Economic growth - Knowledge

2005:, the positive correlation between high income and cold climate is a by-product of history. Europeans adopted very different colonization policies in different colonies, with different associated institutions. In places where these colonizers faced high mortality rates (e.g., due to the presence of tropical diseases), they could not settle permanently, and they were thus more likely to establish extractive institutions, which persisted after independence; in places where they could settle permanently (e.g. those with temperate climates), they established institutions with this objective in mind and modeled them after those in their European homelands. In these 'neo-Europes' better institutions in turn produced better development outcomes. Thus, although other economists focus on the identity or type of legal system of the colonizers to explain institutions, these authors look at the environmental conditions in the colonies to explain institutions. For instance, former colonies have inherited corrupt governments and geopolitical boundaries (set by the colonizers) that are not properly placed regarding the geographical locations of different ethnic groups, creating internal disputes and conflicts that hinder development. In another example, societies that emerged in colonies without solid native populations established better property rights and incentives for long-term investment than those where native populations were large. 3012:, (iii) the emergence of human capital as a central element in the growth process, (iv) the onset of the fertility decline, (v) the origins of the modern era of sustained economic growth, and (vi) the roots of divergence in income per capita across nations in the past two centuries. The theory suggests that during most of human existence, technological progress was offset by population growth, and living standards were near subsistence across time and space. However, the reinforcing interaction between the rate of technological progress and the size and composition of the population has gradually increased the pace of technological progress, enhancing the importance of education in the ability of individuals to adapt to the changing technological environment. The rise in the allocation of resources towards education triggered a fertility decline enabling economies to allocate a larger share of the fruits of technological progress to a steady increase in income per capita, rather than towards the growth of population, paving the way for the emergence of sustained economic growth. The theory further suggests that variations in biogeographical characteristics, as well as cultural and institutional characteristics, have generated a differential pace of transition from stagnation to growth across countries and consequently divergence in their income per capita over the past two centuries. 1960:

Middle Ages that enabled it to substantially increase the taxes it raised after 1689. On the other hand, the French experience of state building faced much stronger resistance from local feudal powers keeping it legally and fiscally fragmented until the French Revolution despite significant increases in state capacity during the seventeenth century. Furthermore, Prussia and the Habsburg empire—much more heterogeneous states than England—were able to increase state capacity during the eighteenth century without constraining the powers of the executive. Nevertheless, it is unlikely that a country will generate institutions that respect property rights and the rule of law without having had first intermediate fiscal and political institutions that create incentives for elites to support them. Many of these intermediate level institutions relied on informal private-order arrangements that combined with public-order institutions associated with states, to lay the foundations of modern rule of law states.

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presence of credit market imperfections, inequality predominantly results in underinvestment in human capital and lower economic growth. This unified theory of inequality and growth, developed by Oded Galor and Omer Moav, suggests that the effect of inequality on the growth process has been reversed as human capital has replaced physical capital as the main engine of economic growth. In the initial phases of industrialization, when physical capital accumulation was the dominating source of economic growth, inequality boosted the development process by directing resources toward individuals with higher propensity to save. However, in later phases, as human capital become the main engine of economic growth, more equal distribution of income, in the presence of credit constraints, stimulated investment in human capital and economic growth.

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can occur either by increasing the share of GDP invested or through technological progress. But at whatever share of GDP invested, capital/worker eventually converges on the steady state, leaving the growth rate of output/worker determined only by the rate of technological progress. As a consequence, with world technology available to all and progressing at a constant rate, all countries have the same steady state rate of growth. Each country has a different level of GDP/worker determined by the share of GDP it invests, but all countries have the same rate of economic growth. Implicitly in this model rich countries are those that have invested a high share of GDP for a long time. Poor countries can become rich by increasing the share of GDP they invest. One important prediction of the model, mostly borne out by the data, is that of

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relationship between inequality and growth for several reasons. First, his regression analysis control for education, fertility, investment, and it therefore excludes, by construction, the important effect of inequality on growth via education, fertility, and investment. His findings simply imply that inequality has no direct effect on growth beyond the important indirect effects through the main channels proposed in the literature. Second, his study analyzes the effect of inequality on the average growth rate in the following 10 years. However, existing theories suggest that the effect of inequality will be observed much later, as is the case in human capital formation, for instance. Third, the empirical analysis does not account for biases that are generated by reverse causality and omitted variables.

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in the panel of countries during the period 1970–2010, by considering the impact of the interaction between the level of income inequality and the initial level of GDP per capita. In line with the predictions of the model, they find that at the 25th percentile of initial income in the world sample, a 1 percentage point increase in the Gini coefficient increases income per capita by 2.3%, whereas at the 75th percentile of initial income a 1 percentage point increase in the Gini coefficient decreases income per capita by -5.3%. Moreover, the proposed human capital mechanism that mediates the effect of inequality on growth in the Galor-Zeira model is also confirmed. Increases in income inequality increase human capital in poor countries but reduce it in high and middle-income countries.

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investment. In the Solow-Swan model countries with less capital/worker (poor countries) have a higher return on investment due to the diminishing returns to capital. As a consequence, capital/worker and output/worker in a global financial capital market should converge to the same level in all countries. Since historically financial capital has not flowed to the countries with less capital/worker, the basic Solow–Swan model has a conceptual flaw. Beginning in the 1990s, this flaw has been addressed by adding additional variables to the model that can explain why some countries are less productive than others and, therefore, do not attract flows of global financial capital even though they have less (physical) capital/worker.

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capital explained eighth. This remaining unaccounted growth output is known as the Solow Residual. Here the A of (t) "technical progress" was the reason for increased output. Nevertheless, the model still had flaws. It gave no room for policy to influence the growth rate. Few attempts were also made by the RAND Corporation the non-profit think tank and frequently visiting economist Kenneth Arrow to work out the kinks in the model. They suggested that new knowledge was indivisible and that it is endogenous with a certain fixed cost. Arrow's further explained that new knowledge obtained by firms comes from practice and built a model that "knowledge" accumulated through experience.

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growth and lower levels of economic growth. In contrast, his examination of the political economy channel found no support for the political economy mechanism. Consequently, the political economy perspective on the relationship between inequality and growth have been revised and later studies have established that inequality may provide an incentive for the elite to block redistributive policies and institutional changes. In particular, inequality in the distribution of land ownership provides the landed elite with an incentive to limit the mobility of rural workers by depriving them from education and by blocking the development of the industrial sector.

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stood out was Romer's "Micro Foundations for Aggregate Technological Change." The Micro Foundation claimed that endogenous technological change had the concept of Intellectual Property imbedded and that knowledge is an input and output of production. Romer argued that outcomes to the national growth rates were significantly affected by public policy, trade activity, and intellectual property. He stressed that cumulative capital and specialization were key, and that not only population growth can increase capital of knowledge, it was human capital that is specifically trained in harvesting new ideas.

1657:, economic growth resumed, aided in part by increased demand for existing goods and services, such as automobiles, telephones, radios, electricity and household appliances. New goods and services included television, air conditioning and commercial aviation (after 1950), creating enough new demand to stabilize the work week. The building of highway infrastructures also contributed to post-World War II growth, as did capital investments in manufacturing and chemical industries. The post-World War II economy also benefited from the discovery of vast amounts of oil around the world, particularly in the 1018: 92: 4353: 4341: 3485:, published by the United Kingdom Government in 2006, concluded that an investment of 1% of GDP (later changed to 2%) would be sufficient to avoid the worst effects of climate change, and that failure to do so could risk climate-related costs equal to 20% of GDP. Because carbon capture and storage are as yet widely unproven, and its long term effectiveness (such as in containing carbon dioxide 'leaks') unknown, and because of current costs of alternative fuels, these policy responses largely rest on faith of technological change. 1342: 4078: 1595: 12602: 3192:, a mathematical result, states that if something grows at the rate of x% per year, then its level will double every 72/x years. For example, a growth rate of 2.5% per annum leads to a doubling of the GDP within 28.8 years, whilst a growth rate of 8% per year leads to a doubling of GDP within nine years. Thus, a small difference in economic growth rates between countries can result in very different standards of living for their populations if this small difference continues for many years. 1350: 55: 3298: 2722:

output per hour (the high-productivity manufacturing sector), while reducing the size of the sector with lower output per hour (the lower productivity agricultural sector). Eventually high productivity growth in manufacturing reduced the sector size, as prices fell and employment shrank relative to other sectors. The service and government sectors, where output per hour and productivity growth is low, saw increases in their shares of the economy and employment during the 1990s. The

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experience, apprenticeship) and higher level of fertility, while lower level of human capital is associated with lower levels of economic growth. Princeton economist Roland Benabou's finds that the growth process of Korea and the Philippines "are broadly consistent with the credit-constrained human-capital accumulation hypothesis". In addition, Andrew Berg and Jonathan Ostry suggest that inequality seems to affect growth through human capital accumulation and fertility channels.

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extensive evidence that families, neighborhoods, peers, and health also contribute to the development of human capital. Despite these potential limitations, Theodore Breton has shown that this measure can represent human capital in log-linear growth models because across countries GDP/adult has a log-linear relationship to average years of schooling, which is consistent with the log-linear relationship between workers' personal incomes and years of schooling in the

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held in informal form through various property associations and other arrangements. Reasons for extra-legal ownership include excessive bureaucratic red tape in buying property and building. In some countries, it can take over 200 steps and up to 14 years to build on government land. Other causes of extra-legal property are failures to notarize transaction documents or having documents notarized but failing to have them recorded with the official agency.

2917:, which is interpreted from changes to investment patterns in education, training, and healthcare by private sector firms or governments. Notwithstanding the implications this component has for policy, the endogenous perspective on human capital investment emphasizes the possibility for broad-based effects which can be realized by other firms in the economy. Accordingly, human capital is theorized to deliver increasing rates of return unlike 851: 12590: 863: 3181:, such as a 2% annual increase, have large effects. For example, the United Kingdom experienced a 1.97% average annual increase in its inflation-adjusted GDP between 1830 and 2008. In 1830, the GDP was 41,373 million pounds. It grew to 1,330,088 million pounds by 2008. A growth rate that averaged 1.97% over 178 years resulted in a 32-fold increase in GDP by 2008. 1852:

economic growth, however, it can only be so if that population is healthy and well-nourished. One of the most important aspects of health is the mortality rate and how the rise or decline can affect the labour supply predominant in a developing economy. Mortality decline triggers greater investments in individual human capital and an increase in economic growth.

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technological progress caused larger population growth but had no impact on income per capita in the long run. According to the theory, while technologically advanced economies over this epoch were characterized by higher population density, their level of income per capita was not different from those among technologically regressed society.

3374:, society should not focus solely on economic growth. Anthropologist Eduardo S. Brondizio, one of the co-chairs of the report, said "We need to change our narratives. Both our individual narratives that associate wasteful consumption with quality of life and with status, and the narratives of the economic systems that still consider that 2703:

other words, the empirical analysis of the impact of entrepreneurship on growth is difficult because of the joint determination of entrepreneurship and economic growth. A few papers use quasi-experimental designs, and have found that entrepreneurship and the density of small businesses indeed have a causal impact on regional growth.

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created by that change—does not necessarily create a change in political power if the economic powers of that society are not aligned with the new set of rule of law institutions. In England, a dramatic increase in the state's fiscal capacity followed the creation of constraints on the crown, but elsewhere in Europe increases in

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procedures: First in tax subsidies and second for the high prices of diagnostic procedures treatments. If the results of research paid by taxpayers were placed in the public domain, Baker claims that people everywhere would be healthier, because better diagnoses and treatment would be more affordable the world over.

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correlated with average scores in more educated countries. Hanushek and Wößmann further investigate whether the relationship of knowledge capital to economic growth is causal. They show that the level of students' cognitive skills can explain the slow growth in Latin America and the rapid growth in East Asia.

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Bradshaw, Corey J. A.; Ehrlich, Paul R.; Beattie, Andrew; Ceballos, Gerardo; Crist, Eileen; Diamond, Joan; Dirzo, Rodolfo; Ehrlich, Anne H.; Harte, John; Harte, Mary Ellen; Pyke, Graham; Raven, Peter H.; Ripple, William J.; Saltré, Frédérik; Turnbull, Christine; Wackernagel, Mathis; Blumstein, Daniel

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A unified theory of inequality and growth that captures that changing role of inequality in the growth process offers a reconciliation between the conflicting predictions of classical viewpoint that maintained that inequality is beneficial for growth and the modern viewpoint that suggests that in the

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In the Solow–Swan model if productivity increases through technological progress, then output/worker increases even when the economy is in the steady state. If productivity increases at a constant rate, output/worker also increases at a related steady-state rate. As a consequence, growth in the model

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In many poor and developing countries much land and housing are held outside the formal or legal property ownership registration system. In many urban areas the poor "invade" private or government land to build their houses, so they do not hold title to these properties. Much unregistered property is

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Thus, investing in health is warranted both from the growth and equity perspectives, given the important role played by health in the economy. Protecting health assets from the impact of systemic transitional costs on economic reforms, pandemics, economic crises and natural disasters is also crucial.

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predicts that the effect of rising inequality on GDP per capita is negative in relatively rich countries but positive in poor countries. These testable predictions have been examined and confirmed empirically in recent studies. In particular, Brückner and Lederman test the prediction of the model by

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reexamined the reduced form relationship between inequality on economic growth in a panel of countries. He argues that there is "little overall relation between income inequality and rates of growth and investment". However, his empirical strategy limits its applicability to the understanding of the

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and his co-authors to address the inability of endogenous growth theory to explain key empirical regularities in the growth processes of individual economies and the world economy as a whole. Unlike endogenous growth theory that focuses entirely on the modern growth regime and is therefore unable to

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that captures the dual nature of technological progress: in terms of creation, entrepreneurs introduce new products or processes in the hope that they will enjoy temporary monopoly-like profits as they capture markets. In doing so, they make old technologies or products obsolete. This can be seen as

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While intellectual property may be important, Baker (2016) cites multiple sources claiming that "stronger patent protection seems to be associated with slower growth". That's particularly true for patents in the ethical health care industry. In effect taxpayers pay twice for new drugs and diagnostic

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Malthusianism is the idea that population growth is potentially exponential while the growth of the food supply or other resources is linear, which eventually reduces living standards to the point of triggering a population die off. The Malthusian theory also proposes that over most of human history

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Economic growth in the U.S. and other developed countries went through phases that affected growth through changes in the labor force participation rate and the relative sizes of economic sectors. The transition from an agricultural economy to manufacturing increased the size of the sector with high

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Another major cause of economic growth is the introduction of new products and services and the improvement of existing products. New products create demand, which is necessary to offset the decline in employment that occurs through labor-saving technology (and to a lesser extent employment declines

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Policymakers and scholars frequently emphasize the importance of entrepreneurship for economic growth. However, surprisingly few research empirically examine and quantify entrepreneurship's impact on growth. This is due to endogeneity—forces that drive economic growth also drive entrepreneurship. In

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in extracting wealth (especially gold and silver) from the countries they had conquered. This system repeatedly failed for the English. Their successes rested on giving land and a voice in the government to every male settler to incentivize productive labor. In Virginia it took twelve years and many

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because of the amount that can be effectively invested and because of the growing burden of depreciation. In the development of economic theory, the distribution of income was considered to be between labor and the owners of land and capital. In recent decades there have been several Asian countries

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One problem with the schooling attainment measure is that the amount of human capital acquired in a year of schooling is not the same at all levels of schooling and is not the same in all countries. This measure also presumes that human capital is only developed in formal schooling, contrary to the

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A country's level of human capital is difficult to measure since it is created at home, at school, and on the job. Economists have attempted to measure human capital using numerous proxies, including the population's level of literacy, its level of numeracy, its level of book production/capita, its

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Capital in economics ordinarily refers to physical capital, which consists of structures (largest component of physical capital) and equipment used in business (machinery, factory equipment, computers and office equipment, construction equipment, business vehicles, medical equipment, etc.). Up to a

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Productivity in the United States grew at an increasing rate throughout the 19th century and was most rapid in the early to middle decades of the 20th century. U.S. productivity growth spiked towards the end of the century in 1996–2004, due to an acceleration in the rate of technological innovation

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In accordance with the credit market imperfection approach, a study by Roberto Perotti showed that inequality is associated with lower level of human capital formation (education, experience, apprenticeship) and higher level of fertility, while lower level of human capital is associated with lower

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Although the rate of investment in the model is exogenous, under certain conditions the model implicitly predicts convergence in the rates of investment across countries. In a global economy with a global financial capital market, financial capital flows to the countries with the highest return on

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The conceptual foundations of the Malthusian theory were formed by Thomas Malthus, and a modern representation of these approach is provided by Ashraf and Galor. In line with the predictions of the Malthusian theory, a cross-country analysis finds a significant positive effect of the technological

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Increases in productivity are the major factor responsible for per capita economic growth—this has been especially evident since the mid-19th century. Most of the economic growth in the 20th century was due to increased output per unit of labor, materials, energy, and land (less input per widget).

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It has been observed that GDP growth is influenced by the size of the economy. The relation between GDP growth and GDP across the countries at a particular point of time is convex. Growth increases as GDP reaches its maximum and then begins to decline. There exists some extremum value. This is not

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and $ 46,970 in the United States, i.e. GDP per person in the US was 30% more than it was in the UK. As the above table shows, this means that GDP per person grew, on average, by 1.80% per year in the US and by 1.47% in the UK. Thus, a difference in GDP growth by only a few tenths of a percent per

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Living standards vary widely from country to country, and furthermore, the change in living standards over time varies widely from country to country. Below is a table which shows GDP per person and annualized per person GDP growth for a selection of countries over a period of about 100 years. The

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Resource quality is composed of a variety of factors including ore grades, location, altitude above or below sea level, proximity to railroads, highways, water supply and climate. These factors affect the capital and operating cost of extracting resources. In the case of minerals, lower grades of

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This recent support for the predictions of the Galor-Zeira model is in line with earlier findings. Roberto Perotti showed that in accordance with the credit market imperfection approach, developed by Galor and Zeira, inequality is associated with lower level of human capital formation (education,

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On Memorial Day weekend in 1988, a conference in Buffalo brought together influential thinkers to evaluate the conflicting theories of growth. Romer, Krugman, Barro, and Becker were in attendance along with many other high profiled economists of the time. Amongst many papers that day the one that

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In practice, convergence was rarely achieved. In 1957, Solow applied his model to data from the U.S. gross national product to estimate contributions. This showed that the increase in capital and labor stock only accounted for about half of the output, while the population increase adjustments to

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The Solow–Swan model is considered an "exogenous" growth model because it does not explain why countries invest different shares of GDP in capital nor why technology improves over time. Instead, the rate of investment and the rate of technological progress are exogenous. The value of the model is

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Not having clear legal title to property limits its potential to be used as collateral to secure loans, depriving many poor countries of one of their most important potential sources of capital. Unregistered businesses and lack of accepted accounting methods are other factors that limit potential

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that an individual has to realise the achievements like economic success. Thus health in a broader sense is not the absence of illness, but the opportunity for people to biologically develop to their full potential their entire lives It is established that human capital is an important asset for

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of ecosystems" and that this "must be quickly curtailed to maintain long-term sustainability of the biosphere." They add that "our goals need to shift from GDP growth and the pursuit of affluence toward sustaining ecosystems and improving human well-being by prioritizing basic needs and reducing

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One theory that relates economic growth with quality of life is the "Threshold Hypothesis", which states that economic growth up to a point brings with it an increase in quality of life. But at that point – called the threshold point – further economic growth can bring with it a deterioration in

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The classical perspective, as expressed by Adam Smith, and others, suggests that inequality fosters the growth process. Specifically, since the aggregate saving increases with inequality due to higher property to save among the wealthy, the classical viewpoint suggests that inequality stimulates

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and economic growth and development have had a strong correlative and interactive relationship throughout history. Effects of democracy on economic growth and effect of economic growth on democracy can be distinguished. While evidence of a relationship is irrefutable, economists' and historians'

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There are many different ways through which states achieved state (fiscal) capacity and this different capacity accelerated or hindered their economic development. Thanks to the underlying homogeneity of its land and people, England was able to achieve a unified legal and fiscal system since the

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of 1688, in which high fiscal capacity combined with constraints on the power of the king generated some respect for the rule of law. However, others have questioned that this institutional formula is not so easily replicable elsewhere as a change in the Constitution—and the type of institutions

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employ book production per capita as a proxy for sophisticated literacy capabilities and find that "Countries with high levels of human capital formation in the 18th century initiated or participated in the industrialization process of the 19th century, whereas countries with low levels of human

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In national income accounting, per capita output can be calculated using the following factors: output per unit of labor input (labor productivity), hours worked (intensity), the percentage of the working-age population actually working (participation rate) and the proportion of the working-age

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faster than at any time in human history as a result of the demands of contemporary human civilization, which "far exceed nature's capacity to supply us with the goods and services we all rely on. We would require 1.6 Earths to maintain the world's current living standards." He says that major

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Later theoretical developments have reinforced the view that inequality has an adverse effect on the growth process. Specifically, Alesina and Rodrik and Persson and Tabellini advance a political economy mechanism and argue that inequality has a negative impact on economic development since it

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to capital and labor. Capital accumulates through investment, but its level or stock continually decreases due to depreciation. Due to the diminishing returns to capital, with increases in capital/worker and absent technological progress, economic output/worker eventually reaches a point where

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average level of formal schooling, its average test score on international tests, and its cumulative depreciated investment in formal schooling. The most commonly-used measure of human capital is the level (average years) of school attainment in a country, building upon the data development of

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Women with fewer children and better access to market employment tend to join the labor force in higher percentages. There is a reduced demand for child labor and children spend more years in school. The increase in the percentage of women in the labor force in the U.S. contributed to economic

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are skeptical of technological advances that improve resource availability. Such advances and increases in efficiency, they suggest, merely accelerate the drawing down of finite resources. Catton claims that increasing rates of resource extraction are "...stealing ravenously from the future".

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The U.S. economy achieved a growth rate of labour productivity of 2.48 per cent per year for 81 years, followed by 24 years of 1.32 per cent, then a temporary recovery back to 2.48 per cent per cent, and a final slowdown to 1.35 per cent. The similarity of the growth rates in 1891–1972 with

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have extended this analysis. Theodore Breton shows that the correlation between economic growth and students' average test scores in Hanushek and Wößmann's analyses is actually due to the relationship in countries with less than eight years of schooling. He shows that economic growth is not

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over time. For instance, in the above table, GDP per person in the United Kingdom in the year 1870 was $ 4,808. At the same time in the United States, GDP per person was $ 4,007, lower than the UK by about 20%. However, in 2008 the positions were reversed: GDP per person was $ 36,130 in the

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The structural change could also be viewed from another angle. It is possible to divide real economic growth into two components: an indicator of extensive economic growth—the ‘quantitative’ GDP—and an indicator of the improvement of the quality of goods and services—the ‘qualitative’ GDP.

3649:. Some of the most technologically important innovations in history involved increases in energy efficiency. These include the great improvements in efficiency of conversion of heat to work, the reuse of heat, the reduction in friction and the transmission of power, especially through 1638:

and transportation. By the late 19th century both prices and weekly work hours fell because less labor, materials, and energy were required to produce and transport goods. However, real wages rose, allowing workers to improve their diet, buy consumer goods and afford better housing.

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explain the roots of inequality across nations, unified growth theory captures in a single framework the fundamental phases of the process of development in the course of human history: (i) the Malthusian epoch that was prevalent over most of human history, (ii) the escape from the

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transformative changes will be needed "akin to, or even greater than, those of the Marshall Plan," including abandoning GDP as a measure of economic success and societal progress. Philip Cafaro, professor of philosophy at the School of Global Environmental Sustainability at

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Real GDP per capita in the U.S. rose from $ 17,747 in 1960 to $ 26,281 in 1973 for a growth rate of 3.07%/yr. Calculation: (26,281/17,747)^(1/13). From 1973 to 2007 the growth rate was 1.089%. Calculation: (49,571/26,281)^(1/34) From 2000 to 2011 average annual growth was

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of more abundant materials, such as plastics for cast metals, lowered growth of usage for some metals. In the case of the limited resource of land, famine was relieved firstly by the revolution in transportation caused by railroads and steam ships, and later by the

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In contrast, Perotti argues that the political economy mechanism is not supported empirically. Inequality is associated with lower redistribution, and lower redistribution (under-investment in education and infrastructure) is associated with lower economic growth.

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to make full use of the efficiency of the market. However, in order to avoid the migration of energy-intensive industries, the whole world should impose such a tax, not just Britain, Lawson pointed out. There is no point in taking the lead if nobody follows suit.

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The reduced form empirical relationship between inequality and growth was studied by Alberto Alesina and Dani Rodrik, and Torsten Persson and Guido Tabellini. They find that inequality is negatively associated with economic growth in a cross-country analysis.

2937:. It explains growth as a consequence of the dynamics of three factors, including the technological characteristics of production equipment. Without any arbitrary parameters, historical rates of economic growth can be predicted with considerable precision. 2793:’s theorizing about agriculture. Malthus's examples included the number of seeds harvested relative to the number of seeds planted (capital) on a plot of land and the size of the harvest from a plot of land versus the number of workers employed. (See also 3457:

by 2050 and over 650–700 ppm by the end of this century is robust to a wide range of changes in model assumptions." The scientific consensus is that planetary ecosystem functioning without incurring dangerous risks requires stabilization at 450–550 ppm.

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and Dennis Kimko introduced measures of students' mathematics and science skills from international assessments into growth analysis. They found that this measure of human capital was very significantly related to economic growth. Eric Hanushek and

3148:, find that "lower net inequality is robustly correlated with faster and more durable growth, controlling for the level of redistribution". Likewise, Dierk Herzer and Sebastian Vollmer find that increased income inequality reduces economic growth. 1303:...if we can learn about government policy options that have even small effects on long-term growth rates, we can contribute much more to improvements in standards of living than has been provided by the entire history of macroeconomic analysis of 3574:

from shale and other low permeability rock, whose extraction requires much higher inputs of energy, capital, and materials than conventional gas in previous decades. Offshore oil and gas have exponentially increased cost as water depth increases.

3256:, it is becoming widely understood amongst the development community that special efforts must be made to ensure poorer sections of society are able to participate in economic growth. The effect of economic growth on poverty reduction – the 4722: 948:. Since economic growth is measured as the annual percent change of gross domestic product (GDP), it has all the advantages and drawbacks of that measure. The economic growth-rates of countries are commonly compared using the ratio of the 3549:(1980) have not materialized. Diminished production of most resources has not occurred so far, one reason being that advancements in technology and science have allowed some previously unavailable resources to be produced. In some cases, 2707:

due to savings in energy and materials). In the U.S. by 2013 about 60% of consumer spending was for goods and services that did not exist in 1869. Also, the creation of new services has been more important than invention of new goods.

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annual rate of growth in GDP between the first and the last year over a period of time. This growth rate represents the trend in the average level of GDP over the period, and ignores any fluctuations in the GDP around this trend.

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The work week declined considerably over the 19th century. By the 1920s the average work week in the U.S. was 49 hours, but the work week was reduced to 40 hours (after which overtime premium was applied) as part of the

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was remarkable because it was in excess of population growth, providing an escape from the Malthusian trap. Countries that industrialized eventually saw their population growth slow down, a phenomenon known as the

4871: 2789:(labor or capital), while holding the other constant and assuming no technological change, will increase output, but at a diminishing rate that eventually will approach zero. These concepts have their origins in 3367: 1864:

consider frameworks in which mortality decline has an influence on parents to have fewer children and to provide quality education for those children, as a result instituting an economic-demographic transition.

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Those more optimistic about the environmental impacts of growth believe that, though localized environmental effects may occur, large-scale ecological effects are minor. The argument, as posited by commentator

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year results in large differences in outcomes when the growth is persistent over a generation. This and other observations have led some economists to view GDP growth as the most important part of the field of

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The balance of the growth in output has come from using more inputs. Both of these changes increase output. The increased output included more of the same goods produced previously and new goods and services.

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and the historical accumulation of world GDP, independent of the year considered. It follows that economic growth, as represented by GDP growth, requires higher rates of energy consumption growth. Seemingly

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Economic growth has traditionally been attributed to the accumulation of human and physical capital and the increase in productivity and creation of new goods arising from technological innovation. Further

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per capita, and the growth process. In contrast to the classical paradigm, which underlined the positive implications of inequality for capital formation and economic growth, Galor and Zeira argue that

1978:

Specifically, they state that "democracy increases future GDP by encouraging investment, increasing schooling, inducing economic reforms, improving public goods provision, and reducing social unrest".

1885:, has a comparative negative impact on economical development. It will be interesting to see how research in the areas of health in near future uncover how the world will be performing living with the 12574: 7963: 12056: 2754:. However, these are conditioned by what he calls "the extent of the market". This is conditioned notably by geographic factors but also institutional ones such as the political-legal environment. 8393: 4730: 4753: 4087: 4085: 4083: 4081: 2876:

According to Harrod, the natural growth rate is the maximum rate of growth allowed by the increase of variables like population growth, technological improvement and growth in natural resources.

1470:

concluded that technological progress has accounted for 80 percent of the long-term rise in U.S. per capita income, with increased investment in capital explaining only the remaining 20 percent.

11321: 3201:

quality of life. This results in an upside-down-U-shaped curve, where the vertex of the curve represents the level of growth that should be targeted. Happiness has been shown to increase with

1488:

technological progress resulted in an increase in the population, which was kept in check by food supply and other resources, which acted to limit per capita income, a condition known as the

9771: 3069:

in the determination of aggregate economic activity, and economic growth. In particular, Galor and Zeira argue that since credit markets are imperfect, inequality has an enduring impact on

1881:

Protection from the shocks produced by illness and death, are usually taken care of within a country’s social insurance system. In areas such as Sub-Saharan Africa, where the prevalence of

4998: 3407: 11666: 6309: 1971:

Businesses and individuals participating in unreported business activity and owners of unregistered property face costs such as bribes and pay-offs that offset much of any taxes avoided.

3305:

Concerns about negative environmental effects of growth have prompted some people to advocate lower levels of growth, or the abandoning of growth altogether. In academia, concepts like

3223:

In some instances, quality of life factors such as healthcare outcomes and educational attainment, as well as social and political liberties, do not improve as economic growth occurs.

3054:

approach denies the role of inequality in the growth process. It suggests that while the growth process may affect inequality, income distribution has no impact on the growth process.

1050:". GDP per person (more commonly called "per capita" GDP) is the GDP of the entire country divided by the number of people in the country; GDP per person is conceptually analogous to " 11742: 11963: 11641: 11631: 11265: 3912: 2036:, which argues that the UK Government "has a big job to do in helping businesses survive, stimulating economic growth and encouraging the creation of well-paid meaningful jobs". 12538: 12500: 12053: 11481: 3358: 11588: 11511: 2861:; the idea that poor countries will grow faster and catch up with rich countries as long as they have similar investment (and saving) rates and access to the same technology. 1431:

population to the total population (demographics). "The rate of change of GDP/population is the sum of the rates of change of these four variables plus their cross products."

9298: 12232: 11791: 2853:

capital per worker and economic output/worker remain constant because annual investment in capital equals annual depreciation. This condition is called the 'steady state'.

11656: 11501: 11369: 11314: 3294:

argue that a narrow view of economic growth, combined with globalization, is creating a scenario where we could see a systemic collapse of our planet's natural resources.

2785:) economics, the theory of production and the theory of growth are based on the theory of sustainability and law of variable proportions, whereby increasing either of the 1466:(the ratio of the value of output to labor input) have historically been the most important source of real per capita economic growth. In a famous estimate, MIT Professor 8634: 8422: 7912: 6492: 11786: 11476: 2879:

In fact, the natural growth rate is the highest attainable growth rate which would bring about the fullest possible employment of the resources existing in the economy.

3875: 3113:), the rate of inequality will increase. According to Piketty, this is the case because wealth that is already held or inherited, which is expected to grow at the rate 12272: 12005: 11695: 11578: 11466: 9993: 8109: 3378:

and social inequality are inevitable outcomes of economic growth. Economic growth is a means and not an end. We need to look for the quality of life of the planet."

2865:

that it predicts the pattern of economic growth once these two rates are specified. Its failure to explain the determinants of these rates is one of its limitations.

12488: 12118: 11737: 3627: 2976: 8358: 6017:

Acemoglu, Daron; Johnson, Simon; Robinson, James A. (2005). "Institutions as a Fundamental Cause of Long-Run Growth". In Aghion, Philippe; Durlauf, Steven (eds.).

3427:, and possible "ghastly future" facing humanity, there must be "fundamental changes to global capitalism," including the "abolition of perpetual economic growth." 8099:

Ravallion, M. (2007) Inequality is bad for the poor in S. Jenkins and J. Micklewright, (eds.) Inequality and Poverty Re-examined, Oxford University Press, Oxford.

11988: 1448:. In contrast, economic growth is concerned with the long-run trend in production due to structural causes such as technological growth and factor accumulation. 12445: 12059: 11461: 11389: 61: 1555:, transportation infrastructures (canals, railroads, and highways), new materials (steel) and power, which includes steam and internal combustion engines and 12359: 11621: 11260: 993:. In contrast, GDP growth caused only by increases in the amount of inputs available for use (increased population, for example, or new territory) counts as 4815: 11931: 7960: 3882:, IMF, October 2012. - "Gross domestic product, also called GDP, is the market value of goods and services produced by a country in a certain time period." 1792:

and Jong-Wha Lee. This measure is widely used because Barro and Lee provide data for numerous countries in five-year intervals for a long period of time.

11583: 11234: 8401: 7725: 1853: 5048: 4750: 3453:

notes that the prediction that, "Under business as usual, global emissions will be sufficient to propel greenhouse gas concentrations to over 550 ppm CO

808: 12379: 12284: 12227: 11916: 11896: 11781: 11705: 11553: 11359: 11326: 9299:

Committee on Electricity in Economic Growth Energy Engineering Board Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems National Research Council (1986).

5217:

Whaples, Robert (June 1991). "The Shortening of the American Work Week: An Economic and Historical Analysis of Its Context, Causes, and Consequences".

2033: 1861: 11496: 11309: 3595:

study modeled limitations to infinite growth; originally ridiculed, some of the predicted trends have materialized, raising concerns of an impending

3349:, recognising that "... the dogma of economic growth at any cost and the excessive and wasteful use of natural resources without considering Earth's 1807:

Economic growth rates (percent, vertical) v. standardized tests of student achievement in different regions, both adjusted for GDP per capita in 1960

8489: 7643:

Berg, Andrew; Ostry, Jonathan D.; Tsangarides, Charalambos G.; Yakhshilikov, Yorbol (2018). "Redistribution, inequality, and growth: new evidence".

3449:(carbon emissions per GDP). Up to the present, there is also a direct relation between global economic wealth and the rate of global emissions. The 12450: 12416: 11558: 4917: 1548: 893: 11683: 3461:

As a consequence, growth-oriented environmental economists propose government intervention into switching sources of energy production, favouring

12267: 11690: 11573: 11379: 9591: 5949:; Weingast, Barry (1989). "Constitutions and Commitment: the Evolutions of Institutions Governing Public Choice in Seventeenth Century England". 5013: 1990:

protection, high-quality education, cultural diversity and social cohesion in armed conflicts are particularly necessary for qualitative growth.

1030: 5404: 3530: 2971:

of previous technologies, which makes them obsolete, and "destroys the rents generated by previous innovations". A major model that illustrates

1784:, defined as the skills of the population or the work force. Human capital has been included in both neoclassical and endogenous growth models. 11837: 11803: 11700: 11521: 8607: 3410:

signed by 11,000 scientists from over 150 nations said economic growth is the driving force behind the "excessive extraction of materials and

2024:

recognises that "Government can play an important role in supporting economic growth by helping to level the playing field through the way it

12543: 12309: 12239: 12111: 11993: 11983: 11491: 11412: 11384: 11255: 8065:

Bourguignon, Francois (February 2002). "Growth Elasticity of Poverty Reduction: Explaining Heterogeneity across Countries and Time Periods".

2635: 12483: 12478: 12047: 11302: 8982: 6245:

Acemoglu, Daron; Johnson, Simon; Robinson, James A. (2001). "The Colonial Origins of Comparative Development: An Empirical Investigation".

2630: 1325:

exactly middle-income trap. It is observed for both developed and developing economies. Actually, countries having this property belong to

4124: 12548: 11331: 11272: 11225: 11188: 11144: 2677: 9053: 8517:"Reducing Human Numbers and the Size of our Economies is Necessary to Avoid a Mass Extinction and Share Earth Justly with Other Species" 1516:

began to replace hand methods in manufacturing, and new processes streamlined production of chemicals, iron, steel, and other products.

12352: 12329: 12324: 11678: 11526: 11451: 11427: 11422: 6296: 1936:

and gave individuals more personal and economic freedom. These included new laws favorable to the establishment of business, including

1034: 9040:

continued growth in energy use becomes physically impossible within conceivable timeframes ... all economic growth must similarly end.

6430: 5199: 4521: 3144:

Recent papers based on superior data, find negative relationship between inequality and growth. Andrew Berg and Jonathan Ostry of the

12319: 12279: 11926: 11906: 11825: 11538: 11407: 11341: 11292: 10006: 8891: 3740: 3636:

are linked causally to economic growth. The Garrett Relation holds that there has been a fixed relationship between current rates of

2930: 1889:, especially looking at the economic impacts it already has in a space of two years. Ultimately, when people live longer on average, 1535:

growth was the substitution of inanimate power for human and animal labor. Also there was a great increase in power as steam-powered

1304: 1026: 12104: 11864: 11374: 11364: 9554: 6535:

Kuprianov, Alexey (30 April 2018). "Decomposition of GDP. The Role of Quality of Goods and Services in Measuring Economic Growth".

4704: 3403:, and that "the cause of global biodiversity loss is clear: other species are being displaced by a rapidly growing human economy." 3399:, wrote in 2022 that a scientific consensus has emerged which demonstrates that humanity is on the precipice of unleashing a major 12214: 3386:, stated in 1981 that if these global-scale ecological effects exist, human ingenuity will find ways to adapt to them. Conversely 2948:

One branch of endogenous growth theory was developed on the foundations of the Schumpeterian theory, named after the 20th-century

1831:

capital formation were unable to do so, among them many of today's Less Developed Countries such as India, Indonesia, and China."

11759: 11349: 6962: 3261: 4961: 4157:

The UK‟s high GDP per capita growth was driven by strong growth in productivity (GDP per hour), which was second only to the US.

1914: 1745:

Demographic factors may influence growth by changing the employment to population ratio and the labor force participation rate.

1712:, and by 2008 it was 17 times as high as Ghana's. The Japanese economic growth has slackened considerably since the late 1980s. 12455: 12251: 12042: 12015: 11953: 11446: 9642: 7909: 3645:, these are sustained through increases in energy efficiency. Increases in energy efficiency were a portion of the increase in 2002: 1868:

The relationship between health and economic growth is further nuanced by distinguishing the influence of specific diseases on

941: 427: 203: 11646: 6500: 1473:

Increases in productivity lower the real cost of goods. Over the 20th century, the real price of many goods fell by over 90%.

12558: 12404: 11978: 9415: 9394: 9373: 9341: 9310: 9248: 9158: 8950: 8924: 8797: 7884: 7080: 7001: 6890: 6476: 6059: 6001: 5930: 5633: 4686: 4620: 4442: 4407: 4248: 3950: 3872: 3036: 2800:

Criticisms of classical growth theory are that technology, an important factor in economic growth, is held constant and that

1047: 918: 10052: 8066: 3940: 3090:

creates a pressure for distortionary redistributive policies that have an adverse effect on investment and economic growth.

1729:

point increases in the amount of capital per worker are an important cause of economic output growth. Capital is subject to

11844: 11727: 11712: 886: 7543:

Galor, Oded; Moav, Omer (2004). "From Physical to Human Capital Accumulation: Inequality and the Process of Development".

3477:. This would largely confine use of fossil fuels to either domestic cooking needs (such as for kerosene burners) or where 11958: 11832: 11813: 11798: 10192: 10115: 8448: 4149: 3566:

mineral resources are being extracted, requiring higher inputs of capital and energy for both extraction and processing.

2848:

developed what eventually became the main model used in growth economics in the 1950s. This model assumes that there are

1457: 8837: 8558: 8369: 4431:

From the American System to Mass Production, 1800–1932: The Development of Manufacturing Technology in the United States

2693:

opinions of its exact nature have been sharply split, hence the latter has been the subject of many debates and studies.

1316: 12222: 12027: 11871: 11661: 11616: 11354: 11247: 9780: 7589: 7346:

Galor, Oded; Zeira, Joseph (1988). "Income Distribution and Investment in Human Capital: Macroeconomics Implications".

6187: 5905: 5449: 5144: 4593: 4563: 3981: 3514: 2894: 2020:

Economic growth, its sustainability and its distribution remain central aspects of government policy. For example, the

1918: 564: 412: 9079: 4963:

Two Centuries of American Macroeconomic Growth From Exploitation of Resource Abundance to Knowledge-Driven Development

2012:, Acemoglu and Robinson said that the English in North America started by trying to repeat the success of the Spanish 12637: 12384: 12347: 11891: 11886: 11876: 11776: 11771: 11598: 11297: 10090:- easy to use dataset showing GDP, per capita and population, by country and region, 1970 to 2008. Updated regularly. 10033: 9966: 9759: 9736: 9713: 9527: 7941: 6443: 6034: 4313: 3703: 1893:

expenditures are more likely to pay off, and all of these mechanisms center around the complementarity of longevity,

8813: 8730:

Garrett, T. J. (2009). "Are there basic physical constraints on future anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide?".

7983: 12369: 12364: 12037: 11921: 11911: 11849: 11808: 11717: 11651: 2893:

Unsatisfied with the assumption of exogenous technological progress in the Solow–Swan model, economists worked to "

2587: 2487: 1803: 1739: 1444:. Generally, according to economists, the ups and downs in the business cycle can be attributed to fluctuations in 505: 9241:

The Unbound Prometheus: Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present

6942:

Warsh, David. Knowledge and the Wealth of Nations: A Story of Economic Discovery. W.W. Norton & Company, 2006.

5923:

The Unbound Prometheus: Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present

4723:"Semiconductor Foundry Market: 2019 Global Industry Trends, Growth, Share, Size and 2021 Forecast Research Report" 4400:

The Unbound Prometheus: Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present

2773:

level on population density and an insignificant effect on income per capita significantly over the years 1–1500.

12374: 12146: 11968: 11854: 11749: 11218: 9437: 4846: 4375: 4059: 2670: 1665:

estimate, three-quarters of increase in U.S. per capita GDP from 1889 to 1957 was due to increased productivity.

879: 12262: 12161: 12079: 12071: 11943: 11901: 11881: 11820: 11732: 11636: 11545: 11533: 11282: 10626: 9677: 7970: 7920: 7829: 6109:

Johnson, Noel D. (2006). "Banking on the King: The Evolution of the Royal Revenue Farms in Old Regime France".

5713: 5261: 4434: 3217: 3030: 1924:"As institutions influence behavior and incentives in real life, they forge the success or failure of nations." 1650: 1329:. However, the extremum could be extended by technological and policy innovations and some countries move into 11938: 8423:"World must undergo huge social and financial transformation to save future of human life, major report finds" 8334: 7496:"Inequality in Landownership, the Emergence of Human-Capital Promoting Institutions, and the Great Divergence" 7383: 6144:

Johnson, Noel D.; Koyama, Mark (2014). "Tax Farming and the Origins of State Capacity in England and France".

12632: 12409: 12032: 11948: 11859: 10596: 10586: 10279: 5161: 4269: 4195: 3683: 3579: 3066: 2442: 2046: 1618:

Great sources of productivity improvement in the late 19th century were railroads, steam ships, horse-pulled

929: 917:

in a financial year. Statisticians conventionally measure such growth as the percent rate of increase in the

610: 417: 17: 10807: 9000: 7362: 4787:

Kendrick, John (1991). "U.S. Productivity Performance in Perspective, Business Economics, October 1, 1991".

12465: 12156: 11973: 11764: 11754: 11722: 10746: 10719: 10049:. An organization dedicated to helping the developing world realize its full potential via economic growth. 8916:

Recent Economic Changes and Their Effect on Production and Distribution of Wealth and Well-Being of Society

6834: 6675: 4585:

Recent Economic Changes and Their Effect on Production and Distribution of Wealth and Well-Being of Society

3257: 3253: 3245: 2716: 2502: 1544: 1528: 549: 537: 9906:

Burgess, Matthew G.; Carrico, Amanda R.; Gaines, Steven D.; Peri, Alessandro; Vanderheiden, Steve (2021).

1780:

Many theoretical and empirical analyses of economic growth attribute a major role to a country's level of

11173: 11154: 10731: 10576: 10542: 10527: 10506: 10501: 9751: 9728: 6358: 5733: 5502:

Hanushek, Eric A.; Kimko, Dennis D. (2000). "Schooling, Labor Force Quality, and the Growth of Nations".

4774: 3436: 3145: 2532: 2297: 439: 269: 193: 121: 5649:

Baten, Joerg; van Zanden, Jan Luiten (2008). "Book Production and the Onset of Modern Economic Growth".

12022: 12010: 11211: 11148: 10724: 10414: 10404: 9857: 9705: 9507:(eds.) (1992) Beyond the Steady State: Essays in the Revival of Growth Theory, edited with, London, UK: 5708:(2006/30). Helsinki: The United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research. 3478: 2663: 559: 542: 422: 7706: 6322:

Rivera‐Batiz, Francisco L. (2002). "Democracy, Governance, and Economic Growth: Theory and Evidence".

3853: 3390:, in a 2021 report on the economics of biodiversity commissioned by the British Treasury, argued that 1543:. Since that replacement, the great expansion of total power was driven by continuous improvements in 1520:

made the economical production of metal parts possible, so that parts could be interchangeable. (See:

12151: 10294: 9025: 6958:

Rigged: How globalization and the rules to the modern economy were structured to make the rich richer

5539:

Hanushek, Eric A.; Woessmann, Ludger (2008). "The Role of Cognitive Skills in Economic Development".

4491: 3827: 3776: 3653:. There is a strong correlation between per capita electricity consumption and economic development. 3646: 3637: 3396: 3375: 3318: 3301:

The marginal costs of a growing economy may gradually exceed the marginal benefits, however measured.

3184:

The large impact of a relatively small growth rate over a long period of time is due to the power of

1998: 1947:

Much of the literature on economic growth refers to the success story of the British state after the

444: 11626: 9466: 7843: 7557: 7312: 7039: 6848: 6689: 6673:

Murphy, Kevin M.; Shleifer, Andrei; Vishny, Robert W. (1989). "Industrialization and the Big Push".

6261: 5553: 5516: 5275: 12627: 12435: 11998: 11178: 11124: 10867: 10822: 10661: 10532: 10409: 10079:– series for almost all countries on GDP, population and GDP per capita from the year 0 up to 2003. 10029: 6426: 6247: 5457: 5323: 3442: 2898: 2888: 2816: 2811:, which suggested that countries needed to jump from one stage of development to another through a 2750:

first published in 1776. For Smith, the main factors of economic growth are division of labour and

2567: 2412: 2272: 1910: 1797: 1662: 633: 598: 434: 10882: 3582:

as unsustainable. Several factors may constrain economic growth – for example: finite, peaked, or

3117:, will grow at a rate faster than wealth accumulated through labor, which is more closely tied to 12473: 10832: 10666: 10656: 10646: 10636: 10374: 10364: 10324: 10314: 10187: 10108: 9264:

Devine, Warren D. Jr. (1983). "From Shafts to Wires: Historical Perspective on Electrification".

8242: 8150: 7827:

Manfred Max-Neef (November 1995). "Economic growth and quality of life: a threshold hypothesis".

3797: 3668: 3546: 3493: 2572: 2507: 2417: 2392: 2247: 980: 603: 525: 520: 492: 75: 9987: 9640:

Gorodnichenko, Yuriy; Roland, Gerard (2017). "Culture, Institutions and the Wealth of Nations".

8695: 6993: 6590: 6493:"Manufacturing's declining share of GDP is a global phenomenon, and it's something to celebrate" 5993: 5985: 5775: 5698: 12204: 11565: 11238: 11002: 10847: 10707: 10650: 10606: 10569: 10319: 10259: 10234: 10204: 10177: 10046: 9912: 9329:

The Evolution of Progress: The End of Economic Growth and the Beginning of Human Transformation

7838: 7552: 7307: 7034: 6843: 6684: 6256: 6082:

Johnson, Noel D.; Koyama, Mark (2017). "States and Economic Growth: Capacity and Constraints".

5883: 5548: 5511: 5316:"Determinants of Long-term Growth: A Bayesian Averaging of Classical Estimates (BACE) Approach" 5270: 4486: 4131: 3926: 3817: 3608: 3268:: "While economic growth is necessary, it is not sufficient for progress on reducing poverty." 3047: 2397: 2387: 2354: 2282: 2237: 2217: 2198: 2138: 2128: 2123: 2103: 2025: 1750: 1603: 1564: 1536: 1498: 1435: 949: 922: 835: 586: 402: 397: 382: 349: 208: 43: 10026:

by Jan Luiten van Zanden. Explores the idea of the inevitability of the Industrial Revolution.

9386:

The Way It Worked and Why It Won't: Structural Change and the Slowdown of U.S. Economic Growth

9333: 9327: 9012:

You cannot sustain population growth and / or growth in the rates of consumption of resources.

8557:; Wolf, Christopher; Newsome, Thomas M; Barnard, Phoebe; Moomaw, William R (5 November 2019). 6540: 5863: 5817: 4903: 4240: 4234: 4105: 4045: 3973: 3967: 3922: 3220:(ODI) of 24 countries that experienced growth found that in 18 cases, poverty was alleviated. 2897:" (i.e., explain it "from within" the models) productivity growth in the 1980s. The resulting 12533: 12515: 12300: 11399: 11134: 10817: 10792: 10777: 10751: 10690: 10369: 10309: 10289: 10284: 9958: 9796: 9453: 9057: 8996: 8943:

Enriching the Earth: Fritz Haber, Carl Bosch, and the Transformation of World Food Production

8474: 8181: 7222: 7192: 6661: 4911: 3822: 3812: 3353:, are causing extreme deterioration in the environment and a massive extinction of species." 3346: 3000: 2995: 2910: 2786: 2744: 2452: 2432: 2407: 2402: 2382: 2344: 2319: 1827: 1598:

Productivity lowered the cost of most items in terms of work time required to purchase. Real

1576: 1521: 1509: 1493: 675: 650: 554: 487: 213: 176: 154: 149: 3105:

postulated that in periods when the average annual rate on return on investment in capital (

2032:

Economic Growth" has been featured in a series of inquiries undertaken by the parliamentary

1017: 12440: 11183: 10887: 10631: 10601: 10554: 10517: 10443: 10394: 10359: 10299: 10264: 10199: 10182: 9866: 9805: 9600: 9519: 9445: 9433: 9202: 8899: 8264: 8190: 7177:

Galor, Oded (2011). "Inequality, Human Capital Formation, and the Process of Development".

6449: 5203: 4530: 3750: 3734: 3728: 3698: 3633: 3591: 3383: 3310: 3281: 3051: 2972: 2963: 2836: 2751: 2625: 2427: 2329: 2262: 2193: 2188: 2168: 2074: 593: 407: 252: 10132: 10003: 9243:. Cambridge, New York: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. pp. 289, 293. 8009: 7459:

Perotti, Roberto (1996). "Growth, Income Distribution, and Democracy: What the Data Say".

1434:

Economists distinguish between long-run economic growth and short-run economic changes in

8: 12505: 12495: 11113: 10922: 10741: 10641: 10621: 10581: 10537: 10522: 10478: 10419: 10344: 10334: 10304: 10227: 10037: 8453: 4020:

Das, Tuhin K. (2019). "Cross-Sectional Views of GDP Growth in the Light of Innovations".

3787: 3541: 3371: 3079: 3058: 3026: 2934: 2849: 2794: 2620: 2610: 2447: 2422: 2359: 2339: 2309: 2292: 2287: 2277: 2252: 2207: 2183: 2158: 2133: 2118: 1948: 1848: 1816: 1730: 1693: 972: 803: 680: 515: 477: 218: 181: 10782: 10214: 9870: 9809: 9604: 9384: 9206: 8914: 8268: 8194: 6391:

Lee, Yong Suk (2018). "Government guaranteed small business loans and regional growth".

4701: 4583: 3441:

Up to the present, there is a close correlation between economic growth and the rate of

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The modern perspective which has emerged in the late 1980s suggests, in contrast, that

2801: 2592: 2522: 2512: 2457: 2232: 2227: 2148: 2113: 2108: 2096: 1478: 960: 755: 482: 449: 387: 9183:

Garrett, T. J. (2014). "Long-run evolution of the global economy: 1. Physical basis".

7678:

Herzer, Dierk; Vollmer, Sebastian (2013). "Rising top incomes do not raise the tide".

7166: 7097: 6026: 5925:. Cambridge, New York: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. pp. 8–18. 3061:

has a significant impact on the growth process. The modern perspective, originated by

967:

Economists refer to economic growth caused by more efficient use of inputs (increased

12427: 12171: 12136: 11203: 11032: 11007: 10917: 10797: 10685: 10488: 10424: 10389: 10379: 10249: 10057: 9962: 9941: 9894: 9839: 9821: 9776: 9755: 9732: 9709: 9628: 9543: 9523: 9476:, Industrial Systems Research Publications, Kindle edition, 2023. ISBN 9780906321829 9441: 9411: 9405: 9390: 9369: 9337: 9306: 9285: 9244: 9222: 9154: 9090: 8946: 8920: 8793: 8554: 8540: 8516: 8294: 8282: 8216: 8172: 8041: 8034: 7937: 7856: 7852: 7794: 7664: 7585: 7525: 7511: 7076: 6997: 6886: 6880: 6706: 6620: 6536: 6521: 6472: 6439: 6412: 6339: 6183: 6179:

The Mystery of Capital: Why Capitalism Triumphs in the West and Fails Everywhere Else

6177: 6055: 6030: 5997: 5926: 5901: 5859: 5837: 5795: 5709: 5680: 5629: 5596: 5488: 5450:"Higher Test Scores or More Schooling? Another Look at the Causes of Economic Growth" 5381: 5252: 5238: 5140: 5044: 4970: 4899: 4895: 4842: 4682: 4616: 4610: 4589: 4559: 4456: 4448: 4438: 4403: 4309: 4290: 4282: 4244: 4041: 4037: 4002: 3977: 3946: 3942:

The Rise and Fall of American Growth: The U.S. Standard of Living since the Civil War

3873:

Statistics on the Growth of the Global Gross Domestic Product (GDP) from 2003 to 2013

3858: 3807: 3723: 3596: 3420: 3391: 3350: 3338: 3306: 3249: 3157: 3062: 2955: 2902: 2615: 2542: 2267: 2257: 2203: 2084: 2057: 2029: 1987: 1746: 1681: 1623: 1485: 1286: 1006: 953: 945: 830: 818: 775: 620: 615: 339: 264: 10957: 10082: 9790:

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6130: 5757: 5431: 5389: 5344: 3226:

Productivity increases do not always lead to increased wages, as can be seen in the

690: 12594: 12510: 12084: 11082: 11027: 11012: 10997: 10982: 10912: 10892: 10872: 10827: 10434: 10384: 10354: 10349: 10239: 10165: 10062: 9931: 9921: 9884: 9874: 9829: 9813: 9686: 9663: 9651: 9618: 9608: 9273: 9210: 9131: 8761: 8749: 8674: 8635:"Top scientists warn of 'ghastly future of mass extinction' and climate disruption" 8580: 8572: 8528: 8309: 8272: 8255: 8206: 8198: 8154: 8142: 8079: 7910:

Jobs, growth and poverty: what do we know, what don't we know, what should we know?

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Capitalism: A complete understanding of the nature and value of human economic life

4278: 4207: 4025: 3745: 3555: 3446: 3411: 3400: 3239: 3212:, as a result of a simultaneous increase in employment opportunities and increased 3074: 2918: 2552: 2547: 2497: 2324: 2212: 2173: 2163: 2143: 1941: 1928:

In economics and economic history, the transition from earlier economic systems to

1654: 1611: 1572: 1445: 1285:

Seemingly small differences in yearly GDP growth lead to large changes in GDP when

995: 989: 976: 765: 750: 276: 247: 235: 225: 161: 141: 111: 106: 10962: 8068:

Forthcoming in T. Eichler and S. Turnovsky (eds), Growth and Inequality, MIT Press

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ore grades have declined significantly over the last century. Another example is

3550: 3518: 3387: 3334: 3285: 3009: 2820: 2653: 2477: 2437: 2222: 1877: 1844: 1642: 1594: 1588: 1556: 1489: 1307:

and fine-tuning. Economic growth the part of macroeconomics that really matters.

867: 770: 730: 710: 576: 377: 372: 367: 334: 306: 12601: 9748:

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Steady-state economy § Present situation: Exceeding global limits to growth

3368:

Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services

3230:, where the gap between productivity and wages has been rising since the 1980s. 1341: 12525: 11107: 11092: 11057: 11042: 11022: 10992: 10812: 10463: 10172: 10140: 10023: 9990:

Encyclopædia Britannic. 2007. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 17 November 2007.

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6232: 5946: 5791: 4999:"U.S. Productivity Growth: The Slowdown Has Returned After a Temporary Revival" 4060:"GDP per capita growth (annual %), World Bank Group, accessed august 2024" 3792: 3718: 3678: 3642: 3536: 3424: 3363: 3202: 3121:. An advocate of reducing inequality levels, Piketty suggests levying a global 3102: 2921:. Research done in this area has focused on what increases human capital (e.g. 2812: 2808: 2790: 2743:

Adam Smith pioneered modern economic growth and performance theory in his book

2582: 2472: 2242: 1994: 1983: 1953: 1717: 1689: 1646: 1584: 1440: 1296: 1291: 1051: 825: 740: 735: 392: 242: 198: 116: 91: 83: 10842: 10087: 9725:

Bourgeois Equality. How Ideas, Not Capital or Institutions, Enriched the World

9277: 8753: 8679: 8662: 7741: 7656: 7618: 7238: 6746: 6157: 6122: 6095: 5962: 5662: 5230: 4887: 4460: 1753:

in which birth rates decline and the average age of the population increases.

660: 12621: 11072: 11062: 11037: 10977: 10972: 10967: 10947: 10937: 10907: 10897: 10802: 10702: 10675: 10439: 10018: 9825: 9481:

Growth, Distribution, And Effective Demand: Essays in Honor of Edward J. Nell

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Galor, Oded; Zeira, Joseph (1993). "Income Distribution and Macroeconomics".

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Carlin, Wendy; Soskice, David (2006). "Endogenous and Schumpeterian Growth".

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While acknowledging the central role economic growth can potentially play in

3227: 3083: 3070: 2914: 2824: 2782: 2763: 2723: 2482: 2349: 2302: 2178: 2021: 1890: 1811: 1781: 1765: 1720:. After 2004 U.S. productivity growth returned to the low levels of 1972–96. 1669: 1635: 1513: 1349: 760: 745: 720: 705: 700: 695: 670: 665: 329: 291: 188: 9613: 9122:

Hall, C.; Day, J. (2009). "Revisiting the Limits to Growth After Peak Oil".

8576: 8158: 7566: 7048: 6970: 6335: 5063: 5006:

International Productivity Monitor, Centre for the Study of Living Standards

3297: 2079: 1823: 54: 12606: 12194: 12184: 11102: 11047: 10942: 10932: 10927: 10852: 10697: 10222: 10150: 9945: 9898: 9843: 9632: 9511: 9486: 9236: 9098: 8700: 8639: 8612: 8494: 8286: 8246: 8234: 8220: 8040:. Working Paper. Brazil: International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth. 7529: 7102: 7025: 6624: 6606: 5841: 5799: 5423: 5259:; Weil, David (1992). "A Contribution to the Empirics of Economic Growth". 4872:"Technological Change and Economic Growth the Interwar Years and the 1990s" 4395: 3760: 3713: 3489: 3482: 3450: 3291: 3137: 3086:

formation and the development process, in all but the very poor economies.

2841: 2013: 1937: 1882: 1789: 1697: 1627: 1580: 1560: 1532: 1517: 1467: 1463: 1005:

also generates economic growth. As it so happens, in the U.S. about 60% of

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Barro, Robert J. (2000). "Inequality and Growth in a Panel of Countries".

6270: 5776:"Human Capital Formation, Life Expectancy, and the Process of Development" 5525: 4175: 12314: 12189: 12179: 11417: 11077: 11067: 10857: 10736: 10680: 10155: 9691: 9672: 9655: 9214: 8015:. IMF Working Paper. Asia Pacific Department: International Monetary Fund 6956: 6377: 5562: 5256: 5111: 5076: 4652: 4029: 3755: 3628:

Productivity improving technologies (historical) § Energy efficiency

3571: 3466: 3342: 3265: 2909:, includes a mathematical explanation of technological advancement. This 2845: 2462: 2153: 1840: 1758: 1701: 1658: 1599: 1540: 785: 296: 281: 37: 9879: 9135: 5405:"International Data on Educational Attainment: Updates and Implications" 5185: 5112:"Information Processing Equipment and Software in the National Accounts" 5043: 4800: 4219: 2648: 909:

can be defined as the increase or improvement in the inflation-adjusted

10987: 10787: 10564: 10014: 9997: 8774:

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8563: 7809: 7750: 7472: 7440: 7410: 7329: 7281: 7123: 6952: 6809: 6755: 5621:

The Knowledge Capital of Nations: Education and the Economics of Growth

5362: 5358: 5315: 5292: 5095: 5078: 4933:"Interpreting the 'One Big Wave' in U.S. Long Term Productivity Growth" 4769:

Data refer to the year 2008. $ 26,341 GDP for Korea, $ 1513 for Ghana.

4402:. Cambridge, New York: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. 4006: 3832: 3782: 3770: 3578:

Some physical scientists like Sanyam Mittal regard continuous economic

3501: 3462: 3189: 3122: 3004: 2959: 2926: 2906: 2726:

has since contracted, while the service economy expanded in the 2000s.

2537: 2467: 2334: 1932:

was facilitated by the adoption of government policies which fostered

1929: 1886: 1607: 1568: 1552: 1002: 715: 645: 581: 532: 8585: 6310:

Post-Pandemic Economic Growth super-inquiry launched by BEIS Committee

5479: 5314:

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have been developed in order to achieve this and to overcome possible

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Attributed to Mensch who described new products as "demand creating".

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deaths from starvation before the governor decided to try democracy.

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7115: 6737: 5818:"Mortality Reductions, Educational Attainment, and Fertility Choice" 5284: 3445:

across nations, although there is also a considerable divergence in

2933:

of endogenous productivity growth was proposed by Russian economist

1915:

Great Divergence § Efficiency of markets and state intervention

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Energy economic theories hold that rates of energy consumption and

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in order to reduce the divergence in wealth caused by inequality.

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in the growth process has radically shifted in the past century.

1734:

with high rates of economic growth driven by capital investment.

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real growth rates, 1990–1998 and 1990–2006, in selected countries

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Mass Production, the Stock Market Crash and the Great Depression

4452: 1630:-powered factories. The invention of processes for making cheap 1046:

GDP per person data are adjusted for inflation, hence they are "

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1996–2004, and of 1972–96 with 1996–2011 is quite remarkable.

3708: 1709: 1685: 1677: 1631: 1481:(specialization) is also fundamental to rising productivity. 937: 454: 230: 10093: 8394:"One million species at risk of extinction, UN report warns" 8119:, Policy Research Working Paper Series 4851, The World Bank. 7726:"Inequality and economic growth: the role of initial income" 6988:

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Patents, trademarks, and industrial design filing activity

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inequality." A 2021 paper authored by top scientists in

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Economic growth has the indirect potential to alleviate

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fell due to improvements in transportation and trade,

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capital accumulation and therefore economic growth.

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and internal combustion supplanted limited wind and

1025:

The economic growth rate is typically calculated as

60:

Rate of change of gross domestic product, world and

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Cengage Learning. p. 2776: 2678: 2664: 1944:, and the abolishment of anti-usury laws. 1676:has been strong since then, starting with 894: 880: 9935: 9925: 9888: 9878: 9833: 9722: 9690: 9622: 9612: 9257: 9196: 8743: 8678: 8584: 8276: 8210: 8147:The environment, from surplus to scarcity 8035:"Inclusive Growth: Building up a Concept" 7936:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 7842: 7749: 7556: 7542: 7519: 7311: 7220: 7190: 7038: 6847: 6745: 6688: 6614: 6534: 6260: 6216: 5990:The Origins of Modern Freedom in the West 5896:Hunt, E. K.; Lautzenheiser, Mark (2014). 5692: 5690: 5670: 5552: 5515: 5478: 5274: 5135:Hunt, E. K.; Lautzenheiser, Mark (2014). 5094: 4944: 4635: 4490: 4472: 4425: 4257: 4232: 3741:List of countries by real GDP growth rate 3558:and chemical fertilizers, especially the 3128: 1904: 913:of the goods and services produced by an 12072:Lists of countries by financial rankings 10040:on the basic assumptions behind current 9981: 9746:McCloskey, Deirdre; Carden, Art (2020). 9045: 8995: 8792:. New York: Cambridge University Press. 8693: 8446: 7931: 7904: 7902: 7900: 7144:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 7096:Aghion, Philippe; Howitt, Peter (1992). 6983: 6872: 5438: 5403:Barro, Robert J.; Lee, Jong-Wha (2001). 5402: 4816:"U.S. Economic Growth in the Gilded Age" 4786: 4667:for various innovations start at Fig. 14 4556:The Transportation Revolution, 1815–1860 4373:Productivity trends in the United States 4365: 4350:, p. , Part I: The Malthusian Trap. 4177:Productivity Trends in the United States 4173: 4104:Roubini, Nouriel; Backus, David (1998). 3599:or decline due to resource constraints. 3296: 3015: 2989: 2807:One popular theory in the 1940s was the 1802: 1593: 1348: 1340: 1315: 1311: 1016: 9952: 9768: 9550:, Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, 9182: 9121: 8783: 8729: 7955: 7953: 7772: 7579: 7458: 7382:Alesina, Alberto; Rodrik, Dani (1994). 7179:Handbook of the Economics of Education. 6963:Center for Economic and Policy Research 6878: 6573:An Essay on the Principle of Population 6570: 6175: 6108: 5774:Cervellati, Matteo; Sunde, Uwe (2005). 5216: 5159: 4612:A New Economic View of American History 4519: 4479:Structural Change and Economic Dynamics 4303: 4193: 3271: 3151: 1940:, laws providing for the protection of 1911:Great Divergence § Property rights 14: 12620: 11370:Latin American and Caribbean countries 10077:Angus Maddison's Historical Dataseries 9643:The Review of Economics and Statistics 9510: 9500:Handbook of Economic Growth, Elsevier. 9325: 9263: 9235: 9077: 9023: 8864: 8632: 8606:Carrington, Damian (5 November 2019). 8514: 8488:Carrington, Damian (2 February 2021). 8332: 8008:Anand, Rahul; et al. (May 2013). 7638: 7636: 7454: 7452: 7450: 7422: 7420: 7377: 7375: 7363:"The Effect of Distribution on Growth" 7341: 7339: 7293: 7291: 7259: 7221:Berg, Andrew; Ostry, Jonathan (2017). 7153: 7151: 7135: 7133: 7019: 6466: 6052:Saving Capitalism from the Capitalists 5983: 5920: 5815: 5696: 5687: 5447: 4996: 4930: 4609:Atack, Jeremy; Passell, Peter (1994). 4553: 4394: 3965: 3938: 3508: 1723: 204:Measures of national income and output 12100: 11207: 10097: 9699: 9431: 9403: 9382: 8912: 8694:Specktor, Brandon (15 January 2021). 8307: 8007: 7990:. Centre for Economic Policy Research 7981: 7897: 7604: 7139: 6992:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. pp. 6831: 6795: 6719: 6649: 6637: 6589:Quamrul, Ashraf; Galor, Oded (2011). 6584: 6582: 6425: 6077: 6075: 6073: 6071: 5738:The Scandinavian Journal of Economics 5357: 4869: 4813: 4676: 4581: 4359: 4347: 4328: 4266: 4091: 4072: 3918: 3906: 3894: 3851: 2913:was notable for its incorporation of 2026:buys public goods, works and services 1337:Determinants of per capita GDP growth 1072:Real GDP per person at end of period 1003:Development of new goods and services 12127:Economic classification of countries 9574:1982 reprint, Transaction Publishers 9173:"Overshoot" by William Catton, p. 3 9151:Limits to Growth: The 30-Year Update 8980: 8940: 8130:Limits to Growth: The 30-Year Update 7950: 6768: 6469:The Rise and Fall of American Growth 6297:Procuring Growth: Balanced Scorecard 4523:The Rise and Fall of Infrastructures 4150:"UK Economic Performance Since 1997" 4122: 3939:Gordon, Robert J. (29 August 2017). 2757: 2710: 1649:, which was arguably one of several 1355: 10193:Agent-based computational economics 9503:Halevi, Joseph; Laibman, David and 9051: 9001:"Arithmetic, Population and Energy" 7633: 7582:Capital in the Twenty-first Century 7447: 7417: 7372: 7336: 7288: 7148: 7130: 6497:U.S. Chamber of Commerce Foundation 6390: 6356: 4019: 3233: 3065:, highlights the important role of 2830: 1757:growth, as did the entrance of the 1591:, which is universally used today. 1458:Productivity-improving technologies 1040: 24: 9792:"Scientists' warning on affluence" 9572:The Theory of Economic Development 9425: 8865:Bailey, Ronald (4 February 2004). 8633:Weston, Phoebe (13 January 2021). 8333:Nelson, Anitra (31 January 2024). 8249:; et al. (12 December 2022). 8177:"Scientists' warning on affluence" 7932:Drèze, Jean; Sen, Amartya (2013). 6783:10.1111/j.1475-4932.1956.tb00434.x 6579: 6068: 5734:"Longevity and Life cycle Savings" 4729:. 28 November 2019. Archived from 3515:Energy returned on energy invested 3195: 2733: 1549:historical sources of productivity 25: 12649: 12446:Research and development spending 9976: 9389:. Westport, CT; London: Praeger. 8981:Lyon, Christioher (3 July 2015). 8889: 8667:Frontiers in Conservation Science 8339:The Commons Social Change Library 8314:The Commons Social Change Library 4997:Gordon, Robert J. (Spring 2013). 4760:. The Independent. July 13, 2006. 3704:Export-oriented industrialization 3430: 3417:Frontiers in Conservation Science 1634:were important for many forms of 12600: 12588: 12489:planetary pressures–adjusted HDI 12365:List of countries by median wage 12360:Employee compensation (per hour) 12060:*Top country metropolitan by GDP 12054:*Top country subdivisions by GDP 10651:neoclassical–Keynesian synthesis 9319: 9292: 9229: 9167: 9142: 9115: 8974: 8959: 8934: 8919:. New York: D. Appleton and Co. 8806: 8777: 8768: 8714: 8687: 8653: 8626: 8599: 8547: 8508: 8481: 8467: 8440: 8415: 8386: 8351: 8326: 8308:Smith, E. T. (23 January 2024). 8301: 8227: 8164: 8135: 8122: 8102: 8093: 8058: 8026: 8001: 7975: 7925: 7875: 7820: 7801: 7766: 7717: 7698: 7671: 7598: 7573: 7536: 7512:10.1111/j.1467-937X.2008.00506.x 7487: 7354: 7253: 7203:(3). International Monetary Fund 7171: 7089: 7063: 6977: 6945: 6936: 6917: 6908: 6899: 6825: 6816: 6789: 6762: 6146:Explorations in Economic History 6084:Explorations in Economic History 6050:Rajan, R.; Zingales, L. (2003). 5597:10.1111/j.1468-0327.2011.00265.x 5083:Journal of Economic Perspectives 4615:. New York: W.W. Norton and Co. 4588:. New York: D. Appleton and Co. 3372:substantial loss of biodiversity 3216:. A study by researchers at the 2925:) or technological change (e.g. 2647: 2045:This section is an excerpt from 1775: 1740:National Industrial Recovery Act 861: 849: 90: 53: 36: 12147:Heavily indebted poor countries 10083:OECD economic growth statistics 9538:Introduction to Economic Growth 9438:Social Science Research Network 6713: 6666: 6655: 6564: 6547: 6528: 6514: 6485: 6460: 6419: 6384: 6350: 6324:Review of Development Economics 6302: 6289: 6238: 6225: 6196: 6137: 6102: 6043: 6010: 5977: 5939: 5914: 5889: 5642: 5611: 5569: 5532: 5495: 5396: 5351: 5307: 5245: 5219:The Journal of Economic History 5210: 5200:"Hours of Work in U.S. History" 5192: 5153: 5128: 5103: 5070: 4953: 4931:Gordon, Robert J. (June 2000). 4876:The Journal of Economic History 4863: 4807: 4780: 4763: 4744: 4695: 4670: 4644: 4629: 4602: 4547: 4513: 4297: 4226: 4187: 4141: 4116: 4097: 3035:The prevailing views about the 2631:Latin America and the Caribbean 1451: 1031:real GDP per capita growth rate 12162:World Bank high-income economy 12080:List of international rankings 11473:Latin America & Caribbean 11322:Private consumption per capita 9678:Journal of Economic Literature 9570:Schumpeter, Jospeph A. (1912) 9410:. Princeton University Press. 9302:Electricity in Economic Growth 9149:Meadows, D H; Randers (2004). 9089:. CSIRO Working Paper Series. 8447:McKenzie, A. D. (7 May 2019). 8359:"Charter of the Global Greens" 7971:Overseas Development Institute 7921:Overseas Development Institute 7391:Quarterly Journal of Economics 7300:The Review of Economic Studies 6882:The Mystery of Economic Growth 6726:Quarterly Journal of Economics 6522:"All Employees: Manufacturing" 6405:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2017.11.001 6357:Lee, Yong Suk (28 July 2016). 5541:Journal of Economic Literature 5262:Quarterly Journal of Economics 4636:Beaudreau, Bernard C. (1996). 4554:Taylor, George Rogers (1951). 4435:Johns Hopkins University Press 4013: 3990: 3959: 3932: 3866: 3845: 3218:Overseas Development Institute 3031:Effects of economic inequality 2698:Entrepreneurs and new products 1771:Other factors affecting growth 1651:causes of the Great Depression 1012: 942:Measurement of economic growth 809:Publications in macroeconomics 13: 1: 10587:Critique of political economy 10123: 10004:CEPR Economics Seminar Series 9599:(supplement_4): 21316–21319. 9560:Pokrovskii, Vladimir (2018). 8368:. Dakar. 2012. Archived from 7810:"What Was the U.K. GDP Then?" 7692:10.1016/j.jpolmod.2013.02.011 7361:The World Bank Group (1999). 7167:10.1016/S1574-0684(05)01004-X 6924:Pokrovskii, Vladimir (2021). 6393:Journal of Business Venturing 6366:Journal of Economic Geography 6205:"Democracy Does Cause Growth" 6027:10.1016/S1574-0684(05)01006-3 5750:10.1111/1467-9442.t01-1-00001 4501:10.1016/j.strueco.2003.10.003 4382:", Princeton University Press 4270:Journal of Monetary Economics 3839: 3684:Critique of political economy 3173:Importance of long-run growth 2738: 2443:Democracy and economic growth 2047:Democracy and economic growth 2040:Democracy and economic growth 1610:, scientific farming and the 1345:Historic world GDP per capita 1333:with higher limiting values. 12501:Percentage living in poverty 12157:Newly industrialized country 11360:European Union member states 10030:The Economist Has No Clothes 9153:. Chelsea Green Publishing. 9078:Turner, Graham (June 2008). 9024:Murphy, Tom (12 July 2011). 8931:Opening line of the Preface. 8400:. 6 May 2019. Archived from 7961:Economic growth and the MDGs 7853:10.1016/0921-8009(95)00064-X 6885:. Harvard University Press. 6835:Journal of Political Economy 6676:Journal of Political Economy 6284:Acemoglu & Robinson 2012 6209:NBER Working Paper No. 20004 5880:Acemoglu & Robinson 2012 5448:Breton, Theodore R. (2015). 5382:10.1016/0167-2231(90)90028-J 5162:"The Myth of Asia's Miracle" 4835:10.1016/j.jmacro.2007.08.008 4814:Field, Alezander J. (2007). 4677:Field, Alexander J. (2011). 4283:10.1016/0304-3932(88)90168-7 4196:"The Myth of Asia's Miracle" 3969:Principles of Macroeconomics 3258:growth elasticity of poverty 3254:Millennium Development Goals 2636:Middle East and North Africa 2503:Peaceful transition of power 1653:of the 1930s. Following the 1545:energy conversion efficiency 1529:Second Industrial Revolution 7: 12451:Stock market capitalization 12417:Financial assets per capita 11400:Gross national income (GNI) 9752:University of Chicago Press 9729:University of Chicago Press 9723:McCloskey, Deirdre (2016). 9266:Journal of Economic History 8867:"Science and Public Policy" 8373:(PDF contains full charter) 7159:Handbook of Economic Growth 6111:Journal of Economic History 6019:Handbook of Economic Growth 5951:Journal of Economic History 5816:Soares, Rodrigo R. (2005). 4937:NBER Working Paper No. 7752 4775:International Monetary Fund 4335:Handbook of Economic Growth 4130:. p. 2. Archived from 4001:(2nd ed.). p. 6. 3656: 3437:Economics of global warming 3252:and the achievement of the 3146:International Monetary Fund 3020: 2901:, most notably advanced by 2533:Proportional representation 1058:Economic growth by country 10: 12654: 10725:Real business-cycle theory 10024:On global economic history 9927:10.1038/s41562-021-01229-y 9858:Royal Society Open Science 9818:10.1038/s41467-020-16941-y 9706:Princeton University Press 8533:10.1007/s11406-022-00497-w 8278:10.1038/d41586-022-04412-x 8203:10.1038/s41467-020-16941-y 7775:NBER Macroeconomics Annual 7730:Journal of Economic Growth 7680:Journal of Policy Modeling 7645:Journal of Economic Growth 7607:Journal of Economic Growth 7545:Review of Economic Studies 7500:Review of Economic Studies 7461:Journal of Economic Growth 7262:Review of Economic Studies 6467:Gordon, Robert J. (2016). 6295:Crown Commercial Service, 6176:De Soto, Hernando (2000). 6054:. New York: Random House. 5921:Landes, David. S. (1969). 5792:10.1257/000282805775014380 5651:Journal of Economic Growth 4662:(364). The Cato Institute. 4233:Rosenberg, Nathan (1982). 4174:Kendrick, John W. (1961). 4110:Lectures in Macroeconomics 3625: 3619: 3512: 3496:an 'inefficient system of 3479:carbon capture and storage 3434: 3392:biodiversity is collapsing 3279: 3237: 3101:In 2013, French economist 3024: 2993: 2886: 2834: 2761: 2714: 2044: 1908: 1455: 1327:conventional growth domain 946:national income accounting 560:New neoclassical synthesis 543:Real business-cycle theory 12583: 12557: 12524: 12464: 12425: 12395: 12338: 12299: 12250: 12213: 12203: 12170: 12152:Least developed countries 12132: 12067: 11609: 11436: 11398: 11340: 11281: 11246: 11165: 11123: 10765: 10499: 10248: 10213: 10131: 9536:Jones, Charles I. (2002) 9493:MIT Press: Cambridge, MA. 9432:Barro, Robert J. (1996). 9383:Bjork, Gordon J. (1999). 9278:10.1017/S0022050700029673 8754:10.1007/s10584-009-9717-9 8680:10.3389/fcosc.2020.615419 7742:10.1007/s10887-018-9156-4 7657:10.1007/s10887-017-9150-2 7239:10.1057/s41308-017-0030-8 7193:"Equality and Efficiency" 6879:Helpman, Elhanah (2004). 6720:Solow, Robert M. (1956). 6561:, ISR Publications, 2015. 6158:10.1016/j.eeh.2013.07.005 6123:10.1017/S0022050706000398 6096:10.1016/j.eeh.2016.11.002 5988:. In Davis, R. W. (ed.). 5963:10.1017/S0022050700009451 5663:10.1007/s10887-008-9031-9 5231:10.1017/s0022050700039073 4890:(inactive 28 July 2024). 4888:10.1017/S0022050706000088 4870:Field, Alexander (2004). 4823:Journal of Macroeconomics 4702:St. Louis Federal Reserve 4106:"Productivity and Growth" 3777:Prosperity Without Growth 3647:Total factor productivity 3638:global energy consumption 3615: 3408:warning on climate change 3397:Colorado State University 3376:environmental degradation 3082:has an adverse effect on 2717:Rostow's stages of growth 1834: 1021:Real GDP Growth Rate 2023 12638:Macroeconomic indicators 12544:Number of Internet users 12436:Gross National Happiness 11458:Commonwealth of Nations 11332:Ten largest historically 9775:. London: Random House. 9483:. New York: M.E. Sharpe. 9326:Paepke, C. Owen (1992). 9054:"That Old Time Religion" 8913:Wells, David A. (1891). 8788:Sustainable Fossil Fuels 7580:Piketty, Thomas (2014). 7429:American Economic Review 6984:Landreth, Harry (1976). 6798:American Economic Review 6595:American Economic Review 6248:American Economic Review 5834:10.1257/0002828054201486 5822:American Economic Review 5780:American Economic Review 5504:American Economic Review 5458:Journal of Human Capital 5337:10.1257/0002828042002570 5324:American Economic Review 4582:Wells, David A. (1890). 4520:Grubler, Arnulf (1990). 4304:Reisman, George (1998). 4022:Economic Growth eJournal 3966:Mankiw, Gregory (2011). 3443:carbon dioxide emissions 3048:Neoclassical perspective 2899:endogenous growth theory 2889:Endogenous growth theory 2883:Endogenous growth theory 2588:Wars between democracies 2568:Territorial peace theory 2413:Democratic confederalism 1331:innovative growth domain 565:Saltwater and freshwater 12474:Human Development Index 11566:Former Soviet Republics 11283:Purchasing power parity 10365:Industrial organization 10188:Computational economics 10088:Multinational data sets 10070: 9953:Pilling, David (2019). 9614:10.1073/pnas.1101933108 9581:2nd ed. Addison Wesley. 9404:Clark, Gregory (2007). 9026:"Galactic-Scale Energy" 8515:Cafaro, Philip (2022). 8151:Oxford University Press 7619:10.1023/A:1009850119329 7567:10.1111/0034-6527.00312 7197:Finance and Development 7049:10.1111/1468-0262.00312 6336:10.1111/1467-9361.00151 4433:, Baltimore, Maryland: 3798:Sustainable development 3669:American exceptionalism 3562:for ammonia synthesis. 3500:'. Instead, he favours 3494:carbon emission trading 3319:basic income guarantees 3158:Galor and Zeira's model 2859:conditional convergence 2777:Classical growth theory 2573:Tyranny of the majority 2508:Political demonstration 2418:Democratic peace theory 2393:Deliberative referendum 1704:had a lower per capita 1668:Economic growth in the 1075:Annualized growth rate 493:International economics 418:Overlapping generations 12570:Per capita (creditors) 12549:Smartphone penetration 12205:Gross domestic product 12172:Three/Four-World Model 11522:nominal and per capita 10570:Modern monetary theory 10235:Experimental economics 10205:Pluralism in economics 10178:Mathematical economics 10047:World Growth Institute 9913:Nature Human Behaviour 9769:Raworth, Kate (2017). 9577:Weil, David N. (2008) 9461:Cite journal requires 8997:Bartlett, Albert Allen 8310:"Practising Commoning" 8245:; O’Neill, Daniel W.; 7711:VOX CEPR Policy Portal 6607:10.1257/aer.101.5.2003 5984:Barker, J. H. (1995). 5412:Oxford Economic Papers 5202:. 2010. Archived from 5160:Krugman, Paul (1994). 5056:World KLEMS Conference 5012:: 13–9. Archived from 4371:Kendrick, J. W. 1961 " 4194:Krugman, Paul (1994). 3828:The White Man's Burden 3818:Universal basic income 3609:William R. Catton, Jr. 3370:warned that given the 3302: 3264:of the United Nations 3129:Evidence: reduced form 2398:Democratic backsliding 2388:Criticism of democracy 1926: 1905:Political institutions 1808: 1751:demographic transition 1615: 1604:mechanized agriculture 1565:mechanized agriculture 1563:improvements included 1537:electricity generation 1499:demographic transition 1427: 1346: 1321: 1309: 1305:countercyclical policy 1022: 923:gross domestic product 836:Mathematical economics 587:Modern monetary theory 350:Universal basic income 44:Gross domestic product 12534:ICT Development Index 12516:Social Progress Index 12301:Gross national income 11610:Subnational divisions 9982:Articles and lectures 9959:Bloomsbury Publishing 9797:Nature Communications 9544:Lucas, Robert E., Jr. 9056:. AEI. Archived from 8941:Smil, Vaclav (2004). 8577:10.1093/biosci/biz088 8475:The Ultimate Resource 8182:Nature Communications 8173:Steinberger, Julia K. 7348:Working Paper No. 197 7142:Unified Growth Theory 6662:Paul Rosenstein-Rodan 6555:The Wealth of Nations 6271:10.1257/aer.91.5.1369 5697:Lustig, Nora (2006). 5526:10.1257/aer.90.5.1184 3823:Wealth redistribution 3813:Unified growth theory 3347:Global Greens Charter 3317:, green investments, 3300: 3025:Further information: 3016:Inequality and growth 3001:Unified growth theory 2996:Unified growth theory 2990:Unified growth theory 2787:factors of production 2745:The Wealth of Nations 2453:Electoral competition 2433:Democratic transition 2408:Democratic centralism 2403:Democratic capitalism 1922: 1828:Jan Luiten van Zanden 1806: 1645:of the 1920s created 1597: 1577:Interchangeable parts 1522:Interchangeable parts 1510:Industrial Revolution 1494:Industrial Revolution 1352: 1344: 1319: 1312:Growth and innovation 1301: 1035:GNI per capita growth 1020: 676:Wesley Clair Mitchell 651:Thomas Robert Malthus 488:Development economics 12633:Economic development 12595:Economics portal 12575:Per capita (debtors) 12441:Net material product 10444:Social choice theory 10200:Behavioral economics 10183:Complexity economics 9700:Mokyr, Joel (2016). 9692:10.1257/jel.51.2.325 9656:10.1162/REST_a_00599 9520:Penguin Random House 9215:10.1002/2013EF000171 8784:Jaccard, M. (2005). 8478:, Julian Simon, 1981 7830:Ecological Economics 7584:. Brilliance Audio. 7140:Galor, Oded (2011). 5706:WIDER Research Paper 5563:10.1257/jel.46.3.607 5424:10.1093/oep/53.3.541 4329:Galor, Oded (2005). 4030:10.2139/ssrn.3503386 3751:Orthodox Development 3735:The Limits to Growth 3729:Hindu rate of growth 3699:Economic development 3592:The Limits to Growth 3384:Julian Lincoln Simon 3311:steady-state economy 3290:Critics such as the 3282:The Limits to Growth 3274:Environmental impact 3152:Evidence: mechanisms 3052:representative agent 2973:Schumpeterian growth 2964:creative destruction 2752:capital accumulation 2428:Democratic socialism 1761:into the workforce. 1531:, a major factor of 1027:real GDP growth rate 413:Ramsey–Cass–Koopmans 253:Liquidity preference 12561:investment position 12506:Human Capital Index 12496:Human Poverty Index 12484:inequality-adjusted 12285:per person employed 11550:Asia & Pacific 11437:Countries by region 11327:Per person employed 10528:American (National) 10228:Economic statistics 10038:Scientific American 9880:10.1098/rsos.190725 9871:2020RSOS....790725R 9810:2020NatCo..11.3107W 9605:2011PNAS..10821316G 9207:2014EaFut...2..127G 9136:10.1511/2009.78.230 9052:Hayward, Steven F. 8454:Inter Press Service 8398:National Geographic 8269:2022Natur.612..400H 8195:2020NatCo..11.3107W 7227:IMF Economic Review 6930:The Complex Systems 6640:, pp. 297–298. 4427:Hounshell, David A. 4125:"Growth Accounting" 4123:Wang, Ping (2014). 3852:Roser, Max (2021). 3788:Sufficiency economy 3547:Simon–Ehrlich wager 3542:The Population Bomb 3509:Resource constraint 3075:the level of income 3059:income distribution 3027:Economic inequality 2977:Aghion–Howitt model 2935:Vladimir Pokrovskii 2850:diminishing returns 2795:Diminishing returns 2654:Politics portal 2448:Democracy promotion 2423:Democratic republic 1986:also consider that 1949:Glorious Revolution 1849:capability approach 1731:diminishing returns 1724:Factor accumulation 1694:Indian subcontinent 1462:Increases in labor 1059: 868:Business portal 804:Macroeconomic model 681:John Maynard Keynes 478:Economic statistics 423:General equilibrium 12559:Net international 12310:Nominal per capita 12228:past and projected 12142:Developing country 11826:nominal per capita 11589:nominal per capita 11527:PPP and per capita 11502:nominal per capita 11413:Nominal per capita 11375:Oceanian countries 11365:European countries 11310:Past and projected 11273:Sector composition 11261:Past and projected 11235:Lists of countries 10009:2010-07-11 at the 9988:"Economic growth." 9124:American Scientist 8115:2014-11-11 at the 7966:2011-07-17 at the 7915:2012-09-18 at the 7892:The Cato Institute 7887:2011-02-19 at the 7473:10.1007/BF00138861 6747:10338.dmlcz/143862 6378:10.1093/jeg/lbw021 6235:, April–June 2017. 5947:North, Douglass C. 5253:Mankiw, N. Gregory 5096:10.1257/jep.22.1.3 4789:Business Economics 4756:2012-01-24 at the 4707:2015-04-13 at the 4378:2019-03-04 at the 3878:2013-05-03 at the 3694:Development theory 3674:Civilizing mission 3584:depleted resources 3339:growth imperatives 3303: 3214:labor productivity 3186:exponential growth 3037:role of inequality 2802:economies of scale 2593:Waves of democracy 2553:Right to candidacy 2523:Popular referendum 2513:Political equality 2383:Citizens' assembly 1809: 1663:John W. Kendrick's 1624:combine harvesters 1616: 1479:division of labour 1428: 1381: -1.0 to -0.1 1375: -2.0 to -1.1 1369: -3.0 to -2.1 1347: 1322: 1057: 1023: 930:inflation-adjusted 756:Edward C. Prescott 483:Monetary economics 12615: 12614: 12466:Human development 12428:national accounts 12330:Disposable income 12325:Per capita growth 12295: 12294: 12137:Developed country 12094: 12093: 11428:Disposable income 11423:Per capita growth 11390:Industrial growth 11350:African countries 11201: 11200: 10732:New institutional 9920:(12): 1608–1621. 9496:Galor, O. (2005) 9417:978-0-691-12135-2 9396:978-0-275-96532-7 9375:978-0-307-71922-5 9343:978-0-679-41582-4 9312:978-0-309-03677-1 9250:978-0-521-09418-4 9237:Landes, David. S. 9160:978-1-931498-58-6 8952:978-0-262-69313-4 8926:978-0-543-72474-8 8799:978-0-521-67979-4 8555:Ripple, William J 8263:(7940): 400–403. 7082:978-0-19-877622-2 7003:978-0-395-19234-4 6892:978-0-674-01572-2 6478:978-0-691-14772-7 6061:978-0-7126-2131-1 6003:978-0-8047-2474-6 5932:978-0-521-09418-4 5635:978-0-262-02917-9 5045:Dale W. Jorgenson 4688:978-0-300-15109-1 4622:978-0-393-96315-1 4444:978-0-8018-2975-8 4409:978-0-521-09418-4 4396:Landes, David. S. 4308:. Jameson Books. 4250:978-0-521-27367-1 3952:978-0-691-17580-5 3859:Our World in Data 3808:Uneconomic growth 3724:Growth accounting 3634:energy efficiency 3421:biodiversity loss 3362:published by the 3351:carrying capacity 3307:uneconomic growth 3262:Secretary-General 3250:poverty reduction 3246:human development 3050:that is based on 3003:was developed by 2962:and a process of 2956:Joseph Schumpeter 2903:Robert Lucas, Jr. 2758:Malthusian theory 2711:Structural change 2688: 2687: 2543:Right to petition 1988:cultural property 1854:Matteo Cervellati 1747:Industrialization 1682:Four Asian Tigers 1680:and spreading to 1486:industrialization 1425: 1424: 1283: 1282: 1007:consumer spending 954:per-capita income 952:to population or 936:on the prices of 904: 903: 831:Political economy 786:N. Gregory Mankiw 776:Thomas J. Sargent 621:Market monetarism 435:Endogenous growth 265:National accounts 16:(Redirected from 12645: 12607:World portal 12605: 12604: 12593: 12592: 12511:Household income 12405:Wealth per adult 12268:future estimates 12211: 12210: 12121: 12114: 12107: 12098: 12097: 12085:Lists by country 11385:1980–2010 growth 11228: 11221: 11214: 11205: 11204: 10405:Natural resource 10240:Economic history 10166:Mechanism design 10118: 10111: 10104: 10095: 10094: 10066:, 16 March 2022. 9972: 9949: 9939: 9929: 9902: 9892: 9882: 9847: 9837: 9786: 9765: 9742: 9719: 9696: 9694: 9667: 9636: 9626: 9616: 9567: 9533: 9487:Barro, Robert J. 9470: 9464: 9459: 9457: 9449: 9421: 9400: 9379: 9367: 9348: 9347: 9323: 9317: 9316: 9296: 9290: 9289: 9261: 9255: 9254: 9233: 9227: 9226: 9200: 9180: 9174: 9171: 9165: 9164: 9146: 9140: 9139: 9119: 9113: 9112: 9110: 9109: 9103: 9097:. Archived from 9084: 9075: 9069: 9068: 9066: 9065: 9049: 9043: 9042: 9037: 9036: 9021: 9015: 9014: 9009: 9008: 9003:. albartlett.org 8993: 8987: 8986: 8985:. Mining Weekly. 8978: 8972: 8971: 8963: 8957: 8956: 8938: 8932: 8930: 8910: 8904: 8903: 8898:. Archived from 8892:"The Doomslayer" 8887: 8878: 8877: 8875: 8874: 8862: 8853: 8852: 8850: 8849: 8834: 8825: 8824: 8822: 8821: 8810: 8804: 8803: 8791: 8781: 8775: 8772: 8766: 8765: 8747: 8727: 8721: 8718: 8712: 8711: 8709: 8708: 8691: 8685: 8684: 8682: 8657: 8651: 8650: 8648: 8647: 8630: 8624: 8623: 8621: 8620: 8603: 8597: 8596: 8594: 8593: 8588: 8551: 8545: 8544: 8527:(5): 2263–2282. 8512: 8506: 8505: 8503: 8502: 8485: 8479: 8471: 8465: 8464: 8462: 8461: 8444: 8438: 8437: 8435: 8434: 8419: 8413: 8412: 8410: 8409: 8390: 8384: 8383: 8381: 8380: 8374: 8363: 8355: 8349: 8348: 8346: 8345: 8330: 8324: 8323: 8321: 8320: 8305: 8299: 8298: 8280: 8247:Schor, Juliet B. 8231: 8225: 8224: 8214: 8168: 8162: 8161: 8143:Allan Schnaiberg 8139: 8133: 8126: 8120: 8106: 8100: 8097: 8091: 8090: 8088: 8082:. Archived from 8073: 8062: 8056: 8055: 8053: 8052: 8039: 8030: 8024: 8023: 8021: 8020: 8014: 8005: 7999: 7998: 7996: 7995: 7979: 7973: 7957: 7948: 7947: 7929: 7923: 7906: 7895: 7894:. April 11, 2007 7879: 7873: 7872: 7846: 7824: 7818: 7817: 7805: 7799: 7798: 7770: 7764: 7763: 7753: 7721: 7715: 7714: 7702: 7696: 7695: 7675: 7669: 7668: 7640: 7631: 7630: 7602: 7596: 7595: 7577: 7571: 7570: 7560: 7551:(4): 1001–1026. 7540: 7534: 7533: 7523: 7491: 7485: 7484: 7456: 7445: 7444: 7424: 7415: 7414: 7388: 7379: 7370: 7369: 7367: 7358: 7352: 7351: 7343: 7334: 7333: 7315: 7295: 7286: 7285: 7257: 7251: 7250: 7218: 7212: 7211: 7209: 7208: 7188: 7182: 7175: 7169: 7155: 7146: 7145: 7137: 7128: 7127: 7093: 7087: 7086: 7067: 7061: 7060: 7042: 7021:Aghion, Philippe 7017: 7008: 7007: 6991: 6981: 6975: 6973: 6949: 6943: 6940: 6934: 6933: 6921: 6915: 6912: 6906: 6903: 6897: 6896: 6876: 6870: 6869: 6851: 6842:(5): 1002–1037. 6829: 6823: 6820: 6814: 6813: 6793: 6787: 6786: 6766: 6760: 6759: 6749: 6717: 6711: 6710: 6692: 6683:(5): 1003–1026. 6670: 6664: 6659: 6653: 6647: 6641: 6635: 6629: 6628: 6618: 6601:(5): 2003–2041. 6586: 6577: 6576: 6568: 6562: 6551: 6545: 6544: 6532: 6526: 6525: 6518: 6512: 6511: 6509: 6508: 6499:. Archived from 6489: 6483: 6482: 6464: 6458: 6456: 6454: 6448:. Archived from 6437: 6423: 6417: 6416: 6388: 6382: 6381: 6363: 6354: 6348: 6347: 6319: 6313: 6306: 6300: 6293: 6287: 6281: 6275: 6274: 6264: 6242: 6236: 6229: 6223: 6222: 6220: 6200: 6194: 6193: 6173: 6162: 6161: 6141: 6135: 6134: 6106: 6100: 6099: 6079: 6066: 6065: 6047: 6041: 6040: 6014: 6008: 6007: 5981: 5975: 5974: 5943: 5937: 5936: 5918: 5912: 5911: 5900:. PHI Learning. 5893: 5887: 5877: 5868: 5867: 5855: 5846: 5845: 5813: 5804: 5803: 5786:(5): 1653–1672. 5771: 5762: 5761: 5729: 5720: 5719: 5703: 5694: 5685: 5684: 5674: 5646: 5640: 5639: 5615: 5609: 5608: 5582: 5573: 5567: 5566: 5556: 5536: 5530: 5529: 5519: 5499: 5493: 5492: 5482: 5454: 5445: 5436: 5435: 5409: 5400: 5394: 5393: 5367: 5355: 5349: 5348: 5320: 5311: 5305: 5304: 5278: 5249: 5243: 5242: 5214: 5208: 5207: 5196: 5190: 5189: 5178:10.2307/20046929 5157: 5151: 5150: 5139:. PHI Learning. 5132: 5126: 5125: 5123: 5122: 5116: 5107: 5101: 5100: 5098: 5074: 5068: 5067: 5053: 5041: 5032: 5031: 5025: 5024: 5018: 5003: 4994: 4985: 4984: 4982: 4981: 4975: 4968: 4957: 4951: 4950: 4948: 4928: 4922: 4921: 4915: 4907: 4867: 4861: 4860: 4858: 4857: 4851: 4845:. Archived from 4820: 4811: 4805: 4804: 4784: 4778: 4767: 4761: 4748: 4742: 4741: 4739: 4738: 4719: 4713: 4699: 4693: 4692: 4674: 4668: 4665:Diffusion curves 4663: 4657: 4648: 4642: 4641: 4633: 4627: 4626: 4606: 4600: 4599: 4579: 4570: 4569: 4551: 4545: 4544: 4542: 4541: 4535: 4529:. Archived from 4528: 4517: 4511: 4510: 4508: 4507: 4494: 4492:10.1.1.1085.9040 4470: 4464: 4463: 4423: 4414: 4413: 4392: 4383: 4369: 4363: 4357: 4351: 4345: 4339: 4338: 4326: 4320: 4319: 4301: 4295: 4294: 4264: 4255: 4254: 4230: 4224: 4223: 4212:10.2307/20046929 4191: 4185: 4184: 4182: 4171: 4160: 4159: 4154: 4145: 4139: 4138: 4136: 4129: 4120: 4114: 4113: 4101: 4095: 4089: 4076: 4070: 4064: 4063: 4056: 4050: 4049: 4017: 4011: 4010: 3994: 3988: 3987: 3963: 3957: 3956: 3936: 3930: 3916: 3910: 3904: 3898: 3892: 3883: 3870: 3864: 3863: 3849: 3746:Manifest destiny 3556:Green Revolution 3447:carbon intensity 3412:overexploitation 3401:extinction event 3276: 3275: 3240:Inclusive growth 3234:Equitable growth 2985: 2929:). The quantity 2919:physical capital 2905:and his student 2837:Solow–Swan model 2831:Solow–Swan model 2734:Growth theories 2680: 2673: 2666: 2652: 2651: 2548:Right to protest 2498:Nomination rules 2053: 2052: 2010:Why Nations Fail 1942:private property 1862:Rodrigo.R Soares 1655:Great Depression 1612:Green Revolution 1573:Green Revolution 1446:aggregate demand 1418: 1412: 1407: 3.0 to 3.9 1406: 1401: 2.0 to 2.9 1400: 1395: 1.0 to 1.9 1394: 1387: 0.0 to 0.9 1386: 1380: 1374: 1368: 1363: below -3.0 1362: 1356: 1060: 1056: 1041:Long-term growth 996:extensive growth 990:intensive growth 977:physical capital 896: 889: 882: 866: 865: 856:Money portal 854: 853: 852: 766:William Nordhaus 751:Robert Lucas Jr. 641:François Quesnay 277:Nominal rigidity 248:Demand for money 226:Microfoundations 162:Financial crisis 142:Effective demand 112:Aggregate supply 107:Aggregate demand 94: 71: 70: 57: 40: 21: 12653: 12652: 12648: 12647: 12646: 12644: 12643: 12642: 12628:Economic growth 12618: 12617: 12616: 12611: 12599: 12587: 12579: 12560: 12553: 12520: 12460: 12421: 12391: 12334: 12291: 12253: 12246: 12199: 12166: 12128: 12125: 12095: 12090: 12089: 12063: 11605: 11432: 11394: 11336: 11284: 11277: 11242: 11232: 11202: 11197: 11194:Business portal 11161: 11160: 11159: 11119: 10883:von Böhm-Bawerk 10771: 10770: 10761: 10533:Ancient thought 10511: 10510: 10504: 10495: 10494: 10493: 10244: 10209: 10161:Contract theory 10146:Decision theory 10127: 10122: 10073: 10042:economic theory 10011:Wayback Machine 9984: 9979: 9969: 9783: 9762: 9739: 9716: 9579:Economic Growth 9530: 9505:Nell, Edward J. 9462: 9460: 9451: 9450: 9428: 9426:Further reading 9418: 9397: 9376: 9351: 9344: 9324: 9320: 9313: 9297: 9293: 9272:(2): 347–372 . 9262: 9258: 9251: 9234: 9230: 9181: 9177: 9172: 9168: 9161: 9147: 9143: 9120: 9116: 9107: 9105: 9101: 9082: 9076: 9072: 9063: 9061: 9050: 9046: 9034: 9032: 9022: 9018: 9006: 9004: 8994: 8990: 8979: 8975: 8964: 8960: 8953: 8939: 8935: 8927: 8911: 8907: 8888: 8881: 8872: 8870: 8863: 8856: 8847: 8845: 8836: 8835: 8828: 8819: 8817: 8812: 8811: 8807: 8800: 8782: 8778: 8773: 8769: 8732:Climatic Change 8728: 8724: 8719: 8715: 8706: 8704: 8692: 8688: 8658: 8654: 8645: 8643: 8631: 8627: 8618: 8616: 8604: 8600: 8591: 8589: 8552: 8548: 8513: 8509: 8500: 8498: 8486: 8482: 8472: 8468: 8459: 8457: 8445: 8441: 8432: 8430: 8427:The Independent 8421: 8420: 8416: 8407: 8405: 8392: 8391: 8387: 8378: 8376: 8372: 8361: 8357: 8356: 8352: 8343: 8341: 8331: 8327: 8318: 8316: 8306: 8302: 8239:Kallis, Giorgos 8232: 8228: 8169: 8165: 8140: 8136: 8127: 8123: 8117:Wayback Machine 8107: 8103: 8098: 8094: 8086: 8071: 8063: 8059: 8050: 8048: 8037: 8031: 8027: 8018: 8016: 8012: 8006: 8002: 7993: 7991: 7980: 7976: 7968:Wayback Machine 7958: 7951: 7944: 7930: 7926: 7917:Wayback Machine 7907: 7898: 7889:Wayback Machine 7880: 7876: 7844:10.1.1.321.4576 7825: 7821: 7806: 7802: 7771: 7767: 7722: 7718: 7703: 7699: 7676: 7672: 7641: 7634: 7603: 7599: 7592: 7578: 7574: 7558:10.1.1.561.4168 7541: 7537: 7492: 7488: 7457: 7448: 7425: 7418: 7403:10.2307/2118470 7386: 7380: 7373: 7365: 7359: 7355: 7344: 7337: 7322:10.2307/2297811 7313:10.1.1.636.8225 7296: 7289: 7274:10.2307/2296292 7258: 7254: 7219: 7215: 7206: 7204: 7189: 7185: 7176: 7172: 7156: 7149: 7138: 7131: 7116:10.2307/2951599 7094: 7090: 7083: 7068: 7064: 7040:10.1.1.458.7383 7018: 7011: 7004: 6982: 6978: 6950: 6946: 6941: 6937: 6922: 6918: 6913: 6909: 6904: 6900: 6893: 6877: 6873: 6849:10.1.1.589.3348 6830: 6826: 6821: 6817: 6794: 6790: 6771:Economic Record 6767: 6763: 6738:10.2307/1884513 6718: 6714: 6690:10.1.1.538.3040 6671: 6667: 6660: 6656: 6648: 6644: 6636: 6632: 6587: 6580: 6569: 6565: 6552: 6548: 6533: 6529: 6524:. January 1939. 6520: 6519: 6515: 6506: 6504: 6491: 6490: 6486: 6479: 6465: 6461: 6452: 6446: 6435: 6424: 6420: 6389: 6385: 6361: 6355: 6351: 6320: 6316: 6307: 6303: 6294: 6290: 6282: 6278: 6262:10.1.1.313.7172 6255:(5): 1369–401. 6243: 6239: 6230: 6226: 6201: 6197: 6190: 6182:. Basic Books. 6174: 6165: 6142: 6138: 6107: 6103: 6080: 6069: 6062: 6048: 6044: 6037: 6015: 6011: 6004: 5982: 5978: 5944: 5940: 5933: 5919: 5915: 5908: 5894: 5890: 5878: 5871: 5856: 5849: 5814: 5807: 5772: 5765: 5730: 5723: 5716: 5701: 5695: 5688: 5647: 5643: 5636: 5616: 5612: 5585:Economic Policy 5580: 5574: 5570: 5554:10.1.1.507.5325 5537: 5533: 5517:10.1.1.232.7942 5510:(5): 1184–208. 5500: 5496: 5452: 5446: 5439: 5407: 5401: 5397: 5365: 5356: 5352: 5318: 5312: 5308: 5285:10.2307/2118477 5276:10.1.1.335.6159 5250: 5246: 5215: 5211: 5198: 5197: 5193: 5166:Foreign Affairs 5158: 5154: 5147: 5133: 5129: 5120: 5118: 5114: 5108: 5104: 5075: 5071: 5051: 5042: 5035: 5022: 5020: 5016: 5001: 4995: 4988: 4979: 4977: 4973: 4966: 4958: 4954: 4929: 4925: 4909: 4908: 4868: 4864: 4855: 4853: 4849: 4818: 4812: 4808: 4785: 4781: 4768: 4764: 4758:Wayback Machine 4749: 4745: 4736: 4734: 4721: 4720: 4716: 4709:Wayback Machine 4700: 4696: 4689: 4675: 4671: 4660:Policy Analysis 4655: 4649: 4645: 4634: 4630: 4623: 4607: 4603: 4596: 4580: 4573: 4566: 4552: 4548: 4539: 4537: 4533: 4526: 4518: 4514: 4505: 4503: 4471: 4467: 4445: 4424: 4417: 4410: 4393: 4386: 4380:Wayback Machine 4370: 4366: 4358: 4354: 4346: 4342: 4327: 4323: 4316: 4302: 4298: 4265: 4258: 4251: 4231: 4227: 4200:Foreign Affairs 4192: 4188: 4180: 4172: 4163: 4152: 4146: 4142: 4134: 4127: 4121: 4117: 4102: 4098: 4090: 4079: 4071: 4067: 4058: 4057: 4053: 4018: 4014: 3999:Economic Growth 3995: 3991: 3984: 3964: 3960: 3953: 3937: 3933: 3917: 3913: 3905: 3901: 3893: 3886: 3880:Wayback Machine 3871: 3867: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3837: 3803:Thermoeconomics 3659: 3651:electrification 3630: 3624: 3618: 3533: 3519:Substitute good 3511: 3456: 3439: 3433: 3388:Partha Dasgupta 3341:. In politics, 3288: 3286:Overconsumption 3278: 3273: 3272: 3242: 3236: 3198: 3196:Quality of life 3175: 3154: 3131: 3063:Galor and Zeira 3033: 3023: 3018: 3010:Malthusian trap 2998: 2992: 2979: 2891: 2885: 2839: 2833: 2821:Andrei Shleifer 2779: 2766: 2760: 2741: 2736: 2719: 2713: 2700: 2695: 2694: 2684: 2646: 2641: 2640: 2606: 2598: 2597: 2478:Majoritarianism 2438:Democratization 2373: 2365: 2364: 2099: 2089: 2058:Politics series 2050: 2042: 1921: 1907: 1878:life expectancy 1845:Martha Nussbaum 1837: 1778: 1773: 1726: 1643:Mass production 1589:mass production 1585:electric motors 1490:Malthusian trap 1460: 1454: 1426: 1420: 1416: 1414: 1410: 1408: 1404: 1402: 1398: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1382: 1378: 1376: 1372: 1370: 1366: 1364: 1360: 1339: 1314: 1216:United Kingdom 1043: 1015: 907:Economic growth 900: 860: 850: 848: 841: 840: 799: 791: 790: 771:Joseph Stiglitz 731:Milton Friedman 711:Friedrich Hayek 636: 626: 625: 508: 498: 497: 468: 460: 459: 445:Mundell–Fleming 440:Matching theory 378:Keynesian cross 363: 355: 354: 325: 317: 316: 102: 69: 68: 67: 66: 65: 58: 49: 48: 47: 41: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12651: 12641: 12640: 12635: 12630: 12613: 12612: 12610: 12609: 12597: 12584: 12581: 12580: 12578: 12577: 12572: 12566: 12564: 12555: 12554: 12552: 12551: 12546: 12541: 12536: 12530: 12528: 12526:Digital divide 12522: 12521: 12519: 12518: 12513: 12508: 12503: 12498: 12493: 12492: 12491: 12486: 12481: 12470: 12468: 12462: 12461: 12459: 12458: 12453: 12448: 12443: 12438: 12432: 12430: 12423: 12422: 12420: 12419: 12414: 12413: 12412: 12401: 12399: 12393: 12392: 12390: 12389: 12388: 12387: 12382: 12377: 12367: 12362: 12357: 12356: 12355: 12344: 12342: 12336: 12335: 12333: 12332: 12327: 12322: 12320:PPP per capita 12317: 12312: 12306: 12304: 12297: 12296: 12293: 12292: 12290: 12289: 12288: 12287: 12282: 12277: 12276: 12275: 12259: 12257: 12248: 12247: 12245: 12244: 12243: 12242: 12237: 12236: 12235: 12219: 12217: 12208: 12201: 12200: 12198: 12197: 12192: 12187: 12182: 12176: 12174: 12168: 12167: 12165: 12164: 12159: 12154: 12149: 12144: 12139: 12133: 12130: 12129: 12124: 12123: 12116: 12109: 12101: 12092: 12091: 12088: 12087: 12082: 12076: 12075: 12074: 12068: 12065: 12064: 12051: 12050: 12045: 12040: 12035: 12030: 12025: 12020: 12019: 12018: 12013: 12003: 12002: 12001: 11996: 11991: 11984:United Kingdom 11981: 11976: 11971: 11966: 11961: 11956: 11951: 11946: 11941: 11936: 11935: 11934: 11924: 11919: 11914: 11909: 11904: 11899: 11894: 11889: 11884: 11879: 11874: 11869: 11868: 11867: 11857: 11852: 11847: 11842: 11841: 11840: 11830: 11829: 11828: 11818: 11817: 11816: 11811: 11806: 11796: 11795: 11794: 11789: 11779: 11774: 11769: 11768: 11767: 11762: 11752: 11747: 11746: 11745: 11735: 11730: 11725: 11723:Czech Republic 11720: 11715: 11710: 11709: 11708: 11703: 11698: 11688: 11687: 11686: 11676: 11675: 11674: 11664: 11659: 11654: 11649: 11644: 11639: 11634: 11629: 11624: 11619: 11613: 11611: 11607: 11606: 11604: 11603: 11602: 11601: 11593: 11592: 11591: 11586: 11581: 11579:PPP per capita 11576: 11568: 11563: 11562: 11561: 11556: 11548: 11543: 11542: 11541: 11531: 11530: 11529: 11524: 11516: 11515: 11514: 11508:South America 11506: 11505: 11504: 11499: 11494: 11488:North America 11486: 11485: 11484: 11479: 11471: 11470: 11469: 11464: 11456: 11455: 11454: 11449: 11440: 11438: 11434: 11433: 11431: 11430: 11425: 11420: 11415: 11410: 11408:PPP per capita 11404: 11402: 11396: 11395: 11393: 11392: 11387: 11382: 11377: 11372: 11367: 11362: 11357: 11352: 11346: 11344: 11338: 11337: 11335: 11334: 11329: 11324: 11319: 11318: 11317: 11307: 11306: 11305: 11295: 11289: 11287: 11279: 11278: 11276: 11275: 11270: 11269: 11268: 11258: 11252: 11250: 11244: 11243: 11231: 11230: 11223: 11216: 11208: 11199: 11198: 11196: 11191: 11186: 11181: 11176: 11171: 11166: 11163: 11162: 11158: 11157: 11152: 11142: 11137: 11131: 11130: 11129: 11127: 11121: 11120: 11118: 11117: 11110: 11105: 11100: 11095: 11090: 11085: 11080: 11075: 11070: 11065: 11060: 11055: 11050: 11045: 11040: 11035: 11030: 11025: 11020: 11015: 11010: 11005: 11000: 10995: 10990: 10985: 10980: 10975: 10970: 10965: 10960: 10955: 10950: 10945: 10940: 10935: 10930: 10925: 10920: 10915: 10910: 10905: 10900: 10895: 10890: 10885: 10880: 10875: 10870: 10865: 10860: 10855: 10850: 10845: 10840: 10835: 10830: 10825: 10820: 10815: 10810: 10805: 10800: 10795: 10790: 10785: 10780: 10774: 10772: 10766: 10763: 10762: 10760: 10759: 10754: 10749: 10744: 10739: 10734: 10729: 10728: 10727: 10717: 10716: 10715: 10705: 10700: 10695: 10694: 10693: 10683: 10678: 10673: 10672: 10671: 10670: 10669: 10659: 10654: 10639: 10634: 10629: 10624: 10619: 10614: 10609: 10604: 10599: 10597:Disequilibrium 10594: 10589: 10584: 10579: 10574: 10573: 10572: 10562: 10557: 10552: 10547: 10546: 10545: 10535: 10530: 10525: 10520: 10514: 10512: 10500: 10497: 10496: 10492: 10491: 10486: 10481: 10476: 10471: 10466: 10461: 10456: 10451: 10446: 10437: 10432: 10427: 10422: 10417: 10412: 10410:Organizational 10407: 10402: 10397: 10392: 10387: 10382: 10377: 10372: 10367: 10362: 10357: 10352: 10347: 10342: 10337: 10332: 10327: 10322: 10317: 10312: 10307: 10302: 10297: 10292: 10287: 10282: 10277: 10272: 10267: 10262: 10256: 10255: 10254: 10252: 10246: 10245: 10243: 10242: 10237: 10232: 10231: 10230: 10219: 10217: 10211: 10210: 10208: 10207: 10202: 10197: 10196: 10195: 10185: 10180: 10175: 10173:Macroeconomics 10170: 10169: 10168: 10163: 10158: 10153: 10148: 10141:Microeconomics 10137: 10135: 10129: 10128: 10121: 10120: 10113: 10106: 10098: 10092: 10091: 10085: 10080: 10072: 10069: 10068: 10067: 10055: 10050: 10044: 10027: 10021: 10001: 9991: 9983: 9980: 9978: 9977:External links 9975: 9974: 9973: 9967: 9950: 9903: 9848: 9787: 9782:978-1847941374 9781: 9766: 9760: 9743: 9737: 9720: 9714: 9697: 9685:(2): 325–369. 9668: 9650:(3): 402–416. 9637: 9582: 9575: 9568: 9557: 9555:online edition 9541: 9534: 9528: 9508: 9501: 9494: 9484: 9477: 9471: 9463:|journal= 9427: 9424: 9423: 9422: 9416: 9401: 9395: 9380: 9374: 9356: 9355: 9350: 9349: 9342: 9318: 9311: 9291: 9256: 9249: 9228: 9185:Earth's Future 9175: 9166: 9159: 9141: 9130:(3): 230–238. 9114: 9070: 9044: 9016: 8988: 8973: 8958: 8951: 8933: 8925: 8905: 8902:on 2008-05-16. 8879: 8854: 8826: 8805: 8798: 8776: 8767: 8722: 8713: 8686: 8652: 8625: 8598: 8546: 8507: 8480: 8466: 8439: 8414: 8385: 8350: 8325: 8300: 8226: 8189:(3107): 3107. 8163: 8134: 8121: 8101: 8092: 8089:on 2004-03-30. 8057: 8025: 8000: 7974: 7949: 7942: 7924: 7896: 7874: 7837:(2): 115–118. 7819: 7814:MeasuringWorth 7800: 7787:10.1086/654291 7765: 7736:(3): 341–366. 7716: 7697: 7670: 7651:(3): 259–305. 7632: 7597: 7591:978-1491534656 7590: 7572: 7535: 7506:(1): 143–179. 7486: 7446: 7416: 7371: 7353: 7335: 7287: 7252: 7233:(4): 792–815. 7213: 7183: 7170: 7147: 7129: 7088: 7081: 7062: 7009: 7002: 6976: 6944: 6935: 6916: 6907: 6898: 6891: 6871: 6858:10.1086/261420 6824: 6815: 6788: 6761: 6712: 6699:10.1086/261641 6665: 6654: 6652:, p. 298. 6642: 6630: 6578: 6563: 6546: 6527: 6513: 6484: 6477: 6459: 6455:on 2011-07-16. 6444: 6418: 6383: 6372:(2): 311–343. 6349: 6330:(2): 225–247. 6314: 6301: 6288: 6276: 6237: 6224: 6218:10.3386/w20004 6195: 6189:978-0465016143 6188: 6163: 6136: 6117:(4): 963–991. 6101: 6067: 6060: 6042: 6035: 6009: 6002: 5976: 5938: 5931: 5913: 5907:978-0765625991 5906: 5888: 5869: 5847: 5828:(3): 580–601. 5805: 5763: 5744:(3): 319–338. 5721: 5714: 5686: 5657:(3): 217–235. 5641: 5634: 5610: 5591:(67): 427–91. 5568: 5531: 5494: 5471:10.1086/681911 5465:(2): 239–263. 5437: 5395: 5350: 5306: 5244: 5209: 5206:on 2011-10-26. 5191: 5152: 5146:978-0765625991 5145: 5127: 5102: 5069: 5033: 4986: 4952: 4923: 4882:(1): 203–236. 4862: 4806: 4779: 4762: 4743: 4714: 4694: 4687: 4669: 4643: 4628: 4621: 4601: 4595:978-0543724748 4594: 4571: 4565:978-0873321013 4564: 4546: 4512: 4485:(2): 181–209. 4465: 4443: 4415: 4408: 4384: 4364: 4352: 4340: 4321: 4314: 4296: 4256: 4249: 4225: 4186: 4161: 4140: 4137:on 2014-07-15. 4115: 4096: 4077: 4065: 4051: 4012: 3989: 3983:978-0538453066 3982: 3958: 3951: 3931: 3911: 3899: 3897:, p. 251. 3884: 3865: 3843: 3841: 3838: 3836: 3835: 3830: 3825: 3820: 3815: 3810: 3805: 3800: 3795: 3793:Sustainability 3790: 3785: 3780: 3773: 3768: 3763: 3758: 3753: 3748: 3743: 3738: 3731: 3726: 3721: 3719:Green new deal 3716: 3711: 3706: 3701: 3696: 3691: 3686: 3681: 3679:Climate change 3676: 3671: 3666: 3660: 3658: 3655: 3617: 3614: 3537:Thomas Malthus 3510: 3507: 3454: 3432: 3431:Global warming 3429: 3425:climate change 3364:United Nations 3277: 3270: 3238:Main article: 3235: 3232: 3203:GDP per capita 3197: 3194: 3174: 3171: 3153: 3150: 3130: 3127: 3103:Thomas Piketty 3022: 3019: 3017: 3014: 2994:Main article: 2991: 2988: 2887:Main article: 2884: 2881: 2835:Main article: 2832: 2829: 2813:virtuous cycle 2809:big push model 2791:Thomas Malthus 2781:In classical ( 2778: 2775: 2762:Main article: 2759: 2756: 2740: 2737: 2735: 2732: 2715:Main article: 2712: 2709: 2699: 2696: 2686: 2685: 2683: 2682: 2675: 2668: 2660: 2657: 2656: 2643: 2642: 2639: 2638: 2633: 2628: 2623: 2618: 2613: 2607: 2604: 2603: 2600: 2599: 2596: 2595: 2590: 2585: 2583:War referendum 2580: 2575: 2570: 2565: 2560: 2555: 2550: 2545: 2540: 2535: 2530: 2525: 2520: 2515: 2510: 2505: 2500: 2495: 2490: 2485: 2480: 2475: 2473:Libertarianism 2470: 2465: 2460: 2455: 2450: 2445: 2440: 2435: 2430: 2425: 2420: 2415: 2410: 2405: 2400: 2395: 2390: 2385: 2380: 2374: 2372:Related topics 2371: 2370: 2367: 2366: 2363: 2362: 2357: 2352: 2347: 2342: 2337: 2332: 2327: 2322: 2317: 2312: 2307: 2306: 2305: 2300: 2295: 2290: 2285: 2275: 2273:Representative 2270: 2265: 2260: 2255: 2250: 2245: 2240: 2235: 2230: 2225: 2220: 2215: 2210: 2201: 2196: 2191: 2186: 2181: 2176: 2171: 2166: 2161: 2156: 2151: 2146: 2141: 2136: 2131: 2126: 2121: 2116: 2111: 2106: 2100: 2095: 2094: 2091: 2090: 2088: 2087: 2082: 2077: 2071: 2068: 2067: 2061: 2060: 2051: 2043: 2041: 2038: 2003:James Robinson 1995:Daron Acemoglu 1984:United Nations 1954:state capacity 1906: 1903: 1836: 1833: 1817:Ludger Wößmann 1777: 1774: 1772: 1769: 1725: 1722: 1690:Southeast Asia 1647:overproduction 1547:. Other major 1456:Main article: 1453: 1450: 1441:business cycle 1423: 1422: 1415: 1409: 1403: 1397: 1391: 1389: 1383: 1377: 1371: 1365: 1359: 1354: 1338: 1335: 1313: 1310: 1297:macroeconomics 1292:United Kingdom 1281: 1280: 1277: 1274: 1271: 1268: 1264: 1263: 1260: 1257: 1254: 1251: 1247: 1246: 1243: 1240: 1237: 1234: 1230: 1229: 1226: 1223: 1220: 1217: 1213: 1212: 1209: 1206: 1203: 1200: 1196: 1195: 1192: 1189: 1186: 1183: 1182:United States 1179: 1178: 1175: 1172: 1169: 1166: 1162: 1161: 1158: 1155: 1152: 1149: 1145: 1144: 1141: 1138: 1135: 1132: 1128: 1127: 1124: 1121: 1118: 1115: 1111: 1110: 1107: 1104: 1101: 1098: 1094: 1093: 1090: 1087: 1084: 1081: 1077: 1076: 1073: 1070: 1067: 1064: 1052:average income 1042: 1039: 1014: 1011: 902: 901: 899: 898: 891: 884: 876: 873: 872: 871: 870: 858: 843: 842: 839: 838: 833: 828: 826:Microeconomics 823: 822: 821: 811: 806: 800: 797: 796: 793: 792: 789: 788: 783: 778: 773: 768: 763: 758: 753: 748: 743: 741:Lawrence Klein 738: 736:Paul Samuelson 733: 728: 723: 718: 713: 708: 703: 698: 693: 691:Michał Kalecki 688: 683: 678: 673: 668: 663: 658: 653: 648: 643: 637: 632: 631: 628: 627: 624: 623: 618: 613: 611:Disequilibrium 608: 607: 606: 599:Post-Keynesian 596: 591: 590: 589: 579: 568: 567: 562: 557: 552: 547: 546: 545: 535: 530: 529: 528: 523: 509: 504: 503: 500: 499: 496: 495: 490: 485: 480: 475: 469: 467:Related fields 466: 465: 462: 461: 458: 457: 452: 447: 442: 437: 432: 431: 430: 420: 415: 410: 405: 400: 395: 393:Phillips curve 390: 385: 380: 375: 370: 364: 361: 360: 357: 356: 353: 352: 347: 342: 337: 332: 326: 323: 322: 319: 318: 315: 314: 309: 304: 299: 294: 289: 284: 279: 274: 273: 272: 262: 257: 256: 255: 245: 243:Money creation 240: 239: 238: 228: 223: 222: 221: 216: 211: 201: 199:Liquidity trap 196: 191: 186: 185: 184: 179: 169: 164: 159: 158: 157: 152: 144: 139: 134: 129: 124: 119: 117:Business cycle 114: 109: 103: 101:Basic concepts 100: 99: 96: 95: 87: 86: 84:Macroeconomics 80: 79: 59: 52: 51: 50: 42: 35: 34: 33: 32: 31: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12650: 12639: 12636: 12634: 12631: 12629: 12626: 12625: 12623: 12608: 12603: 12598: 12596: 12591: 12586: 12585: 12582: 12576: 12573: 12571: 12568: 12567: 12565: 12562: 12556: 12550: 12547: 12545: 12542: 12540: 12537: 12535: 12532: 12531: 12529: 12527: 12523: 12517: 12514: 12512: 12509: 12507: 12504: 12502: 12499: 12497: 12494: 12490: 12487: 12485: 12482: 12480: 12477: 12476: 12475: 12472: 12471: 12469: 12467: 12463: 12457: 12454: 12452: 12449: 12447: 12444: 12442: 12439: 12437: 12434: 12433: 12431: 12429: 12424: 12418: 12415: 12411: 12408: 12407: 12406: 12403: 12402: 12400: 12398: 12394: 12386: 12385:United States 12383: 12381: 12378: 12376: 12373: 12372: 12371: 12370:Minimum wages 12368: 12366: 12363: 12361: 12358: 12354: 12351: 12350: 12349: 12346: 12345: 12343: 12341: 12337: 12331: 12328: 12326: 12323: 12321: 12318: 12316: 12313: 12311: 12308: 12307: 12305: 12302: 12298: 12286: 12283: 12281: 12278: 12274: 12271: 12270: 12269: 12266: 12265: 12264: 12261: 12260: 12258: 12255: 12249: 12241: 12238: 12234: 12231: 12230: 12229: 12226: 12225: 12224: 12221: 12220: 12218: 12216: 12212: 12209: 12206: 12202: 12196: 12193: 12191: 12188: 12186: 12183: 12181: 12178: 12177: 12175: 12173: 12169: 12163: 12160: 12158: 12155: 12153: 12150: 12148: 12145: 12143: 12140: 12138: 12135: 12134: 12131: 12122: 12117: 12115: 12110: 12108: 12103: 12102: 12099: 12086: 12083: 12081: 12078: 12077: 12073: 12070: 12069: 12066: 12062: 12061: 12058: 12055: 12049: 12046: 12044: 12041: 12039: 12036: 12034: 12031: 12029: 12026: 12024: 12021: 12017: 12014: 12012: 12009: 12008: 12007: 12006:United States 12004: 12000: 11997: 11995: 11992: 11990: 11987: 11986: 11985: 11982: 11980: 11977: 11975: 11972: 11970: 11967: 11965: 11962: 11960: 11957: 11955: 11952: 11950: 11947: 11945: 11942: 11940: 11937: 11933: 11930: 11929: 11928: 11925: 11923: 11920: 11918: 11915: 11913: 11910: 11908: 11905: 11903: 11900: 11898: 11895: 11893: 11890: 11888: 11885: 11883: 11880: 11878: 11875: 11873: 11870: 11866: 11863: 11862: 11861: 11858: 11856: 11853: 11851: 11848: 11846: 11843: 11839: 11836: 11835: 11834: 11831: 11827: 11824: 11823: 11822: 11819: 11815: 11812: 11810: 11807: 11805: 11802: 11801: 11800: 11797: 11793: 11790: 11788: 11785: 11784: 11783: 11780: 11778: 11775: 11773: 11770: 11766: 11763: 11761: 11758: 11757: 11756: 11753: 11751: 11748: 11744: 11741: 11740: 11739: 11736: 11734: 11731: 11729: 11726: 11724: 11721: 11719: 11716: 11714: 11711: 11707: 11704: 11702: 11699: 11697: 11694: 11693: 11692: 11689: 11685: 11682: 11681: 11680: 11677: 11673: 11670: 11669: 11668: 11665: 11663: 11660: 11658: 11655: 11653: 11650: 11648: 11645: 11643: 11642:Baltic States 11640: 11638: 11635: 11633: 11630: 11628: 11625: 11623: 11620: 11618: 11615: 11614: 11612: 11608: 11600: 11597: 11596: 11594: 11590: 11587: 11585: 11582: 11580: 11577: 11575: 11572: 11571: 11569: 11567: 11564: 11560: 11557: 11555: 11552: 11551: 11549: 11547: 11544: 11540: 11537: 11536: 11535: 11532: 11528: 11525: 11523: 11520: 11519: 11517: 11513: 11510: 11509: 11507: 11503: 11500: 11498: 11495: 11493: 11490: 11489: 11487: 11483: 11480: 11478: 11475: 11474: 11472: 11468: 11465: 11463: 11460: 11459: 11457: 11453: 11450: 11448: 11445: 11444: 11442: 11441: 11439: 11435: 11429: 11426: 11424: 11421: 11419: 11416: 11414: 11411: 11409: 11406: 11405: 11403: 11401: 11397: 11391: 11388: 11386: 11383: 11381: 11378: 11376: 11373: 11371: 11368: 11366: 11363: 11361: 11358: 11356: 11353: 11351: 11348: 11347: 11345: 11343: 11339: 11333: 11330: 11328: 11325: 11323: 11320: 11316: 11313: 11312: 11311: 11308: 11304: 11301: 11300: 11299: 11296: 11294: 11291: 11290: 11288: 11286: 11280: 11274: 11271: 11267: 11264: 11263: 11262: 11259: 11257: 11254: 11253: 11251: 11249: 11245: 11240: 11236: 11229: 11224: 11222: 11217: 11215: 11210: 11209: 11206: 11195: 11192: 11190: 11187: 11185: 11182: 11180: 11177: 11175: 11172: 11170: 11167: 11164: 11156: 11153: 11150: 11146: 11143: 11141: 11138: 11136: 11133: 11132: 11128: 11126: 11122: 11116: 11115: 11111: 11109: 11106: 11104: 11101: 11099: 11096: 11094: 11091: 11089: 11086: 11084: 11081: 11079: 11076: 11074: 11071: 11069: 11066: 11064: 11061: 11059: 11056: 11054: 11051: 11049: 11046: 11044: 11041: 11039: 11036: 11034: 11031: 11029: 11026: 11024: 11021: 11019: 11016: 11014: 11011: 11009: 11006: 11004: 11001: 10999: 10996: 10994: 10991: 10989: 10986: 10984: 10981: 10979: 10976: 10974: 10971: 10969: 10966: 10964: 10961: 10959: 10956: 10954: 10951: 10949: 10946: 10944: 10941: 10939: 10936: 10934: 10931: 10929: 10926: 10924: 10921: 10919: 10916: 10914: 10911: 10909: 10906: 10904: 10901: 10899: 10896: 10894: 10891: 10889: 10886: 10884: 10881: 10879: 10876: 10874: 10871: 10869: 10866: 10864: 10861: 10859: 10856: 10854: 10851: 10849: 10846: 10844: 10841: 10839: 10836: 10834: 10831: 10829: 10826: 10824: 10821: 10819: 10816: 10814: 10811: 10809: 10806: 10804: 10801: 10799: 10796: 10794: 10791: 10789: 10786: 10784: 10781: 10779: 10778:de Mandeville 10776: 10775: 10773: 10769: 10764: 10758: 10755: 10753: 10750: 10748: 10745: 10743: 10740: 10738: 10735: 10733: 10730: 10726: 10723: 10722: 10721: 10720:New classical 10718: 10714: 10711: 10710: 10709: 10706: 10704: 10701: 10699: 10696: 10692: 10689: 10688: 10687: 10684: 10682: 10679: 10677: 10676:Malthusianism 10674: 10668: 10665: 10664: 10663: 10660: 10658: 10655: 10652: 10648: 10645: 10644: 10643: 10640: 10638: 10637:Institutional 10635: 10633: 10630: 10628: 10625: 10623: 10620: 10618: 10615: 10613: 10610: 10608: 10605: 10603: 10600: 10598: 10595: 10593: 10590: 10588: 10585: 10583: 10580: 10578: 10575: 10571: 10568: 10567: 10566: 10563: 10561: 10558: 10556: 10553: 10551: 10548: 10544: 10541: 10540: 10539: 10536: 10534: 10531: 10529: 10526: 10524: 10521: 10519: 10516: 10515: 10513: 10508: 10503: 10498: 10490: 10487: 10485: 10482: 10480: 10477: 10475: 10472: 10470: 10467: 10465: 10462: 10460: 10457: 10455: 10452: 10450: 10447: 10445: 10441: 10440:Public choice 10438: 10436: 10433: 10431: 10428: 10426: 10423: 10421: 10418: 10416: 10415:Participation 10413: 10411: 10408: 10406: 10403: 10401: 10398: 10396: 10393: 10391: 10388: 10386: 10383: 10381: 10378: 10376: 10375:Institutional 10373: 10371: 10368: 10366: 10363: 10361: 10358: 10356: 10353: 10351: 10348: 10346: 10343: 10341: 10338: 10336: 10333: 10331: 10328: 10326: 10325:Expeditionary 10323: 10321: 10318: 10316: 10315:Environmental 10313: 10311: 10308: 10306: 10303: 10301: 10298: 10296: 10293: 10291: 10288: 10286: 10283: 10281: 10278: 10276: 10273: 10271: 10268: 10266: 10263: 10261: 10258: 10257: 10253: 10251: 10247: 10241: 10238: 10236: 10233: 10229: 10226: 10225: 10224: 10221: 10220: 10218: 10216: 10212: 10206: 10203: 10201: 10198: 10194: 10191: 10190: 10189: 10186: 10184: 10181: 10179: 10176: 10174: 10171: 10167: 10164: 10162: 10159: 10157: 10154: 10152: 10149: 10147: 10144: 10143: 10142: 10139: 10138: 10136: 10134: 10130: 10126: 10119: 10114: 10112: 10107: 10105: 10100: 10099: 10096: 10089: 10086: 10084: 10081: 10078: 10075: 10074: 10065: 10064: 10059: 10056: 10054: 10051: 10048: 10045: 10043: 10039: 10035: 10034:Robert Nadeau 10031: 10028: 10025: 10022: 10020: 10019:Mark Weisbrot 10016: 10012: 10008: 10005: 10002: 9999: 9995: 9992: 9989: 9986: 9985: 9970: 9968:9781408893746 9964: 9960: 9956: 9951: 9947: 9943: 9938: 9933: 9928: 9923: 9919: 9915: 9914: 9909: 9904: 9900: 9896: 9891: 9886: 9881: 9876: 9872: 9868: 9865:(2): 190725. 9864: 9860: 9859: 9854: 9849: 9845: 9841: 9836: 9831: 9827: 9823: 9819: 9815: 9811: 9807: 9803: 9799: 9798: 9793: 9788: 9784: 9778: 9774: 9773: 9767: 9763: 9761:9780226739663 9757: 9753: 9749: 9744: 9740: 9738:9780226527932 9734: 9730: 9726: 9721: 9717: 9715:9780691180960 9711: 9707: 9704:. Princeton: 9703: 9698: 9693: 9688: 9684: 9680: 9679: 9674: 9669: 9665: 9661: 9657: 9653: 9649: 9645: 9644: 9638: 9634: 9630: 9625: 9620: 9615: 9610: 9606: 9602: 9598: 9594: 9593: 9588: 9583: 9580: 9576: 9573: 9569: 9565: 9564: 9558: 9556: 9553: 9552:Annual Report 9549: 9545: 9542: 9539: 9535: 9531: 9529:9781785152498 9525: 9521: 9517: 9513: 9512:Hickel, Jason 9509: 9506: 9502: 9499: 9495: 9492: 9488: 9485: 9482: 9478: 9475: 9472: 9468: 9455: 9447: 9443: 9439: 9435: 9430: 9429: 9419: 9413: 9409: 9408: 9402: 9398: 9392: 9388: 9387: 9381: 9377: 9371: 9366: 9365: 9358: 9357: 9353: 9352: 9345: 9339: 9335: 9331: 9330: 9322: 9314: 9308: 9304: 9303: 9295: 9287: 9283: 9279: 9275: 9271: 9267: 9260: 9252: 9246: 9242: 9238: 9232: 9224: 9220: 9216: 9212: 9208: 9204: 9199: 9194: 9190: 9186: 9179: 9170: 9162: 9156: 9152: 9145: 9137: 9133: 9129: 9125: 9118: 9104:on 2010-11-28 9100: 9096: 9092: 9088: 9081: 9074: 9060:on 2009-04-18 9059: 9055: 9048: 9041: 9031: 9027: 9020: 9013: 9002: 8998: 8992: 8984: 8977: 8969: 8962: 8954: 8948: 8945:. MIT Press. 8944: 8937: 8928: 8922: 8918: 8917: 8909: 8901: 8897: 8893: 8886: 8884: 8868: 8861: 8859: 8844:on 2010-12-18 8843: 8839: 8833: 8831: 8816:. 16 May 2007 8815: 8809: 8801: 8795: 8790: 8789: 8780: 8771: 8763: 8759: 8755: 8751: 8746: 8741: 8737: 8733: 8726: 8717: 8703: 8702: 8697: 8690: 8681: 8676: 8672: 8668: 8664: 8656: 8642: 8641: 8636: 8629: 8615: 8614: 8609: 8602: 8587: 8582: 8578: 8574: 8570: 8566: 8565: 8560: 8556: 8550: 8542: 8538: 8534: 8530: 8526: 8522: 8518: 8511: 8497: 8496: 8491: 8484: 8477: 8476: 8470: 8456: 8455: 8450: 8443: 8428: 8424: 8418: 8404:on 2019-05-06 8403: 8399: 8395: 8389: 8375:on 2020-10-17 8371: 8367: 8366:Global Greens 8360: 8354: 8340: 8336: 8329: 8315: 8311: 8304: 8296: 8292: 8288: 8284: 8279: 8274: 8270: 8266: 8262: 8258: 8257: 8252: 8248: 8244: 8240: 8236: 8235:Hickel, Jason 8230: 8222: 8218: 8213: 8208: 8204: 8200: 8196: 8192: 8188: 8184: 8183: 8178: 8174: 8167: 8160: 8156: 8152: 8148: 8144: 8138: 8131: 8125: 8118: 8114: 8111: 8105: 8096: 8085: 8081: 8077: 8070: 8069: 8061: 8047: 8043: 8036: 8029: 8011: 8004: 7989: 7985: 7978: 7972: 7969: 7965: 7962: 7956: 7954: 7945: 7943:9781400848775 7939: 7935: 7928: 7922: 7918: 7914: 7911: 7905: 7903: 7901: 7893: 7890: 7886: 7883: 7878: 7870: 7866: 7862: 7858: 7854: 7850: 7845: 7840: 7836: 7832: 7831: 7823: 7815: 7811: 7804: 7796: 7792: 7788: 7784: 7780: 7776: 7769: 7761: 7757: 7752: 7747: 7743: 7739: 7735: 7731: 7727: 7720: 7712: 7708: 7701: 7693: 7689: 7686:(4): 504–19. 7685: 7681: 7674: 7666: 7662: 7658: 7654: 7650: 7646: 7639: 7637: 7628: 7624: 7620: 7616: 7612: 7608: 7601: 7593: 7587: 7583: 7576: 7568: 7564: 7559: 7554: 7550: 7546: 7539: 7531: 7527: 7522: 7517: 7513: 7509: 7505: 7501: 7497: 7490: 7482: 7478: 7474: 7470: 7467:(2): 149–87. 7466: 7462: 7455: 7453: 7451: 7442: 7438: 7435:(3): 600–21. 7434: 7430: 7423: 7421: 7412: 7408: 7404: 7400: 7396: 7392: 7385: 7378: 7376: 7364: 7357: 7349: 7342: 7340: 7331: 7327: 7323: 7319: 7314: 7309: 7305: 7301: 7294: 7292: 7283: 7279: 7275: 7271: 7268:(2): 83–100. 7267: 7263: 7256: 7248: 7244: 7240: 7236: 7232: 7228: 7224: 7217: 7202: 7198: 7194: 7187: 7180: 7174: 7168: 7164: 7160: 7154: 7152: 7143: 7136: 7134: 7125: 7121: 7117: 7113: 7110:(2): 323–51. 7109: 7105: 7104: 7099: 7092: 7084: 7078: 7074: 7066: 7058: 7054: 7050: 7046: 7041: 7036: 7033:(3): 855–82. 7032: 7028: 7027: 7022: 7016: 7014: 7005: 6999: 6995: 6990: 6989: 6980: 6972: 6968: 6964: 6960: 6959: 6954: 6948: 6939: 6931: 6927: 6920: 6911: 6902: 6894: 6888: 6884: 6883: 6875: 6867: 6863: 6859: 6855: 6850: 6845: 6841: 6837: 6836: 6828: 6819: 6811: 6807: 6803: 6799: 6792: 6784: 6780: 6777:(2): 334–61. 6776: 6772: 6765: 6757: 6753: 6748: 6743: 6739: 6735: 6731: 6727: 6723: 6716: 6708: 6704: 6700: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6682: 6678: 6677: 6669: 6663: 6658: 6651: 6646: 6639: 6634: 6626: 6622: 6617: 6612: 6608: 6604: 6600: 6596: 6592: 6585: 6583: 6574: 6567: 6560: 6556: 6550: 6542: 6538: 6531: 6523: 6517: 6503:on 2021-04-20 6502: 6498: 6494: 6488: 6480: 6474: 6470: 6463: 6451: 6447: 6445:3-7045-0092-5 6441: 6434: 6433: 6428: 6427:Ayres, Robert 6422: 6414: 6410: 6406: 6402: 6398: 6394: 6387: 6379: 6375: 6371: 6367: 6360: 6353: 6345: 6341: 6337: 6333: 6329: 6325: 6318: 6311: 6305: 6298: 6292: 6286:, p. 26. 6285: 6280: 6272: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6254: 6250: 6249: 6241: 6234: 6233:UNESCO-Kurier 6228: 6219: 6214: 6210: 6206: 6199: 6191: 6185: 6181: 6180: 6172: 6170: 6168: 6159: 6155: 6151: 6147: 6140: 6132: 6128: 6124: 6120: 6116: 6112: 6105: 6097: 6093: 6089: 6085: 6078: 6076: 6074: 6072: 6063: 6057: 6053: 6046: 6038: 6036:9780444520418 6032: 6028: 6024: 6020: 6013: 6005: 5999: 5995: 5991: 5987: 5980: 5972: 5968: 5964: 5960: 5957:(4): 803–32. 5956: 5952: 5948: 5942: 5934: 5928: 5924: 5917: 5909: 5903: 5899: 5892: 5885: 5881: 5876: 5874: 5865: 5861: 5854: 5852: 5843: 5839: 5835: 5831: 5827: 5823: 5819: 5812: 5810: 5801: 5797: 5793: 5789: 5785: 5781: 5777: 5770: 5768: 5759: 5755: 5751: 5747: 5743: 5739: 5735: 5728: 5726: 5717: 5711: 5707: 5700: 5693: 5691: 5682: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5664: 5660: 5656: 5652: 5645: 5637: 5631: 5627: 5623: 5622: 5614: 5606: 5602: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5579: 5572: 5564: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5547:(3): 607–68. 5546: 5542: 5535: 5527: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5509: 5505: 5498: 5490: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5459: 5451: 5444: 5442: 5433: 5429: 5425: 5421: 5418:(3): 541–63. 5417: 5413: 5406: 5399: 5391: 5387: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5364: 5360: 5354: 5346: 5342: 5338: 5334: 5331:(4): 813–35. 5330: 5326: 5325: 5317: 5310: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5282: 5277: 5272: 5269:(2): 407–37. 5268: 5264: 5263: 5258: 5254: 5248: 5240: 5236: 5232: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5213: 5205: 5201: 5195: 5187: 5183: 5179: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5163: 5156: 5148: 5142: 5138: 5131: 5113: 5106: 5097: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5073: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5050: 5046: 5040: 5038: 5030: 5019:on 2014-08-09 5015: 5011: 5007: 5000: 4993: 4991: 4976:on 2020-07-31 4972: 4965: 4964: 4956: 4947: 4946:10.3386/w7752 4942: 4938: 4934: 4927: 4919: 4913: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4866: 4852:on 2016-01-08 4848: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4817: 4810: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4783: 4776: 4772: 4766: 4759: 4755: 4752: 4747: 4733:on 2019-12-20 4732: 4728: 4724: 4718: 4710: 4706: 4703: 4698: 4690: 4684: 4680: 4673: 4666: 4661: 4654: 4647: 4639: 4632: 4624: 4618: 4614: 4613: 4605: 4597: 4591: 4587: 4586: 4578: 4576: 4567: 4561: 4557: 4550: 4536:on 2012-03-01 4532: 4525: 4524: 4516: 4502: 4498: 4493: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4469: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4422: 4420: 4411: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4391: 4389: 4381: 4377: 4374: 4368: 4361: 4356: 4349: 4344: 4336: 4332: 4325: 4317: 4315:0-915463-73-3 4311: 4307: 4300: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4271: 4263: 4261: 4252: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4237: 4229: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4190: 4179: 4178: 4170: 4168: 4166: 4158: 4151: 4144: 4133: 4126: 4119: 4111: 4107: 4100: 4093: 4088: 4086: 4084: 4082: 4075:, p. 68. 4074: 4069: 4061: 4055: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4016: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3993: 3985: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3970: 3962: 3954: 3948: 3944: 3943: 3935: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3915: 3909:, p. 67. 3908: 3903: 3896: 3891: 3889: 3881: 3877: 3874: 3869: 3861: 3860: 3855: 3848: 3844: 3834: 3831: 3829: 3826: 3824: 3821: 3819: 3816: 3814: 3811: 3809: 3806: 3804: 3801: 3799: 3796: 3794: 3791: 3789: 3786: 3784: 3781: 3779: 3778: 3774: 3772: 3769: 3767: 3764: 3762: 3759: 3757: 3754: 3752: 3749: 3747: 3744: 3742: 3739: 3737: 3736: 3732: 3730: 3727: 3725: 3722: 3720: 3717: 3715: 3712: 3710: 3707: 3705: 3702: 3700: 3697: 3695: 3692: 3690: 3687: 3685: 3682: 3680: 3677: 3675: 3672: 3670: 3667: 3665: 3662: 3661: 3654: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3643:paradoxically 3639: 3635: 3629: 3623: 3622:Econodynamics 3613: 3610: 3606: 3605: 3600: 3598: 3594: 3593: 3587: 3585: 3581: 3576: 3573: 3569: 3563: 3561: 3560:Haber process 3557: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3543: 3538: 3532: 3528: 3527:Peak minerals 3524: 3520: 3516: 3506: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3486: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3471:hydroelectric 3468: 3464: 3459: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3438: 3428: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3413: 3409: 3404: 3402: 3398: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3379: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3360: 3354: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3343:green parties 3340: 3336: 3335:eco-anarchism 3332: 3331:eco-socialism 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3299: 3295: 3293: 3287: 3283: 3269: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3241: 3231: 3229: 3228:United States 3224: 3221: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3206: 3204: 3193: 3191: 3187: 3182: 3180: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3159: 3149: 3147: 3142: 3139: 3135: 3126: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3085: 3084:human capital 3081: 3076: 3072: 3071:human capital 3068: 3067:heterogeneity 3064: 3060: 3055: 3053: 3049: 3044: 3040: 3038: 3032: 3028: 3013: 3011: 3006: 3002: 2997: 2987: 2983: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2954: 2951: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2915:human capital 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2890: 2880: 2877: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2860: 2854: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2838: 2828: 2826: 2825:Robert Vishny 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2805: 2804:are ignored. 2803: 2798: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2774: 2770: 2765: 2764:Malthusianism 2755: 2753: 2749: 2746: 2731: 2727: 2725: 2724:public sector 2718: 2708: 2704: 2691: 2681: 2676: 2674: 2669: 2667: 2662: 2661: 2659: 2658: 2655: 2650: 2645: 2644: 2637: 2634: 2632: 2629: 2627: 2624: 2622: 2619: 2617: 2614: 2612: 2609: 2608: 2602: 2601: 2594: 2591: 2589: 2586: 2584: 2581: 2579: 2576: 2574: 2571: 2569: 2566: 2564: 2561: 2559: 2558:Right to vote 2556: 2554: 2551: 2549: 2546: 2544: 2541: 2539: 2536: 2534: 2531: 2529: 2526: 2524: 2521: 2519: 2516: 2514: 2511: 2509: 2506: 2504: 2501: 2499: 2496: 2494: 2491: 2489: 2486: 2484: 2483:Majority rule 2481: 2479: 2476: 2474: 2471: 2469: 2466: 2464: 2461: 2459: 2456: 2454: 2451: 2449: 2446: 2444: 2441: 2439: 2436: 2434: 2431: 2429: 2426: 2424: 2421: 2419: 2416: 2414: 2411: 2409: 2406: 2404: 2401: 2399: 2396: 2394: 2391: 2389: 2386: 2384: 2381: 2379: 2376: 2375: 2369: 2368: 2361: 2358: 2356: 2353: 2351: 2350:Supermajority 2348: 2346: 2343: 2341: 2338: 2336: 2333: 2331: 2328: 2326: 2323: 2321: 2318: 2316: 2313: 2311: 2308: 2304: 2301: 2299: 2296: 2294: 2291: 2289: 2286: 2284: 2281: 2280: 2279: 2276: 2274: 2271: 2269: 2266: 2264: 2261: 2259: 2256: 2254: 2251: 2249: 2248:Participatory 2246: 2244: 2241: 2239: 2236: 2234: 2231: 2229: 2226: 2224: 2221: 2219: 2216: 2214: 2211: 2209: 2205: 2202: 2200: 2197: 2195: 2192: 2190: 2187: 2185: 2182: 2180: 2179:Hybrid regime 2177: 2175: 2172: 2170: 2167: 2165: 2162: 2160: 2157: 2155: 2152: 2150: 2147: 2145: 2142: 2140: 2137: 2135: 2132: 2130: 2127: 2125: 2122: 2120: 2117: 2115: 2112: 2110: 2107: 2105: 2102: 2101: 2098: 2093: 2092: 2086: 2083: 2081: 2078: 2076: 2073: 2072: 2070: 2069: 2066: 2063: 2062: 2059: 2055: 2054: 2048: 2037: 2035: 2031: 2028:", and "Post- 2027: 2023: 2022:UK Government 2018: 2015: 2014:Conquistadors 2011: 2006: 2004: 2000: 1999:Simon Johnson 1996: 1993:According to 1991: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1972: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1955: 1950: 1945: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1925: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1902: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1891:human capital 1888: 1884: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1866: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1832: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1818: 1813: 1812:Eric Hanushek 1805: 1801: 1799: 1793: 1791: 1785: 1783: 1782:human capital 1776:Human capital 1768: 1767: 1766:Spending wave 1762: 1760: 1754: 1752: 1748: 1743: 1741: 1735: 1732: 1721: 1719: 1713: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1670:United States 1666: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1637: 1636:mechanization 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1596: 1592: 1590: 1587:evolved into 1586: 1582: 1581:machine tools 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1525: 1523: 1519: 1518:Machine tools 1515: 1514:mechanization 1511: 1506: 1502: 1500: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1482: 1480: 1474: 1471: 1469: 1465: 1459: 1449: 1447: 1443: 1442: 1437: 1432: 1419: no data 1390: 1358: 1357: 1351: 1343: 1334: 1332: 1328: 1318: 1308: 1306: 1300: 1298: 1293: 1288: 1278: 1275: 1272: 1269: 1266: 1265: 1261: 1258: 1255: 1252: 1249: 1248: 1244: 1241: 1238: 1235: 1232: 1231: 1227: 1224: 1221: 1218: 1215: 1214: 1210: 1207: 1204: 1201: 1198: 1197: 1193: 1190: 1187: 1184: 1181: 1180: 1176: 1173: 1170: 1167: 1164: 1163: 1159: 1156: 1153: 1150: 1147: 1146: 1142: 1139: 1136: 1133: 1130: 1129: 1125: 1122: 1119: 1116: 1113: 1112: 1108: 1105: 1102: 1099: 1096: 1095: 1091: 1088: 1085: 1082: 1079: 1078: 1074: 1071: 1068: 1065: 1062: 1061: 1055: 1053: 1049: 1038: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1019: 1010: 1008: 1004: 1000: 998: 997: 992: 991: 986: 982: 978: 974: 970: 965: 962: 957: 955: 951: 947: 943: 939: 935: 931: 926: 924: 920: 916: 912: 908: 897: 892: 890: 885: 883: 878: 877: 875: 874: 869: 864: 859: 857: 847: 846: 845: 844: 837: 834: 832: 829: 827: 824: 820: 817: 816: 815: 812: 810: 807: 805: 802: 801: 795: 794: 787: 784: 782: 779: 777: 774: 772: 769: 767: 764: 762: 761:Peter Diamond 759: 757: 754: 752: 749: 747: 746:Edmund Phelps 744: 742: 739: 737: 734: 732: 729: 727: 724: 722: 721:Richard Stone 719: 717: 714: 712: 709: 707: 706:Joan Robinson 704: 702: 701:Simon Kuznets 699: 697: 696:Gunnar Myrdal 694: 692: 689: 687: 684: 682: 679: 677: 674: 672: 671:Irving Fisher 669: 667: 666:Knut Wicksell 664: 662: 659: 657: 654: 652: 649: 647: 644: 642: 639: 638: 635: 630: 629: 622: 619: 617: 614: 612: 609: 605: 602: 601: 600: 597: 595: 592: 588: 585: 584: 583: 580: 578: 575: 574: 573: 572: 566: 563: 561: 558: 556: 553: 551: 548: 544: 541: 540: 539: 538:New classical 536: 534: 531: 527: 524: 522: 519: 518: 517: 514: 513: 512: 507: 502: 501: 494: 491: 489: 486: 484: 481: 479: 476: 474: 471: 470: 464: 463: 456: 453: 451: 448: 446: 443: 441: 438: 436: 433: 429: 426: 425: 424: 421: 419: 416: 414: 411: 409: 406: 404: 401: 399: 396: 394: 391: 389: 386: 384: 381: 379: 376: 374: 371: 369: 366: 365: 359: 358: 351: 348: 346: 343: 341: 338: 336: 333: 331: 328: 327: 321: 320: 313: 310: 308: 305: 303: 300: 298: 295: 293: 292:Shrinkflation 290: 288: 285: 283: 280: 278: 275: 271: 268: 267: 266: 263: 261: 258: 254: 251: 250: 249: 246: 244: 241: 237: 234: 233: 232: 229: 227: 224: 220: 217: 215: 212: 210: 207: 206: 205: 202: 200: 197: 195: 192: 190: 189:Interest rate 187: 183: 180: 178: 175: 174: 173: 170: 168: 165: 163: 160: 156: 153: 151: 148: 147: 146:Expectations 145: 143: 140: 138: 135: 133: 130: 128: 125: 123: 120: 118: 115: 113: 110: 108: 105: 104: 98: 97: 93: 89: 88: 85: 82: 81: 77: 73: 72: 63: 56: 45: 39: 30: 19: 18:Growth theory 12348:Average wage 12254:power parity 12195:Fourth World 12185:Second World 12052: 11954:South Africa 11939:Saudi Arabia 11518:Arab League 11355:Asian states 11189:Publications 11145:Publications 11112: 10708:Neoclassical 10698:Mercantilism 10607:Evolutionary 10469:Sociological 10442: / 10340:Geographical 10320:Evolutionary 10295:Digitization 10260:Agricultural 10223:Econometrics 10151:Price theory 10061: 9954: 9917: 9911: 9862: 9856: 9801: 9795: 9770: 9747: 9724: 9701: 9682: 9676: 9647: 9641: 9596: 9590: 9578: 9571: 9562: 9551: 9547: 9537: 9515: 9497: 9490: 9480: 9473: 9454:cite journal 9406: 9385: 9363: 9328: 9321: 9301: 9294: 9269: 9265: 9259: 9240: 9231: 9188: 9184: 9178: 9169: 9150: 9144: 9127: 9123: 9117: 9106:. 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Chicago: 9727:. Chicago: 9030:Do the Math 8890:Regis, Ed. 8661:T. (2021). 8521:Philosophia 7751:10986/29896 7613:(1): 5–32. 7161:, Elsevier 6932:(3): 32–43. 6804:(2): 92–6. 6152:(1): 1–20. 5359:Romer, Paul 5089:(1): 3–24. 4829:: 173–190. 4795:(4): 7–11. 4727:MarketWatch 4277:(1): 3–42. 4094:, p. . 3921:, pp. 3756:Post-growth 3604:Malthusians 3572:natural gas 3492:has deemed 3406:In 2019, a 3266:Ban Ki-moon 3073:formation, 2980: [ 2846:Trevor Swan 2463:Kleroterion 2345:Substantive 2320:Semi-direct 1841:Amartya Sen 1824:Joerg Baten 1718:Moore's law 1702:South Korea 1659:Middle East 1608:fertilizers 1600:food prices 1583:powered by 1569:fertilizers 1557:electricity 1541:water power 1527:During the 1508:During the 1267:Bangladesh 1013:Measurement 661:Léon Walras 555:Supply-side 388:Accelerator 297:Stagflation 282:Price level 177:Demand-pull 12622:Categories 12479:by country 12280:per capita 12273:per capita 12263:By country 12240:per capita 12233:per capita 12223:By country 11989:per capita 11932:per capita 11865:per capita 11845:Kazakhstan 11838:per capita 11804:per capita 11792:per capita 11760:per capita 11743:per capita 11696:per capita 11684:per capita 11380:Per capita 11315:per capita 11303:per capita 11293:Per capita 11266:per capita 11256:Per capita 11140:Economists 11013:Schumacher 10918:Schumpeter 10888:von Wieser 10808:von Thünen 10768:Economists 10667:Circuitism 10632:Humanistic 10627:Historical 10602:Ecological 10592:Democratic 10565:Chartalism 10555:Behavioral 10518:Mainstream 10479:Statistics 10474:Solidarity 10395:Managerial 10360:Humanistic 10355:Historical 10300:Ecological 10265:Behavioral 10015:Dean Baker 9998:Paul Romer 9957:. London: 9191:(3): 127. 9108:2010-10-20 9064:2010-12-22 9035:2014-07-22 9007:2014-07-22 8873:2010-12-22 8848:2010-12-22 8820:2007-11-29 8707:2021-01-21 8646:2021-01-21 8619:2019-11-08 8592:2019-11-08 8586:1808/30278 8564:BioScience 8501:2021-02-08 8460:2019-05-18 8433:2019-05-18 8408:2019-05-18 8379:2024-02-23 8344:2024-02-24 8319:2024-02-24 8159:Q111450348 8051:2015-01-13 8019:2015-01-13 7994:2015-01-13 7207:2014-07-13 6971:Q100216001 6953:Dean Baker 6650:Bjork 1999 6638:Bjork 1999 6507:2014-06-26 5882:, p. 5715:9291907987 5480:10784/2644 5376:: 251–86. 5121:2014-05-15 5064:Q111455533 5023:2014-07-19 4980:2014-07-13 4856:2014-07-12 4737:2019-12-20 4540:2011-02-01 4506:2022-08-09 4461:1104810110 4360:Clark 2007 4348:Clark 2007 4092:Bjork 1999 4073:Bjork 1999 4007:B003Q7WARA 3919:Bjork 1999 3907:Bjork 1999 3895:Bjork 1999 3840:References 3833:World view 3783:Status quo 3771:Propaganda 3545:, and the 3513:See also: 3435:See also: 3280:See also: 3190:rule of 72 3123:wealth tax 3080:inequality 3005:Oded Galor 2960:innovation 2927:innovation 2907:Paul Romer 2895:endogenize 2739:Adam Smith 2626:Historical 2538:Referendum 2493:Ochlocracy 2468:Liberalism 2458:Initiative 2335:Sociocracy 2263:Procedural 2233:Multiparty 2194:Jacksonian 2189:Industrial 2169:Grassroots 2154:Electronic 1930:capitalism 1909:See also: 1887:SARS-CoV-2 1876:, such as 1749:creates a 1700:. In 1957 1579:made with 1553:automation 1436:production 1413: 4.0+ 1287:compounded 1250:Indonesia 1199:Argentina 940:produced. 716:John Hicks 646:Adam Smith 604:Circuitism 594:Ecological 582:Chartalism 533:Monetarism 511:Mainstream 408:Solow–Swan 383:Multiplier 340:Commercial 236:Endogenous 194:Investment 11814:regencies 11799:Indonesia 11632:Australia 11622:Argentina 11058:Greenspan 11023:Samuelson 11003:Galbraith 10973:Tinbergen 10913:von Mises 10908:Heckscher 10868:Edgeworth 10747:Stockholm 10742:Socialist 10642:Keynesian 10622:Happiness 10582:Classical 10543:Mutualism 10538:Anarchist 10523:Heterodox 10420:Personnel 10380:Knowledge 10345:Happiness 10335:Financial 10305:Education 10280:Democracy 10215:Empirical 10125:Economics 9826:2041-1723 9286:153414525 9223:204937958 9198:1306.3554 9095:1834-5638 8745:0811.1855 8541:247433264 8295:254614532 8046:1812-108X 7988:VoxEU.org 7869:Q56032205 7861:0921-8009 7839:CiteSeerX 7795:154145268 7781:: 11–92. 7665:158898163 7553:CiteSeerX 7308:CiteSeerX 7181:Elsevier. 7069:Also see 7035:CiteSeerX 6844:CiteSeerX 6707:222424224 6685:CiteSeerX 6557:(1776). 6413:168857205 6399:: 70–83. 6344:1363-6669 6257:CiteSeerX 5681:195314801 5672:10230/757 5626:MIT Press 5549:CiteSeerX 5512:CiteSeerX 5489:140069337 5271:CiteSeerX 5239:153813437 4896:154757050 4843:154848228 4487:CiteSeerX 4291:154875771 4038:219383124 3589:In 1972, 3498:rationing 3356:The 2019 3327:commoning 3315:eco-taxes 2969:annulment 2953:economist 2923:education 2783:Ricardian 2690:Democracy 2563:Sortition 2518:Polyarchy 2378:Anarchism 2360:Workplace 2340:Sovereign 2330:Socialist 2310:Sectarian 2288:Christian 2278:Religious 2253:Pluralist 2208:Illiberal 2184:Inclusive 2159:Empowered 2134:Defensive 2119:Consensus 2065:Democracy 1968:capital. 1899:education 1858:Uwe Sunde 1742:of 1933. 1716:known as 1270:1900–2008 1253:1900–2008 1236:1900–2008 1219:1870–2008 1202:1900–2008 1185:1870–2008 1168:1900–2008 1151:1870–2008 1134:1870–2008 1117:1900–2008 1100:1900–2008 1083:1890–2008 985:materials 961:geometric 934:inflation 814:Economics 656:Karl Marx 571:Heterodox 550:Stockholm 516:Keynesian 287:Recession 182:Cost-push 172:Inflation 127:Deflation 12033:Thailand 12028:Tanzania 12011:counties 11994:counties 11949:Slovakia 11917:Portugal 11897:Pakistan 11872:Mongolia 11855:Malaysia 11713:Colombia 11662:Bulgaria 11595:Oceania 11241:rankings 11169:Category 11149:journals 11135:Glossary 11088:Stiglitz 11053:Rothbard 11033:Buchanan 11018:Friedman 11008:Koopmans 10998:Leontief 10978:Robinson 10863:Marshall 10713:Lausanne 10617:Georgism 10612:Feminist 10560:Buddhist 10550:Austrian 10449:Regional 10425:Planning 10400:Monetary 10330:Feminist 10275:Cultural 10270:Business 10007:Archived 9946:34795424 9899:32257300 9844:32561753 9633:22198759 9514:(2020). 9239:(1969). 8999:(2013). 8571:: 8–12. 8287:36510013 8221:32561753 8175:(2020). 8155:Wikidata 8145:(1980), 8113:Archived 7964:Archived 7919:London: 7913:Archived 7885:Archived 7865:Wikidata 7760:55619830 7530:23946551 7481:54670343 7247:13027248 6967:Wikidata 6955:(2016), 6625:25506082 6429:(1989). 6131:73630821 6090:: 1–20. 5842:29125724 5800:29125727 5758:11960778 5432:30819754 5390:15491089 5361:(1990). 5345:55710066 5186:20046929 5060:Wikidata 4801:23485828 4754:Archived 4705:Archived 4453:83016269 4429:(1984), 4398:(1969). 4376:Archived 4220:20046929 3876:Archived 3766:Progress 3689:Degrowth 3657:See also 3607:such as 3597:collapse 3323:degrowth 3021:Theories 2950:Austrian 2528:Populism 2283:Buddhist 2228:Monitory 2149:Economic 2114:Cellular 2109:Athenian 2030:Pandemic 1982:and the 1934:commerce 1559:. 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