151:
3092:
level of taxation is necessary in a welfare State to fulfill its obligations. Taxation is used as an instrument of attaining certain social objectives, i.e., as a means of redistribution of wealth and thereby reducing inequalities. Taxation in a modern government is thus needed not merely to raise the revenue required to meet its expenditure on administration and social services, but also to reduce the inequalities of income and wealth. Taxation might also be needed to draw away money that would otherwise go into consumption and cause inflation to rise.
1537:
602:
2552:
then there would be little or no scope for government. In many cases, however, conditions for private market efficiency are violated. For example, if many people can enjoy the same good (the moment that good was produced and sold, it starts to give its utility to every one for free) at the same time (non-rival, non-excludable consumption), then private markets may supply too little of that good. National defense is one example of non-rival consumption, or of a
3451:
2388:
2408:
539:
1474:
3003:
43:
3466:
3600:
repay its debt, a key element determining sovereign risk, and risk premia. Like the risk of default of a private corporation, sovereign risk is a function of the level of debt, its ratio to liquid assets, revenues and expenditures, the expected growth and volatility of these revenues and expenditures, and the cost of servicing the debt. The government's financial statements contain the relevant information for this analysis.
1462:
2398:
3628:. The World Bank gathers information on external debt. On a regional level, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (Dibidami ) compiles general government account data for its members, and Eurostat, following a methodology compatible with the GFSM 2001, compiles GFS for the members of the European Union.
3488:"All institutional units which are other non-market producers whose output is intended for individual and collective consumption, and mainly financed by compulsory payments made by units belonging to other sectors, and/or all institutional units principally engaged in the redistribution of national income and wealth".
3767:," which would be applied to make sure that policy makers design systems without any bias based on their personal characteristics, such as race, income, or place of residence. Under this experiment, decision-makers would ideally create systems that they would deem fair regardless of their status in society.
2820:
Collection of sufficient resources from the economy in an appropriate manner along with allocating and use of these resources efficiently and effectively constitute good financial management. Resource generation, resource allocation, and expenditure management (resource utilization) are the essential
3779:
Achieving social equity is challenged by limited resources, political resistance, and economic disparities, respectively. Overcoming them calls for transparent policymaking, antidiscrimination laws, and region-specific policies. Success, on the other hand, calls for involvement from the stakeholders
3643:
Social fairness includes the equal access of the various groups forming society to the financial resources and opportunities in all areas. This concept is ensuring that every individual, despite their socioeconomic condition, race, gender, and other qualities, get equal opportunities to benefit from
3603:
The government's balance sheet presents the level of the debt; that is the government's liabilities. The memorandum items of the balance sheet provide additional information on the debt including its maturity and whether it is owed to domestic or external residents. The balance sheet also presents a
2709:
lacking communication led to issues with pre-existing tax systems. Taxation was organized based on what "men spend" in hopes of encouraging investment and savings. Since the government was meant to take care of those who would otherwise turn to charity or crime by means of an allowance provided by a
2650:
as well, although it was split into two categories there: on one hand the government was to provide for a theater in every city and works of art in the country side. On the other hand, the government was to provide financing for war. Unemployment in ancient Greece was virtually non-existent as Greek
3496:
to organize or redirect the flows of money, goods and services, or other assets among corporations, among households, and between corporations and households; in the purpose of social justice, increased efficiency or other aims legitimized by the citizens—examples are the redistribution of national
3091:
Taxation is the central part of modern public finance. Its significance arises not only from the fact that it is by far the most important of all revenues but also because of the gravity of the problems created by the present day tax burden. The main objective of taxation is raising revenue. A high
3735:
Social equity in public finance underlies the principles and practices that work toward fair distribution of public resources, especially geared towards reducing inequalities between different social groups. This idea is very relevant for designing and implementing public policies, notably towards
3335:
payments and payments for goods and services the government has contracted for but not yet paid, as government debt. This approach is called accrual accounting, meaning that obligations are recognized when they are acquired, or accrued, rather than when they are paid. This constitutes public debt.
2551:
will allocate goods and services among individuals efficiently (in the sense that no waste occurs and that individual tastes are matching with the economy's productive abilities). If private markets were able to provide efficient outcomes and if the distribution of income were socially acceptable,
2539:
One of the more traditional subfields of economics, public finance emphasizes the function and role of government in the economy. A region's inhabitants established a formal or informal entity known as the government to carry out a variety of tasks, including providing for social requirements like
3792:
Clear goals have to be set with regard to measuring social equity and also relevant metrics. Common measures include accessibility to quality education, health outcomes from healthcare, and walkability of neighborhoods. Local governments can measure through such indicators the efficiency of their
3775:
In practice, successful involvement of social equity in public finance often requires a focus on specific demographic groups most affected by disparities, such as those differentiated by race, socio-economic status, or geographic location. Local governments may, in this way, bring equity by being
3731:
is the fair, just and equitable management of all institutions serving the public directly or by contract; and the fair and equitable distribution of public services, and implementation of public policy; and the commitment to promote fairness, justice and equity in the formation of public policy.
3599:
This functional classification allows policy makers to analyze expenditures on categories such as health, education, social protection, and environmental protection. The financial statements can provide investors with the necessary information to assess the capacity of a government to service and
3583:
recommends standard tables including standard fiscal indicators that meet a broad group of users including policy makers, researchers, and investors in sovereign debt. Government finance statistics should offer data for topics such as the fiscal architecture, the measurement of the efficiency and
3382:
Public finance in centrally planned economies has differed in fundamental ways from that in market economies. Some state-owned enterprises generated profits that helped finance government activities.. In various mixed economies, the revenue generated by state-owned enterprises is used for various
2729:
wherein they were to pay most of their produce and goods to the local lord. In 1550 serfs were instructed to pay another tax called za povoz, which was imposed on those who refused to deliver the harvest from their fields to their master. Later in the eighteenth and nineteenth century lords began
3480:
The general government sector of a nation includes all non-private sector institutions, organisations and activities. The general government sector, by convention, includes all the public corporations that are not able to cover at least 50% of their costs by sales, and, therefore, are considered
3607:
These data help estimate the resources a government can potentially access to repay its debt. The statement of operations ("income statement") contains the revenue and expense accounts of the government. The revenue accounts are divided into subaccounts, including the different types of taxes,
2626:
tool. Deficits can also narrow the options of successor governments. There is also a difference between public and private finance, in public finance the source of income is indirect, e.g., various taxes (specific taxes, value added taxes), but in private finance sources of income is direct.
3141:
labor. A tax may be defined as a "pecuniary burden laid upon individuals or property to support the government a payment exacted by legislative authority." A tax "is not a voluntary payment or donation, but an enforced contribution, exacted pursuant to legislative authority" and is "any
3671:
Universal access to services: These policies are put in place to make sure that all citizens have access to some of the essential public services. For example, among the services ensuring the well-being and economic productivity of people are primary education, healthcare, and public
3423:
The size of governments, their institutional composition and complexity, their ability to carry out large and sophisticated operations, and their impact on the other sectors of the economy warrant a well-articulated system to measure government economic operations.
3639:
is the equivalent treatment of and opportunity for members of different groups within society regardless of individual distinctions of race, ethnicity, gender, age, social class, socioeconomic status, sexual orientation, or other characteristics or circumstances.
3073:, which examines the distribution of tax burdens after market adjustments are taken into account. Public finance research also analyzes effects of the various types of taxes and types of borrowing as well as administrative concerns, such as tax enforcement.
3524:"State government" is defined as the separate institutional units that exercise some government functions below those units at central government level and above those units at local government level, excluding the administration of social security funds.
2718:, a tax that was collected in order to pay for mercenaries. The first mention of a tax in Anglo-Saxon England dates back to the 7th century where it's specified that fines resulting from judicial cases should be paid to the king. Later something known as
3719:
These principles and strategies might very well make public finance one of the strongest allies for social equality—one where everyone has, under any circumstance, fair chances for success and participation in the benefits provided by society.
3796:
In so doing, public finance may appear as a very strong lever that guarantees social equity based on the ability of all members of the community to gain respective fair access to the opportunities required for their well-being and success.
2774:, as he believed that a good could provide a value to society as whole that would exceed the value it would provide to only one individual. Adam Smith also maintained that a government should maintain a properly regulated money flow and
3521:"Central government" consists of all administrative departments of the state and other central agencies whose responsibilities cover the whole economic territory of a country, except for the administration of social security funds.
3667:
Uniform resource distribution: It ensures that public services across regions are of high quality and equal, including those from the less wealthy areas. This approach helps to mitigate regional disparities in access to government
3715:
are among many, which could prevent integration of social equality into public finance. There has to be constant review and fine-tuning of the policies with full commitment to fairness in the distribution of public finance.
2473:
of the public authorities and the adjustment of one or the other to achieve desirable effects and avoid undesirable ones. The purview of public finance is considered to be threefold, consisting of governmental effects on:
2960:
programs transfer wealth from the young to the old. Other forms of government expenditure that represent purchases of goods and services also have the effect of changing the income distribution. For example, engaging in a
2582:
Under broad assumptions, government decisions about the efficient scope and level of activities can be efficiently separated from decisions about the design of taxation systems (Diamond-Mirrlees separation). In this view,
2669:
and property, as well as reasonable price and value. They also developed a well-maintained system of roads and colonies which led to one of the first real tax systems. Their system was tbased on two types of taxes:
3546:
framework is similar to the financial accounting of businesses. For example, it recommends that governments produce a full set of financial statements including the statement of government operations (akin to the
3537:
general government is responsible for the management of the institutional unit, for the payment or approval of the level of the contributions and of the benefits, independent of its role as a supervisory body or
2563:" occurs when private markets do not allocate goods or services efficiently. The existence of market failure provides an efficiency-based rationale for collective or governmental provision of goods and services.
2519:
How might the government intervene? Once the decision is made to intervene the government must choose the specific tool or policy choice to carry out the intervention (for example public provision, taxation, or
3608:
social contributions, dividends from the public sector, and royalties from natural resources. Finally, the interest expense account is one of the necessary inputs to estimate the cost of servicing the debt.
3330:
Most government budgets are calculated on a cash basis, meaning that revenues are recognized when collected and outlays are recognized when paid. Some consider all government liabilities, including future
4015:
3527:"Local government" consists of all types of public administration whose responsibility covers only a local part of the economic territory, apart from local agencies of social security funds.
2694:, and a postage tax. Other taxes depended entirely on the city and were usually temporary. These taxes were used among other things to fund the military, establish trade routes, and fund the
2867:
2863:
3500:
to produce goods and services to satisfy households' needs (e.g., state health care) or to collectively meet the needs of the whole community (e.g. defense, public order, and safety).
2635:
Although public finance only began to be viewed as a body of knowledge no more than a century and a half ago, there is evidence of principles common to public finance as early as the
3660:
Equitable taxation: The taxing system is set to be equitable and not to burden the poor while providing enough revenue to fund the government expenditures. Mostly, this will involve
3443:
disaggregates the general government into subsectors: central government, state government, and local government (See Figure 1). The concept of general government does not include
2733:
Toward this time, public finance and interest in how governments were to utilize the money earned from taxes as well as how to provide for their state became increasingly common.
3435:
is the general government sector defined as the group of entities capable of implementing public policy through the provision of primarily non market goods and services and the
2870:. Government expenditures that are not purchases of goods and services, and instead just represent transfers of money – such as social security payments – are called
3763:
This underpins the importance for local governments to consider social equity in their strategic planning and budgeting process. This achieved through techniques such as the "
4544:
2752:
attitude, with one of the central ideas being that the government's central role should be to guarantee private property, and the maintenance of one single tax, namely the
3760:
system, where people of higher income bring in a higher percentage of their incomes, which helps in redistributing the resources toward communities that are under-served.
3497:
income and wealth, the corporate income tax paid by companies to finance unemployment benefits, the social contributions paid by employees to finance the pension systems;
4060:
2794:. For him public projects always needed to yield a profit that would be greater to society than the individual. One of the most pivotal works on taxation, Adam Smith's
3896:
Oates, Wallace E. "The Theory of Public
Finance in a Federal System." The Canadian Journal of Economics / Revue Canadienne D'Economique, vol. 1, no. 1, 1968, pp. 37–54
3560:
2956:
income from some groups to others. For example, governments sometimes transfer income to people that have suffered a loss due to natural disaster. Likewise, public
2866:. Government purchases of goods and services intended to create future benefits – such as infrastructure investment or research spending – are classed as
2575:, and network effects can cause market failures. Public provision via a government or a voluntary association, however, is subject to other inefficiencies, termed "
2639:
with discussions of Sunday-trade, slavery regulations, and compassion for the poor. Public finance, although not explicitly named, is often the subject of much of
2523:
What is the effect of those interventions on economic outcomes? A question to assess the empirical direct and indirect effects of specific government intervention.
3699:
Public engagement: In this way, the process includes diverse community stakeholders to ensure they contribute and their needs are also addressed in the policies.
3530:"Social security fund" is a central, state or local institutional unit whose main activity is to provide social benefits. It fulfils the two following criteria:
3142:
contribution imposed by government whether under the name of toll, tribute, tallage, gabel, impost, duty, custom, excise, subsidy, aid, supply, or other name."
2504:
has put forth a framework to assess the broad field of public finance. Gruber suggests public finance should be thought of in terms of four central questions:
3146:
There are various types of taxes, broadly divided into two heads – direct (which is proportional) and indirect tax (which is differential in nature):
4532:
2698:. Each region had a set amount to pay which would be collected by aristocrats. Who paid taxes was determined by local officials. The Romans employed a
3592:
also defines some indicators of effectiveness in government's expenditures, for example the compensation of employees as a percentage of expense. The
3534:
by law or regulation (except those about government employees), certain population groups must take part in the scheme and have to pay contributions;
3398:
1392:
3588:
provides a blueprint for the compilation, recording, and presentation of revenues, expenditures, stocks of assets, and stocks of liabilities. The
4405:
4314:
2862:
Economists classify government expenditures into three main types. Government purchases of goods and services for current use are classed as
1421:
3397:
is the internationally accepted methodology for compiling fiscal data. It is consistent with regionally accepted methodologies such as the
3370:
and the cost of producing, distributing and eventually retiring it from circulation. Seigniorage is an important source of revenue for some
2762:
also advocated for the laissez-faire attitude, but also claimed that the government would need to take a more proactive role in protection,
3776:
able to customize public services and even distribution of resources to those groups, effectively dealing with the systemic inequalities.
1382:
1347:
4579:
2805:, who believed that tax-financed public works would be most effective, so long as it created greater demand for labor and commodities.
4430:
4061:
https://www.tcd.ie/Economics/assets/pdf/SER/1989/The%20History%20of%20the%20Theory%20of%20Public%20Finance%20By%20Margaret%20Doyle.pdf
4201:
1504:
2526:
And finally, why do governments choose to intervene in the way that they do? This question is centrally concerned with the study of
4539:
3702:
Legislative reforms: Laws that support equitable access to resources and protect against discrimination in public service delivery.
3391:
Macroeconomic data to support public finance economics are generally referred to as fiscal or government finance statistics (GFS).
1160:
568:
3675:
Anti-discrimination measures: To enforce policies meant for the prevention of discrimination in the distribution of services and
4262:
3404:
3066:
4226:
5143:
4810:
4609:
3954:
2508:
When should the government intervene in the economy? To which there are two central motivations for government intervention,
2028:
1894:
107:
4250:
4238:
3881:
2730:
having to pay a per capita tax for each of their peasants and were responsible for their well-being during times of famine.
79:
3436:
2513:
1173:
3061:
How a government chooses to finance its activities can have important effects on the distribution of income and wealth (
2618:
is the difference between government spending and revenues. The accumulation of deficits over time is the total public
1332:
17:
3596:
includes a functional classification of expense as defined by the
Classification of Functions of Government (COFOG) .
86:
4674:
4080:
3864:
3431:
addresses the institutional complexity of government by defining various levels of government. The main focus of the
2437:
126:
2973:
transfers wealth from people that do not use the roads to those people that do (and to those that build the roads).
1054:
4625:
4336:
3970:
Hewett, Roger (1987). "Public
Finance, Public Economics, and Public Choice: A Survey of Undergraduate Textbooks".
3620:
GFS can be accessible through several sources. The
International Monetary Fund publishes GFS in two publications:
2614:), although borrowing is a method of distributing tax burdens through time rather than a replacement for taxes. A
5043:
4136:
3756:
that are not only fair but also inclusive across all groups of society. In more cases than not, this calls for a
1601:
60:
3584:
effectiveness of government expenditures, the economics of taxation, and the structure of public financing. The
93:
5083:
4730:
4644:
3793:
efforts and performance in the allocation of resources from the budget to take care of the social disparities.
2185:
1936:
814:
724:
64:
4315:"Global Dialogue on Public Finance and Tax for Gender Equality – Gender Equality Seal for Public Institutions"
5113:
2991:
2912:. Government operations have the power to make, and the authority to enforce rules and laws within a civil,
2808:
Public finance as a field began becoming more well-known and independently recognized around this time, with
2339:
2282:
1497:
1466:
710:
3559:. Two other similarities between the GFSM 2001 and business financial accounting are the recommended use of
3444:
3034:
2309:
1686:
561:
75:
4482:
3679:
within the government sector. That is necessary in a society where people have an equal chance to succeed.
2722:
was introduced, wherein regions would pay a certain amount of their foodstuffs to the king periodically.
2501:
2130:
4390:
2622:. Deficit finance allows governments to smooth tax burdens over time and gives governments an important
5018:
4795:
2943:
2090:
2018:
1850:
1576:
1276:
990:
680:
2801:
Following Adam Smith, several economists expanded on his ideas, or transformed them as in the case of
4780:
4160:
2702:
system wherein the lower income levels paid higher taxes and the wealthier enjoyed reduced taxation.
2652:
2615:
2540:
education and healthcare as well as protecting the populace's private property from outside threats.
1993:
1828:
1337:
1222:
1000:
774:
256:
31:
3484:
In the
European System of Accounts, the sector "general government" has been defined as containing:
3935:
Gruber, J. (2010) Public
Finance and Public Policy (Third Edition), Worth Publishers, Pg. 9, Part 1
3926:
Gruber, J. (2010) Public
Finance and Public Policy (Third Edition), Worth Publishers, Pg. 7, Part 1
3908:
Gruber, J. (2010) Public
Finance and Public Policy (Third Edition), Worth Publishers, Pg. 3, Part 1
3806:
3219:
2401:
1943:
1862:
1490:
1026:
5169:
4502:
3447:. The general government plus the public corporations comprise the public sector (See Figure 2).
3293:
2771:
2568:
2553:
2190:
1833:
1621:
669:
659:
554:
53:
4106:
3303:
As the government represents the people, government debt can be seen as an indirect debt of the
4993:
4695:
3696:
on the different demographic groups. Implemented to guarantee that said policies are effective.
2740:
approach first became popular toward the middle of the 17th century, popularized especially by
2596:
2486:
2470:
828:
739:
468:
4569:
4181:
4988:
4973:
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3374:, although it provides a very small proportion of revenue for advanced industrial countries.
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3038:
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analysis), and then revenues needed to pay for those expenditures should be raised through a
2430:
2364:
2125:
2063:
2023:
1882:
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1651:
1168:
779:
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2544:
100:
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3826:
3392:
3285:
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2287:
2262:
2140:
2100:
2095:
1963:
1752:
1701:
1631:
1611:
1364:
1281:
985:
910:
844:
796:
639:
4431:"Data-driven approaches to measuring social equity and resilience | Data-Driven EnviroLab"
4363:
4107:"Saying Too Little, Too Late: Public Finance Textbooks and the Excess Burdens of Taxation"
2798:
gave further criteria for taxation, namely equality, certainty, convenience, and economy.
8:
5118:
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4938:
4865:
4855:
4850:
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3504:
The general government sector, in the
European System of Accounts, has four sub-sectors:
3410:
3327:
or international institutions such as the
International Monetary Fund or the World Bank.
3230:
3190:
2949:
2937:
2857:
2711:
2666:
2479:
2354:
2180:
2170:
2120:
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as the basis of recording and the presentations of stocks of assets and liabilities at
3316:
3281:
3234:
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3120:
3020:
3011:
2725:
This food rent was not too dissimilar from the taxes imposed on serfs in Russia in the
2576:
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2008:
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920:
654:
473:
443:
397:
335:
271:
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2527:
2407:
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2078:
2048:
1983:
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1342:
1218:
1113:
980:
975:
970:
944:
905:
729:
629:
538:
519:
427:
375:
232:
187:
182:
3917:
Gruber, J. (2010) Public Finance and Public Policy , Worth Publishers, Pg. 6, Part 1
3193:(UK), Registration Fee (US), Regco (Australia), Vehicle Licensing Fee (Brazil) etc.
5028:
4998:
4968:
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4943:
4915:
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4027:
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To achieve social equality, governments employ a variety of strategies, including:
3548:
3439:, with both activities supported mainly by compulsory levies on other sectors. The
3383:
state endeavors; typically the revenue generated by state and government agencies.
3289:
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3201:
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2871:
2791:
2741:
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2423:
2391:
2319:
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2013:
1931:
1414:
1207:
1181:
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611:
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2003:
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1953:
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1747:
1596:
1571:
1397:
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839:
620:
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501:
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172:
4626:
Taxation and Public Finance course at the Harris School of Public Policy Studies
1889:
601:
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5108:
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Public Finance in Democratic Process: Fiscal Institutions and Individual Choice
4104:
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is substantially more complicated and often results in inefficient practices.
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2509:
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2165:
2150:
2145:
2073:
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1304:
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804:
719:
686:
417:
357:
345:
3292:. Some local governments issue bonds based on their taxing authority, such as
2748:
in France (as opposed to the classical school in Britain). They maintained a "
5163:
5148:
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4775:
4740:
4039:
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3693:
3656:
The core tenets of promoting social equality through public finance include:
3552:
3312:
3308:
3116:
3070:
2901:
2737:
2623:
2584:
2564:
2369:
2349:
2272:
2227:
1998:
1988:
1968:
1845:
1656:
1646:
1626:
1561:
1551:
1371:
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1065:
1045:
930:
891:
644:
402:
352:
330:
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308:
249:
225:
202:
192:
177:
160:
2543:
The proper role of government provides a starting point for the analysis of
5023:
4948:
4652:
3564:
3371:
3297:
3215:
3128:
3112:
3069:). The issue of how taxes affect income distribution is closely related to
2925:
2897:
2787:
2767:
2662:
2659:
as per the governmental duties extended to growth, equity, and employment.
2588:
2155:
1958:
1823:
1762:
1719:
1681:
1666:
1586:
1566:
1478:
1296:
1266:
1126:
824:
701:
674:
542:
362:
340:
266:
197:
2952: – Some forms of government expenditure are specifically intended to
2710:
public tax, it is one of the first concepts of what could be considered a
5138:
5078:
5063:
5013:
5003:
4705:
3345:
3042:
2986:
2913:
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2175:
1786:
1671:
1606:
1556:
886:
751:
696:
691:
634:
463:
4631:
IMF – Dissemination Standards Bulletin Board – Subscribing ...
3780:
and effective governance that takes into account long-term planning and
2888:
Government operations are those activities involved in the running of a
4785:
4529:
4513:
The power of the purse: A history of American public finance, 1776-1790
3991:
3676:
3359:
3277:
3265:
3225:
3149:
3124:
2759:
2454:
1791:
1121:
960:
896:
412:
387:
288:
212:
4499:
Public Finance and Public Choice: Two Contrasting Visions of the State
4140:
4047:
3323:
and bills. Less creditworthy countries sometimes borrow directly from
2828:
The following subdivisions form the subject matter of public finance.
3692:
Policy evaluation and adjustment: Evaluation of the influence behind
3492:
Therefore, the main functions of general government units are :
3450:
3161:
2917:
2783:
2706:
2691:
2600:
2587:
programs should be designed to maximize social benefits minus costs (
2462:
1904:
1726:
1426:
1387:
1070:
859:
854:
4637:
4526:
3983:
3604:
disaggregated classification of financial and non-financial assets.
3137:
3002:
2969:
transfers wealth to families with children in these schools. Public
42:
4720:
4205:
4031:
3367:
3355:
3196:
3186:
3158:
tax (tax levied on production for sale, or sale, of a certain good)
2921:
2715:
2683:
2679:
2671:
1948:
1781:
874:
734:
4105:
C. E. Bohanon, J. B. Horowitz and J. E. McClure (September 2014).
3651:
3268:. Government debt (also known as public debt or national debt) is
4825:
4684:
3351:
3332:
3315:, owed to foreign lenders. Governments usually borrow by issuing
3205:
2957:
2909:
2763:
2714:. Additionally, in England at the time, the main taxes paid were
2458:
2267:
2038:
1641:
593:
3465:
3386:
2610:
Government can pay for spending by borrowing (for example, with
3848:
3155:
2779:
2675:
1818:
1461:
746:
407:
4275:
3873:
3611:
3016:
Government expenditures are financed primarily in three ways:
5093:
3571:– based on cash flows and without a balance sheet statement.
3269:
3165:
3132:
3108:
2893:
2636:
1926:
1877:
965:
915:
3363:
3257:
2775:
2619:
2595:
system that creates the fewest efficiency losses caused by
2135:
1973:
1899:
1528:
1291:
1258:
869:
809:
3377:
2665:
later popularized systemic bodies of law. They guaranteed
2599:
of economic activity as possible. In practice, government
4604:. Hackensack, New Jersey: World Scientific. p. 500.
4576:
American public finance and financial services, 1700-1815
4016:"Taxes and Trade in the Roman Empire (200 B.C.–A.D. 400)"
3737:
3394:
The Government Finance Statistics Manual 2001 (GFSM 2001)
3304:
3096:
3082:
3025:
2962:
2592:
1202:
2744:. The laissez-faire attitude was especially common with
4523:
The Theory of Public Finance: A Study in Public Economy
4364:
https://academic.oup.com/jpart/article/31/2/467/5959857
3904:
3902:
3567:. It is an improvement on the prior methodology –
3256:
Governments, like any other legal entity, can take out
2997:
2686:, while the latter was made up of another poll tax, an
30:"Public Finance" redirects here. For the magazine, see
3648:
that relate to health, education, and social welfare.
3631:
3409:
and broadly in line with its most recent update, the
3899:
3233:(may be levied on individuals, families such as the
3107:
or a functional equivalent of a state (for example,
2892:
or a functional equivalent of a state (for example,
3723:
2965:may transfer wealth to certain sectors of society.
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
27:Study of the role of government within the economy
4525:, McGraw-Hill. 1st-page reviews of J.M. Buchanan
4406:"What Is Social Equity in Public Administration?"
5161:
4597:
3949:. New York: PALGRAVE MACMILLAN. pp. 143pp.
3706:
2530:, theorizing how governments make public policy.
4337:"Standing Panel on Social Equity in Governance"
3652:Principles of social equality in public finance
3067:effect of taxes on market prices and efficiency
3747:
3418:
3164:(tax on business transactions, especially the
4668:
3387:Government finance statistics and methodology
3119:movements). Taxes could also be imposed by a
2431:
1498:
562:
4682:
4601:Public Finance: An International Perspective
3683:
3358:. It arises from the difference between the
2815:
3859:. New York: Worth Publications. p. 2.
3403:and consistent with the methodology of the
1383:International Financial Reporting Standards
1348:Separation of investment and retail banking
4675:
4661:
3787:
3664:in which higher earners pay a higher rate.
3311:, owed to lenders within the country, and
2851:
2756:, which encompassed the farmer's surplus.
2547:. In theory, under certain circumstances,
2438:
2424:
1505:
1491:
569:
555:
149:
4341:National Academy of Public Administration
4071:Robert Barro and Vittorio Grilli (1994),
3879:
3711:The challenges of a political nature and
3569:Government Finance Statistics Manual 1986
3474:Government Finance Statistics Manual 2001
3459:Government Finance Statistics Manual 2001
3006:Budgeted revenues of governments in 2006.
2812:writing many pivotal works in the field.
1768:Transaction (checking / current)
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
4562:Classics in the Theory of Public Finance
4540:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
4334:
4301:Inclusion, Diversity and Social Equality
4086:
3464:
3449:
3307:. Government debt can be categorized as
3001:
2904:movements) for the purpose of producing
2877:
4463:, McGraw-Hill Economics Handbook Series
4013:
3378:Public finance through state enterprise
14:
5162:
4497:_____ and Richard A. Musgrave (1999).
4403:
4197:
4195:
4193:
3969:
3963:
3944:
3854:
3626:Government Finance Statistics Yearbook
2931:
5144:Valuation using discounted cash flows
4656:
4551:Public Finance in Theory and Practice
3406:System of National Accounts (SNA1993)
3095:A tax is a financial charge or other
4549:_____ and Peggy B. Musgrave (1973).
3065:) and on the efficiency of markets (
2998:Financing of government expenditures
2397:
65:adding citations to reliable sources
36:
4190:
3752:Social equity requires formulating
3437:redistribution of income and wealth
3181:Services taxes on specific services
2571:, informational advantages, strong
2514:redistribution of income and wealth
24:
3632:Public finance and social equality
3622:International Financial Statistics
2770:. He first proposed the idea of a
1422:Private equity and venture capital
1333:Bank for International Settlements
428:Trade / commerce ministry
25:
5181:
4619:
3972:The Journal of Economic Education
3204:(taxes on importation, levied at
2651:economic rule equated heavily to
1467:Business and Economics portal
4537:_____ (2008). "public finance",
4428:
4298:
4014:Hopkins, Keith (November 1980).
3857:Public Finance and Public Policy
3724:Public finance and social equity
3400:European System of Accounts 1995
2453:is the study of the role of the
2406:
2396:
2387:
2386:
1535:
1472:
1460:
1055:Base erosion and profit shifting
600:
537:
41:
5044:Quantitative behavioral finance
4479:The Economics of Public Finance
4422:
4397:
4353:
4328:
4307:
4292:
4268:
4256:
4244:
4232:
4220:
4211:
4175:
4166:
4154:
4129:
4098:
4065:
4054:
4007:
3998:
3883:The Economics of Public Finance
3574:
52:needs additional citations for
5084:Strategic financial management
4731:Bull (stock market speculator)
4645:New International Encyclopedia
4589:Economics of the Public Sector
4276:"APA Dictionary of Psychology"
3938:
3929:
3920:
3911:
3890:
3770:
3339:
3099:imposed on an individual or a
2750:laissez-faire, laisser-passer"
2646:These concepts can be seen in
2186:Strategic financial management
815:Collateralised debt obligation
725:Bull (stock market speculator)
13:
1:
5114:Sustainable Development Goals
4446:
3707:Challenges and considerations
3282:central or federal government
3035:government-owned corporations
2992:Public financing of campaigns
2340:Sustainable development goals
1161:Final consumption expenditure
4461:Lectures in Public Economics
4187:. Retrieved 4 September 2021
4020:The Journal of Roman Studies
3455:Figure 1: General Government
3354:derived from the issuing of
3178:(VAT) is a type of sales tax
7:
4004:businessfinancearticles.org
3945:Tresch, Richard W. (2008).
3800:
3748:Concepts and implementation
3419:Measuring the public sector
3239:unincorporated associations
2823:public financial management
2534:
10:
5186:
4796:Enterprise risk management
3740:, budget allocations, and
3343:
3249:
3080:
3009:
2944:Redistribution (economics)
2941:
2935:
2881:
2855:
2678:. The former included the
2630:
2091:Fractional-reserve banking
2019:Enterprise risk management
1393:Professional certification
991:Enterprise risk management
775:Offshore financial centres
257:Deficit / surplus
29:
4781:Diversification (finance)
4691:
4598:Greene, Joshua E (2011).
4481:, Brookings Institution.
4202:General Government sector
4163:, p. 1307 (5th ed. 1979).
3855:Gruber, Jonathan (2005).
3684:Implementation strategies
2816:Public finance management
1994:Diversification (finance)
1338:Financial Stability Board
358:Monetary (currency) union
32:Public Finance (magazine)
4556:Richard A. Musgrave and
4515:(UNC Press Books, 1961).
4075:, Ch. 15–16. Macmillan,
3842:
3807:Constitutional economics
3476:(Washington, 2001) pp.15
3461:(Washington, 2001) pp.13
3076:
2841:Financial administration
1944:Automated teller machine
1027:Mergers and acquisitions
4580:Complete text line free
4505:and scrollable preview
4182:Definition: Seigniorage
4092:Columbia Encyclopedia,
4073:European Macroeconomics
3947:Public Sector Economics
3788:Measuring Social Equity
3470:Figure 2: Public Sector
3350:Seigniorage is the net
3276:) owed by any level of
3245:
2852:Government expenditures
2482:of available resources;
2191:Stress test (financial)
4994:Investment performance
4696:Alternative investment
4633:(see "fiscal sector")м
4564:, Palgrave Macmillan.
4161:Black's Law Dictionary
3612:Fiscal data using the
3481:non-market producers.
3477:
3462:
3041:, sales of assets, or
3039:sovereign wealth funds
3007:
2864:government consumption
2487:distribution of income
2471:government expenditure
2461:. It is the branch of
829:certificate of deposit
469:Discretionary spending
4989:Investment management
4974:International finance
4801:Environmental finance
4761:Computational finance
4404:bvorel (2021-09-21).
4335:Incorporated, Prime.
4217:ESA95, paragraph 2.68
3662:progressive taxations
3517:social security funds
3468:
3453:
3266:financial investments
3152:, levied on documents
3131:, and may be paid in
3063:income redistribution
3005:
2884:Government operations
2878:Government operations
2868:government investment
2810:John Ramsay McCulloch
2803:Thomas Robert Malthus
2365:Too connected to fail
2126:Investment management
2024:Environmental finance
1883:Correspondent account
1577:Community development
780:Conduit and sink OFCs
5054:Risk-return spectrum
5009:Mathematical finance
4929:Fundamental analysis
4923:Financial technology
4821:Experimental finance
4816:Exchange traded fund
4511:Ferguson, E. James.
4263:Social security fund
3827:Henry George Theorem
3286:municipal government
3212:Corporate income tax
3051:Government borrowing
2982:Employment insurance
2786:, and provide
2657:economic development
2641:political philosophy
2480:efficient allocation
2263:Exchange traded fund
2141:Mathematical finance
2101:Fundamental analysis
2096:Full-reserve banking
1702:Bank holding company
1612:Export credit agency
1520:Part of a series on
1006:Financial statements
986:Credit rating agency
911:Repurchase agreement
61:improve this article
5119:Sustainable finance
5089:Statistical finance
5069:Statistical finance
4979:Investment advisory
4939:Greater fool theory
4519:Richard A. Musgrave
4453:Anthony B. Atkinson
4265:, Eurostat glossary
4253:, Eurostat glossary
4241:, Eurostat glossary
4229:, Eurostat glossary
3812:Efficiency dividend
3557:cash flow statement
3445:public corporations
3294:tax increment bonds
3231:Personal income tax
3191:Vehicle excise duty
3123:. Taxes consist of
2950:Income distribution
2938:Income distribution
2932:Income distribution
2858:Government spending
2712:negative income tax
2667:freedom of contract
2489:among citizens; and
2355:Time value of money
2181:Statistical finance
2171:Sustainable finance
2121:Investment advisory
1763:Time deposit (Bond)
1442:Accounting scandals
1432:Stock market bubble
1152:Government spending
1109:Employment contract
1061:Corporate tax haven
820:Credit default swap
5104:Structured product
5099:Structured finance
4984:Investment banking
4959:History of banking
4746:Capital management
4591:, 3rd ed. Norton.
4585:Joseph E. Stiglitz
4578:(1994) pp 324–48.
4574:Edwin J. Perkins,
4483:Table of Contents.
4457:Joseph E. Stiglitz
4280:dictionary.apa.org
4227:Central government
4185:The Economic Times
4111:Econ Journal Watch
3880:Jain, P C (1974).
3713:budget constraints
3561:accrual accounting
3508:central government
3478:
3463:
3235:Hindu joint family
3170:goods and services
3121:subnational entity
3021:Government revenue
3012:Government revenue
3008:
2832:Public expenditure
2796:Canons of Taxation
2577:government failure
2573:economies of scale
2467:government revenue
2465:that assesses the
2330:Security (finance)
2305:History of banking
2201:Structured product
2196:Structured finance
2009:Economic expansion
1522:financial services
1437:Stock market crash
1287:Investment banking
1277:Fractional-reserve
1242:Warrant of payment
1191:Government revenue
1114:Financial planning
1032:Structured finance
474:Mandatory spending
398:Non-tariff barrier
336:Monetary authority
18:Government funding
5157:
5156:
5034:Position of trust
4766:Corporate finance
4751:Capital structure
4711:Asset (economics)
4683:General areas of
4611:978-981-4365-04-8
4488:James M. Buchanan
4385:Missing or empty
3956:978-0-230-52223-7
3822:Government budget
3765:veil of ignorance
2971:road construction
2872:transfer payments
2528:political economy
2448:
2447:
2243:Corporate finance
2238:Capital structure
2213:
2212:
1984:Corporate finance
1804:
1803:
1515:
1514:
1405:
1404:
1355:
1354:
1343:Deposit insurance
1249:
1248:
1083:
1082:
981:Corporate finance
976:Capital structure
971:Capital budgeting
906:Performance bonds
787:
786:
770:Financial centres
730:Financial planner
630:Asset (economics)
579:
578:
520:Fiscal adjustment
137:
136:
129:
111:
16:(Redirected from
5177:
5029:Personal finance
5019:Over-the-counter
4999:Investor profile
4969:Impact investing
4964:History of money
4944:Growth investing
4806:Equity (finance)
4716:Asset allocation
4677:
4670:
4663:
4654:
4653:
4649:
4641:
4615:
4441:
4440:
4438:
4437:
4426:
4420:
4419:
4417:
4416:
4401:
4395:
4394:
4388:
4383:
4381:
4373:
4371:
4370:
4361:academic.oup.com
4357:
4351:
4350:
4348:
4347:
4332:
4326:
4325:
4323:
4322:
4311:
4305:
4304:
4296:
4290:
4289:
4287:
4286:
4272:
4266:
4260:
4254:
4251:Local government
4248:
4242:
4239:State government
4236:
4230:
4224:
4218:
4215:
4209:
4199:
4188:
4179:
4173:
4170:
4164:
4158:
4152:
4151:
4149:
4148:
4139:. Archived from
4137:"Public Finance"
4133:
4127:
4126:
4124:
4122:
4102:
4096:
4090:
4084:
4069:
4063:
4058:
4052:
4051:
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4005:
4002:
3996:
3995:
3967:
3961:
3960:
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3933:
3927:
3924:
3918:
3915:
3909:
3906:
3897:
3894:
3888:
3887:
3877:
3871:
3870:
3852:
3832:Public economics
3817:Fiscal incidence
3549:income statement
3514:local government
3511:state government
3325:commercial banks
3321:government bonds
3290:local government
2967:Public education
2821:components of a
2788:public education
2742:Charles Davenant
2612:government bonds
2605:public budgeting
2440:
2433:
2426:
2410:
2400:
2399:
2390:
2389:
2320:Personal finance
2253:Equity (finance)
2116:Impact investing
2106:Growth investing
2014:Enterprise value
1921:
1920:
1732:
1731:
1687:Savings and loan
1539:
1517:
1516:
1507:
1500:
1493:
1479:Money portal
1477:
1476:
1475:
1465:
1464:
1415:Economic history
1377:
1376:
1310:
1309:
1208:Deficit spending
1182:Transfer payment
1148:
1147:
1076:Transfer pricing
1022:Leveraged buyout
996:Enterprise value
950:
949:
865:Letter of credit
850:Futures contract
683:
681:Over-the-counter
670:Foreign exchange
617:
616:
604:
581:
580:
571:
564:
557:
541:
393:Gains from trade
383:Balance of trade
262:Finance ministry
153:
139:
138:
132:
125:
121:
118:
112:
110:
76:"Public finance"
69:
45:
37:
21:
5185:
5184:
5180:
5179:
5178:
5176:
5175:
5174:
5160:
5159:
5158:
5153:
5134:Too big to fail
5129:Systematic risk
5049:Quantum finance
4954:Hedge (finance)
4934:Government bond
4771:Cost of capital
4756:Climate finance
4687:
4681:
4639:"Finance"
4636:
4622:
4612:
4560:, ed. ( 1994).
4558:Alan T. Peacock
4543:, 2nd Edition.
4471:Robert M. Solow
4467:Alan S. Blinder
4449:
4444:
4435:
4433:
4429:Ling, Chester.
4427:
4423:
4414:
4412:
4402:
4398:
4386:
4384:
4375:
4374:
4368:
4366:
4359:
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4191:
4180:
4176:
4171:
4167:
4159:
4155:
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4134:
4130:
4120:
4118:
4103:
4099:
4091:
4087:
4070:
4066:
4059:
4055:
4012:
4008:
4003:
3999:
3984:10.2307/1182123
3968:
3964:
3957:
3943:
3939:
3934:
3930:
3925:
3921:
3916:
3912:
3907:
3900:
3895:
3891:
3878:
3874:
3867:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3803:
3790:
3773:
3758:progressive tax
3754:fiscal policies
3750:
3742:public spending
3736:issues such as
3726:
3709:
3694:fiscal policies
3686:
3654:
3646:public services
3637:Social equality
3634:
3618:
3577:
3421:
3389:
3380:
3348:
3342:
3254:
3252:Government debt
3248:
3176:Value added tax
3089:
3087:Fiscal capacity
3081:Main articles:
3079:
3031:Non-tax revenue
3014:
3000:
2977:Income Security
2946:
2940:
2934:
2886:
2880:
2860:
2854:
2844:Federal finance
2818:
2696:cursus publicum
2688:inheritance tax
2633:
2549:private markets
2537:
2520:subsidization).
2502:Jonathan Gruber
2496:of the economy.
2444:
2379:
2378:
2360:Too big to fail
2345:Systematic risk
2258:Ethical banking
2248:Cost of capital
2223:
2215:
2214:
2161:Private banking
2131:Islamic banking
2111:Hedge (finance)
2034:Ethical banking
2004:Economic bubble
1979:Climate finance
1954:Bank regulation
1918:
1910:
1909:
1868:Instant payment
1814:
1806:
1805:
1729:
1712:
1711:
1547:
1511:
1473:
1471:
1459:
1447:
1446:
1417:
1407:
1406:
1398:Fund governance
1374:
1357:
1356:
1323:Banking license
1314:Bank regulation
1301:
1272:Deposit account
1261:
1251:
1250:
1237:Non-tax revenue
1233:
1212:
1178:
1145:
1135:
1134:
1131:
1095:
1085:
1084:
1037:Venture capital
1001:Risk management
947:
937:
936:
935:
926:Syndicated loan
902:
799:
789:
788:
679:
614:
575:
530:
529:
525:Monetary reform
515:
507:
506:
502:Price stability
497:Economic growth
492:Balanced budget
487:
479:
478:
459:Non-tax revenue
454:
453:
433:
432:
423:Trade diversion
378:
368:
367:
321:Discount window
304:
302:Monetary policy
294:
293:
228:
218:
217:
163:
133:
122:
116:
113:
70:
68:
58:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5183:
5173:
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5170:Public finance
5155:
5154:
5152:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5124:Swap (finance)
5121:
5116:
5111:
5109:Sustainability
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5074:Stock exchange
5071:
5066:
5061:
5059:Social finance
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5039:Public finance
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
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4726:Bond (finance)
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4701:Angel investor
4698:
4692:
4689:
4688:
4680:
4679:
4672:
4665:
4657:
4651:
4650:
4634:
4628:
4621:
4620:External links
4618:
4617:
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4610:
4595:
4582:
4572:
4554:
4553:, McGraw-Hill.
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4032:10.2307/299558
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3782:sustainability
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3372:national banks
3344:Main article:
3341:
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3250:Main article:
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3056:Money creation
3053:
3048:
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3033:(revenue from
3028:
3010:Main article:
2999:
2996:
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2856:Main article:
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2835:Public revenue
2833:
2817:
2814:
2776:banking system
2700:regressive tax
2648:ancient greece
2632:
2629:
2561:Market failure
2545:public finance
2536:
2533:
2532:
2531:
2524:
2521:
2517:
2510:Market failure
2498:
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2490:
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2233:Bond (finance)
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2222:Related topics
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2183:
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2166:Sustainability
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2158:
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2151:Money creation
2148:
2146:Mobile banking
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
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2103:
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2016:
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1743:Christmas club
1737:
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1714:
1713:
1708:Lists of banks
1705:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1662:Postal savings
1659:
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1637:Mutual savings
1634:
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1604:
1599:
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1548:
1546:Types of banks
1545:
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1317:
1316:
1308:
1307:
1305:Lists of banks
1300:
1299:
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1279:
1274:
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1262:
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1256:
1253:
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1199:
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1174:Redistribution
1171:
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777:
772:
764:
763:
757:
756:
755:
754:
749:
744:
743:
742:
732:
727:
722:
720:Angel investor
714:
713:
707:
706:
705:
704:
699:
694:
689:
687:Private equity
684:
677:
672:
667:
662:
657:
652:
647:
642:
637:
632:
624:
623:
615:
610:
609:
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455:
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418:Trade creation
415:
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395:
390:
385:
379:
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366:
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346:currency board
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318:
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305:
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146:
145:
143:Public finance
135:
134:
49:
47:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5182:
5171:
5168:
5167:
5165:
5150:
5149:Watered stock
5147:
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5142:
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5137:
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4809:
4807:
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4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4791:Eco-investing
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4776:Disinvestment
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4741:Capital asset
4739:
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4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4693:
4690:
4686:
4678:
4673:
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4659:
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4640:
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4624:
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4607:
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4602:
4596:
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4563:
4559:
4555:
4552:
4548:
4546:
4542:
4541:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4527:
4524:
4520:
4517:
4514:
4510:
4508:
4504:
4501:, MIT Press.
4500:
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4214:
4207:
4203:
4198:
4196:
4194:
4186:
4183:
4178:
4169:
4162:
4157:
4143:on 2009-06-09
4142:
4138:
4132:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4101:
4095:
4089:
4082:
4081:0-333-57764-7
4078:
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3884:
3876:
3868:
3866:0-7167-8655-9
3862:
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3847:
3838:
3837:Public choice
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3729:Social equity
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3554:
3553:balance sheet
3550:
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3533:
3532:
3531:
3528:
3525:
3522:
3516:
3513:
3510:
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3357:
3353:
3347:
3337:
3334:
3328:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3313:external debt
3310:
3309:internal debt
3306:
3301:
3299:
3298:revenue bonds
3295:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3253:
3240:
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3148:
3145:
3144:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3117:revolutionary
3115:movements or
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3084:
3074:
3072:
3071:tax incidence
3068:
3064:
3057:
3054:
3052:
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3027:
3024:
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2907:
2903:
2902:revolutionary
2900:movements or
2899:
2895:
2891:
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2875:
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2869:
2865:
2859:
2847:Fiscal policy
2846:
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2813:
2811:
2806:
2804:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2738:laissez-faire
2734:
2731:
2728:
2723:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2658:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2628:
2625:
2624:fiscal policy
2621:
2617:
2613:
2608:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2585:public sector
2580:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2565:Externalities
2562:
2557:
2555:
2550:
2546:
2541:
2529:
2525:
2522:
2518:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2495:
2491:
2488:
2484:
2481:
2477:
2476:
2475:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2441:
2436:
2434:
2429:
2427:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2418:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2403:
2395:
2393:
2385:
2384:
2383:
2382:
2375:
2374:
2371:
2370:Watered stock
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2350:Systemic risk
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2310:List of banks
2308:
2306:
2303:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2275:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2228:Asset pricing
2226:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1999:Eco-investing
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1989:Disinvestment
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1969:Capital asset
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1914:
1913:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1847:
1844:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1778:
1777:
1773:
1772:
1769:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1733:
1728:
1725:
1721:
1716:
1715:
1710:
1709:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1652:Participation
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1632:Middle market
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1562:Bulge bracket
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1523:
1519:
1518:
1508:
1503:
1501:
1496:
1494:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1485:
1480:
1470:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1451:
1450:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1416:
1411:
1410:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1373:
1372:Financial law
1370:
1366:
1361:
1360:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1328:Basel Accords
1326:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1319:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1254:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1214:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1198:
1197:
1196:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1183:
1180:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1157:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1138:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1094:
1089:
1088:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1066:Tax inversion
1064:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1051:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1018:
1017:
1013:
1012:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
958:
957:
956:
952:
951:
946:
941:
940:
932:
931:Synthetic CDO
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
903:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
884:
881:
880:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
830:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
802:
798:
793:
792:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
767:
766:
765:
762:
759:
758:
753:
750:
748:
745:
741:
740:institutional
738:
737:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
717:
716:
715:
712:
709:
708:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
682:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
645:Capital asset
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
627:
626:
625:
622:
619:
618:
613:
608:
607:
603:
599:
598:
595:
592:
591:
587:
583:
582:
572:
567:
565:
560:
558:
553:
552:
550:
549:
544:
540:
536:
535:
534:
533:
526:
523:
521:
518:
517:
511:
510:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
489:
483:
482:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
456:
450:
447:
445:
442:
441:
437:
436:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
403:Protectionism
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
380:
377:
372:
371:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
353:Monetary base
351:
347:
344:
342:
339:
338:
337:
334:
332:
331:Interest rate
329:
327:
326:Gold reserves
324:
322:
319:
315:
312:
311:
310:
309:Bank reserves
307:
306:
303:
298:
297:
290:
287:
283:
280:
279:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
251:
248:
247:
246:
243:
239:
236:
235:
234:
231:
230:
227:
226:Fiscal policy
222:
221:
214:
211:
209:
206:
204:
201:
199:
196:
194:
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
174:
171:
169:
166:
165:
162:
157:
156:
152:
148:
147:
144:
141:
140:
131:
128:
120:
109:
106:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78: –
77:
73:
72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
5038:
5024:Pension fund
4949:Growth stock
4871:institutions
4736:Asset growth
4643:
4600:
4593:Description.
4588:
4575:
4561:
4550:
4538:
4522:
4512:
4498:
4494:, UNC Press.
4491:
4478:
4474:
4460:
4434:. Retrieved
4424:
4413:. Retrieved
4409:
4399:
4387:|title=
4367:. Retrieved
4360:
4355:
4344:. Retrieved
4340:
4330:
4319:. Retrieved
4317:. 2024-03-01
4309:
4300:
4294:
4283:. Retrieved
4279:
4270:
4258:
4246:
4234:
4222:
4213:
4184:
4177:
4168:
4156:
4145:. Retrieved
4141:the original
4131:
4119:. Retrieved
4117:(3): 277–296
4114:
4110:
4100:
4093:
4088:
4072:
4067:
4056:
4023:
4019:
4009:
4000:
3975:
3971:
3965:
3946:
3940:
3931:
3922:
3913:
3892:
3882:
3875:
3856:
3850:
3795:
3791:
3778:
3774:
3762:
3751:
3734:
3727:
3718:
3710:
3687:
3655:
3642:
3635:
3625:
3621:
3619:
3613:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3580:
3578:
3575:Users of GFS
3568:
3565:market value
3543:
3541:
3529:
3526:
3523:
3520:
3503:
3491:
3483:
3479:
3473:
3469:
3458:
3454:
3440:
3432:
3428:
3426:
3422:
3411:
3405:
3399:
3393:
3390:
3381:
3349:
3329:
3302:
3255:
3220:incorporated
3216:corporations
3136:
3129:indirect tax
3113:secessionist
3101:legal entity
3094:
3090:
3060:
3015:
2926:organization
2898:secessionist
2887:
2861:
2827:
2822:
2819:
2807:
2800:
2795:
2768:public works
2758:
2753:
2749:
2735:
2732:
2724:
2704:
2661:
2645:
2634:
2609:
2589:cost-benefit
2581:
2569:public goods
2558:
2542:
2538:
2499:
2450:
2449:
2324:
2283:participants
2156:Pension fund
1964:Asset growth
1959:Bank secrecy
1834:Bill payment
1753:Money-market
1723:
1706:
1587:Credit union
1368:
1297:Money supply
1282:Full-reserve
1267:Central bank
1142:
1127:Student loan
1102: /
1014:Transactions
825:Time deposit
711:Participants
640:Asset growth
376:Trade policy
363:Money supply
341:central bank
314:requirements
267:Fiscal union
168:Agricultural
142:
123:
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
5139:Toxic asset
5079:Stockbroker
5064:Speculation
5014:Mutual fund
5004:Market risk
4911:social work
4861:engineering
4706:Super angel
4566:Description
4503:Description
4490:, ( 1987).
4121:November 6,
4094:Government'
4026:: 101–125.
3771:Focus areas
3616:methodology
3346:Seigniorage
3340:Seigniorage
3264:, and make
3043:seigniorage
2987:Health Care
2924:, or other
2838:Public debt
2782:as well as
2772:public good
2754:produit net
2746:Physiocrats
2727:middle ages
2554:public good
2315:Market risk
2206:Toxic asset
2176:Speculation
2064:engineering
1602:Development
1582:Cooperative
835:Credit line
797:Instruments
692:Real estate
655:Derivatives
464:Tax revenue
4896:regulation
4876:management
4786:Divestment
4530:C.S. Shoup
4447:References
4436:2024-04-27
4415:2024-04-27
4369:2024-04-27
4346:2024-04-27
4321:2024-04-27
4285:2024-04-27
4147:2010-04-13
3978:(4): 426.
3677:employment
3360:face value
3317:securities
3278:government
3237:in India,
3226:Wealth tax
3150:Stamp duty
3125:direct tax
2942:See also:
2928:or group.
2784:copyrights
2760:Adam Smith
2716:land taxes
2676:vectigalia
2663:The Romans
2597:distortion
2500:Economist
2455:government
2288:regulation
1937:management
1932:allocation
1829:Electronic
1622:Industrial
1617:Investment
1597:Depository
1572:Commercial
1365:Regulation
1169:Operations
1122:Retirement
961:Accounting
845:Derivative
752:Speculator
584:Part of a
413:Trade bloc
388:Free trade
213:Policy mix
188:Investment
183:Industrial
87:newspapers
4925:(Fintech)
4866:inclusion
4856:economics
4851:deepening
4826:Financial
4570:contents.
4545:Abstract.
4477:(1974).
4040:1753-528X
3668:services.
3614:GFSM 2001
3594:GFSM 2001
3590:GFSM 2001
3586:GFSM 2001
3581:GFSM 2001
3544:GFSM 2001
3538:employer.
3441:GFSM 2001
3433:GFSM 2001
3429:GFSM 2001
3305:taxpayers
3280:; either
3222:entities)
3162:Sales tax
2918:religious
2914:corporate
2792:transport
2720:food rent
2707:feudalism
2692:sales tax
2601:budgeting
2494:stability
2463:economics
2268:Financial
2059:economics
2039:Financial
1905:BRICS PAY
1697:Wholesale
1692:Universal
1592:Custodian
1427:Recession
1388:ISO 31000
1071:Tax haven
945:Corporate
860:Insurance
855:Indemnity
761:Locations
650:Commodity
117:July 2008
5164:Category
4906:services
4831:analysis
4721:Bad debt
4587:(2000).
4521:, 1959.
4459:(1980).
4378:cite web
4208:glossary
4206:Eurostat
3801:See also
3738:taxation
3624:and the
3555:, and a
3368:banknote
3356:currency
3319:such as
3260:, issue
3197:Gift tax
3187:Road tax
2954:transfer
2922:academic
2910:citizens
2908:for the
2825:system.
2684:poll tax
2680:land tax
2655:. Greek
2593:taxation
2535:Overview
2392:Category
2084:services
2069:forecast
2044:analysis
1949:Bad debt
1735:Accounts
1720:Accounts
1657:Payments
1647:Offshore
1627:Merchant
1552:Advising
1203:Taxation
1093:Personal
1046:Taxation
921:Security
875:Mortgage
735:Investor
449:Spending
277:Spending
250:internal
208:Monetary
173:Economic
161:Policies
4891:planner
4836:analyst
4685:finance
4648:. 1905.
3992:1182123
3672:safety.
3551:), the
3412:SNA2008
3352:revenue
3333:pension
3241:, etc.)
3206:customs
2958:pension
2780:patents
2764:justice
2705:During
2672:tributa
2653:slavery
2631:History
2616:deficit
2459:economy
2457:in the
2402:Commons
2079:planner
2049:analyst
1797:Prepaid
1758:Savings
1748:Deposit
1682:Savings
1667:Private
1642:Neobank
1567:Central
1529:Banking
1455:Outline
1259:Banking
1223:balance
1221: (
953:General
885: (
840:Deposit
660:Domains
612:Markets
594:Finance
486:Optimum
444:Revenue
282:deficit
272:Revenue
101:scholar
4916:system
4881:market
4608:
4528:&
4507:links.
4475:et al.
4299:KPMG.
4079:
4048:299558
4046:
4038:
3990:
3953:
3863:
3274:credit
3202:Duties
3156:Excise
3138:corvée
3135:or as
3109:tribes
2894:tribes
2766:, and
2682:and a
2412:Portal
2335:Shares
2298:system
2278:market
1839:Mobile
1819:Cheque
1787:Credit
1722:
1677:Retail
1672:Public
1607:Direct
1367:
1219:Budget
1143:Public
1100:Credit
1057:(BEPS)
892:exotic
883:Option
747:Retail
665:Equity
621:Assets
586:series
543:Portal
514:Reform
408:Tariff
238:policy
233:Budget
203:Fiscal
193:Social
178:Energy
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
5094:Stock
4846:crime
4841:asset
4410:Barry
4044:JSTOR
3988:JSTOR
3843:Notes
3472:(IMF
3457:(IMF
3362:of a
3288:, or
3270:money
3262:bonds
3258:loans
3133:money
3105:state
3103:by a
3077:Taxes
3026:Taxes
2906:value
2890:state
2637:bible
2054:asset
1927:Asset
1917:Terms
1878:SWIFT
1792:Debit
1774:Cards
1727:Cards
966:Audit
916:Stock
702:Stock
675:Money
198:Trade
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