The religious dignitaries do not want to rule' Quotation of Khomeini from the Iranian daily 4445: 4415: 4371: 4042: 4010: 3962: 3873: 3869: 3853: 3832: 3666: 2910: 2787: 2653: 1931: 1396: 1265: 1260: 1200: 954: 867: 10841: 9838:: Chapter 2. The Relationship between Religion and Politics. Early Development of Secularism 6621: 1977: 11912: 11861: 11739: 11517: 10537: 10525: 9217: 7762: 5119: 4435: 3966: 3958: 3670: 2594: 2569: 2184:, (which continues to be the religion of a large majority of its population). According to 1250: 899: 674: 538: 350: 228: 170: 79: 10883:"Khomeini's Face is in the Moon: Limitations of Sacredness and the Origins of Sovereignty" 6364: 4495: 3540: 2588: 8: 11679: 10760:"Pakistan's Baluchis Protest Iranian Treatment Of Ethnic Brethren After Border Shootings" 10463: 7609: 6782: 4191: 4111:). He has "explicitly called for a 'civil state' in Iraq rather than a religious state". 3799: 3779: 3685: 2715: 2664: 2251: 2125:) — continued during occultation, but others were limited. Shi'i jurists, and especially 2103: 1698: 1586: 1493: 1406: 1386: 1195: 1079: 1024: 238: 198: 43: 11330: 10863:"A Glance at the Fundamentals of the Trusteeship of the Jurisconsult (Wilayat al-faqih)" 9433:: Chapter 5:The Concept of Absolute Guardianship of the Jurist . Absolute Guardianship" 9319: 8980: 4215:“Wilayah for the faqih in the age of ghaybah is not approved by any evidence whatsoever 4202: 2409: 2406:), predating Khomeini in supporting rule by sharia and opposing Western ideas in Iran. 1536: 11845: 11830: 11746: 11711: 11534: 10965: 10957: 10708: 10431: 10375: 10367: 9790:: Chapter 5. The Concept of Absolute Guardianship of the Jurist. Absolute Guardianship. 9360: 9166: 9115: 9000: 8952: 8686: 8644: 8602: 7995: 7987: 7790: 7535: 7279: 7170: 6848: 6734: 6580: 6572: 6310: 6190: 6046: 5992: 5916: 5659: 5486: 5159: 4694: 4455: 4015: 3364: 3334: 3283: 2556:", (a powerful body which can veto legislation and disqualify candidates for office). 2534: 2521: 2441: 2373: 2259: 2243: 2228: 2208: 2083: 1927: 1727: 1304: 1215: 1112: 1054: 862: 759: 584: 123: 54: 9704:: Chapter 5. The Concept of Absolute Guardianship of the Jurist. Absolute Guardianship 5019:"This amendment ... unwittingly undermined the intellectual foundations of Khomeini's 4545: 3152:" (i.e. faqih who have sufficient learning to conduct independent reasoning, known as 2137:) until the return of the Imam. Al-Murtada also excluded implementing the penal code ( 11718: 11598: 11488: 11274: 11246: 11222: 11087: 11038: 11015: 10969: 10949: 10902: 10847: 10819: 10812: 10796: 10379: 9978: 9907:: Chapter 6: The Assembly of Experts and Wilayat al-Faqih. The problem of circularity 9441: 9439: 9350: 8676: 8634: 8592: 8115: 7999: 7797: 7645: 7586: 7560: 7527: 7235: 7229: 7203: 7122: 6790: 6680: 6478: 6448: 6423: 6394: 6335: 6176: 6163: 6107: 5982: 5476: 4608: 4522: 4450: 4425: 4353: 3908: 3644: 3081: 2946: 2423: 2381: 2351: 2189: 2155: 2126: 1830:, are widely used, Arabic being the original language of Islamic sources such as the 1719: 1245: 1235: 793: 783: 440: 153: 138: 118: 74: 11306: 10734:"Deaths Rising in Sistan and Baluchistan as Unrest Continues Amid Internet Shutdown" 10015: 9511: 9509: 9364: 8982: 8690: 8648: 8606: 6584: 6028: 5996: 5490: 3475: 2460:; he specifically stated "we do not say that government must be in the hands of the 1012: 11795: 11771: 11654: 11512: 11441: 11436: 10941: 10894: 10700: 10359: 10205: 10173: 9344: 9283: 8944: 8834: 8670: 8628: 8586: 7979: 6840: 6726: 6564: 5976: 5908: 5651: 5470: 4460: 4362: 3891: 3795: 3787: 3450: 2953: 2735: 2688: 2553: 1839: 1642: 1561: 1526: 1424: 1366: 1162: 1152: 1127: 1074: 1002: 684: 640: 290: 98: 10893:. Vol. 6: Helden - Heroisierungen - Heroismen. Würzburg: Ergon. pp. 229–244. 10886: 9436: 8859: 8291:"One of the worst crackdowns in decades is happening in Iran. Here's what we know" 6677: 11927: 11801: 11765: 11757: 11341: 10945: 10363: 10134: 9506: 9490: 7983: 7694: 7554: 7329: 7309: 6628: 6442: 5365: 5300: 4420: 4104: 3282: 3077: 2928:, and think those who do not are "betraying Khomeini and the Islamic Revolution". 2427: 2393: 2347: 1739: 1668: 1479: 1434: 1401: 1381: 1371: 1280: 1172: 1117: 872: 679: 569: 148: 8863:"Revisiting Ayatollah Khomeini's Doctrine of Wilayat al-Faqıh (Velayat-e Faqıh)" 8551:"Revisiting Ayatollah Khomeini's Doctrine of Wilayat al-Faqıh (Velayat-e Faqıh)" 8466:"Iran (Islamic Republic of)'s Constitution of 1979 with Amendments through 1989" 8343: 7932:"Revisiting Ayatollah Khomeini's Doctrine of Wilayat al-Faqıh (Velayat-e Faqıh)" 7487: 7420:"Iran (Islamic Republic of)'s Constitution of 1979 with Amendments through 1989" 6504:"Revisiting Ayatollah Khomeini's Doctrine of Wilayat al-Faqıh (Velayat-e Faqıh)" 5946:"Revisiting Ayatollah Khomeini's Doctrine of Wilayat al-Faqıh (Velayat-e Faqıh)" 5866:"Revisiting Ayatollah Khomeini's Doctrine of Wilayat al-Faqıh (Velayat-e Faqıh)" 5745:"Revisiting Ayatollah Khomeini's Doctrine of Wilayat al-Faqıh (Velayat-e Faqıh)" 4022:سلطان الإسلام المنصوب من قبل الله تعالى، وهم أئمة الهدى من آل محمد عليهم السلام 3848: 2176: 832: 11807: 11789: 11725: 11684: 11079: 11060: 10201: 10169: 10057: 6648:"The Sistani Factor How a struggle within Shiism will shape the future of Iraq" 4732: 4684:. Naraqi's idea of jurist as the perfect leader was influenced by both debates. 4612: 4398: 4046: 3900: 3565: 2815:"This your community is a single community, and I am your Lord, so worship Me". 2350: 2304: 2276: 1500: 1285: 1240: 1167: 1094: 919: 664: 625: 523: 183: 108: 10704: 9660: 8948: 8535: 7860:"Mandates of the Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances; ..." 6844: 5912: 5655: 5559: 5358: 4014:, making no exceptions for rule by jurists in their absence. In the words of 3647:), and the "logic" of the Islamic revolution comes to an "end" (according to 2182: 11901: 11398: 10953: 9303: 9192: 7531: 6814: 6419: 4050: 3343: 3073: 2800: 2727: 2343: 2266: 1566: 1541: 1275: 1270: 1225: 1089: 1039: 884: 630: 595: 498: 128: 113: 103: 10006:(p.126, In the Name of God : The Khomeini Decade by Robin Wright c1989) 8763: 8211:"Metro Protesters Chant 'Death to the Islamic Republic' in Covid-hit Tehran" 3084: 1822: 11855: 11664: 11644: 11236: 11037:. Translated by Algar, Hamid. Berkeley, CA: Mizan Press. pp. 169–173. 10237: 8107: 8103: 6672: 5551: 4845: 4677: 4673: 4644: 4389: 4075:) over non-litigious affairs. Non-litigious affairs are technically called 3749: 3689: 3201: 2703: 2668: 2610: 2177: 2151: 1763: 1531: 1230: 1220: 1157: 1007: 974: 929: 924: 600: 533: 513: 89: 10898: 10561: 10549: 10400: 8075:"Montazeri, Khomeini's Designated Successor in Iran, Quits Under Pressure" 7199: 6103: 5720: 4001: 3860:, or they maintained a discreet distance, refusing official posts, as did 3296:) are the heirs of the Prophet (pbuh); the prophets bequeathed not gold ( 3080: 2675: 2231:(948–1022), and enforced for a while by Muhaqqiq Karaki during the era of 11850: 11659: 10209: 10177: 8210: 6920:, (Secrets Revealed) (Tehran, n.d.) p.186; quoted in Abrahamian, Ervand, 6075: 5587: 4859: 4764: 4628: 4096: 3998: 3881: 3465: 3403: 2986: 2185: 2166: 2086: 2030: 1993: 1850:, are also commonly used in discussion about the concept and practice in 1794: 1598: 1556: 1354: 979: 949: 645: 508: 143: 133: 10961: 10371: 10347: 9754: 9597: 9241: 8933:"Contending Discourses in Shi'i Law on the Doctrine of Wilāyat al-Faqīh" 8780: 8170: 7991: 7967: 7687: 7539: 6576: 6552: 6292: 6023: 6021: 6019: 6017: 6015: 6013: 5897:"Contending Discourses in Shi'i Law on the Doctrine of Wilāyat al-Faqīh" 5640:"Contending Discourses in Shi'i Law on the Doctrine of Wilāyat al-Faqīh" 4565: 4004: 3421: 2514: 2396: 11631: 10712: 10688: 9802:"Everything you need to know about Iran's Assembly of Experts election" 9391:: Chapter 5. Is wilayat al-faqih founded on imitation or on research ? 8956: 8932: 6852: 6828: 6738: 6714: 5920: 5896: 5663: 5639: 4648: 4534: 4129: 3738: 3304: 2707: 2221: 1691: 1177: 1029: 969: 964: 894: 47: 9487:: Chapter 3: The Role of the People ... The period of occultation ... 5269: 5163: 5147: 4033: 2803: 2173:(precautionary dissimulation) prevents this from being obvious to us. 11409: 11035: 11011: 10230: 8364:"Iran's Protesters Want Khamenei Gone. Who Is Iran's Supreme Leader?" 6010: 4878: 4669: 4267: 4034: 3794: 3769: 3753: 3298: 2975: 2637: 2581: 2426: 2410: 2358: 2232: 1507: 1255: 1049: 984: 934: 720: 580: 565: 493: 462: 415: 405: 11457: 11058: 10882: 10843: 10607: 10199: 10167: 10055: 9378: 8809:"Surat Al-Ma'idah [5:55] – The Noble Qur'an – القرآن الكريم" 6730: 6568: 4897: 4712: 3675: 3052: 2658: 2481: 2434:, he gave a series of lectures on how "Islamic Government" required 2098:"—a line starting with Muhammad's cousin, son-in-law and companion, 11622: 9661:"The Khobar Towers bombing: Its perpetrators and political fallout" 7737:"Iran-Syria vs. Israel, Round 1: Assessments & Lessons Learned" 7146: 5436: 5434: 5432: 5430: 5428: 5426: 5424: 5422: 4640: 4274: 2979: 2629: 2585: 2537:, a modified form of Khomeini's doctrine was incorporated into the 2414: 2300: 2087: 1486: 1084: 1034: 734: 518: 482: 360: 233: 10459:"Iraqi Sheik Struggles for Votes, And Against Religious Tradition" 9718:. Translated by Carol Volk. Harvard University Press. p. 179. 7664: 5420: 5418: 5416: 5414: 5412: 5410: 5408: 5406: 5404: 5402: 2722: 2649: 1910: 1711: 11446: 11367: 9460: 9458: 9422: 9420: 9418: 6813: 6175:. Translated by Shah-Kazemi, Reza. I.B.Tauris. pp. 118–119. 5537:"Iran on Quest to Legitimize Velayat-e Faqih in Iraqi Seminaries" 4733: 4665: 4604: 4600: 3946: 3941: 3843: 3590: 3232: 3153: 3028: 2941: 2857: 2692: 2577: 2309: 2284: 2224: 2023:), which must not be "in opposition" to "obligatory Islamic laws. 1966: 1885: 1688: 944: 842: 739: 711: 605: 590: 528: 488: 457: 450: 445: 410: 400: 395: 330: 325: 253: 10303:"Wilayat al-Faqih in the View of Ayatollah Sayed Ali al-Sistani" 9522:: Chapter 4: Arguments for Wilayat alFaqih. Intellectual proofs. 7313: 2924: 2734: 9332:: Chapter 5. The Concept of Absolute Guardianship of the Jurist 7227: 5399: 5322: 4632: 4624: 4616: 4539: 3950: 3575: 3557: 3178: 3174: 3166: 2848:(the Twelver Shia school of law) scholars about how much power 2652: 2528: 2372: 2295: 2170: 2091: 2060: 1894: 1854:, which is both the largest Shi'i majority country, and as the 1835: 1694: 1472: 1044: 385: 258: 178: 11712: 10989: 9455: 9415: 8114:. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. p. 260. 7792: 4789: 4745: 3995: 2741: 2438:. Leading up to the revolution, a book based on the lectures ( 2430:. In early 1970, when he was exiled to the holy Shia city of 778: 11674: 10620:"صراط النجاة - التبريزي، الميرزا جواد - کتابخانه مدرسه فقاهت" 9503:: Chapter 4:Arguments for Wilayat alFaqih. Transmitted proofs 9401: 9399: 9397: 7556: 5558: 4898:"Jami' at-Tirmidhi Chapter 41 on Knowledge, Hadith 38, #2682" 4661: 4636: 4496: 4271: 4038: 3942: 3585: 3534: 3528: 3318: 3292: 3170: 3097: 3062: 3058: 3024: 2970: 2883: 2829: 2445:) was spread widely among his network of followers in Iran. 2431: 2318: 2314: 2305: 2144: 2139: 2130: 2122: 2118: 1921: 1831: 1806: 1775: 1458: 1439: 575: 390: 380: 310: 305: 300: 285: 263: 223: 11363: 7335: 4551: 4079:. As for general affairs with which social order is linked, 3220: 2993:(authoritative reference) has largely been restricted to": 2806: 2113:), has had to determine who, if anyone, has his authority ( 10107:"Shia split: Sistani and Khamenei clash over Iraq's future" 7836:, 174–256 (20 October 1983 – 8 August 1985). 6285: 5833:"Overturning Islamic Law: Right of Guardianship of a Minor" 5803:"Custody and Guardianship of Children: Shari'a Perspective" 5384: 4729: 4620: 4592: 4542: 3761: 3612: 2938: 2887: 2867: 2684: 2642: 2469: 2322: 2290: 2204: 2004: 1908: 1902: 1851: 1781: 939: 295: 10930:"Akhund Khurasani and the Iranian Constitutional Movement" 10657: 9394: 9284: 9148: 8151: 8068: 8066: 7884: 7582: 5888: 3393: 2150: 11245:. New Haven, CT; London, England: Yale University Press. 11014:. Translated by Algar, Hamid. Berkeley, CA: Mizan Press. 10098: 9590: 8381: 8313: 8203: 7839: 5633: 5631: 5629: 5627: 5625: 5317: 5315: 5313: 5311: 5309: 3885: 3764:—and not public opinion—to pick the best expert on fiqh. 3745: 3322:" (Islamic community), which includes the power to rule. 3148:". He had also asserted that the practical "power of the 3032: 2676: 2380: 2099: 2039:—political authority, is one of the elements included in 1802: 420: 10538: 10526: 10077: 10075: 9949: 8808: 7414: 7412: 5275:. President and Fellows of Harvard College. pp. 5–6 4154: 3884:". "Most" of the "spiritual references", aka marjaʿ, in 3398: 2874: 2593: 10638: 10567: 10281:"POST-SISTANI IRAQ, IRAN, AND THE FUTURE OF SHIA ISLAM" 8739:"Post-Sistani Iraq, Iran, and the Future of Shia Islam" 8260:"U.S. says Iran may have killed up to 1,000 protesters" 8063: 7448: 7446: 7444: 6533: 6531: 6529: 5294: 5242:"VELAYAT-E FAQIH Theory of governance in Shiʿite Islam" 4977: 4918:"Sunan Ibn Majah. Book of the Sunnah. v.1, book 1, 223" 3447: 2982: 2823:"Verily My righteous servants shall inherit the earth". 9530: 9528: 9252: 8620: 8580: 8578: 8576: 8458: 7680: 7164: 7162: 7160: 5824: 5622: 5515:. Translated by Carol Volk. Harvard University Press. 5306: 3701: 11264:. Translated by Carol Volk. Harvard University Press. 10072: 9086: 9084: 8732: 8730: 8728: 8431: 8429: 8427: 8425: 7409: 7231: 7098: 6474: 6386: 5530: 5528: 5526: 4144: 3325: 2515: 1658: 9652: 8357: 8355: 8353: 7686: 7665: 7441: 6932: 6930: 6526: 4697: 4181: 2254:, obediently declaring jihad against Russia for the 1753: 1682: 30:"Vilayat faqih" redirects here. For other uses, see 11331:"Iran's Elections Serve Mullahcracy, Not Democracy" 10782: 10161: 10159: 9658: 9525: 9185: 8968:but could not be verified in online translation of 8662: 8573: 8487: 8446:. p. preamble. The Form of Government in Islam 7925: 7923: 7921: 7826: 7709:"Hezbollah's Role in Syria War Shakes the Lebanese" 7605:"Options for U.S. Limited As Mideast Crises Spread" 7157: 7086: 6872: 6866: 5722: 4171:Imam or his direct representative (naib al-khaas). 4071: 3260:"Obey those among you who have authority" (Q.4:59); 3184:In dispensing with the traditional limited idea of 2220:The issue was reportedly mentioned by the earliest 2199:There are other theories by supporters of absolute 2196:began "to be discussed as a distinct legal topic". 11288:Vaezi, Ahmed (2004). "What is Wilayat al-Faqih.". 11199:A Cursory Glance at the Theory of Wilayat al-Faqih 11180:A Cursory Glance at the Theory of Wilayat al-Faqih 11161:A Cursory Glance at the Theory of Wilayat al-Faqih 11142:A Cursory Glance at the Theory of Wilayat al-Faqih 11123:A Cursory Glance at the Theory of Wilayat al-Faqih 11104:A Cursory Glance at the Theory of Wilayat al-Faqih 10811: 10685:, M. Taleqani, ed. (Tehran, 1955/1334), quoted in 10675: 10585: 10583: 10231:"al-Babu al-Hadi 'Ashar by 'Allamah al-Hilli p.12" 9342: 9142: 9140: 9138: 9136: 9081: 9057: 8725: 8668: 8626: 8584: 8422: 8102: 7789: 7781: 6708: 6706: 6639: 6270:A Cursory Glance at the Theory of Wilayat al-Faqih 6203: 6136:"Can The US Choke Iran's Radical Islamist Regime?" 6078:A Cursory Glance at the Theory of Wilayat al-Faqih 5974: 5968: 5794: 5590:A Cursory Glance at the Theory of Wilayat al-Faqih 5580: 5523: 5468: 5464: 5462: 5441:Vaezi, Ahmed (2004). "What is Wilayat al-Faqih?". 5235: 3918: 3509:)" that each Shi'i chooses (as of 2022 there were 3444:Everyone needs a government for order and welfare; 3411:A Cursory Glance at the Theory of Wilayat al-Faqih 3402:(1935-2021) and Iranian Shi'i cleric and academic 3277: 2288:(i.e., reasoning) in the creation of new rules of 2211:(d.765) in the famous textbook Javaher-ol-Kalaam ( 1718:Wilāyat al-Faqīh is associated in particular with 10047: 9926: 9191: 9114: 8909: 8907: 8905: 8903: 8901: 8350: 8189:"'Death to the dictator': What is Iran's future?" 7121:(illustrated ed.). I.B.Tauris. p. 200. 6927: 6875:"A Theoretical Approach: Wilayat al-Faqih and IS" 6820: 6070: 6068: 5233: 5231: 5229: 5227: 5225: 5223: 5221: 5219: 5217: 5215: 3100:can be interpreted from verse 5:55 in the Quran. 2329: 1884:conveys several meanings which are involved in 1762:of that country. Currently, this role is held by 11899: 10427:"Shiites in Iraq Say Government Will Be Secular" 10156: 9997:The Last Revolution by Robin Wright c2000, p.279 9288:Islamic Political Theory (Legislation): Volume 2 8853: 8801: 8180: 7918: 7517: 7499:Glenn, Cameron; Nada, Garrett (28 August 2015). 6715:"Iranian Revolutions in Comparative Perspective" 6636:, (2003). Found in Oxford Islamic Studies Online 6470: 5375: 5373: 5184: 5182: 5180: 5142: 5140: 4795:Q: Will you occupy a post in the new government? 3786:who then can appoint half of the members of the 3383:Islamic Political Theory (Legislation): Volume 2 3042:out of politics and governance argue universal 2932: 1892:is derived from the Arabic verbal root "w-l-y", 11008:Khomeini, Ruhollah (1981). Algar, Hamid (ed.). 10580: 10295: 10191: 9974:Persian Mirrors : the Elusive Face of Iran 9133: 8164: 7961: 7959: 7957: 7863:Office of the High Commissioner on Human Rights 7596: 6774: 6703: 6100:Cannon, Garland Hampton; Kaye, Alan S. (1994). 5939: 5937: 5859: 5857: 5855: 5853: 5459: 4532:Another source (Sohaira Siddiqui) states that 3899:As of 2015, 2018, the leading Marja' of Najaf ( 3657: 3583:) and downgraded rituals (e.g., the obligatory 3243:This is given as evidence on the grounds that 2783:appointing the jurists to the guardian council; 1769:Under the "absolute authority of the jurist" ( 11056: 10818:. California: University of California Press. 9638: 9636: 9634: 9043: 9041: 9024: 9022: 8898: 8711: 8709: 8707: 8098: 8096: 8049: 8047: 8045: 8043: 8041: 8039: 8037: 8020: 8018: 8016: 7395: 7393: 7391: 7389: 7387: 7385: 7383: 7364: 7054: 6892: 6873:bin Sulieman Addadh, Khalid (26 August 2019). 6598: 6228: 6065: 5212: 4952:-- i.e. the world of sovereignty or kingdom). 4411:1988 executions of Iranian political prisoners 3844:Opposition among scholars to guardian as ruler 2628: 2161:One firm supporter of governance by jurist -- 11473: 11383: 10976: 10140: 10031: 9675: 8542: 7832:source: Anonymous "Prison and Imprisonment", 7658: 7481:11 February 1979 (according to Dilip Hiro in 7323:Iranian Government Constitution, English Text 6752: 6244: 5907:(3/4 (Summer - Autumn, 1996)): 229–268, 231. 5370: 5177: 5137: 3381:as ruler, not judge. (But in another work -- 3212:The government or the absolute guardianship ( 3117: 2844:There is a wide spectrum of viewpoints among 2600: 2401: 2212: 1858:, is also the one country in the world where 1715:). The nature of these affairs are disputed. 1618: 1345:Society of Devotees of the Islamic Revolution 801: 10979:Modern Iran: Roots and Results of Revolution 9879: 9863: 9793: 9760: 9603:. online: Al-Islam/Islamic Centre of England 9464: 9426: 8225: 8112:Modern Iran: Roots and Results of Revolution 7954: 7700: 7632:. Archived from the original on 20 July 2006 7269: 7265: 7263: 7006: 6495: 6266: 6260: 6209: 6127: 6074: 5934: 5850: 5736: 5586: 5338: 5336: 5334: 5332: 3813: 3518:Mesbah Yazdi and Ahmed Vaezi claim that the 3356:appointed as hakim", to administer justice ( 2529:Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran 1732:Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran 9970: 9910: 9722: 9631: 9615: 9038: 9019: 8929:Khomeini, Hukuimat-i Islamt, 65. quoted in 8785: 8704: 8344:"تصویری از شناسنامه حضرت آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای" 8134: 8093: 8034: 8013: 7810: 7546: 7380: 5510: 4119:al-Sistani in his own advanced lectures of 3601:-- "the absolute authority of the jurist".) 3076:declaring tobacco forbidden, a successful 2852:should have. At the minimal end, scholars 2742:Velayat-e Faqih in the Iranian constitution 2533:Following the overthrow of the Shah by the 2129:(d. 1044 CE), forbade "waging of offensive 11480: 11466: 11390: 11376: 11053:by Rullah Khomeini, 1941, p. 221-224) 10839: 10814:Khomeinism: Essays on the Islamic Republic 10272: 9258: 7755: 7228:Benard, Cheryl; Khalilzad, Zalmay (1984). 7116: 7070: 7038: 7022: 6990: 6974: 6958: 6942: 6913: 6911: 6393:, Cambridge University Press, p. 40, 6355:. University of Texas Press. 1989, p. 145. 6158: 6156: 6099: 4446:Blasphemy laws of Islamic Republic of Iran 2839: 2793:supreme command over the armed forces and 2346:declaring tobacco forbidden, successfully 1647: 1625: 1611: 808: 794: 11358:al-Sistani's Web page on fiqh and beliefs 8860: 8548: 7929: 7852: 7617: 7498: 7260: 7140: 7138: 6937:Khomeini, "A Warning to the Nation", 1981 6501: 6375:Safavid Iran: Rebirth of a Persian Empire 6106:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 263. 5943: 5863: 5742: 5329: 5239: 4326: 3221:Scriptural basis for guardian being ruler 2913:) who believe that the leader exercising 2878:the "absolute authority of the jurist" ( 2788:highest judicial authority in the country 11586:America can't do a damn thing against us 11202:. Ahlul Bayt World Assembly/Al-Islam.org 11183:. Ahlul Bayt World Assembly/Al-Islam.org 11164:. Ahlul Bayt World Assembly/Al-Islam.org 11145:. Ahlul Bayt World Assembly/Al-Islam.org 10689:"The State and Khomeini's Islamic Order" 10686: 10278: 10104: 9659:Shahir Shahidsaless (3 September 2015). 8931:Akhavi, Shahrough (Summer–Autumn 1996). 8895:, n.p. , 1941, pp.221-224. Quoted in ... 8736: 8416: 8288: 8257: 8072: 7144: 6829:"The State and Khomeini's Islamic Order" 6826: 6273:. Ahlul Bayt World Assembly/Al-Islam.org 5830: 5812:. The National Judicial Institute, Abuja 5650:(3/4 (Summer - Autumn, 1996)): 229–268. 5265: 5152:Journal of the American Oriental Society 4114: 3955:judiciary system of the Islamic Republic 3177:, and faqih to understand and implement 2539:Constitution of Islamic Republic of Iran 2413: 1862:is part of the structure of government. 11540:Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution 10927: 10644: 10562:https://www.sistani.org/arabic/qa/0429/ 10550:https://www.sistani.org/arabic/qa/0584/ 10424: 10252: 10197: 10165: 10081: 10053: 7706: 7195: 6908: 6342:. 1989. University of Michigan, p. 313. 6213:Story of the Holy Ka'aba And its People 6162: 6153: 6133: 5801:OMAR, MOHMED LAWAL (11–15 March 2019). 5724:, Vol. 4, New York and Oxford, 320-322. 5534: 4895: 4720:school of ulama won out over the rival 4554:Guardianship of the property of minors. 3431: 3394:Arguments of Taqi Yazdi and Ahmed Vaezi 3225: 3165:Khomeini preached that God had created 2754:(may God hasten his reappearance), the 2559: 2188:, (a convert to Islam and supporter of 2147:, and giving allegiance to any leader. 14: 11900: 11268: 11075: 10605:Sayyid Abul Qasim al-Musawi al-Khoei, 10345: 10128:The Widening Rift Among Iran's Clerics 9799: 8930: 8361: 8319: 8186: 7965: 7787: 7623: 7602: 7552: 7352:. p. Preamble. Islamic Government 7168: 7135: 7104: 6712: 6550: 6537: 5894: 5810:national judicial institute of Nigeria 5637: 4672:on the other hand, which was based on 4548:Guardianship for contracting marriage; 4519:Non-governmental Guardianship in Islam 2856:restrict the scope of the doctrine to 2679:." Chants of ‘Death to the dictator’ ( 11487: 11461: 11371: 11305: 11287: 10861:Amuli, Ayatollah Jawadi (July 2016). 10860: 10658:"مرحوم آیت الله العظمی آخوند خراسانی" 10279:AL-KHOEI, HAYDER (8 September 2016). 10243:Sheikh al-Mufid in al-Muqni'a (p.810) 9596: 9291:. The Ahl al-Bayt (‘a) World Assembly 9147: 9090: 9063: 8981: 8756: 8737:AL-KHOEI, Hayder (8 September 2016). 8320:Nabeel, Gilgamesh (5 November 2019). 8258:Williams, Abigail (6 December 2019). 8239:from the original on 23 December 2019 7257:by Asghar Schirazi, Tauris, 1997 p.24 6671: 6665: 6645: 6291: 6027: 5773: 5617:A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic 5557: 5440: 5359:Interview: Hamid al-Bayati (May 2003) 4668:schism on one hand and the spread of 4254: 4179:Similarly, Sistani's mentor the late 3976: 3827:. When a campaign started to install 3127: 2962:issue pronouncements on new problems; 2094:(as Sunni Muslims believe), but the " 1817: 1734:, which calls for a Guardian Jurist ( 1335:Front of Islamic Revolution Stability 11580:Iranian Revolution conspiracy theory 11221:. New York, NY: Thomas Dunne Books. 11195: 11176: 11157: 11138: 11119: 11100: 10880: 10471:from the original on 17 January 2016 9900: 9847: 9831: 9783: 9744: 9697: 9580: 9559: 9543: 9515: 9496: 9480: 9445: 9405: 9384: 9349:. RAND Corporation. pp. 21–30. 9325: 9309: 9242: 8841:from the original on 27 January 2018 8633:. RAND Corporation. pp. 25–26. 8301:from the original on 3 December 2019 8289:McKenzie, Sheena (3 December 2019). 8270:from the original on 8 December 2019 7559:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. 7520:International Journal on World Peace 7092: 6768: 5831:Siddiqui, Sohaira (14 August 2021). 5800: 5475:. RAND Corporation. pp. 21–30. 5381:"Archived copy [in Persian]" 5190:"Archived copy [in Persian]" 3945:and scholars, and punishing them by 3526:have two different roles. One gives 3286:, according to whom Muhammad said: 11868:Imam Khomeini International Airport 11432:Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists 10915:from the original on 13 August 2021 10439:from the original on 6 October 2014 10425:Filkins, Dexter (24 January 2005). 9977:. Simon and Schuster. p. 327. 8675:. RAND Corporation. pp. 23–4. 8322:"Is Iran's honeymoon in Iraq over?" 8187:ETEHAD, MELISSA (14 January 2020). 7501:"Rival Islamic States: ISIS v Iran" 6195:: CS1 maint: ignored ISBN errors ( 5158:(3): 549–562. July–September 1991. 4099:has often been identified with the 3087: 2402: 2213: 1743: 1672: 1646: 1350:Society of Seminary Teachers of Qom 24: 18:Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists 11873:Execution of Imam Khomeini's Order 11397: 11028: 10846:. University of California Press. 10683:Tanbih al-'Umma va Tanzih al-Milla 10253:Watling, Jack (22 December 2016). 10105:Mohammad, Ali (10 November 2015). 8835:"Quran Surah Al-Maaida (Verse 55)" 8815:from the original on 28 March 2015 8073:Sciolino, Elaine (29 March 1989). 6936: 4867:)", a major theological innovation 4660:Naraqi's era was a period of epic 4476:Execution of Imam Khomeini's Order 4234:“As for wilayah (guardianship) of 4067:Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist 4041:and a former student of Ayatollah 3496:question from a religious scholar. 3326:The Maqbulah of ‘Umar ibn Hanzalah 2920:those (such as conservatives like 2909:those (such as the late Ayatollah 2724:Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps 2073:History of political Islam in Iran 1888:Islamic history. Morphologically, 1838:, and much other literature. The 1639:Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist 25: 11944: 11733:Forty Hadith of Ruhullah Khomeini 11555:Council of the Islamic Revolution 11324: 8528:Middle East Intelligence Bulletin 6646:Bazzi, Mohamad (12 August 2014). 4441:1981 Bahraini coup d'état attempt 4276:Persian Constitutional Revolution 3544:Vaezi also explains that while a 3347:, i.e. polytheism (a grave sin). 2965:adjudicate in legal disputes; and 2691:against the Iranian Consulate in 2398:Iranian Constitutional Revolution 2366:Persian Constitutional Revolution 2059:The term "mullahocracy" (rule by 1430:Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps 27:Shia Islamic guardianship concept 11884: 11883: 11621: 10783:Bibliography and further reading 10752: 10726: 10650: 10612: 10599: 10555: 10543: 10531: 10519: 10510: 10501: 10492: 10483: 10451: 10418: 10393: 10346:MAVANI, HAMID (September 2011). 10321: 10246: 10223: 10121: 10018: 10009: 10000: 9991: 9964: 9954: 9942: 9800:Borden, Emma (9 February 2016). 9707: 9335: 9316:: Chapter 4. Transmitted proofs 9277: 9235: 9210: 9108: 8974: 8923: 8885: 8827: 8591:. RAND Corporation. p. 27. 8516: 8410: 8336: 8282: 8251: 8135:Ali Kadivar (21 December 2017). 8128: 7966:MAVANI, HAMID (September 2011). 7877: 7729: 7573: 7511: 7492: 7475: 7316: 7226:by Robin Wright c2000) (source: 6808: 5981:. RAND Corporation. p. 22. 5113: 5104: 5091: 5081: 5072: 5063: 5054: 5045: 5035: 5026: 5013: 5004: 4960: 4942: 4886: 4870: 4853: 4830: 4820: 4810: 4538:(a 12th-century legal manual of 4262:(1839-1911), commonly known as 3169:to guide the Islamic community ( 2974:contributions to worthy widows, 2376:), have been described both as 2364:(see below), for the democratic 1592: 1580: 1135:Safavid conversion to Shia Islam 841: 777: 32:Vilayat-e Faqih (disambiguation) 11259: 11235: 11218:Khomeini: Life of the Ayatollah 11214: 10788: 10764:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 10738:Center for Human Rights in Iran 10589: 10198:Künkler, Mirjam (24 May 2010). 10166:Künkler, Mirjam (24 May 2010). 10054:Künkler, Mirjam (24 May 2010). 9932: 9713: 9249:: Chapter 4. Transmitted proofs 8362:Takeyh, Ray (20 October 2022). 7303: 7294: 7248: 7216: 7188: 7169:Matini, Jalal (5 August 2003). 7119:Khomeini: Life of the Ayatollah 7110: 6898: 6693: 6614: 6604: 6543: 6464: 6447:, Könemann, 2004, p. 501, 6435: 6422:, Routledge, 2017, p. 92, 6410: 6380: 6367: 6358: 6345: 6329: 6234: 6134:Gilbert, Lela (26 April 2019). 6093: 5782: 5776:The Political Language of Islam 5767: 5727: 5714: 5704: 5695: 5686: 5677: 5609: 5535:Mamouri, Ali (12 August 2013). 5504: 4770: 4757: 4748: 4739: 4706: 4687: 4654: 4585: 4576: 4559: 4511: 4502: 4489: 3919:Persecution of Islamic scholars 3643:are "undermined" (according to 3278:The Sound Transmission of Qadah 3061:from their followers and issue 2795:Islamic Revolution Guards Corps 2750:"During the Occultation of the 2007:or fasting if sees the need to; 11611:The Satanic Verses controversy 11262:The Failure of Political Islam 11242:An Introduction to Shi'i Islam 11057:Mirjam Künkler (24 May 2010). 10985: 10795:. Princeton University Press. 10146: 10082:Mamouri, Ali (11 April 2018). 9716:The Failure of Political Islam 7913:The Failure of Political Islam 7603:Wright, Robin (13 July 2006). 7272:"Democracy? I meant theocracy" 7270:Jalal Matini (5 August 2003). 7171:"Democracy? I meant theocracy" 6879:European Eye on Radicalization 6775:Kurtis, Glenn; Eric Hooglund. 6758: 6719:The American Historical Review 6713:Keddie, Nikki R. (June 1983). 6633:The Oxford Dictionary of Islam 6387:Arshin Adib-Moghaddam (2017), 5513:The Failure of Political Islam 5352: 5287: 5266:Wilfried, Buchta (June 2005). 5259: 5240:Algar, Hamid; Hooglund, Eric. 4083:of a Faqih and enforcement of 3784:Guardian Jurist/Supreme Leader 3548:may sometimes conflict with a 2480:), of the top rank—known as a 2330:Colonial and post-colonial era 2272:The Oxford Dictionary of Islam 2077: 1987:Wilayat al- Mutlaqa al-Elahiya 1865: 1812: 476:Other related sects and groups 13: 1: 11918:Political terminology of Iran 10928:Hermann, Denis (1 May 2013). 10489:Kitab al-Bay'a vol. 2 pg. 640 8534:(5). May 2003. Archived from 8161:, Norton, (2005), p. 10. 7707:Barnard, Anne (20 May 2013). 7624:Jamail, Dahr (20 July 2006). 7151:Digest of Middle East Studies 6551:Mavani, Hamid (Spring 2013). 6377:, IB Tauris (March 30, 2006). 5790:The Theory of Wilayat-i Faqih 5130: 4028: 4012:Infallible Imams of Ahlulbayt 3373:throughout the Muslim world. 2933:Limited role for Guardianship 2256:Russo-Persian War (1826–1828) 2248:wilayat al-faqıh al-siyasıyah 11695:Khomeini's 8-article command 11575:Engagement with Jimmy Carter 11007: 10946:10.1080/00263206.2013.783828 10809: 10792:Iran between two revolutions 10687:Arjomand, Said Amir (1980). 10364:10.1080/00263206.2011.613208 10037: 9971:Sciolino, Elaine (c. 2000). 9935:Iran between two revolutions 9916: 9728: 9681: 9642: 9621: 9047: 9028: 8913: 8861:Matsunaga, Yasuyuki (2009). 8791: 8768:Council on Foreign Relations 8715: 8549:Matsunaga, Yasuyuki (2009). 8524:"Interview: Hamid al-Bayati" 8368:Council on Foreign Relations 8173:. Christopher de Bellaigue. 8053: 8024: 7984:10.1080/00263206.2011.613208 7930:Matsunaga, Yasuyuki (2009). 7816: 7626:"Hezbollah's transformation" 7399: 7370: 7311:Iran Between Two Revolutions 7076: 7060: 7044: 7028: 7012: 6996: 6980: 6964: 6948: 6922:Iran Between Two Revolutions 6827:Arjomand, Said Amir (1980). 6502:Matsunaga, Yasuyuki (2009). 6250: 5944:Matsunaga, Yasuyuki (2009). 5864:Matsunaga, Yasuyuki (2009). 5743:Matsunaga, Yasuyuki (2009). 5342: 4569:("universal" authority) and 4471:Nematollah Salehi Najafabadi 3593:) to secondary injunctions ( 3363:Al Quarshi interpreted what 2712:Council on Foreign Relations 2702:The current Supreme Leader, 2504: 2308:school of doctrine over the 2143:), leading the community in 2001:ahkam-e far‘ıyeh-ye elahıyeh 1330:Combatant Clergy Association 765:Criticism of Twelver Shi'ism 504:Bektashism and folk religion 7: 11560:Islamic Revolutionary Court 11503:1963 demonstrations in Iran 11126:. Ahlul Bayt World Assembly 11107:. Ahlul Bayt World Assembly 11029:Khomeini, Ruhollah (1981). 10840:Abrahamian, Ervand (1999). 10810:Abrahamian, Ervand (1993). 10789:Abrahamian, Ervand (1982). 10307:Ahl ul-Bayt Islamic Mission 10255:"The Shia Militias of Iraq" 9218:"Maqbulat 'Umar b. Hanzala" 9118:Forty Hadith: an Exposition 7697:. Retrieved 15 August 2006. 7196:Hoveyda, Fereydoun (2003). 6607:Introduction to Shi'i Islam 6444:Islam: Art and Architecture 6237:Introduction to Shi'i Islam 6081:. Ahlul Bayt World Assembly 5593:. Ahlul Bayt World Assembly 4994:"I have appointed him as a 4573:("absolute" rule/authority) 4404: 4174: 3673:. Montazeri was the only 3589:prayers and fasting during 3416: 3385:-- Mesbah-Yazdi translates 3360:), and so must be obeyed. 3122: 2440:The Jurist's Guardianship, 1983:Velayat-e motlaqeh-ye faqıh 1754: 1697:which holds that until the 1683: 1659: 10: 11949: 11784:Farideh Mostafavi Khomeini 10889:; R. von den Hoff (eds.). 7147:"The Constitution of Iran" 6761:Failure of Political Islam 5895:Akhavi, Shahrough (1996). 5638:Akhavi, Shahrough (1996). 3930: 3656:As mentioned above in the 3400:Muhammad Taqi Misbah Yazdi 3331:Mohammad-Taqi Mesbah-Yazdi 3173:), the state to implement 3118:Role of ruler for Guardian 2922:Mohammad-Taqi Mesbah-Yazdi 2626: 2601:Under the Islamic Republic 2163:Mohammad-Taqi Mesbah-Yazdi 2070: 2066: 1979:Velayat-e motlagh-e faghih 1799:Mohammad-Taqi Mesbah-Yazdi 1728:series of lectures in 1970 760:List of Twelver Shia books 29: 11881: 11823: 11814:Seyyed Ahmad Musavi Hindi 11756: 11703: 11630: 11619: 11495: 11405: 11033:. In Algar, Hamid (ed.). 11031:"A Warning to the Nation" 10705:10.1080/00210868008701568 9262:The Life of Imam Al-Mahdi 9195:Life of the Imam al-Mahdi 8949:10.1080/00210869608701850 8475:. p. Articles 5, 109 7889:Reporters Without Borders 7849:(1999), p.135-6, 167, 169 7650:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 7300:Ettelaat, August 18, 1979 7145:Schirazi, Asghar (1997). 6845:10.1080/00210868008701568 6679:. Oxford: George Ronald. 6471:Melissa L. Rossi (2008), 5913:10.1080/00210869608701850 5656:10.1080/00210869608701850 4767:, but simply 'The Imam'." 4728:) of the Prophet and the 4381:Hasan Ali Nejabat Shirazi 4047:Ali al-Husayni al-Sistani 3814:Other points of criticism 3599:velayat-e motlaqaye faqih 3487:) and ability to reason ( 2880:velayat-e motlaqaye faqih 2639:velayat-e motlaqaye faqih 2619:Reporters Without Borders 2082:A foundational belief of 1771:Velayat-e Motlaqaye Faqih 656:Other hadith collections 636:Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih 11778:Zahra Mostafavi Khomeini 10981:. Yale University Press. 10891:Sakralität und Heldentum 10681:Mohammad Hosayn Na'ini, 10149:Governance of the Jurist 10084:"The dueling ayatollahs" 8213:. Iranwire. 20 July 2021 8175:New York Review of Books 7255:The Constitution of Iran 6353:Islam: Origin and Belief 6169:Doctrines of Shi'i Islam 5299:23 November 2010 at the 4968:Islamic Political Theory 4482: 4341: 4260:Muhammad Kazim Khurasani 3905:Seyyed Hossein Borujerdi 3767:Mesbah Yazdi wrote that 3562:Freedom Movement of Iran 2422:In the 1960s, Ayatollah 2362:Muhammad Kazim Khurasani 1856:Islamic Republic of Iran 1724:Islamic Republic of Iran 1377:Islamic Republican Party 1123:1953 Iranian coup d'état 64:The Fourteen Infallibles 11841:Death and state funeral 11415:Imamah (Shi'a doctrine) 11346:The Heritage Foundation 11335:The Heritage Foundation 11084:Oxford University Press 10133:2 February 2019 at the 9346:The Next Supreme Leader 8764:"The Sunni-Shia Divide" 8672:The Next Supreme Leader 8630:The Next Supreme Leader 8588:The Next Supreme Leader 5978:The Next Supreme Leader 5774:Lewis, Bernard (1988). 5472:The Next Supreme Leader 5364:9 December 2006 at the 4981:“…For I appoint him as 3991:; that appointment may 3937:After the revolution a 3808:wilayat al-faqih system 3314:العلماء ورثة الأنبياء , 2840:Varieties of viewpoints 2053:Wilayat at-Tashri‘iyyah 1587:Conservatism portal 1552:Nuclear program of Iran 1340:Islamic Coalition Party 690:Al-Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya 660:Book of Sulaym ibn Qays 11594:Supreme Leader of Iran 11340:22 August 2006 at the 11309:Shia Political Thought 11291:Shia Political Thought 11076:Mangol, Bayat (1991). 10977:Keddie, Nikki (2003). 10934:Middle Eastern Studies 10577:, Norton, 2006, p. 144 10352:Middle Eastern Studies 9600:Shia Political Thought 9151:Shia Political Thought 9121:(2nd revised ed.) 9094:Shia Political Thought 9067:Shia Political Thought 8985:Shia Political Thought 7972:Middle Eastern Studies 7788:Ansary, Tamim (2009). 7741:Defense Industry Daily 7693:22 August 2006 at the 7688:In Search of Hezbollah 7553:Wright, Robin (2010). 6295:Shia Political Thought 6031:Shia Political Thought 5561:Shia Political Thought 5444:Shia Political Thought 4975: 4935:both hadith are rated 4865:al-ahkam al-thanawiyya 4861:al-ahkam al-awwaliyya 4850: 4703: 4693:another source quotes 4631:, as well as parts of 4597:Republic of Azerbaijan 4332:Muhammad Hussain Naini 4327:Muhammad Hussain Naini 4252: 4225: 4190:In the absence of the 4168: 4152: 4136: 4093: 4026: 3939:Special Clerical Court 3933:Special Clerical Court 3897: 3878: 3622: 3608: 3595:al-ahkam al-thanawiyya 3581:al-ahkam al-awwaliyya 3218: 3206:Supreme Leader of Iran 3198: 3163: 3111: 3038:Supporters of keeping 2777: 2765: 2758:and leadership of the 2732: 2574: 2502: 2494: 2419: 2242:, or at least his son 2240:Mohammad Mahdee Naraqi 2047:Wilayat at-Takwiniyyah 11273:. Adler & Adler. 11269:Taheri, Amir (1985). 10899:10.5771/9783956503085 7463:. p. article 107 6778:Iran, a country study 6340:Iran, a Country study 4971: 4836: 4698: 4466:Jaʽfari jurisprudence 4416:Chain murders of Iran 4372:Hussein-Ali Montazeri 4230: 4211: 4156: 4140: 4125: 4115:Al-Sistani's argument 4069: 4043:Abu al-Qasim al-Khoei 4020: 3963:Supreme Court of Iran 3931:Further information: 3893: 3874:Abu al-Qasim al-Khoei 3854:Abu al-Qasim al-Khoei 3850: 3667:Hussein-Ali Montazeri 3618: 3604: 3532:; the other decrees ( 3214:al-wilayat al-mutlaqa 3210: 3194: 3158: 3105: 2959:to update these laws; 2911:Hussein-Ali Montazeri 2858:non-litigious matters 2772: 2748: 2720: 2654:Hussein-Ali Montazeri 2627:Further information: 2570:export our revolution 2566: 2498: 2490: 2418:Khomeini in the 1970s 2417: 2352:the monarch of Persia 2260:Shaykh Murtaza Ansari 1932:Abu al-Qasim al-Khoei 784:Shia Islam portal 219:Imamate of the Family 11862:Homafaran Allegiance 11740:Islam and Revolution 11518:1978 Tabriz protests 11260:Olivier Roy (1994). 11215:Moin, Baqer (1999). 11082:. Oxford, New York: 10210:10.2139/ssrn.1505542 10178:10.2139/ssrn.1505542 10026:Turban for the Crown 9951:, (Gems of Islamism) 9903:A Cursory Glance ... 9850:A Cursory Glance ... 9834:A Cursory Glance ... 9786:A Cursory Glance ... 9747:A Cursory Glance ... 9714:Olivier Roy (1994). 9700:A Cursory Glance ... 9583:A Cursory Glance ... 9562:A Cursory Glance ... 9546:A Cursory Glance ... 9518:A Cursory Glance ... 9499:A Cursory Glance ... 9483:A Cursory Glance ... 9448:A Cursory Glance ... 9408:A Cursory Glance ... 9365:10.7249/mg1052osd.10 9328:A Cursory Glance ... 9312:A Cursory Glance ... 8691:10.7249/mg1052osd.10 8649:10.7249/mg1052osd.10 8607:10.7249/mg1052osd.10 8235:. 23 December 2019. 8081:. The New York Times 7847:Tortured Confessions 7763:"Who Are Hezbollah?" 6627:7 April 2014 at the 5997:10.7249/mg1052osd.10 5511:Olivier Roy (1994). 5491:10.7249/mg1052osd.10 5200:on 13 September 2006 4591:(all of what is now 4436:Mahsa Amini protests 4164:muhaqqiq al-Isfahani 3967:Constitution of Iran 3959:Constitution of Iran 3671:export of revolution 3665:Also in that month, 3226:Khomeini's arguments 2595:state within a state 2560:Hezbollah of Lebanon 2476:(a guardian jurist, 2127:al-Sharif al-Murtada 2037:Wilayat al-Siyasiyya 1673:وِلاَيَةُ ٱلْفَقِيهِ 834:Conservatism in Iran 675:Reality of Certainty 351:Mourning of Muharram 229:Mourning of Muharram 11690:Letter to Gorbachev 11545:Cultural Revolution 11523:Neauphle-le-Château 11271:The Spirit of Allah 10881:Gölz, Olmo (2017). 10464:The Washington Post 8538:on 9 December 2006. 8398:. p. article 5 8191:. Los Angeles Times 7743:. 13 September 2013 7610:The Washington Post 7224:The Last Revolution 7117:Baqer Moin (1999). 6783:Library of Congress 6781:. Washington D.C.: 6557:Middle East Journal 4782:, October 25, 1978 4247:, Allah knows best. 4077:al-omour al-hesbiah 3989:be appointed by God 3800:Assembly of Experts 3780:Assembly of Experts 3686:Assembly of Experts 3070:December 1891 fatwa 2863:al-omour al-hesbiah 2716:Assembly of Experts 2665:Assembly of Experts 2511:: p.34</ref> 2321:taxes, had "huge" 2252:Fath Ali Shah Qajar 2017:Wilayat al-Muqayada 1758:), to serve as the 1705:" (sometime before 1701:of the "infallible 1392:Nationalists' Party 1387:National Will Party 1080:Iranian nationalism 356:Arba'een Pilgrimage 11846:Alef-Laam Khomeini 11831:Jamaran Hussainiya 11747:The Greatest Jihad 11650:Shiite clericalism 11565:Interim Government 11535:Iranian Revolution 11352:GlobalSecurity.org 10432:The New York Times 10283:. War on the Rocks 10172:. pp. 49–50. 9919:Islamic Government 9684:Islamic Government 9050:Islamic Government 9031:Islamic Government 8970:Islamic Government 8502:Constitute Project 8473:Constitute Project 8444:Constitute Project 8396:Constitute Project 8079:The New York Times 8027:Islamic Government 7865:. 3 September 2020 7819:Islamic Government 7713:The New York Times 7461:Constitute Project 7427:Constitute Project 7350:Constitute Project 7328:2013-08-19 at the 7079:Islamic Government 7063:Islamic Government 7047:Islamic Government 7031:Islamic Government 7015:Islamic Government 6999:Islamic Government 6983:Islamic Government 6967:Islamic Government 6951:Islamic Government 6622:"Ansari, Murtada." 6390:Psycho-nationalism 6373:Andrew J. Newman, 4844:Since the Jews of 4840:Islamic Government 4695:Molla Ahmad Naraqi 4674:Shaikh Ahmad Ahsai 4571:Wilayat al-Mutlaqa 4456:Islamic leadership 4255:Nawishta-e-Akhoond 4016:Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid 3977:Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid 3204:(later the second 3190:Islamic Government 3188:in his later work 3132:In an early work, 3128:Evolution of views 3017:Al-Umur al-Hisbiya 2718:—but be made in a 2607:Islamic Government 2535:Iranian Revolution 2507:Islamic Government 2442:Islamic Government 2420: 2374:Islamic revolution 2244:Molla Ahmad Naraqi 2229:al-Shaykh Al-Mufid 1971:Wilayat al-Mutlaqa 1928:Murtadha al-Ansari 1818:Arabic and Persian 1809:), (Ali Mamouri). 1764:Ayatollah Khamenei 1687:) is a concept in 1466:Islamic Republican 1305:Islamic Government 1113:Iranian Revolution 992:Principlist groups 619:Hadith collections 11923:Ruhollah Khomeini 11895: 11894: 11719:Tahrir al-Wasilah 11680:Islamic democracy 11489:Ruhollah Khomeini 11455: 11454: 11093:978-0-19-506822-1 10885:. In F. Heinzer; 9663:. Middle East Eye 8121:978-0-300-09856-3 7591:978-1-000-45857-2 7585:Routledge, 2019 7566:978-0-307-76607-6 7485:p.32) p.108 from 7282:on 25 August 2010 7128:978-1-85043-128-2 6796:978-0-8444-1187-3 6336:Helen Chapin Metz 5326:, January 8, 1988 4892:Hadith found in 4426:Mahshahr massacre 4354:Ruhollah Khomeini 4240:jame'a li-sharaet 4160:muhaqqiq al-Naini 4138:He further added: 4062:maqbuliyya 'amnio 3909:Ruhollah Khomeini 3645:Ervand Abrahamian 3633:al-ahkam al-awaly 3520:maraji‘ at-taqlid 3507:maraji‘ at-taqlid 3142:nezarat-e rouhanı 3082:Nasir al-Din Shah 3057:. Marjaʿ receive 3015:Hisbiya Affairs ( 2947:Ervand Abrahamian 2689:Molotov cocktails 2681:Marg Bar Diktator 2424:Ruhollah Khomeini 2392:Ayatollah Sheikh 2382:Ervand Abrahamian 2190:Ruhollah Khomeini 2156:Ervand Abrahamian 1942:Wilayat al-Qaraba 1752: 1744:وَلِيُّةُ فَقِيهٌ 1720:Ruhollah Khomeini 1681: 1657: 1635: 1634: 1069:Monarchist groups 818: 817: 714:and jurisprudence 321:Nahy ani l-Munkar 161: 160: 16:(Redirected from 11940: 11933:Twelver theology 11887: 11886: 11796:Hussein Khomeini 11772:Mostafa Khomeini 11655:Death to America 11625: 11513:1978 Qom protest 11482: 11475: 11468: 11459: 11458: 11442:Islamic monarchy 11437:Islamic republic 11392: 11385: 11378: 11369: 11368: 11320: 11318: 11316: 11302: 11300: 11298: 11284: 11265: 11256: 11232: 11211: 11209: 11207: 11192: 11190: 11188: 11173: 11171: 11169: 11154: 11152: 11150: 11135: 11133: 11131: 11116: 11114: 11112: 11097: 11072: 11070: 11068: 11048: 11025: 11004: 11002: 11000: 10994: 10982: 10973: 10924: 10922: 10920: 10877: 10875: 10873: 10857: 10836: 10834: 10832: 10817: 10806: 10776: 10775: 10773: 10771: 10756: 10750: 10749: 10747: 10745: 10730: 10724: 10723: 10721: 10719: 10679: 10673: 10672: 10670: 10668: 10654: 10648: 10642: 10636: 10635: 10633: 10631: 10616: 10610: 10603: 10597: 10587: 10578: 10575:The Shia Revival 10571: 10565: 10564:(Cf. Istefta #1) 10559: 10553: 10552:(Cf. Istefta #8) 10547: 10541: 10535: 10529: 10523: 10517: 10514: 10508: 10505: 10499: 10496: 10490: 10487: 10481: 10480: 10478: 10476: 10455: 10449: 10448: 10446: 10444: 10422: 10416: 10415: 10413: 10411: 10397: 10391: 10390: 10388: 10386: 10343: 10341: 10339: 10325: 10319: 10318: 10316: 10314: 10309:. 8 October 2022 10299: 10293: 10292: 10290: 10288: 10276: 10270: 10269: 10267: 10265: 10250: 10244: 10241: 10235: 10234: 10227: 10221: 10220: 10218: 10216: 10195: 10189: 10188: 10186: 10184: 10163: 10154: 10144: 10138: 10125: 10119: 10118: 10116: 10114: 10102: 10096: 10095: 10093: 10091: 10079: 10070: 10069: 10067: 10065: 10051: 10045: 10044:: pp. 34-5. 10035: 10029: 10022: 10016: 10013: 10007: 10004: 9998: 9995: 9989: 9988: 9968: 9962: 9958: 9952: 9946: 9940: 9930: 9924: 9914: 9908: 9898: 9887: 9882:A Cursory Glance 9877: 9871: 9866:A Cursory Glance 9861: 9855: 9845: 9839: 9829: 9814: 9813: 9811: 9809: 9797: 9791: 9781: 9768: 9763:A Cursory Glance 9758: 9752: 9742: 9736: 9726: 9720: 9719: 9711: 9705: 9695: 9689: 9679: 9673: 9672: 9670: 9668: 9656: 9650: 9640: 9629: 9619: 9613: 9612: 9610: 9608: 9594: 9588: 9578: 9567: 9557: 9551: 9541: 9535: 9532: 9523: 9513: 9504: 9494: 9488: 9478: 9472: 9467:A Cursory Glance 9462: 9453: 9443: 9434: 9429:A Cursory Glance 9424: 9413: 9403: 9392: 9387:A Cursory Glance 9382: 9376: 9375: 9373: 9371: 9339: 9333: 9323: 9317: 9307: 9301: 9300: 9298: 9296: 9281: 9275: 9274: 9272: 9270: 9256: 9250: 9245:A Cursory Glance 9239: 9233: 9232: 9230: 9228: 9214: 9208: 9207: 9205: 9203: 9189: 9183: 9182: 9176: 9172: 9170: 9162: 9160: 9158: 9144: 9131: 9130: 9128: 9126: 9112: 9106: 9105: 9103: 9101: 9088: 9079: 9078: 9076: 9074: 9061: 9055: 9045: 9036: 9026: 9017: 9016: 9010: 9006: 9004: 8996: 8994: 8992: 8978: 8972: 8967: 8965: 8963: 8927: 8921: 8911: 8896: 8889: 8883: 8882: 8880: 8878: 8857: 8851: 8850: 8848: 8846: 8831: 8825: 8824: 8822: 8820: 8805: 8799: 8789: 8783: 8782: 8776: 8774: 8760: 8754: 8753: 8751: 8749: 8743:War on the Rocks 8734: 8723: 8713: 8702: 8701: 8699: 8697: 8666: 8660: 8659: 8657: 8655: 8624: 8618: 8617: 8615: 8613: 8582: 8571: 8570: 8568: 8566: 8546: 8540: 8539: 8520: 8514: 8513: 8511: 8509: 8499: 8491: 8485: 8484: 8482: 8480: 8470: 8462: 8456: 8455: 8453: 8451: 8441: 8433: 8420: 8419:, pp. 12–13 8414: 8408: 8407: 8405: 8403: 8393: 8385: 8379: 8378: 8376: 8374: 8359: 8348: 8347: 8340: 8334: 8333: 8331: 8329: 8317: 8311: 8310: 8308: 8306: 8286: 8280: 8279: 8277: 8275: 8255: 8249: 8248: 8246: 8244: 8229: 8223: 8222: 8220: 8218: 8207: 8201: 8200: 8198: 8196: 8184: 8178: 8177:. June 27, 2002. 8168: 8162: 8159:The Soul of Iran 8157:Molavi, Afshin, 8155: 8149: 8148: 8146: 8144: 8132: 8126: 8125: 8104:Keddie, Nikki R. 8100: 8091: 8090: 8088: 8086: 8070: 8061: 8051: 8032: 8022: 8011: 8010: 8008: 8006: 7963: 7952: 7951: 7949: 7947: 7927: 7916: 7915:, 1994, pp.173-4 7909: 7900: 7899: 7897: 7895: 7881: 7875: 7874: 7872: 7870: 7856: 7850: 7843: 7837: 7830: 7824: 7814: 7808: 7807: 7795: 7785: 7779: 7778: 7776: 7774: 7759: 7753: 7752: 7750: 7748: 7733: 7727: 7726: 7721: 7719: 7704: 7698: 7684: 7678: 7677: 7675: 7673: 7662: 7656: 7655: 7649: 7641: 7639: 7637: 7621: 7615: 7614: 7600: 7594: 7577: 7571: 7570: 7550: 7544: 7543: 7515: 7509: 7508: 7496: 7490: 7479: 7473: 7472: 7470: 7468: 7458: 7450: 7439: 7438: 7436: 7434: 7424: 7416: 7407: 7397: 7378: 7368: 7362: 7361: 7359: 7357: 7347: 7339: 7333: 7332:| iranonline.com 7320: 7314: 7307: 7301: 7298: 7292: 7291: 7289: 7287: 7278:. 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Bogle. 6349: 6343: 6333: 6327: 6326: 6320: 6316: 6314: 6306: 6304: 6302: 6289: 6283: 6282: 6280: 6278: 6264: 6258: 6248: 6242: 6232: 6226: 6225: 6223: 6221: 6207: 6201: 6200: 6194: 6186: 6174: 6160: 6151: 6150: 6148: 6146: 6140:Hudson Institute 6131: 6125: 6124: 6122: 6120: 6097: 6091: 6090: 6088: 6086: 6072: 6063: 6062: 6056: 6052: 6050: 6042: 6040: 6038: 6025: 6008: 6007: 6005: 6003: 5972: 5966: 5965: 5963: 5961: 5941: 5932: 5931: 5929: 5927: 5892: 5886: 5885: 5883: 5881: 5861: 5848: 5847: 5845: 5843: 5837:Islamic Law Blog 5828: 5822: 5821: 5819: 5817: 5807: 5798: 5792: 5788:Ahmad Moussavi, 5786: 5780: 5779: 5771: 5765: 5764: 5762: 5760: 5740: 5734: 5731: 5725: 5718: 5712: 5708: 5702: 5699: 5693: 5690: 5684: 5681: 5675: 5674: 5672: 5670: 5635: 5620: 5613: 5607: 5606: 5600: 5598: 5584: 5578: 5577: 5571: 5569: 5555: 5549: 5548: 5546: 5544: 5532: 5521: 5520: 5508: 5502: 5501: 5499: 5497: 5466: 5457: 5456: 5454: 5452: 5438: 5397: 5396: 5394: 5392: 5383:. 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55:Twelver Shi'ism 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11946: 11936: 11935: 11930: 11925: 11920: 11915: 11910: 11908:Islamic states 11893: 11892: 11882: 11879: 11878: 11876: 11875: 11870: 11865: 11858: 11853: 11848: 11843: 11838: 11833: 11827: 11825: 11821: 11820: 11818: 11817: 11811: 11808:Zahra Eshraghi 11805: 11799: 11793: 11790:Ahmad Khomeini 11787: 11781: 11775: 11769: 11762: 11760: 11754: 11753: 11751: 11750: 11743: 11736: 11729: 11726:Kashf al-Asrar 11722: 11715: 11707: 11705: 11701: 11700: 11698: 11697: 11692: 11687: 11682: 11677: 11672: 11667: 11662: 11657: 11652: 11647: 11642: 11640:American Islam 11636: 11634: 11628: 11627: 11620: 11618: 11616: 11615: 11614: 11613: 11608: 11607: 11606: 11591: 11590: 11589: 11582: 11577: 11572: 11567: 11562: 11557: 11552: 11547: 11542: 11532: 11530:Return to Iran 11527: 11526: 11525: 11520: 11515: 11505: 11499: 11497: 11493: 11492: 11485: 11484: 11477: 11470: 11462: 11453: 11452: 11450: 11449: 11444: 11439: 11434: 11429: 11428: 11427: 11422: 11412: 11406: 11403: 11402: 11399:Islamic states 11395: 11394: 11387: 11380: 11372: 11366: 11365: 11360: 11355: 11349: 11326: 11325:External links 11323: 11322: 11321: 11303: 11285: 11279: 11266: 11257: 11251: 11233: 11227: 11212: 11193: 11174: 11155: 11136: 11117: 11098: 11092: 11073: 11054: 11051:Kashf Al-Asrar 11043: 11026: 11020: 11005: 10983: 10974: 10940:(3): 430–453. 10925: 10907: 10878: 10858: 10852: 10837: 10824: 10807: 10801: 10784: 10781: 10778: 10777: 10766:. 4 March 2021 10751: 10740:. 1 March 2021 10725: 10674: 10662:akhund.blog.ir 10649: 10647:, p. 431. 10637: 10611: 10598: 10596:: p. 158. 10579: 10566: 10554: 10542: 10530: 10518: 10509: 10500: 10491: 10482: 10450: 10417: 10392: 10320: 10294: 10271: 10245: 10236: 10222: 10190: 10155: 10139: 10120: 10109:. The New Arab 10097: 10071: 10060:. pp. 6–7 10046: 10030: 10017: 10008: 9999: 9990: 9983: 9963: 9953: 9941: 9925: 9909: 9901:Mesbah-Yazdi, 9888: 9880:Mesbah-Yazdi, 9872: 9864:Mesbah-Yazdi, 9856: 9848:Mesbah-Yazdi, 9840: 9832:Mesbah-Yazdi, 9815: 9792: 9784:Mesbah-Yazdi, 9769: 9761:Mesbah-Yazdi, 9753: 9745:Mesbah-Yazdi, 9737: 9721: 9706: 9698:Mesbah-Yazdi, 9690: 9674: 9651: 9630: 9614: 9589: 9581:Mesbah-Yazdi, 9568: 9560:Mesbah-Yazdi, 9552: 9544:Mesbah-Yazdi, 9536: 9524: 9516:Mesbah-Yazdi, 9505: 9497:Mesbah-Yazdi, 9489: 9481:Mesbah-Yazdi, 9473: 9465:Mesbah-Yazdi, 9454: 9446:Mesbah-Yazdi, 9435: 9427:Mesbah-Yazdi, 9414: 9406:Mesbah-Yazdi, 9393: 9385:Mesbah-Yazdi, 9377: 9355: 9334: 9326:Mesbah-Yazdi, 9318: 9310:Mesbah-Yazdi, 9302: 9276: 9265:. Al-Islam.org 9251: 9243:Mesbah-Yazdi, 9234: 9209: 9184: 9175:|website= 9132: 9107: 9080: 9056: 9037: 9018: 9009:|website= 8973: 8922: 8897: 8893:Kashf al-Asrar 8884: 8852: 8826: 8800: 8784: 8755: 8724: 8703: 8681: 8661: 8639: 8619: 8597: 8572: 8541: 8515: 8486: 8457: 8421: 8409: 8380: 8349: 8335: 8312: 8281: 8250: 8224: 8202: 8179: 8163: 8150: 8127: 8120: 8092: 8062: 8033: 8012: 7953: 7917: 7901: 7876: 7851: 7838: 7825: 7809: 7802: 7780: 7754: 7728: 7699: 7679: 7657: 7616: 7613:. p. A19. 7595: 7572: 7565: 7545: 7510: 7491: 7474: 7440: 7408: 7379: 7363: 7334: 7315: 7302: 7293: 7259: 7247: 7240: 7215: 7208: 7202:. p. 88. 7187: 7156: 7134: 7127: 7109: 7107:, p. 146. 7097: 7095:, p. 229. 7085: 7069: 7053: 7037: 7021: 7005: 6989: 6973: 6957: 6941: 6926: 6907: 6891: 6865: 6819: 6795: 6767: 6751: 6725:(3): 579–598. 6702: 6692: 6685: 6664: 6638: 6613: 6597: 6563:(2): 207–228. 6542: 6525: 6494: 6483: 6463: 6453: 6434: 6428: 6409: 6399: 6379: 6366: 6357: 6344: 6328: 6319:|website= 6284: 6259: 6243: 6241:: p. 193. 6227: 6202: 6181: 6152: 6126: 6112: 6092: 6064: 6055:|website= 6009: 5987: 5967: 5933: 5887: 5849: 5823: 5793: 5781: 5778:. p. 123. 5766: 5735: 5726: 5713: 5703: 5694: 5685: 5676: 5621: 5608: 5579: 5564:. Al-Islam.org 5550: 5522: 5503: 5481: 5458: 5447:. Al-Islam.org 5398: 5369: 5351: 5328: 5305: 5286: 5258: 5211: 5176: 5135: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5126: 5125: 5112: 5103: 5090: 5080: 5071: 5062: 5053: 5044: 5034: 5025: 5012: 5003: 5001: 5000: 4988: 4987: 4959: 4957: 4956: 4941: 4934: 4933: 4914: 4885: 4869: 4852: 4829: 4819: 4809: 4807: 4806: 4802: 4801: 4797: 4796: 4793: 4790: 4783: 4769: 4756: 4747: 4738: 4705: 4686: 4670:Shaykhi Sufism 4653: 4613:North Caucasus 4584: 4575: 4558: 4556: 4555: 4552: 4549: 4531: 4530: 4527: 4510: 4501: 4487: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4480: 4479: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4451:Da'i al-Mutlaq 4448: 4443: 4438: 4433: 4428: 4423: 4418: 4413: 4406: 4403: 4402: 4401: 4399:Kazem al-Haeri 4392: 4383: 4374: 4365: 4356: 4343: 4340: 4328: 4325: 4321: 4320: 4313: 4312: 4305: 4304: 4297: 4296: 4289: 4288: 4266:, was a Shi'i 4256: 4253: 4196: 4195: 4188: 4176: 4173: 4121:dars al-kharij 4116: 4113: 4030: 4027: 3978: 3975: 3920: 3917: 3901:Ali al-Sistani 3858:Shariat Madari 3845: 3842: 3838:Supreme Leader 3815: 3812: 3792: 3791: 3758: 3757: 3734: 3733: 3732: 3731: 3712: 3711: 3703: 3702: 3694: 3693: 3682:Supreme Leader 3662: 3661: 3653: 3652: 3624: 3623: 3616: 3609: 3602: 3570: 3569: 3566:Mehdi Bazargan 3516: 3515: 3498: 3497: 3480: 3479: 3476: 3473: 3470: 3463: 3456: 3455: 3451: 3448: 3445: 3427: 3426: 3418: 3415: 3395: 3392: 3353: 3352: 3327: 3324: 3310: 3309: 3302:) and silver ( 3279: 3276: 3275: 3274: 3270: 3267: 3264: 3261: 3253: 3252: 3248: 3241: 3240: 3227: 3224: 3222: 3219: 3134:Kashf al-Asrar 3129: 3126: 3124: 3121: 3119: 3116: 3089: 3086: 3021: 3020: 3013: 3002: 2984: 2983: 2966: 2963: 2960: 2957: 2954: 2937:Traditionally 2934: 2931: 2930: 2929: 2918: 2907: 2904:Supreme Leader 2892: 2891: 2872: 2871: 2841: 2838: 2825: 2824: 2817: 2816: 2808: 2807: 2804: 2801: 2798: 2791: 2784: 2743: 2740: 2602: 2599: 2561: 2558: 2530: 2527: 2516: 2513: 2411: 2408: 2390: 2389: 2385: 2370: 2369: 2355: 2331: 2328: 2277:Morteza Ansari 2079: 2076: 2068: 2065: 2057: 2056: 2050: 2044: 2034: 2024: 2014: 2013: 2012: 2008: 1997: 1985:, also called 1964: 1963: 1957: 1951: 1945: 1867: 1864: 1819: 1816: 1814: 1811: 1760:Supreme Leader 1633: 1632: 1630: 1629: 1622: 1615: 1607: 1604: 1603: 1602: 1601: 1589: 1574: 1573: 1570: 1569: 1564: 1559: 1554: 1549: 1544: 1539: 1534: 1529: 1523: 1521:Related topics 1520: 1519: 1516: 1515: 1512: 1511: 1504: 1501:Vatan-e-Emrooz 1497: 1490: 1483: 1476: 1469: 1462: 1454: 1451: 1450: 1447: 1446: 1443: 1442: 1437: 1432: 1427: 1421: 1418: 1417: 1414: 1413: 1410: 1409: 1404: 1399: 1397:Progress Party 1394: 1389: 1384: 1379: 1374: 1369: 1358: 1357: 1352: 1347: 1342: 1337: 1332: 1323: 1320: 1319: 1316: 1315: 1312: 1311: 1300: 1297: 1296: 1293: 1292: 1289: 1288: 1283: 1278: 1273: 1268: 1263: 1258: 1253: 1248: 1243: 1238: 1233: 1228: 1223: 1218: 1213: 1208: 1203: 1198: 1192: 1189: 1188: 1185: 1184: 1181: 1180: 1175: 1170: 1165: 1160: 1155: 1149: 1146: 1145: 1142: 1141: 1138: 1137: 1132: 1131: 1130: 1125: 1115: 1109: 1106: 1105: 1102: 1101: 1098: 1097: 1095:Westernization 1092: 1087: 1082: 1077: 1065: 1064: 1063: 1062: 1052: 1047: 1042: 1037: 1032: 1027: 1022: 1021: 1020: 1010: 1005: 1000: 988: 987: 982: 977: 972: 967: 962: 957: 952: 947: 942: 937: 932: 927: 922: 920:Anti-communism 916: 913: 912: 909: 908: 905: 904: 903: 902: 897: 892: 890:Fundamentalism 882: 877: 876: 875: 865: 860: 854: 851: 850: 847: 846: 838: 837: 829: 828: 816: 815: 813: 812: 805: 798: 790: 787: 786: 773: 772: 768: 767: 762: 756: 755: 753:Related topics 752: 751: 748: 747: 743: 742: 737: 732: 723: 717: 716: 709: 708: 705: 704: 700: 699: 698: 697: 692: 687: 682: 677: 672: 667: 665:Bihar al-Anwar 662: 653: 651: 650: 649: 648: 643: 638: 633: 626:The Four Books 622: 621: 618: 617: 614: 613: 609: 608: 603: 598: 593: 588: 578: 573: 563: 557: 556: 553: 552: 549: 548: 544: 543: 542: 541: 536: 531: 526: 521: 516: 511: 506: 501: 496: 485: 479: 478: 475: 474: 471: 470: 466: 465: 460: 455: 454: 453: 448: 437: 436: 433: 432: 429: 428: 424: 423: 418: 413: 408: 403: 398: 393: 388: 383: 377: 376: 373: 372: 369: 368: 364: 363: 358: 353: 347: 346: 343: 342: 339: 338: 334: 333: 328: 323: 318: 313: 308: 303: 298: 293: 288: 282: 281: 276: 275: 272: 271: 267: 266: 261: 256: 251: 246: 241: 236: 231: 226: 221: 215: 214: 211: 210: 207: 206: 202: 201: 196: 191: 186: 181: 175: 174: 169: 168: 165: 164: 159: 158: 157: 156: 151: 146: 141: 136: 131: 126: 121: 116: 111: 106: 101: 93: 92: 85: 84: 83: 82: 77: 67: 62: 61: 58: 57: 51: 50: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11945: 11934: 11931: 11929: 11926: 11924: 11921: 11919: 11916: 11914: 11911: 11909: 11906: 11905: 11903: 11890: 11880: 11874: 11871: 11869: 11866: 11864: 11863: 11859: 11857: 11854: 11852: 11849: 11847: 11844: 11842: 11839: 11837: 11834: 11832: 11829: 11828: 11826: 11822: 11816:(grandfather) 11815: 11812: 11809: 11806: 11803: 11800: 11797: 11794: 11791: 11788: 11785: 11782: 11779: 11776: 11773: 11770: 11767: 11764: 11763: 11761: 11759: 11755: 11749: 11748: 11744: 11742: 11741: 11737: 11735: 11734: 11730: 11728: 11727: 11723: 11721: 11720: 11716: 11714: 11713: 11709: 11708: 11706: 11702: 11696: 11693: 11691: 11688: 11686: 11683: 11681: 11678: 11676: 11673: 11671: 11668: 11666: 11663: 11661: 11658: 11656: 11653: 11651: 11648: 11646: 11643: 11641: 11638: 11637: 11635: 11633: 11629: 11624: 11612: 11609: 11605: 11602: 11601: 11600: 11599:Iran–Iraq War 11597: 11596: 11595: 11592: 11588: 11587: 11583: 11581: 11578: 11576: 11573: 11571: 11568: 11566: 11563: 11561: 11558: 11556: 11553: 11551: 11548: 11546: 11543: 11541: 11538: 11537: 11536: 11533: 11531: 11528: 11524: 11521: 11519: 11516: 11514: 11511: 11510: 11509: 11508:Life in exile 11506: 11504: 11501: 11500: 11498: 11494: 11490: 11483: 11478: 11476: 11471: 11469: 11464: 11463: 11460: 11448: 11445: 11443: 11440: 11438: 11435: 11433: 11430: 11426: 11423: 11421: 11418: 11417: 11416: 11413: 11411: 11408: 11407: 11404: 11400: 11393: 11388: 11386: 11381: 11379: 11374: 11373: 11370: 11364: 11361: 11359: 11356: 11353: 11350: 11347: 11343: 11339: 11336: 11332: 11329: 11328: 11311: 11310: 11304: 11293: 11292: 11286: 11282: 11280:0-09-160320-X 11276: 11272: 11267: 11263: 11258: 11254: 11248: 11244: 11243: 11238: 11237:Momen, Moojan 11234: 11230: 11228:9781466893061 11224: 11220: 11219: 11213: 11201: 11200: 11194: 11182: 11181: 11175: 11163: 11162: 11156: 11144: 11143: 11137: 11125: 11124: 11118: 11106: 11105: 11099: 11095: 11089: 11085: 11081: 11080: 11074: 11062: 11061: 11055: 11052: 11046: 11044:9781483547541 11040: 11036: 11032: 11027: 11023: 11021:9781483547541 11017: 11013: 11012: 11006: 10991: 10990: 10984: 10980: 10975: 10971: 10967: 10963: 10959: 10955: 10951: 10947: 10943: 10939: 10935: 10931: 10926: 10914: 10910: 10908:9783956503085 10904: 10900: 10896: 10892: 10888: 10884: 10879: 10868: 10864: 10859: 10855: 10853:0-520-21866-3 10849: 10845: 10844: 10838: 10827: 10821: 10816: 10815: 10808: 10804: 10798: 10794: 10793: 10787: 10786: 10765: 10761: 10755: 10739: 10735: 10729: 10714: 10710: 10706: 10702: 10698: 10694: 10690: 10684: 10678: 10663: 10659: 10653: 10646: 10641: 10625: 10621: 10615: 10608: 10602: 10595: 10593: 10586: 10584: 10576: 10570: 10563: 10558: 10551: 10546: 10539: 10534: 10527: 10522: 10513: 10504: 10495: 10486: 10470: 10466: 10465: 10460: 10454: 10438: 10434: 10433: 10428: 10421: 10406: 10402: 10396: 10381: 10377: 10373: 10369: 10365: 10361: 10357: 10353: 10349: 10334: 10330: 10324: 10308: 10304: 10298: 10282: 10275: 10260: 10256: 10249: 10240: 10232: 10226: 10211: 10207: 10204:. p. 2. 10203: 10202: 10194: 10179: 10175: 10171: 10170: 10162: 10160: 10152: 10150: 10143: 10136: 10132: 10129: 10124: 10108: 10101: 10085: 10078: 10076: 10059: 10058: 10050: 10043: 10041: 10034: 10028:(1988), p.173 10027: 10021: 10012: 10003: 9994: 9986: 9984:9780743217798 9980: 9976: 9975: 9967: 9957: 9950: 9945: 9938: 9936: 9929: 9922: 9920: 9913: 9906: 9904: 9897: 9895: 9893: 9885: 9883: 9876: 9869: 9867: 9860: 9853: 9851: 9844: 9837: 9835: 9828: 9826: 9824: 9822: 9820: 9803: 9796: 9789: 9787: 9780: 9778: 9776: 9774: 9766: 9764: 9757: 9750: 9748: 9741: 9734: 9732: 9725: 9717: 9710: 9703: 9701: 9694: 9687: 9685: 9678: 9662: 9655: 9648: 9646: 9639: 9637: 9635: 9627: 9625: 9618: 9602: 9601: 9593: 9586: 9584: 9577: 9575: 9573: 9565: 9563: 9556: 9549: 9547: 9540: 9531: 9529: 9521: 9519: 9512: 9510: 9502: 9500: 9493: 9486: 9484: 9477: 9470: 9468: 9461: 9459: 9451: 9449: 9442: 9440: 9432: 9430: 9423: 9421: 9419: 9411: 9409: 9402: 9400: 9398: 9390: 9388: 9381: 9366: 9362: 9358: 9356:9780833051332 9352: 9348: 9347: 9338: 9331: 9329: 9322: 9315: 9313: 9306: 9290: 9289: 9280: 9264: 9263: 9255: 9248: 9246: 9238: 9223: 9219: 9213: 9197: 9196: 9188: 9180: 9168: 9153: 9152: 9143: 9141: 9139: 9137: 9120: 9119: 9111: 9096: 9095: 9087: 9085: 9069: 9068: 9060: 9053: 9051: 9044: 9042: 9034: 9032: 9025: 9023: 9014: 9002: 8987: 8986: 8977: 8971: 8958: 8954: 8950: 8946: 8942: 8938: 8934: 8926: 8919: 8917: 8910: 8908: 8906: 8904: 8902: 8894: 8888: 8872: 8868: 8864: 8856: 8840: 8836: 8830: 8814: 8810: 8804: 8797: 8795: 8788: 8781: 8769: 8765: 8759: 8744: 8740: 8733: 8731: 8729: 8721: 8719: 8712: 8710: 8708: 8692: 8688: 8684: 8682:9780833051332 8678: 8674: 8673: 8665: 8650: 8646: 8642: 8640:9780833051332 8636: 8632: 8631: 8623: 8608: 8604: 8600: 8598:9780833051332 8594: 8590: 8589: 8581: 8579: 8577: 8560: 8556: 8552: 8545: 8537: 8533: 8529: 8525: 8519: 8503: 8496: 8490: 8474: 8467: 8461: 8445: 8438: 8432: 8430: 8428: 8426: 8418: 8417:Schirazi 1997 8413: 8397: 8390: 8384: 8369: 8365: 8358: 8356: 8354: 8345: 8339: 8323: 8316: 8300: 8296: 8292: 8285: 8269: 8265: 8261: 8254: 8238: 8234: 8228: 8212: 8206: 8190: 8183: 8176: 8172: 8167: 8160: 8154: 8138: 8131: 8123: 8117: 8113: 8109: 8105: 8099: 8097: 8080: 8076: 8069: 8067: 8059: 8057: 8050: 8048: 8046: 8044: 8042: 8040: 8038: 8030: 8028: 8021: 8019: 8017: 8001: 7997: 7993: 7989: 7985: 7981: 7977: 7973: 7969: 7962: 7960: 7958: 7941: 7937: 7933: 7926: 7924: 7922: 7914: 7908: 7906: 7890: 7886: 7880: 7864: 7861: 7855: 7848: 7842: 7835: 7829: 7822: 7820: 7813: 7805: 7803:9781586486068 7799: 7794: 7793: 7784: 7769:. 4 July 2010 7768: 7764: 7758: 7742: 7738: 7732: 7725: 7714: 7710: 7703: 7696: 7692: 7689: 7683: 7668: 7661: 7653: 7647: 7631: 7627: 7620: 7612: 7611: 7606: 7599: 7592: 7588: 7584: 7583: 7576: 7568: 7562: 7558: 7557: 7549: 7541: 7537: 7533: 7529: 7525: 7521: 7514: 7506: 7505:Wilson Center 7502: 7495: 7488: 7484: 7478: 7462: 7455: 7449: 7447: 7445: 7428: 7421: 7415: 7413: 7405: 7403: 7396: 7394: 7392: 7390: 7388: 7386: 7384: 7376: 7374: 7367: 7351: 7344: 7338: 7331: 7327: 7324: 7319: 7312: 7306: 7297: 7281: 7277: 7273: 7266: 7264: 7256: 7251: 7243: 7241:9780231053761 7237: 7233: 7232: 7225: 7219: 7211: 7209:9780275978587 7205: 7201: 7200: 7191: 7176: 7172: 7165: 7163: 7161: 7153:. Tauris: 24. 7152: 7148: 7141: 7139: 7130: 7124: 7120: 7113: 7106: 7105:Taheri (1985) 7101: 7094: 7089: 7082: 7080: 7073: 7066: 7064: 7057: 7050: 7048: 7041: 7034: 7032: 7025: 7018: 7016: 7009: 7002: 7000: 6993: 6986: 6984: 6977: 6970: 6968: 6961: 6954: 6952: 6945: 6938: 6933: 6931: 6923: 6919: 6918:Kashf-i Asrar 6914: 6912: 6904: 6902: 6895: 6880: 6876: 6869: 6854: 6850: 6846: 6842: 6838: 6834: 6830: 6823: 6816: 6815:public domain 6798: 6792: 6788: 6784: 6780: 6779: 6771: 6764: 6762: 6755: 6740: 6736: 6732: 6728: 6724: 6720: 6716: 6709: 6707: 6696: 6688: 6686:0-85398-201-5 6682: 6678: 6674: 6673:Momen, Moojan 6668: 6653: 6652:Boston Review 6649: 6642: 6635: 6634: 6630: 6626: 6623: 6617: 6611:: p. 196 6610: 6608: 6601: 6586: 6582: 6578: 6574: 6570: 6566: 6562: 6558: 6554: 6546: 6540:, p. 13. 6539: 6534: 6532: 6530: 6513: 6509: 6505: 6498: 6491: 6486: 6484:9780452289598 6480: 6476: 6475: 6467: 6460: 6456: 6454:9783833111785 6450: 6446: 6445: 6438: 6431: 6429:9781317159780 6425: 6421: 6420: 6413: 6406: 6402: 6400:9781108423076 6396: 6392: 6391: 6383: 6376: 6370: 6361: 6354: 6348: 6341: 6337: 6332: 6324: 6312: 6297: 6296: 6288: 6272: 6271: 6263: 6256: 6254: 6247: 6240: 6238: 6231: 6215: 6214: 6206: 6198: 6192: 6184: 6178: 6171: 6170: 6165: 6159: 6157: 6141: 6137: 6130: 6115: 6113:9783447034913 6109: 6105: 6104: 6096: 6080: 6079: 6071: 6069: 6060: 6048: 6033: 6032: 6024: 6022: 6020: 6018: 6016: 6014: 5998: 5994: 5990: 5988:9780833051332 5984: 5980: 5979: 5971: 5955: 5951: 5947: 5940: 5938: 5922: 5918: 5914: 5910: 5906: 5902: 5898: 5891: 5875: 5871: 5867: 5860: 5858: 5856: 5854: 5838: 5834: 5827: 5811: 5804: 5797: 5791: 5785: 5777: 5770: 5754: 5750: 5746: 5739: 5730: 5723: 5717: 5707: 5698: 5689: 5680: 5665: 5661: 5657: 5653: 5649: 5645: 5641: 5634: 5632: 5630: 5628: 5626: 5618: 5612: 5605: 5592: 5591: 5583: 5576: 5563: 5562: 5554: 5538: 5531: 5529: 5527: 5519: 5514: 5507: 5492: 5488: 5484: 5482:9780833051332 5478: 5474: 5473: 5465: 5463: 5446: 5445: 5437: 5435: 5433: 5431: 5429: 5427: 5425: 5423: 5421: 5419: 5417: 5415: 5413: 5411: 5409: 5407: 5405: 5403: 5386: 5382: 5376: 5374: 5367: 5363: 5360: 5355: 5348: 5346: 5339: 5337: 5335: 5333: 5325: 5324: 5318: 5316: 5314: 5312: 5310: 5302: 5298: 5295: 5290: 5271: 5270: 5262: 5247: 5243: 5236: 5234: 5232: 5230: 5228: 5226: 5224: 5222: 5220: 5218: 5216: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5185: 5183: 5181: 5165: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5143: 5141: 5136: 5122: 5116: 5107: 5094: 5084: 5075: 5066: 5057: 5048: 5038: 5029: 5022: 5016: 5007: 4997: 4993: 4992: 4991: 4984: 4980: 4979: 4978: 4974: 4969: 4963: 4954: 4953: 4951: 4945: 4938: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4903: 4899: 4896:at-Tirmidhi. 4894: 4893: 4889: 4882: 4880: 4873: 4866: 4862: 4856: 4849: 4847: 4841: 4833: 4823: 4813: 4804: 4803: 4799: 4798: 4794: 4791: 4788: 4784: 4781: 4777: 4776: 4773: 4766: 4760: 4751: 4742: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4709: 4702: 4696: 4690: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4657: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4588: 4579: 4572: 4568: 4562: 4553: 4550: 4547: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4537: 4536: 4528: 4524: 4523: 4520: 4514: 4505: 4498: 4492: 4488: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4434: 4432: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4414: 4412: 4409: 4408: 4400: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4351: 4350: 4346: 4345: 4339: 4337: 4334:, an aide to 4333: 4324: 4318: 4317: 4316: 4310: 4309: 4308: 4302: 4301: 4300: 4294: 4293: 4292: 4286: 4285: 4284: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4251: 4250: 4246: 4241: 4237: 4229: 4224: 4222: 4218: 4210: 4207: 4205: 4200: 4193: 4189: 4186: 4185: 4184: 4182: 4172: 4167: 4165: 4161: 4155: 4151: 4149: 4145: 4139: 4135: 4134: 4130: 4124: 4122: 4112: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4092: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4068: 4065: 4063: 4058: 4054: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4025: 4019: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4002: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3990: 3987: 3983: 3982:Unlike Sunnis 3974: 3972: 3968: 3965:, as per the 3964: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3934: 3929: 3927: 3916: 3912: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3896: 3892: 3889: 3887: 3883: 3877: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3849: 3841: 3839: 3833: 3830: 3826: 3820: 3811: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3776: 3775: 3774: 3772: 3771: 3765: 3763: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3742: 3741: 3740: 3729: 3728: 3725: 3724: 3723: 3721: 3716: 3709: 3708: 3707: 3700: 3699: 3698: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3677: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3637: 3636: 3634: 3628: 3621: 3617: 3614: 3610: 3607: 3603: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3587: 3582: 3577: 3572: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3554: 3553: 3551: 3547: 3542: 3541: 3537: 3536: 3531: 3530: 3525: 3521: 3512: 3511:several dozen 3508: 3504: 3503: 3502: 3494: 3493: 3492: 3490: 3486: 3477: 3474: 3471: 3468: 3464: 3461: 3460: 3459: 3452: 3449: 3446: 3443: 3442: 3441: 3438: 3435: 3433: 3424: 3423: 3422: 3414: 3412: 3407: 3405: 3401: 3391: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3374: 3371: 3366: 3361: 3359: 3350: 3349: 3348: 3346: 3345: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3323: 3321: 3320: 3307: 3306: 3301: 3300: 3295: 3294: 3289: 3288: 3287: 3285: 3271: 3268: 3265: 3262: 3259: 3258: 3257: 3249: 3246: 3245: 3244: 3238: 3237: 3236: 3234: 3217: 3215: 3209: 3207: 3203: 3197: 3193: 3191: 3187: 3182: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3162: 3157: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3115: 3110: 3104: 3101: 3099: 3095: 3092:The basis of 3085: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3074:Mirza Shirazi 3071: 3066: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3054: 3047: 3045: 3041: 3036: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3018: 3014: 3011: 3007: 3003: 3000: 2996: 2995: 2994: 2992: 2988: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2972: 2967: 2964: 2961: 2958: 2956:to use reason 2955: 2952: 2951: 2950: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2905: 2901: 2900: 2899: 2897: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2876: 2875: 2869: 2865: 2864: 2859: 2855: 2854: 2853: 2851: 2847: 2837: 2833: 2831: 2822: 2821: 2820: 2814: 2813: 2812: 2805: 2802: 2799: 2796: 2792: 2789: 2785: 2782: 2781: 2780: 2776: 2771: 2768: 2764: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2747: 2739: 2737: 2731: 2729: 2728:Ahmad Khatami 2725: 2719: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2700: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2672: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2660: 2655: 2650: 2646: 2644: 2640: 2635: 2630: 2625: 2622: 2620: 2614: 2612: 2608: 2598: 2596: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2573: 2571: 2565: 2557: 2555: 2549: 2546: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2526: 2523: 2512: 2510: 2508: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2483: 2479: 2478:Vali-ye faqih 2475: 2471: 2465: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2446: 2444: 2443: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2416: 2407: 2403:انقلاب مشروطه 2399: 2395: 2386: 2383: 2379: 2378: 2377: 2375: 2368:of 1905–1911. 2367: 2363: 2360: 2356: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2344:Mirza Shirazi 2341: 2338: 2337: 2336: 2327: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2302: 2297: 2293: 2292: 2287: 2286: 2280: 2278: 2274: 2273: 2268: 2267:John Esposito 2265:According to 2263: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2236: 2235:(1524–1576). 2234: 2230: 2226: 2223: 2218: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2197: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2174: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2159: 2157: 2153: 2148: 2146: 2142: 2141: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2107: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2074: 2064: 2062: 2054: 2051: 2048: 2045: 2042: 2038: 2035: 2032: 2028: 2025: 2022: 2018: 2015: 2009: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1995: 1991: 1990: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1969: 1968: 1967: 1961: 1958: 1955: 1952: 1949: 1946: 1943: 1940: 1939: 1938: 1935: 1933: 1929: 1924: 1919: 1917: 1913: 1912: 1906: 1904: 1899: 1897: 1896: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1876: 1872: 1863: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1828:Wali al-Faqīh 1825: 1810: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1790: 1786: 1784: 1783: 1778: 1777: 1772: 1767: 1765: 1761: 1756: 1750: 1741: 1737: 1736:Vali-ye Faqih 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1716: 1714: 1713: 1708: 1707:Judgement Day 1704: 1700: 1696: 1693: 1690: 1685: 1679: 1670: 1666: 1661: 1655: 1644: 1640: 1628: 1623: 1621: 1616: 1614: 1609: 1608: 1606: 1605: 1600: 1590: 1588: 1578: 1577: 1576: 1575: 1568: 1567:Shia crescent 1565: 1563: 1560: 1558: 1555: 1553: 1550: 1548: 1545: 1543: 1542:Islam in Iran 1540: 1538: 1535: 1533: 1530: 1528: 1525: 1524: 1518: 1517: 1510: 1509: 1505: 1503: 1502: 1498: 1496: 1495: 1491: 1489: 1488: 1484: 1482: 1481: 1477: 1475: 1474: 1470: 1468: 1467: 1463: 1461: 1460: 1456: 1455: 1449: 1448: 1441: 1438: 1436: 1433: 1431: 1428: 1426: 1423: 1422: 1419:Organisations 1416: 1415: 1408: 1405: 1403: 1400: 1398: 1395: 1393: 1390: 1388: 1385: 1383: 1380: 1378: 1375: 1373: 1370: 1368: 1365: 1364: 1363: 1362: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1346: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1328: 1327: 1326: 1318: 1317: 1307: 1306: 1302: 1301: 1295: 1294: 1287: 1284: 1282: 1279: 1277: 1274: 1272: 1269: 1267: 1266:Pourmohammadi 1264: 1262: 1259: 1257: 1254: 1252: 1251:Mojtahedzadeh 1249: 1247: 1244: 1242: 1239: 1237: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1227: 1224: 1222: 1219: 1217: 1214: 1212: 1209: 1207: 1204: 1202: 1199: 1197: 1194: 1193: 1187: 1186: 1179: 1176: 1174: 1171: 1169: 1166: 1164: 1161: 1159: 1156: 1154: 1151: 1150: 1147:Intellectuals 1144: 1143: 1136: 1133: 1129: 1126: 1124: 1121: 1120: 1119: 1116: 1114: 1111: 1110: 1104: 1103: 1096: 1093: 1091: 1090:Secular state 1088: 1086: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1076: 1073: 1072: 1071: 1070: 1061: 1060:Vilayat Faqih 1058: 1057: 1056: 1053: 1051: 1048: 1046: 1043: 1041: 1040:Republicanism 1038: 1036: 1033: 1031: 1028: 1026: 1023: 1019: 1016: 1015: 1014: 1011: 1009: 1006: 1004: 1001: 999: 996: 995: 994: 993: 986: 983: 981: 978: 976: 973: 971: 968: 966: 963: 961: 960:Law and order 958: 956: 953: 951: 948: 946: 943: 941: 938: 936: 933: 931: 928: 926: 923: 921: 918: 917: 911: 910: 901: 898: 896: 893: 891: 888: 887: 886: 885:Shia Islamism 883: 881: 878: 874: 871: 870: 869: 866: 864: 861: 859: 858:Authoritarian 856: 855: 849: 848: 844: 840: 839: 836: 831: 830: 826: 822: 821: 811: 806: 804: 799: 797: 792: 791: 789: 788: 785: 780: 775: 774: 766: 763: 761: 758: 757: 750: 749: 741: 738: 736: 733: 731: 727: 724: 722: 719: 718: 713: 707: 706: 696: 693: 691: 688: 686: 683: 681: 678: 676: 673: 671: 668: 666: 663: 661: 658: 657: 655: 654: 647: 644: 642: 639: 637: 634: 632: 631:Kitab al-Kafi 629: 628: 627: 624: 623: 616: 615: 607: 604: 602: 599: 597: 596:Seghatoleslam 594: 592: 589: 586: 582: 579: 577: 574: 571: 567: 564: 562: 559: 558: 551: 550: 540: 537: 535: 532: 530: 527: 525: 522: 520: 517: 515: 512: 510: 507: 505: 502: 500: 497: 495: 492: 491: 490: 486: 484: 481: 480: 473: 472: 464: 461: 459: 456: 452: 449: 447: 444: 443: 442: 439: 438: 431: 430: 422: 419: 417: 414: 412: 409: 407: 404: 402: 399: 397: 394: 392: 389: 387: 384: 382: 379: 378: 371: 370: 362: 359: 357: 354: 352: 349: 348: 341: 340: 332: 329: 327: 324: 322: 319: 317: 314: 312: 309: 307: 304: 302: 299: 297: 294: 292: 289: 287: 284: 283: 279: 274: 273: 265: 262: 260: 257: 255: 252: 250: 247: 245: 242: 240: 237: 235: 232: 230: 227: 225: 222: 220: 217: 216: 212:Other beliefs 209: 208: 200: 199:Judgement Day 197: 195: 192: 190: 187: 185: 182: 180: 177: 176: 172: 167: 166: 155: 152: 150: 147: 145: 142: 140: 137: 135: 132: 130: 127: 125: 122: 120: 117: 115: 112: 110: 107: 105: 102: 100: 97: 96: 95: 94: 91: 87: 86: 81: 78: 76: 73: 72: 71: 70: 65: 60: 59: 56: 53: 52: 49: 45: 41: 40: 37: 33: 19: 11860: 11856:Refah School 11745: 11738: 11731: 11724: 11717: 11710: 11665:Little Satan 11649: 11645:Anti-Zionism 11584: 11313:. Retrieved 11308: 11295:. Retrieved 11290: 11270: 11261: 11241: 11217: 11204:. Retrieved 11198: 11185:. Retrieved 11179: 11166:. Retrieved 11160: 11147:. Retrieved 11141: 11128:. Retrieved 11122: 11109:. Retrieved 11103: 11078: 11065:. Retrieved 11059: 11050: 11034: 11010: 10997:. Retrieved 10988: 10978: 10937: 10933: 10917:. Retrieved 10890: 10870:. Retrieved 10866: 10842: 10829:. Retrieved 10813: 10791: 10768:. Retrieved 10763: 10754: 10742:. Retrieved 10737: 10728: 10716:. Retrieved 10699:(1/4): 150. 10696: 10692: 10682: 10677: 10665:. Retrieved 10661: 10652: 10645:Hermann 2013 10640: 10628:. Retrieved 10626:(in Persian) 10624:lib.eshia.ir 10623: 10614: 10606: 10601: 10591: 10574: 10573:Nasr, Vali, 10569: 10557: 10545: 10540:(Cf. Q 1041) 10533: 10528:(Cf. Q 1057) 10521: 10512: 10503: 10494: 10485: 10473:. Retrieved 10462: 10453: 10441:. Retrieved 10430: 10420: 10408:. Retrieved 10404: 10395: 10383:. Retrieved 10355: 10351: 10344:. Quoted in 10336:. Retrieved 10332: 10329:"Question 1" 10323: 10311:. Retrieved 10306: 10297: 10285:. Retrieved 10274: 10262:. Retrieved 10259:The Atlantic 10258: 10248: 10239: 10225: 10213:. Retrieved 10200: 10193: 10181:. Retrieved 10168: 10148: 10142: 10123: 10111:. Retrieved 10100: 10088:. Retrieved 10086:. Al-Monitor 10062:. Retrieved 10056: 10049: 10039: 10038:Abrahamian, 10033: 10025: 10020: 10011: 10002: 9993: 9973: 9966: 9956: 9944: 9934: 9933:Abrahamian, 9928: 9918: 9912: 9902: 9881: 9875: 9865: 9859: 9849: 9843: 9833: 9806:. Retrieved 9795: 9785: 9762: 9756: 9746: 9740: 9730: 9729:Abrahamian, 9724: 9715: 9709: 9699: 9693: 9683: 9677: 9665:. Retrieved 9654: 9644: 9643:Abrahamian, 9623: 9622:Abrahamian, 9617: 9605:. Retrieved 9599: 9592: 9582: 9561: 9555: 9545: 9539: 9517: 9498: 9492: 9482: 9476: 9466: 9447: 9428: 9407: 9386: 9380: 9368:. Retrieved 9345: 9337: 9327: 9321: 9311: 9305: 9293:. Retrieved 9287: 9279: 9267:. Retrieved 9261: 9254: 9244: 9237: 9225:. Retrieved 9221: 9212: 9200:. 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Retrieved 8130: 8111: 8108:Yann Richard 8083:. Retrieved 8078: 8055: 8054:Abrahamian, 8026: 8003:. Retrieved 7975: 7971: 7944:. Retrieved 7939: 7935: 7912: 7892:. Retrieved 7888: 7879: 7867:. Retrieved 7862: 7854: 7846: 7845:Abrahamian, 7841: 7833: 7828: 7818: 7812: 7791: 7783: 7771:. Retrieved 7766: 7757: 7745:. Retrieved 7740: 7731: 7723: 7716:. Retrieved 7712: 7702: 7682: 7670:. Retrieved 7660: 7634:. Retrieved 7629: 7619: 7608: 7598: 7581: 7575: 7555: 7548: 7523: 7519: 7513: 7504: 7494: 7486: 7482: 7477: 7465:. Retrieved 7460: 7431:. Retrieved 7426: 7401: 7400:Abrahamian, 7372: 7371:Abrahamian, 7366: 7354:. Retrieved 7349: 7337: 7318: 7310: 7305: 7296: 7284:. Retrieved 7280:the original 7275: 7254: 7250: 7230: 7223: 7218: 7198: 7190: 7178:. Retrieved 7174: 7150: 7118: 7112: 7100: 7088: 7078: 7072: 7062: 7056: 7046: 7040: 7030: 7024: 7014: 7008: 6998: 6992: 6982: 6976: 6966: 6960: 6950: 6944: 6921: 6917: 6900: 6894: 6882:. Retrieved 6878: 6868: 6856:. 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Retrieved 4901: 4888: 4877: 4872: 4864: 4860: 4855: 4846:Bani Qurayza 4839: 4837: 4832: 4822: 4812: 4786: 4779: 4772: 4759: 4750: 4741: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4708: 4699: 4689: 4681: 4680:ideas about 4678:neo-platonic 4656: 4645:Turkmenistan 4587: 4578: 4570: 4566: 4561: 4533: 4518: 4513: 4504: 4491: 4394: 4390:Javadi Amoli 4385: 4376: 4367: 4358: 4347: 4330: 4322: 4314: 4306: 4298: 4290: 4279: 4263: 4258: 4248: 4244: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4226: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4203: 4201: 4197: 4178: 4169: 4157: 4153: 4147: 4143: 4141: 4137: 4132: 4128: 4126: 4120: 4118: 4108: 4094: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4070: 4066: 4061: 4059: 4055: 4032: 4021: 4007: 4006: 4003: 4000: 3997: 3992: 3988: 3985: 3981: 3980: 3970: 3936: 3925: 3922: 3913: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3879: 3851: 3847: 3834: 3828: 3824: 3821: 3817: 3807: 3803: 3793: 3768: 3766: 3759: 3735: 3717: 3713: 3704: 3695: 3690:Ali Khamenei 3674: 3640: 3632: 3629: 3625: 3619: 3605: 3598: 3594: 3584: 3580: 3549: 3545: 3543: 3539: 3533: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3517: 3506: 3499: 3488: 3484: 3481: 3457: 3454:conditions". 3439: 3436: 3428: 3420: 3410: 3408: 3397: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3375: 3369: 3362: 3357: 3354: 3342: 3338: 3329: 3317: 3311: 3303: 3297: 3291: 3281: 3254: 3242: 3229: 3213: 3211: 3202:Ali Khamenei 3199: 3195: 3189: 3185: 3183: 3164: 3159: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3131: 3112: 3106: 3102: 3093: 3091: 3067: 3051: 3048: 3043: 3039: 3037: 3022: 3016: 3009: 3005: 2998: 2990: 2985: 2969: 2942: 2936: 2925: 2914: 2895: 2893: 2879: 2873: 2861: 2849: 2843: 2834: 2826: 2818: 2809: 2778: 2773: 2769: 2766: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2749: 2745: 2733: 2721: 2704:Ali Khamenei 2701: 2696: 2680: 2673: 2669:Ali Khamenei 2657: 2651: 2647: 2638: 2636: 2632: 2623: 2615: 2611:Bani Qurayza 2606: 2604: 2589: 2575: 2567: 2563: 2550: 2547: 2542: 2532: 2518: 2506: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2486: 2477: 2473: 2466: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2447: 2439: 2435: 2421: 2391: 2371: 2333: 2299: 2289: 2283: 2281: 2270: 2264: 2247: 2237: 2219: 2214:جواهر الکلام 2200: 2198: 2193: 2175: 2160: 2152:Moojan Momen 2149: 2138: 2134: 2114: 2110: 2108: 2081: 2058: 2052: 2046: 2040: 2036: 2026: 2020: 2016: 2000: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1965: 1959: 1953: 1947: 1941: 1936: 1922: 1920: 1915: 1909: 1907: 1900: 1893: 1889: 1881: 1880: 1874: 1870: 1869: 1859: 1848:Vali-e-faqih 1847: 1843: 1827: 1823: 1821: 1791: 1787: 1780: 1774: 1770: 1768: 1735: 1717: 1710: 1699:reappearance 1692:Shia Islamic 1664: 1638: 1636: 1532:Greater Iran 1506: 1499: 1492: 1485: 1478: 1471: 1464: 1457: 1360: 1359: 1324: 1303: 1068: 1067: 1059: 1018:Antisemitism 1013:Anti-Zionism 1008:Anti-Sunnism 991: 990: 975:Social order 930:Anti-Kurdism 925:Anti-Arabism 601:Hojatoleslam 539:Ni'matullāhī 514:Qalandariyya 361:Intercession 249:Usul al-fiqh 243: 234:Intercession 90:Twelve Imams 36: 11913:Male clergy 11851:Fajr decade 11685:Imam's Line 11660:Great Satan 10887:J. Leonhard 10831:30 December 10770:16 December 10744:16 December 10443:19 February 10264:24 February 10137:nytimes.com 9804:. 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Al-Islam 5391:8 December 5345:Khomeinism 5279:8 February 5131:References 4922:sunnah.com 4902:sunnah.com 4876:i.e. be a 4817:listener." 4649:Uzbekistan 4615:including 4607:, eastern 4148:as a judge 4029:Al-Sistani 3947:defrocking 3862:Gulpaygani 3782:picks the 3739:Positivism 3720:absolutism 3273:believers. 2886:prayer or 2708:Ray Takeyh 2522:Revolution 2505:Khomeini, 2294:, exclude 2071:See also: 2003:) such as 1914:, (plural 1779:prayer or 1648:ولایت فقیه 1298:Literature 1211:Ghazizadeh 1201:Asgaroladi 1153:Alamolhoda 1030:Homophobia 970:Patriotism 965:Militarism 914:Principles 895:Khomeinism 863:Monarchism 852:Ideologies 524:Bektashism 179:Monotheism 171:Principles 48:Shia Islam 11836:Mausoleum 11632:Positions 11410:Caliphate 11315:11 August 11297:11 August 10970:143672216 10954:0026-3206 10872:10 August 10867:rafed.net 10630:2 January 10380:144976452 9939:: p.534-5 9808:14 August 9177:ignored ( 9167:cite book 9157:11 August 9011:ignored ( 9001:cite book 8991:11 August 8920:: p.24-25 8773:18 August 8328:11 August 8217:16 August 8195:16 August 8005:11 August 8000:144976452 7773:15 August 7672:17 August 7532:0742-3640 7526:(4): 19. 7377:: p.33-36 6884:11 August 6490:majority. 6321:ignored ( 6311:cite book 6301:25 August 6277:25 August 6257:: p.18-19 6191:cite book 6057:ignored ( 6047:cite book 6037:11 August 5451:11 August 5204:23 August 5098:Republic" 4881:al-taqlid 4718:mujtahidi 3951:disbaring 3870:Muntazari 3678:al-taqlid 3458:Proof #2 3440:Proof #1 3150:mujtaheds 3055:al-taqlid 3010:al-hukuma 2661:al-taqlid 2584:, a Shia 2582:Hezbollah 2568:We shall 2384:); and as 2233:Tahmasp I 2225:mujtahids 2090:are not 1749:romanized 1678:romanized 1654:romanized 1508:Yalasarat 1281:Soleimani 1261:Palevi II 1163:Khalkhali 1050:Theocracy 985:Tradition 955:Hierarchy 935:Authority 880:Religious 735:Consensus 581:Ayatollah 499:Safaviyya 494:Qizilbash 416:Kadhimiya 406:Jerusalem 278:Practices 149:al-Askari 114:al-Sajjad 11889:Category 11496:Politics 11338:Archived 11239:(1985). 11206:21 April 11187:21 April 11168:21 April 11149:21 April 11130:21 April 11111:21 April 10999:2 August 10962:23471080 10913:Archived 10718:6 August 10609:(p. 360) 10592:Khomeini 10475:31 March 10469:Archived 10437:Archived 10372:23054264 10131:Archived 10090:8 August 9688:: p.55-6 9607:22 March 9370:9 August 9222:WikiShia 8877:5 August 8839:Archived 8819:31 March 8813:Archived 8696:9 August 8654:9 August 8612:9 August 8565:5 August 8508:3 August 8479:3 August 8450:3 August 8402:3 August 8299:Archived 8268:Archived 8264:NBC News 8237:Archived 8139:. POMEPS 8110:(2003). 8085:6 August 7992:23054264 7946:5 August 7942:: 81, 87 7767:BBC News 7691:Archived 7646:cite web 7593:pp. 1–3. 7540:20752904 7467:3 August 7433:3 August 7356:3 August 7326:Archived 7286:22 April 7222:p.14 of 7180:10 March 7019:: p.52-3 6901:Khomeini 6858:6 August 6675:(1985). 6625:Archived 6590:22 April 6585:44104898 6577:43698046 6518:5 August 6166:(2001). 6002:9 August 5960:5 August 5880:5 August 5842:1 August 5816:1 August 5759:5 August 5711:166-188. 5619:, p.1099 5543:8 August 5496:9 August 5362:Archived 5297:Archived 4939:or weak. 4787:Le Monde 4780:Ettelaat 4641:Pakistan 4405:See also 4280:Nawishta 4175:Al-Khoei 4101:quietist 4089:momeneen 3993:be known 3866:al-Qummi 3558:Shari’ah 3417:Defenses 3123:Khomeini 2980:seminary 2586:Islamist 2580:to form 2470:unbelief 2388:Addadh). 2301:mujtahid 2227:such as 2088:Muhammad 1975:absolute 1726:. In a 1722:and the 1487:Rajanews 1256:Palevi I 1241:Larijani 1236:Khomeini 1231:Khamenei 1206:Ghalibaf 1173:Modarres 1168:Larijani 1085:Royalism 1035:Misogyny 868:National 825:a series 823:Part of 695:Al-Amali 519:Hurufism 483:Alawites 154:al-Mahdi 129:al-Kazim 124:al-Sadiq 119:al-Baqir 75:Muhammad 44:a series 42:Part of 11824:Related 11425:Sevener 11420:Twelver 10713:4310339 10667:29 July 10410:29 July 10385:6 March 10313:6 March 10287:18 July 10113:19 July 9295:3 March 9269:29 July 9227:5 March 9202:5 March 9125:4 March 9100:5 March 9073:5 March 8962:18 July 8957:4310997 8748:6 March 8373:4 March 7834:Mojahed 7718:20 June 6939:: p.170 6924:, p.476 6905:: p.157 6853:4310339 6787:160–163 6765:: p.171 6739:1864588 6605:Momen, 6235:Momen, 6220:31 July 6145:26 July 6119:26 July 5926:31 July 5921:4310997 5669:31 July 5664:4310997 5604:issues. 5518:clergy. 5251:31 July 5169:31 July 5042:clauses 4966:In his 4927:27 July 4907:27 July 4734:ijtihad 4722:akhbari 4666:Akhbari 4609:Georgia 4605:Armenia 4601:Bahrain 4526:crime." 4478:(Setad) 4204:wakalah 4085:wilayah 4081:wilayah 4073:wilayah 3943:clerics 3591:Ramadan 3576:mullahs 3154:Ijtihad 3094:wilayah 3044:wilayat 3040:wilayat 3029:Karbala 2976:orphans 2846:Ja'fari 2756:wilayah 2710:of the 2693:Karbala 2578:Lebanon 2310:Akhbari 2285:ijtihad 2115:wilayah 2092:caliphs 2067:History 2061:mullahs 2021:mubahat 1916:Fuquaha 1890:Wilāyat 1886:Twelver 1882:Wilayat 1751::  1689:Twelver 1680::  1663:, also 1656::  1643:Persian 1494:Resalat 1435:Restart 1361:Defunct 1321:Parties 1226:Jannati 1221:Jalili 1216:Hoveyda 1107:History 945:Elitism 726:Hadiths 712:ijtihad 606:Ijtihad 591:Allamah 583: ( 568: ( 489:Alevism 463:Shaykhi 451:Akhbari 441:Ja'fari 411:Samarra 401:Mashhad 396:Karbala 331:Tabarri 326:Tawalli 254:Ijtihad 194:Imamate 184:Justice 144:al-Naqi 139:al-Taqi 134:ar-Rida 80:Fatimah 11928:Sharia 11768:(wife) 11758:Family 11277:  11249:  11225:  11090:  11063:. 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