Green bank - Knowledge

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and Development Authority (NYSERDA). Alternatively, a green bank can be a quasi-public instrumentality, such as a wholly-owned non-profit public corporation. The Connecticut Green Bank, for example, operates as a quasi-public entity with a board composed of government officials and independent directors. It can also take the form of an independent non-profit entity administered by the government, either through a contract or by purpose-building an entity to serve as a green bank. The Montgomery County Green Bank, for instance, is a non-profit organization created in compliance with legislation and designated as Montgomery County's green bank through a resolution by the County Council.

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Connecticut Clean Energy Fund, initially focused on granting clean energy investment, into a deployment financing entity. The CGB operates as a quasi-public institution, featuring a board of directors consisting of both government officials and independent directors. The CGB's funding is maintained through a systems benefit charge and revenue generated by Connecticut's participation in the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI) trading program. Moreover, the bank has the capability to issue its own bonds based on its balance sheet.

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solar lease financing. Given Hawaii's unique geographical circumstances, electricity costs are higher in Hawaii than in any other part of the United States. The introduction of solar leasing has provided an opportunity for many Hawaiian homeowners to install solar panels, but the penetration of the solar market among low-credit households has remained limited. The positive cash flow generated by GEMS aims to enable low-to-moderate income Hawaiians to access a market that has historically been out of their reach.

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investors. SELF's commitment revolves around providing accessible and affordable capital for energy efficiency, resilience, and solar technologies, with a particular focus on serving low- and moderate-income (LMI) and underbanked communities. By July 2022, SELF had expanded its operations to encompass four states, including Florida, Georgia, Alabama, and South Carolina. Additionally, SELF introduced new satellite programs in cities such as St. Petersburg, Tampa, Orlando, Miami, and Atlanta.

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financing energy efficiency projects and upgrades for municipalities, universities, schools, and hospitals. In contrast to the Connecticut and New York Green Banks, the CLEEN Center exclusively focuses on facilitating commercial projects and upgrades. Interested parties propose their projects and apply for financial assistance through the CLEEN Center, with projects receiving funding ranging from $ 500,000 to $ 30 million.

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for the first two award initiatives on October 12, 2023, and the latter initiative on September 26, 2023. On April 4, 2024, the Biden administration announced the eight recipients of the first $ 20 billion of the Greenhouse Gas Reduction Fund. For the $ 14 billion National Clean Investment Fund, the recipients are the consumer-focused Climate United Fund ($ 6.97 billion to a consortium of Calvert Impact,

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affordable and market-rate multifamily, commercial, industrial, and institutional. It's worth noting that a majority of the loans extended by NYCEEC are situated in, or contribute to, low-and-moderate-income (LMI) communities. Furthermore, NYCEEC holds the role of administrator for the NYC Commercial Property Assessed Clean Energy (NYC C-PACE) Program, which was launched in 2021.

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will leverage $ 7 from the private sector for every dollar of public investment, and slash emissions by up to 40 million metric tons by 2032 through a very wide variety of projects. On April 22, the 60 recipients for the $ 7 billion Solar for All initiative were also announced, and were forecast to benefit 900,000 low-income households through $ 8 billion in energy bill savings.

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This institution plays a pivotal role as one of the founding members of the American Green Bank Consortium, and it holds a unique status as a Community Development Financial Institution (CDFI) certified by the U.S. Treasury Department. Moreover, SELF is associated with the Opportunity Finance Network (OFN) and stands as one of the pioneering GREEN CDFIs in the nation.

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agreement, a green bank can subsequently sell them to utilities. This activity allows green banks to offer more favorable financing terms, while utilities can access RECs in substantial quantities, potentially at prices below the market rate. This reduces their compliance costs and enables them to pass on the savings to their ratepayers.

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them to use this information as a valuable sales tool, thereby increasing the scale and volume of the projects they undertake. Ensuring that contractors have a comprehensive understanding of green bank financing is a crucial way to convey this information to the end-users of the financing—building owners.

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Green banks also function as intermediaries between lenders and borrowers. They provide a central clearinghouse for all online data related to energy resources, including information on rebates and financing options. Additionally, they offer technical assistance for investors and project coordination

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bills. Similar to PACE financing, on-bill repayment provides lenders with security in a developing market. Since electricity is a necessity, utility bills have a very high repayment rate nationwide. Including loan payments on a utility bill enhances the likelihood of repayment, making it appealing to

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clean energy loans significantly enhances the appeal of lending for private investors. Individual clean energy projects, which exhibit variations in credit quality, location, and technology, can pose a substantial underwriting cost for a bank and may not achieve the desired investment scale. Bundling

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Green banks prioritize commercially viable technologies rather than early-stage innovative technologies. This focus is due to the tested nature of these technologies, reduced associated "technology risk," and their ability to reliably generate revenue for project owners. Green banks typically operate

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The Hawaii Green Infrastructure Authority was established in 2014 with the primary mission of financing clean energy development in Hawaii. Their initial program, the Green Energy Market Securitization (GEMS) program, was designed to address the needs of the low-to-moderate income market by offering

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Founded in 2010, SELF was the first local green bank in the United States and remains the sole nonprofit green bank within Florida. SELF's inception was made possible through initial funding received from the U.S. Department of Energy's Energy Efficiency and Conservation Block Grant (EECGB) program.

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The GGRF allocates $ 6 billion to green banks in low-income and historically disadvantaged communities for similar investments and directs $ 7 billion to state and local energy funds for decentralized solar power projects in communities lacking alternative financing options. The EPA set the deadline

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Community development financial institutions (CDFIs) can play a pivotal role in co-investing or providing initial capital for green banks. Additionally, CDFIs can offer valuable technical expertise in specific areas related to green bank activities. As an example, they are the main recipients of the

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Green banks can also secure partial capitalization from revenues generated by various carbon pricing policies, such as carbon taxes, fees, and cap-and-trade systems. For instance, both the New York Green Bank (NYGB) and the Connecticut Green Bank (CGB) receive partial capitalization from the revenue

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Green banks can take various forms. They may be newly established entities or repurposed from existing ones. A green bank can be a direct part of the government, functioning as a division of an existing agency. For instance, the New York Green Bank is a division of the New York State Energy Research

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The final factor contributing to private underinvestment relates to human and organizational behavior. For a bank to enter a new market and begin lending, it must hire new staff, gain expertise in the risks and processes of the new market, and establish precise criteria for the types of projects and

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The Green Technology Financing Corporation of Malaysia was launched in 2010 as part of the government's National Green Technology Policy. Operating under the Green Technology Financing Scheme, the corporation provides companies with a 2% interest rate reduction and a 60% guaranteed financing option

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NYCEEC specializes in providing loans for various purposes, including energy efficiency, renewable energy, storage, and high-performance building projects in New York City and across the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic regions. The organization caters to a diverse range of real estate sectors, including

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A shortage of private financing exists for several reasons. One reason is the relatively short track record for clean energy financing, resulting in limited data for lenders to rely on. Without data and an observable pipeline of similar projects, banks face a high level of uncertainty regarding the

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In the UK in 2009, two reports were published advocating the creation of a state-backed infrastructure bank to provide financing for green projects. The first report, titled "Accelerating Green Infrastructure Financing: Outline Proposals for UK Green Bonds and Infrastructure Bank," was published in

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The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) manages the Clean Water State Revolving Fund (CWSRF), a lending program that provides low-cost financing for various water and energy infrastructure projects. The EPA also operates the Greenhouse Gas Reduction Fund (GGRF), a competitive grant

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bonds offer the advantage of being tax-exempt, enabling governments and other public authorities to access capital at relatively low interest rates for bondholders. The bonding authority of a green bank provides debt investors with a secure stream of payments from an institution with a low risk of

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In its initial four years of existence, the CGB succeeded in stimulating $ 663.2 million in investments for clean energy projects, with three-fourths of these funds originating from the private sector. Notably, this increase in clean energy investment was concurrent with a significant decrease in

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Intermediaries (Opportunity Finance Network, Inclusiv, Native CDFI Network and Appalachian Community Capital) receiving a total of roughly $ 5.1 billion, and a coalition of community organizations called the Justice Climate Fund receiving $ 940 million. The Biden administration projects that they

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Green banks can organize training programs for contractors, providing local clean energy technology installers, contractors, and developers with insights into various green bank financing options. Contractor training equips contractors with the knowledge of green bank financing products, enabling

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The California Lending for Energy and Environmental Needs Center, operating as the state's green bank, is housed within the California Infrastructure and Economic Development Bank. One of the center's flagship initiatives, known as the Statewide Energy Efficiency Program (SWEEP), is dedicated to

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Green banks are typically initiated with public capital, and this capital can be derived from various sources. The green bank financing model efficiently manages limited supplies of public capital, allowing each dollar to be continually reinvested and utilized for multiple clean energy projects.

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mechanisms to leverage private investment. Loan loss reserves, overcollateralization, and subordinated debt can help alleviate concerns among private lenders interested in entering the market but apprehensive about the risks associated with developers, counterparties, or technologies with a less

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NYCEEC was established in 2010, marking one of the earliest green banks in the United States. Initially, NYCEEC came into existence through the efforts of the New York City government, with funding provided by the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. In May 2011, NYCEEC commenced its

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As of the present, the NYGB has received over $ 1 billion in proposals and maintains an active project pipeline of approximately $ 500 million. The first series of NYGB investments were unveiled in the autumn of 2015. The NYGB utilized $ 49 million of public capital to leverage $ 178 million in

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In 2015, state legislators transformed the Rhode Island Clean Water Finance Agency (RICWFA) into the Rhode Island Infrastructure Bank (RIIB). The RIIB offers both residential and commercial PACE programs designed to reduce energy costs for consumers. The RIIB has also established the Efficient

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The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), through its Rural Utilities Service (RUS) program, provides funding for infrastructure projects, including those related to energy, in rural communities. The RUS offers funding that can be harnessed by green banks to finance projects in rural

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Innovative approaches to renewable energy credit (REC) financing have also enabled green banks to lower energy costs for consumers. Green banks can agree to acquire and monetize the RECs generated by a particular clean energy project. Upon obtaining possession of the RECs through the financing

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The Connecticut Green Bank (CGB) was established in 2011 and holds the distinction of being the first green bank in the United States. It has emerged as the most advanced green bank in the nation in terms of deal volume. The transformation occurred when Connecticut's legislature converted the

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The United States Department of Energy (DOE) administers programs such as the Loan Program Office (LPO), which offers federal funding to innovative clean energy companies and project portfolios. Green banks can leverage DOE funding by constructing project portfolios designed to meet the LPO's

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A state or local government may impose a modest surcharge on energy bills within its jurisdiction and mandate that the funds raised through this charge be allocated to a green bank. Alternatively, the government may reallocate an existing surcharge and direct the revenue to a green bank. This

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private investors and facilitating affordable loans for consumers. Additionally, the on-bill structure allows renters to benefit from increased energy efficiency. Furthermore, the simplicity of on-bill financing is appealing—tenants pay for the goods they consume, which makes sense logically.

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from clean energy projects that exceeds the monthly payments for the cost of financing. Such a cash flow structure is only feasible with loan terms that match the expected lifetime of the project's savings and interest rates that align with the associated risks. Therefore, private capital, if

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In some instances, the mere availability of clean energy financing products is insufficient to stimulate the desired level of clean energy finance activity. Various non-financial market development activities become necessary. A green bank might plan and execute a range of market development

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In its pursuit of low-cost loan capital, SELF collaborates with an array of partners, including bank Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) investors, faith-based organizations, crowdfunding platforms such as KIVA.org and CNote, health organizations, Program-Related Investments (PRIs), and impact

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If a green bank requires additional capital, it can securitize loans it has extended (assets) and, through a secondary market, sell them to other investors in the form of bonds. For example, the Connecticut Green Bank sold $ 30 million in bonds backed by commercial efficiency loans to Clean

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There are various types and styles of institutions that finance clean energy and green infrastructure projects. However, several key elements distinguish green banks from other financing institutions: a focus on commercially viable technologies, a dedicated source of capital, an emphasis on

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and Rewiring America); collectively they have pledged 60 percent of funds would go to low-income and marginalized communities, well above the 40 percent required by Biden. For the $ 6 billion Clean Communities Investment Accelerator program to disburse money exclusively and deep into such

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in clean energy technologies that, despite their commercial viability, have struggled to establish a widespread presence in consumer markets. Green banks aim to reduce energy costs for ratepayers, stimulate private sector investment and economic activity, and expedite the transition to a

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Green banks fulfill an educational role, both internally and externally. They cultivate in-house expertise to accurately assess risks and standardize de-risking mechanisms. This knowledge is shared within the industry, aiding investors in risk assessment and assisting developers in

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Green banks often assume the risk of being the first to invest in innovative or novel projects. By doing so, they demonstrate that these projects can succeed, establishing a track record that encourages private investment in future similar projects, thereby fostering innovation.

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Green banks co-finance projects and build a reputation for expertise. When they choose to invest in a project, it serves as a signal of trustworthiness to other investors. This signaling role attracts additional funding from previously uninterested investors and may even lead to

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measures, such as overcollateralization or loan loss reserves, to reduce creditors' exposure to default risk and secure improved ratings from credit agencies. Securitization enhances market liquidity for clean energy project financing, ultimately leading to a decrease in the

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of them) disperses risk and creates scale, attracting a broader spectrum of private investors. A green bank can create and securitize loan portfolios, enabling investors to acquire a portion of the green bank's debt in the secondary market. Green banks can also incorporate

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for contractors and providing scale for investors. One effective method for a green bank to aggregate demand is by offering neighborhood-wide group-buying deals. The Connecticut Green Bank and SolarizeCT have successfully implemented this approach across Connecticut.

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In March 2016, the UK government announced its intention to transition the GIB to the private sector. The government plans to divest its shares in the GIB but will aim to retain a 'special share' to safeguard the ongoing commitment to the GIB's green objectives.

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Green banks' innovative financing techniques are more effective when they can operate through robust delivery mechanisms. These structures enhance the security of debt service payments and enable lenders to offer lower interest rates for clean energy financing.

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To address the barriers to clean energy market development, green banks assist consumers in securing long-term, low-interest loans. Green banks employ a diverse range of financing techniques, including credit enhancements, co-investment, and securitization.

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Foundations can offer grants to green banks for covering startup costs, or they can make program-related investments in green banks that align with their mission, potentially earning returns on their investments while supporting clean energy initiatives.

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As of June 2023, NYCEEC has mobilized over $ 430 million in capital for energy efficiency and clean energy projects, resulting in the enhancement of more than 430 buildings and the promotion of green practices in over 15,000 affordable housing units.

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inefficiencies and inherent challenges in financing clean energy that have resulted in insufficient investment by private lenders. While some private lenders do provide financing for clean energy projects, they typically impose relatively high

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holds the distinction of being the sole county in the United States to have established a local green bank. The Montgomery County Green Bank (MCGB) was capitalized with $ 20 million from the settlement that accompanied the merger of utilities

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among the parties involved. The heterogeneity of clean energy projects makes it more expensive for private lenders to underwrite them at scale, potentially rendering loans for clean energy projects uneconomical from the lender's perspective.

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risk associated with a loan and provides incentives for private investment. Due to the reduced risk, consumers can secure loans with lower interest rates. When the property is sold, the new owners assume responsibility for loan repayment.

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Green banks play a critical role in mitigating risks associated with low-carbon projects, rendering them more appealing to private investors. Different green banks employ various de-risking mechanisms, such as concessional finance or

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surcharge serves as a recurring source of capital for green banks, with funds replenished annually. The Connecticut Green Bank and New York Green Bank, for example, receive part of their capital from a systems benefit charge.

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For consumers, the high upfront costs often render clean energy technology unattractive to adopt, despite declines in the costs of clean energy technology. Historically, the clean energy sector has relied on taxpayer-funded

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have all established national banks dedicated to leveraging private investment in clean energy technologies. Collectively, green banks around the world have facilitated approximately $ 30 billion in clean energy investment.

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Pension funds can invest in deals or portfolios of deals originated by green banks, providing an opportunity for them to participate in green energy financing while potentially earning returns on their investments.

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loan, it is uncertain whether the bank will be able to sell that loan to another lender or if it will have to retain the loan on its balance sheet. Unlike mortgage and auto lenders, who benefit from highly liquid

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established the largest Green Bank in the nation, NY Green Bank (NYGB), and endowed it with capital sourced from re-purposed ratepayer surcharges and revenues generated by the issuance of emissions permits. The

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California Infrastructure and Economic Development Bank. "Criteria, Priorities, and Guidelines for the Selection of Projects for IBank Financing Under the California Lending for Energy and Environmental Needs

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meeting in Paris, with participation from state and national Green Banks in Connecticut, Australia, Malaysia, New York, Japan, and the United Kingdom, along with the non-profit organizations the

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activities to nurture the clean energy market. These activities may not directly involve lending, and a green bank may engage an external organization to design and carry out these initiatives.

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performance of various project types and borrower repayment patterns. This uncertainty leads to hesitancy to enter the market, increased due diligence costs, and/or unfavorable lending terms.

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Financing Solutions Working Group. "Accessing Secondary Markets As a Capital Source for Energy Efficiency Finance Programs: Program Design Considerations for Policymakers and Administrators"

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Ideally, private lenders would offer financing to building owners to cover the upfront costs of adopting clean energy technologies (beyond what is covered by rebates). However, there are

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for borrowers. The Connecticut Green Bank executed one of the initial securitization deals, selling 75% of its $ 40 million PACE portfolio to Clean Fund, a specialty finance company.

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established track record in their respective jurisdictions. Credit enhancements also serve to reduce the cost of capital for borrowers and improve debt ratings from credit agencies.

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services for contractors. By enhancing transparency and resource accessibility, green banks bridge the gap between the supply and demand for capital in clean energy projects.

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tenors. These terms make clean energy project financing unattractive from the end-user's perspective. To be appealing to end-users, financing terms should result in monthly

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At times, green banks directly invest in clean energy projects to facilitate additional private investment or enhance the financial terms established by private lenders.

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Capital for green banks can be generated by issuing other bonds backed by a dedicated cash stream, such as ratepayer fees or proceeds from emissions allowance auctions.

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In some cases, underused or dormant investment funds may be re-allocated to support a green bank, putting these funds to work in furthering clean energy initiatives.

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U.S. Department of Energy Loan Programs Office. "Federal Loan Guarantee Solicitation and Supplements for Renewable Energy Projects and Energy Efficiency Projects"*

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Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. "Green Investment Banks: Scaling Up Private Investment in Low-Carbon, Climate Resilient Infrastructure

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for home and car loans that help keep interest rates low, these types of secondary markets are only just beginning to develop for clean energy technologies.

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program for smaller green banks, which makes up to $ 14 billion available to select green banks nationwide for a wide range of decarbonization investments.

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U.S. Department of Energy. "Energy Investment Partnerships: How State and Local Governments Are Engaging Private Capital to Drive Clean Energy Investment"

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When the 2009 cap and trade legislation ultimately failed to pass the Senate, green bank advocates in the US shifted their focus to the state level. The

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on the property, with the property owner repaying the financing through PACE assessments included on their property tax bill. This approach reduces the

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and Community Preservation Corporation), the Coalition for Green Capital ($ 5 billion), and Power Forward Communities ($ 2 billion to a consortium of

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Another reason for the financing gap is that many clean energy projects are small and distributed. Investments in building efficiency upgrades and

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Green banks can also tap into various federal sources within the United States to secure funding and support for their clean energy initiatives:

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NYSERDA. "Governor Cuomo Announces Three New York Green Bank Transactions to Improve Access to Clean Energy and Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions"

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taxpayer-funded clean energy grants. In essence, the CGB bolstered clean energy investment while alleviating the financial burden on taxpayers.

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State of Hawaii. "Status of the Green Infrastructure Authority's Activities: Report to the Governor and the Legislature of the State of Hawaii"

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The Green Bank Network is an international membership organization that focuses on clean energy finance solutions. It was launched at the 2015

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Buildings Fund, a program intended to provide low-cost financing for energy efficiency and renewable energy projects in public buildings.

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Ken Berlin, Reed Hundt, Marko Muro, and Devashree Saha. "State Clean Energy Banks: New Investment Facilities for Clean Energy Deployment"

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Solar and Energy Loan Fund of St. Lucie County, Inc. (SELF) was the first local government green bank established in America in 2010.

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lender. Instead of designing specific financing products and programs, the NYGB relies on the market to discern the financing needs.

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A third reason for the financing gap is the lack of liquidity and maturity in the capital market. When a commercial bank provides an

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as public-purpose entities with some form of government relationship and are usually capitalized with public funds. Similar to a

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available at unfavorable terms, undermines the economic viability of potential projects for customers or project developers.

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Thomas Heath and Aaron C. Davis. "DC Regulators green-light Pepco-Exelon Merger, creating the largest utility in the nation"

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Carol Browner, Danielle Baussan, Ben Bovarnick, Mari Hernandez, Matt Kasper. "Clean Energy Investment in the United States

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Another approach is issuing project bonds secured by the revenue-generating potential of the projects they will support.

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in 2013. By the end of fiscal year 2015, the Connecticut Green Bank had supported $ 663 million in project investments.

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Green banks or their partners can consolidate consumer demand for clean energy projects and financing, reducing

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generated by their respective states through initiatives like the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI).

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Property Assessed Clean Energy (PACE) financing allows consumers to repay energy upgrade loans through their

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A government can allocate funds to a green bank as a part of its routine budget and appropriations process.

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and E3G. The second report, titled "Delivering a 21st Century Infrastructure for Britain," was published by

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Green banks can raise capital by issuing bonds backed by the state in which the green bank is established.

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default. In return, the green bank gains capital that can be promptly invested in clean energy projects.

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Clean Energy States Alliance. "Developing an Effective State Clean Energy Program: Clean Energy Loans"

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For specific green bank activities, industrial revenue bonds and private activity bonds may be issued.

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Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. "Green Investment Banks: Policy Perspectives"

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Reed Hundt. "Growing Clean Energy Markets Quickly with Green Bank Financing and Market Development"

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Connecticut Green Bank. "Bylaws: Pursuant to Section 16-245n of the Connecticut General Statutes"

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clean energy finance lender, distinguishing itself from Connecticut, which operates more as a

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Green banks play a crucial role in providing financial support for projects with substantial

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Smith, Graham. "Responsible Marketplace Lending: Indispensable for Commercial Solar's Growth

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Green banks may also capitalize themselves by issuing bonds backed by their own institution.

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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

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McGowan, Elizabeth. "Clean Energy Investment Bank Has Bipartisan Support, But No Money"

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Lombardi, Nick. "In a Watershed Deal, Securitization Comes to Commercial Efficiency"

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Griffin, Alfred. "NY Green Bank: Introduction to Standardization and Collaboration"

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projects are inherently small and geographically dispersed, with varying levels of

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Connecticut Green Bank. "Comprehensive Annual Financial Report: Fiscal Year 2015"

3174:

Climate Progress. "What is the Clean Energy Bank and Why Is It In Waxman-Markey?”

2990: 2819: 2753: 2474: 2464: 2255: 2225: 2145:, green banks have been established at the federal, state, and local levels. The 2024: 1892: 1787: 1777: 1707: 1505: 1445: 1349: 1303: 1262: 1215: 1026: 1011: 1001: 924: 914: 827: 777: 720: 700: 670: 645: 620: 534: 424: 414: 263: 238: 124: 44: 3362: 2515:

On-bill financing enables consumers to repay energy upgrade loans through their

2417:

credit ratings they are willing to support. This process can be time-consuming.

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Financial institution providing funding exclusively for decarbonization projects

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Avery, W. Barron A.; McCarthy, Ryan A.; Lorenzo, Sarah-Jane (August 16, 2022).

2516: 2455: 2368: 2146: 2122: 2019: 1959: 1939: 1867: 1614: 1552: 1530: 1330: 1320: 1298: 1078: 991: 959: 899: 832: 817: 812: 740: 539: 522: 505: 409: 374: 358: 343: 258: 203: 4440: 3555: 3533: 3516: 3477: 3432: 3381: 2888: 2605: 2373: 2349: 2306: 2263: 2233: 2142: 1954: 1812: 1542: 1403: 1252: 1036: 1016: 939: 894: 665: 655: 635: 512: 323: 313: 293: 228: 218: 3546: 3397:"Investing in Low-Carbon Transitions: Energy Finance as an Adaptive Market" 2985: 2785: 2495: 2280: 1877: 1762: 1722: 1712: 1525: 1435: 1398: 1144: 822: 625: 490: 429: 386: 348: 333: 253: 233: 4151:

Enerknol. "NY Green Bank Highlights Role of Innovation in Solar Financing"

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In the United States, the green bank concept was originally developed by

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Coalition for Green Capital. "Growing the Maryland Clean Energy Economy"

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Coalition for Green Capital. "Green Bank Product and Activity Overview"

2808: 2729: 2681: 2357: 2175: 2130: 1944: 1567: 1547: 1520: 1480: 1418: 458: 4326:

Green Investment Bank. "Summary of Transactions: Transactions to Date"

4201: 4058:"EPA's new $ 20B 'green bank' will benefit disadvantaged communities…" 4023: 2912: 2904: 2794: 2381: 2293: 2250:

leveraging private investment, and a connection with the government.

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This article is about the financial institution. For other uses, see

4160:

NYSERDA. "Clean Energy Fund Information Supplement: Case 14-M-0094"

3902:"Green Capital Feuds With Local Lenders Over National Climate Bank" 3325:

Kennan, Hallie. "Working Paper: State Green Banks for Clean Energy"

2907:, where it is also registered, and maintains a secondary office in 2310: 2162: 1732: 1557: 1470: 1465: 1245: 615: 448: 2687:$ 6 billion Clean Communities Investment Accelerator (see below). 2604:

Green banks can also raise capital through the issuance of bonds.

4362:"UK Green Investment Bank plc Annual Report and Accounts 2015–16" 2361: 1220: 934: 705: 308: 3344:

Geddes, Anna; Schmidt, Tobias S.; Steffen, Bjarne (2018-04-01).

4101: 4084:"How the EPA will spend $ 27 billion in carbon-reduction funds" 3227:"Three Ways the Inflation Reduction Act Advances Green Banking" 2908: 2867: 2798: 2129:

technologies. Green banks use public funds to leverage private

2009: 485: 4265:"Application Process | Green Technology Financing Scheme" 2805:

private capital, achieving a leverage ratio greater than 3:1.

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Solar and Energy Loan Fund of St. Lucie County, FL Inc. (SELF)

3928:"New Climate Law Jumpstarts Clean Energy Financing - Article" 3534:"Public Financial Institutions and the Low-Carbon Transition" 3395:

Hall, Stephen; Foxon, Timothy J; Bolton, Ronan (2015-10-29).

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Schub, Jeff. "Bond Structures Typically Used By Green Banks"

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established the first state green bank in 2011, followed by

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Clean Energy Finance Corporation. "Annual Report 2014-2015"

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Devashree Saha and Mark Muro. "Green Banking Goes Local"

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New York State Energy Research and Development Authority

2489: 2239: 4289:"UK to base Green Investment Bank in Edinburgh, London" 2814:

operations as a 501(c)(3) not-for-profit organization.

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New York City Energy Efficiency Corporation (NYCEEC)

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Community Development Financial Institutions (CDFIs)

4049: 3997: 3971: 3576: 3574: 3822: 3806: 3804: 3802: 3800: 3798: 3669: 3060: 2655: 3842:"Electric Programs | USDA Rural Development" 3424:20.500.11820/6829ed41-acc7-40d1-bd8b-d61f19d5ecf1 3186: 3058: 3056: 3054: 3052: 3050: 3048: 3046: 3044: 3042: 3040: 4438: 3571: 2523: 4379:"What we do - Clean Energy Finance Corporation" 4029: 3795: 3394: 3945: 3925: 3446:Mazzucato, Mariana; Penna, Caetano CR (2015). 3445: 3249: 3247: 3037: 2901:Department for Business, Innovation and Skills 2647: 2638: 2333: 2194:, where it received broad bipartisan support. 4452:Market-based environmental policy instruments 3957:United States Environmental Protection Agency 3145: 3143: 3090: 3088: 3086: 3068:. Coalition for Green Capital. Archived from 2090: 1098: 109:The examples and perspective in this article 4075: 3926:Yañez-Barnuevo, Miguel (12 September 2022). 3788: 3786: 3784: 3745: 3743: 3741: 3493:"Low-Carbon Investment Risks and De-Risking" 3225:Penny, William; Snow, Ed (August 19, 2022). 2690: 4241:"Green Financing | GreenTech Malaysia" 3893: 3244: 53:Learn how and when to remove these messages 3140: 3083: 2826: 2275:Provision of capital for green investments 2262:, necessitating the presence of their own 2097: 2083: 2064: 2052: 1105: 1091: 4196: 4194: 3953:"About the Greenhouse Gas Reduction Fund" 3919: 3781: 3738: 3545: 3467: 3422: 3412: 3371: 3361: 3224: 2766: 1184:Effects of climate change on human health 435:Transaction (checking / current) 165:Learn how and when to remove this message 147:Learn how and when to remove this message 4055: 2853: 2563: 4305:. Green Investment Bank. Archived from 4081: 3490: 2480: 2420: 4439: 4191: 4142:NYSERDA. "NY Green Bank Business Plan" 3899: 3253: 2779: 2748: 2590: 2573:Organizational structure and placement 2545: 2258:, green banks provide capital and own 2228:in September 2009 and was authored by 2188:American Clean Energy and Security Act 1915:Scientific consensus on climate change 1451:Corporate environmental responsibility 3528: 3526: 3339: 3337: 3335: 3333: 3331: 2959: 2836:Hawaii Green Infrastructure Authority 2726:Local Initiatives Support Corporation 2581: 2532: 2490:Property Assessed Clean Energy (PACE) 2429: 2244: 2240:Essential elements and main functions 4417:"About the GBN – Green Bank Network" 2510: 1783:List of climate change controversies 1064: 95: 59: 18: 2903:(BIS). The GIB is headquartered in 2299: 2178:and Ken Berlin as part of the 2008 1803:Psychology of climate change denial 13: 3523: 3328: 3254:Cherny, Andrei (August 22, 2022). 2498:. This process involves placing a 2342: 14: 4473: 4030:The White House (April 4, 2024). 3491:Schmidt, Tobias S. (2014-03-26). 2970:Natural Resources Defense Council 2882: 2612: 2450: 2316: 2286: 2269: 1456:Corporate sociopolitical activism 34:This article has multiple issues. 4082:Roberts, David (April 5, 2024). 4056:St. John, Jeff (April 4, 2024). 3900:Harris, Lee (January 19, 2023). 3656:"Property-Assessed Clean Energy" 3311:. September 2009. Archived from 2952:, a subsidiary of Belgian-based 2933:Clean Energy Finance Corporation 2663: 2599: 2554: 2442: 2121:tools in collaboration with the 2063: 2051: 2039: 1073: 1063: 1054: 1053: 202: 100: 64: 23: 4409: 4400: 4371: 4354: 4329: 4320: 4295: 4281: 4257: 4233: 4224: 4215: 4182: 4172: 4163: 4154: 4145: 4136: 4127: 3868: 3859: 3834: 3813: 3752: 3714: 3705: 3681: 3648: 3619: 3610: 3601: 3592: 3583: 3562: 3538:OECD Environment Working Papers 3484: 3439: 3388: 3319: 3301: 3273: 2879:for green technology projects. 2844: 2656:Re-allocation of existing funds 1294:List of environmental conflicts 42:or discuss these issues on the 3177: 3168: 3126: 3114:"Members – Green Bank Network" 3106: 3097: 3012: 2672: 2434:Green banks frequently employ 2125:to expedite the deployment of 853:Strategic financial management 1: 4383:Cleanenergyfinancecorp.com.au 3689:"Home - Solarize Connecticut" 3414:10.1080/14693062.2015.1094731 3134:"Impact – Green Bank Network" 3006: 2722:Enterprise Community Partners 2524:Market development activities 2364:to drive market development. 2212:In 2022, Congress passed the 1362:Bright green environmentalism 1007:Sustainable development goals 3633:. 2014-05-19. Archived from 2926: 7: 4303:"Our investments | UK" 3363:10.1016/j.enpol.2018.01.009 3001:Coalition for Green Capital 2979: 2974:Coalition for Green Capital 2873: 2859:Montgomery County, Maryland 2737:communities, they are four 2648:Direct budget appropriation 2639:Revenue from carbon pricing 2334:First (or Early Mover) role 2180:Obama-Biden Transition Team 179:Green bank (disambiguation) 123:, discuss the issue on the 10: 4478: 4462:Public–private partnership 2539:customer acquisition costs 2330:of the green bank itself. 2169: 1995:Global warming controversy 1377:Carbon offsets and credits 758:Fractional-reserve banking 686:Enterprise risk management 176: 2938: 2691:Federal sources in the US 1573:Extreme event attribution 1152:Climate change mitigation 661:Diversification (finance) 73:This article needs to be 4204:. RI Infrastructure Bank 4202:"RI Infrastructure Bank" 3066:"Green Bank White Paper" 2996:Market-based instruments 2893:UK Green Investment Bank 1461:Corporate sustainability 1387:Greenhouse gas inventory 1382:Global warming potential 611:Automated teller machine 3547:10.1787/5jxt3rhpgn9t-en 3452:SSRN Electronic Journal 2827:California CLEEN Center 2718:Self-Help Ventures Fund 2214:Inflation Reduction Act 1823:Social ecology (ethics) 1536:Green building and wood 1441:Climate change scenario 1414:Carbon fee and dividend 1409:Carbon emission trading 858:Stress test (financial) 3764:Montgomerycountymd.gov 2897:public limited company 2767:Connecticut Green Bank 2222:Climate Change Capital 1833:Stewardship (theology) 1808:Public interest design 1793:Mitigation co-benefits 1753:Fossil fuel divestment 1316:Small island countries 1209:Impacts of agriculture 3906:The American Prospect 3497:Nature Climate Change 3231:Burr & Forman LLP 2854:Montgomery County, MD 2564:Central clearinghouse 2463:and selling them (or 2232:, James Wardlaw, and 2115:financial institution 1838:Urban forest inequity 1828:Social responsibility 1682:Zero heating building 1496:Environmental finance 1424:Social cost of carbon 1032:Too connected to fail 793:Investment management 691:Environmental finance 550:Correspondent account 244:Community development 4421:Greenbanknetwork.org 4245:Greentechmalaysia.my 3509:10.1038/nclimate2112 3460:10.2139/ssrn.2559873 2899:and is owned by the 2734:Habitat for Humanity 2481:Financing structures 2421:Financing activities 1905:Psychology of denial 1738:Environmental racism 1677:Zero-energy building 1600:Mitigation economics 1491:Environmental design 1476:Ecological economics 1174:Ecological footprint 930:Exchange traded fund 808:Mathematical finance 768:Fundamental analysis 763:Full-reserve banking 369:Bank holding company 279:Export credit agency 187:Part of a series on 129:create a new article 121:improve this article 111:may not represent a 3373:20.500.11850/256154 2780:New York Green Bank 2749:Current Green Banks 2591:Ratepayer surcharge 2546:Contractor training 2186:bill, known as the 1985:Conspiracy theories 1748:Ethical consumerism 1357:Autonomous building 1278:Infectious diseases 1204:Effects of aviation 1022:Time value of money 848:Statistical finance 838:Sustainable finance 788:Investment advisory 430:Time deposit (Bond) 4457:Sustainable energy 2960:Green Bank Network 2582:Sources of capital 2533:Demand aggregation 2470:credit enhancement 2436:credit enhancement 2430:Credit enhancement 2245:Essential elements 2136:low-carbon economy 2119:market development 2005:Individual actions 1975:Climate governance 1773:Indigenous peoples 1640:Consumer behaviour 1595:Low-carbon economy 1392:Net zero emissions 1130:Climate change and 997:Security (finance) 972:History of banking 868:Structured product 863:Structured finance 676:Economic expansion 189:financial services 2511:On-bill financing 2459:these loans into 2411:secondary markets 2406:energy efficiency 2107: 2106: 1970:Political economy 1372:Carbon accounting 1241:Tropical cyclones 1162:Urban heat island 1115: 1114: 910:Corporate finance 905:Capital structure 880: 879: 651:Corporate finance 471: 470: 175: 174: 167: 157: 156: 149: 131:, as appropriate. 94: 93: 57: 4469: 4432: 4431: 4429: 4428: 4413: 4407: 4404: 4398: 4397: 4395: 4394: 4385:. Archived from 4375: 4369: 4368: 4366: 4358: 4352: 4351: 4349: 4348: 4333: 4327: 4324: 4318: 4317: 4315: 4314: 4299: 4293: 4292: 4285: 4279: 4278: 4276: 4275: 4261: 4255: 4254: 4252: 4251: 4237: 4231: 4228: 4222: 4219: 4213: 4212: 4210: 4209: 4198: 4189: 4186: 4180: 4176: 4170: 4167: 4161: 4158: 4152: 4149: 4143: 4140: 4134: 4131: 4125: 4124: 4122: 4120: 4115:. April 22, 2024 4105: 4099: 4098: 4096: 4094: 4079: 4073: 4072: 4070: 4068: 4053: 4047: 4046: 4044: 4042: 4027: 4021: 4020: 4018: 4016: 4001: 3995: 3994: 3992: 3990: 3975: 3969: 3968: 3966: 3964: 3949: 3943: 3942: 3940: 3938: 3923: 3917: 3916: 3914: 3912: 3897: 3891: 3890: 3888: 3887: 3872: 3866: 3863: 3857: 3856: 3854: 3853: 3838: 3832: 3829: 3820: 3817: 3811: 3808: 3793: 3790: 3779: 3778: 3776: 3775: 3766:. Archived from 3756: 3750: 3747: 3736: 3735: 3733: 3732: 3726:Greenbank.ny.gov 3718: 3712: 3709: 3703: 3702: 3700: 3699: 3685: 3679: 3676: 3667: 3666: 3664: 3663: 3652: 3646: 3645: 3643: 3642: 3623: 3617: 3614: 3608: 3605: 3599: 3596: 3590: 3587: 3581: 3578: 3569: 3566: 3560: 3559: 3549: 3530: 3521: 3520: 3488: 3482: 3481: 3471: 3443: 3437: 3436: 3426: 3416: 3392: 3386: 3385: 3375: 3365: 3341: 3326: 3323: 3317: 3316: 3305: 3299: 3298: 3296: 3295: 3285: 3277: 3271: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3251: 3242: 3241: 3239: 3237: 3222: 3213: 3212: 3210: 3208: 3193: 3184: 3181: 3175: 3172: 3166: 3165: 3163: 3162: 3153:. 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June 28, 2023 4003: 4002: 3998: 3988: 3986: 3985:. July 14, 2023 3977: 3976: 3972: 3962: 3960: 3951: 3950: 3946: 3936: 3934: 3924: 3920: 3910: 3908: 3898: 3894: 3885: 3883: 3874: 3873: 3869: 3864: 3860: 3851: 3849: 3848:. 16 March 2015 3840: 3839: 3835: 3830: 3823: 3818: 3814: 3809: 3796: 3791: 3782: 3773: 3771: 3758: 3757: 3753: 3748: 3739: 3730: 3728: 3720: 3719: 3715: 3710: 3706: 3697: 3695: 3687: 3686: 3682: 3677: 3670: 3661: 3659: 3654: 3653: 3649: 3640: 3638: 3625: 3624: 3620: 3615: 3611: 3606: 3602: 3597: 3593: 3588: 3584: 3579: 3572: 3567: 3563: 3532: 3531: 3524: 3489: 3485: 3444: 3440: 3393: 3389: 3342: 3329: 3324: 3320: 3307: 3306: 3302: 3293: 3291: 3283: 3279: 3278: 3274: 3264: 3262: 3252: 3245: 3235: 3233: 3223: 3216: 3206: 3204: 3194: 3187: 3182: 3178: 3173: 3169: 3160: 3158: 3149: 3148: 3141: 3132: 3131: 3127: 3118: 3116: 3112: 3111: 3107: 3102: 3098: 3093: 3084: 3075: 3073: 3064: 3063: 3038: 3029: 3027: 3018: 3017: 3013: 3009: 2991:Ethical banking 2982: 2972:(NRDC) and the 2962: 2941: 2929: 2885: 2876: 2856: 2847: 2838: 2829: 2811: 2782: 2769: 2756: 2751: 2693: 2684: 2675: 2666: 2658: 2650: 2641: 2615: 2602: 2593: 2584: 2575: 2566: 2557: 2548: 2535: 2526: 2513: 2492: 2483: 2475:cost of capital 2453: 2445: 2432: 2423: 2345: 2343:Market barriers 2336: 2319: 2302: 2289: 2277: 2272: 2256:commercial bank 2247: 2242: 2226:Policy Exchange 2172: 2103: 2040: 2038: 2037: 2030: 2029: 2025:Paris Agreement 1930: 1920: 1919: 1888:Popular culture 1863: 1853: 1852: 1778:Just transition 1708:Climate justice 1698: 1687: 1686: 1583:Risk management 1506:Ethical banking 1446:Climate finance 1352: 1338: 1337: 1304:Coastal erosion 1263:Desertification 1216:Extreme weather 1147: 1131: 1111: 1046: 1045: 1027:Too big to fail 1012:Systematic risk 925:Ethical banking 915:Cost of capital 890: 882: 881: 828:Private banking 798:Islamic banking 778:Hedge (finance) 701:Ethical banking 671:Economic bubble 646:Climate finance 621:Bank regulation 585: 577: 576: 535:Instant payment 481: 473: 472: 396: 379: 378: 214: 182: 171: 160: 159: 158: 153: 142: 136: 133: 118: 105: 101: 90: 84: 81: 78: 69: 65: 28: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4475: 4465: 4464: 4459: 4454: 4449: 4434: 4433: 4408: 4399: 4370: 4353: 4328: 4319: 4294: 4280: 4256: 4232: 4223: 4214: 4190: 4181: 4171: 4162: 4153: 4144: 4135: 4126: 4100: 4074: 4048: 4022: 3996: 3970: 3959:. June 5, 2023 3944: 3918: 3892: 3867: 3858: 3833: 3821: 3812: 3794: 3780: 3751: 3737: 3713: 3704: 3693:Solarizect.com 3680: 3668: 3647: 3631:Srmnetwork.com 3618: 3609: 3600: 3591: 3582: 3570: 3561: 3540:. 2014-11-06. 3522: 3503:(4): 237–239. 3483: 3438: 3407:(3): 280–298. 3401:Climate Policy 3387: 3327: 3318: 3315:on 2012-05-26. 3300: 3272: 3243: 3214: 3185: 3176: 3167: 3139: 3125: 3105: 3096: 3082: 3036: 3010: 3008: 3005: 3004: 3003: 2998: 2993: 2988: 2981: 2978: 2961: 2958: 2957: 2956: 2947: 2940: 2937: 2928: 2925: 2884: 2883:United Kingdom 2881: 2875: 2872: 2855: 2852: 2846: 2843: 2837: 2834: 2828: 2825: 2810: 2807: 2781: 2778: 2768: 2765: 2755: 2752: 2750: 2747: 2746: 2745: 2744: 2743: 2708: 2707: 2702: 2701: 2692: 2689: 2683: 2680: 2674: 2671: 2665: 2662: 2657: 2654: 2649: 2646: 2640: 2637: 2636: 2635: 2632: 2628: 2625: 2622: 2619: 2614: 2613:Types of bonds 2611: 2601: 2598: 2592: 2589: 2583: 2580: 2574: 2571: 2565: 2562: 2556: 2553: 2547: 2544: 2534: 2531: 2525: 2522: 2512: 2509: 2496:property taxes 2491: 2488: 2482: 2479: 2452: 2451:Securitization 2449: 2444: 2441: 2431: 2428: 2422: 2419: 2374:interest rates 2369:capital market 2344: 2341: 2335: 2332: 2318: 2317:Signaling role 2315: 2301: 2298: 2288: 2287:Risk reduction 2285: 2276: 2273: 2271: 2270:Main functions 2268: 2246: 2243: 2241: 2238: 2220:March 2009 by 2171: 2168: 2147:United Kingdom 2123:private sector 2105: 2104: 2102: 2101: 2094: 2087: 2079: 2076: 2075: 2074: 2073: 2061: 2049: 2032: 2031: 2028: 2027: 2022: 2020:Kyoto Protocol 2017: 2015:UN conferences 2012: 2007: 2002: 1997: 1992: 1987: 1982: 1977: 1972: 1967: 1962: 1960:Green politics 1957: 1952: 1947: 1942: 1940:Eco-capitalism 1937: 1931: 1926: 1925: 1922: 1921: 1918: 1917: 1912: 1910:Public opinion 1907: 1902: 1901: 1900: 1895: 1885: 1883:Media coverage 1880: 1875: 1870: 1868:Climate crisis 1864: 1859: 1858: 1855: 1854: 1851: 1850: 1845: 1840: 1835: 1830: 1825: 1820: 1815: 1810: 1805: 1800: 1795: 1790: 1785: 1780: 1775: 1770: 1765: 1760: 1755: 1750: 1745: 1740: 1735: 1730: 1725: 1720: 1715: 1710: 1705: 1699: 1693: 1692: 1689: 1688: 1685: 1684: 1679: 1674: 1669: 1668: 1667: 1662: 1657: 1652: 1647: 1642: 1637: 1632: 1627: 1622: 1612: 1607: 1602: 1597: 1592: 1591: 1590: 1585: 1580: 1575: 1570: 1560: 1555: 1553:Green recovery 1550: 1545: 1540: 1539: 1538: 1531:Green building 1528: 1523: 1518: 1513: 1508: 1503: 1498: 1493: 1488: 1483: 1478: 1473: 1468: 1463: 1458: 1453: 1448: 1443: 1438: 1433: 1428: 1427: 1426: 1421: 1416: 1411: 1406: 1396: 1395: 1394: 1389: 1384: 1379: 1374: 1364: 1359: 1353: 1344: 1343: 1340: 1339: 1336: 1335: 1334: 1333: 1331:Water scarcity 1328: 1321:Water security 1318: 1313: 1312: 1311: 1306: 1299:Sea level rise 1296: 1291: 1290: 1289: 1280: 1275: 1270: 1265: 1260: 1250: 1249: 1248: 1243: 1238: 1233: 1228: 1223: 1213: 1212: 1211: 1206: 1201: 1196: 1186: 1181: 1176: 1171: 1166: 1165: 1164: 1154: 1148: 1139: 1138: 1135: 1134: 1126: 1125: 1113: 1112: 1110: 1109: 1102: 1095: 1087: 1084: 1083: 1082: 1081: 1071: 1061: 1048: 1047: 1044: 1043: 1040: 1039: 1034: 1029: 1024: 1019: 1014: 1009: 1004: 999: 994: 992:Public finance 989: 984: 979: 974: 969: 968: 967: 962: 957: 952: 947: 937: 932: 927: 922: 917: 912: 907: 902: 900:Bond (finance) 897: 891: 889:Related topics 888: 887: 884: 883: 878: 877: 876: 875: 870: 865: 860: 855: 850: 845: 840: 835: 833:Sustainability 830: 825: 820: 818:Money creation 815: 813:Mobile banking 810: 805: 800: 795: 790: 785: 780: 775: 770: 765: 760: 755: 754: 753: 748: 743: 738: 733: 728: 723: 718: 713: 703: 698: 693: 688: 683: 678: 673: 668: 663: 658: 653: 648: 643: 638: 633: 628: 623: 618: 613: 608: 607: 606: 601: 586: 583: 582: 579: 578: 575: 574: 569: 564: 559: 554: 553: 552: 542: 537: 532: 527: 526: 525: 520: 510: 509: 508: 503: 493: 488: 482: 480:Funds transfer 479: 478: 475: 474: 469: 468: 467: 466: 461: 456: 451: 443: 442: 438: 437: 433: 432: 427: 422: 417: 412: 410:Christmas club 404: 403: 397: 385: 384: 381: 380: 375:Lists of banks 372: 371: 366: 361: 356: 351: 346: 341: 336: 331: 329:Postal savings 326: 321: 316: 311: 306: 304:Mutual savings 301: 296: 291: 286: 281: 276: 271: 266: 261: 256: 251: 246: 241: 236: 231: 226: 221: 215: 213:Types of banks 212: 211: 208: 207: 199: 198: 192: 191: 173: 172: 155: 154: 115:of the subject 113:worldwide view 108: 106: 99: 92: 91: 72: 70: 63: 58: 32: 31: 29: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4474: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4444: 4442: 4422: 4418: 4412: 4403: 4389:on 2017-03-19 4388: 4384: 4380: 4374: 4363: 4357: 4342: 4338: 4332: 4323: 4309:on 2017-08-12 4308: 4304: 4298: 4291:. March 2012. 4290: 4284: 4270: 4266: 4260: 4246: 4242: 4236: 4227: 4218: 4203: 4197: 4195: 4185: 4175: 4166: 4157: 4148: 4139: 4130: 4114: 4110: 4104: 4089: 4085: 4078: 4063: 4059: 4052: 4037: 4033: 4026: 4010: 4006: 4000: 3984: 3980: 3974: 3958: 3954: 3948: 3933: 3929: 3922: 3907: 3903: 3896: 3881: 3877: 3871: 3862: 3847: 3843: 3837: 3828: 3826: 3816: 3807: 3805: 3803: 3801: 3799: 3789: 3787: 3785: 3770:on 2016-08-25 3769: 3765: 3761: 3755: 3746: 3744: 3742: 3727: 3723: 3717: 3708: 3694: 3690: 3684: 3675: 3673: 3657: 3651: 3637:on 2016-09-10 3636: 3632: 3628: 3622: 3613: 3604: 3595: 3586: 3577: 3575: 3565: 3557: 3553: 3548: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3529: 3527: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3487: 3479: 3475: 3470: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3442: 3434: 3430: 3425: 3420: 3415: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3391: 3383: 3379: 3374: 3369: 3364: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3350:Energy Policy 3347: 3340: 3338: 3336: 3334: 3332: 3322: 3314: 3310: 3304: 3289: 3282: 3276: 3261: 3257: 3250: 3248: 3232: 3228: 3221: 3219: 3203: 3199: 3192: 3190: 3180: 3171: 3157:on 2016-04-07 3156: 3152: 3146: 3144: 3135: 3129: 3115: 3109: 3100: 3091: 3089: 3087: 3072:on 2019-04-04 3071: 3067: 3061: 3059: 3057: 3055: 3053: 3051: 3049: 3047: 3045: 3043: 3041: 3025: 3021: 3015: 3011: 3002: 2999: 2997: 2994: 2992: 2989: 2987: 2984: 2983: 2977: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2955: 2951: 2948: 2946: 2943: 2942: 2936: 2934: 2924: 2920: 2918: 2917:offshore wind 2914: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2889:UK government 2887:In 2012, the 2880: 2871: 2869: 2865: 2860: 2851: 2842: 2833: 2824: 2821: 2815: 2806: 2802: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2787: 2777: 2773: 2764: 2760: 2740: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2714: 2713: 2710: 2709: 2704: 2703: 2698: 2697: 2696: 2688: 2679: 2670: 2664:Pension funds 2661: 2653: 2645: 2633: 2629: 2626: 2623: 2620: 2617: 2616: 2610: 2607: 2606:Public sector 2600:Bond issuance 2597: 2588: 2579: 2570: 2561: 2555:REC financing 2552: 2543: 2540: 2530: 2521: 2518: 2508: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2487: 2478: 2476: 2471: 2466: 2462: 2457: 2448: 2443:Co-investment 2440: 2437: 2427: 2418: 2414: 2412: 2407: 2402: 2399: 2395: 2394:rooftop solar 2390: 2386: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2370: 2365: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2340: 2331: 2329: 2325: 2314: 2312: 2308: 2307:due diligence 2297: 2295: 2284: 2282: 2281:upfront costs 2267: 2265: 2264:balance sheet 2261: 2257: 2251: 2237: 2235: 2234:Ben Caldecott 2231: 2227: 2223: 2217: 2215: 2210: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2195: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2184:cap and trade 2181: 2177: 2167: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2143:United States 2139: 2137: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2100: 2095: 2093: 2088: 2086: 2081: 2080: 2078: 2077: 2072: 2071: 2062: 2060: 2059: 2050: 2047: 2036: 2035: 2034: 2033: 2026: 2023: 2021: 2018: 2016: 2013: 2011: 2008: 2006: 2003: 2001: 1998: 1996: 1993: 1991: 1988: 1986: 1983: 1981: 1978: 1976: 1973: 1971: 1968: 1966: 1963: 1961: 1958: 1956: 1955:Eco-socialism 1953: 1951: 1948: 1946: 1943: 1941: 1938: 1936: 1933: 1932: 1929: 1924: 1923: 1916: 1913: 1911: 1908: 1906: 1903: 1899: 1896: 1894: 1891: 1890: 1889: 1886: 1884: 1881: 1879: 1876: 1874: 1871: 1869: 1866: 1865: 1862: 1861:Communication 1857: 1856: 1849: 1846: 1844: 1841: 1839: 1836: 1834: 1831: 1829: 1826: 1824: 1821: 1819: 1816: 1814: 1813:Queer ecology 1811: 1809: 1806: 1804: 1801: 1799: 1796: 1794: 1791: 1789: 1786: 1784: 1781: 1779: 1776: 1774: 1771: 1769: 1766: 1764: 1761: 1759: 1756: 1754: 1751: 1749: 1746: 1744: 1741: 1739: 1736: 1734: 1731: 1729: 1726: 1724: 1721: 1719: 1716: 1714: 1711: 1709: 1706: 1704: 1701: 1700: 1697: 1691: 1690: 1683: 1680: 1678: 1675: 1673: 1670: 1666: 1663: 1661: 1658: 1656: 1653: 1651: 1648: 1646: 1643: 1641: 1638: 1636: 1633: 1631: 1628: 1626: 1623: 1621: 1618: 1617: 1616: 1613: 1611: 1608: 1606: 1603: 1601: 1598: 1596: 1593: 1589: 1588:Vulnerability 1586: 1584: 1581: 1579: 1576: 1574: 1571: 1569: 1566: 1565: 1564: 1561: 1559: 1556: 1554: 1551: 1549: 1546: 1544: 1543:Green economy 1541: 1537: 1534: 1533: 1532: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1499: 1497: 1494: 1492: 1489: 1487: 1484: 1482: 1479: 1477: 1474: 1472: 1469: 1467: 1464: 1462: 1459: 1457: 1454: 1452: 1449: 1447: 1444: 1442: 1439: 1437: 1434: 1432: 1429: 1425: 1422: 1420: 1417: 1415: 1412: 1410: 1407: 1405: 1404:Carbon bubble 1402: 1401: 1400: 1397: 1393: 1390: 1388: 1385: 1383: 1380: 1378: 1375: 1373: 1370: 1369: 1368: 1365: 1363: 1360: 1358: 1355: 1354: 1351: 1347: 1342: 1341: 1332: 1329: 1327: 1324: 1323: 1322: 1319: 1317: 1314: 1310: 1307: 1305: 1302: 1301: 1300: 1297: 1295: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1283:Mental health 1281: 1279: 1276: 1274: 1271: 1269: 1266: 1264: 1261: 1259: 1256: 1255: 1254: 1253:Food security 1251: 1247: 1244: 1242: 1239: 1237: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1227: 1224: 1222: 1219: 1218: 1217: 1214: 1210: 1207: 1205: 1202: 1200: 1197: 1195: 1192: 1191: 1190: 1189:Environmental 1187: 1185: 1182: 1180: 1177: 1175: 1172: 1170: 1167: 1163: 1160: 1159: 1158: 1155: 1153: 1150: 1149: 1146: 1142: 1137: 1136: 1133: 1128: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1118: 1108: 1103: 1101: 1096: 1094: 1089: 1088: 1086: 1085: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1070: 1062: 1060: 1052: 1051: 1050: 1049: 1042: 1041: 1038: 1037:Watered stock 1035: 1033: 1030: 1028: 1025: 1023: 1020: 1018: 1017:Systemic risk 1015: 1013: 1010: 1008: 1005: 1003: 1000: 998: 995: 993: 990: 988: 985: 983: 980: 978: 977:List of banks 975: 973: 970: 966: 963: 961: 958: 956: 953: 951: 948: 946: 943: 942: 941: 938: 936: 933: 931: 928: 926: 923: 921: 918: 916: 913: 911: 908: 906: 903: 901: 898: 896: 895:Asset pricing 893: 892: 886: 885: 874: 871: 869: 866: 864: 861: 859: 856: 854: 851: 849: 846: 844: 841: 839: 836: 834: 831: 829: 826: 824: 821: 819: 816: 814: 811: 809: 806: 804: 801: 799: 796: 794: 791: 789: 786: 784: 781: 779: 776: 774: 771: 769: 766: 764: 761: 759: 756: 752: 749: 747: 744: 742: 739: 737: 734: 732: 729: 727: 724: 722: 719: 717: 714: 712: 709: 708: 707: 704: 702: 699: 697: 694: 692: 689: 687: 684: 682: 679: 677: 674: 672: 669: 667: 666:Eco-investing 664: 662: 659: 657: 656:Disinvestment 654: 652: 649: 647: 644: 642: 639: 637: 636:Capital asset 634: 632: 629: 627: 624: 622: 619: 617: 614: 612: 609: 605: 602: 600: 597: 596: 595: 592: 591: 590: 589: 581: 580: 573: 570: 568: 565: 563: 560: 558: 555: 551: 548: 547: 546: 543: 541: 538: 536: 533: 531: 528: 524: 521: 519: 516: 515: 514: 511: 507: 504: 502: 499: 498: 497: 494: 492: 489: 487: 484: 483: 477: 476: 465: 462: 460: 457: 455: 452: 450: 447: 446: 445: 444: 440: 439: 436: 431: 428: 426: 423: 421: 418: 416: 413: 411: 408: 407: 406: 405: 401: 400: 395: 392: 388: 383: 382: 377: 376: 370: 367: 365: 362: 360: 357: 355: 352: 350: 347: 345: 342: 340: 337: 335: 332: 330: 327: 325: 322: 320: 319:Participation 317: 315: 312: 310: 307: 305: 302: 300: 299:Middle market 297: 295: 292: 290: 287: 285: 282: 280: 277: 275: 272: 270: 267: 265: 262: 260: 257: 255: 252: 250: 247: 245: 242: 240: 237: 235: 232: 230: 229:Bulge bracket 227: 225: 222: 220: 217: 216: 210: 209: 205: 201: 200: 197: 194: 193: 190: 186: 185: 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