170:; a survey conducted in Parel in 1921 determined that 27% of the population in Parel lived in rooms with six or more people. These chawls were built by both the government and the mill owners, but neither paid much attention to the quality of the housing. In 1929, one chawl in Dadar was described as being a "dark, unwholesome den into which the light of day does not penetrate and which of necessity breeds disease and pestilence." Often the rooms did not have adequate ventilation, and the lack of lavatory and washing facilities distressed the women in particular. The windows were kept closed to keep out the stench of the gutters and to keep dirty water from flowing into the house during the
55:. The mills of Girangaon contributed significantly to the prosperity and growth of Mumbai during the later nineteenth century and for the transformation of Mumbai into a major industrial metropolis. Girangaon covered an area of 600 acres (2.4 km), not including the workers' housing. The mill workers lived in a community, and they fostered a unique culture which shaped Mumbai at the turn of the twentieth century. This textile industry flourished until the early 2000s after which most of the mills were shut down, as the owners deemed them unprofitable and declared they were incapable of paying their workers' wages.
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202:. Local shop keepers and mill owners were often coerced into contributing to such festivals, and adjoining localities competed with each other in the grandness of their contributions. The local liquor shop or gymnasium was a common meeting place. The workers of Girangaon patronized arts like poetry, theatre and dance (
79:
was the first cotton mill to be set up in Tardeo, Mumbai, in 1856. A boom in the textile industry followed, with 10 cotton mills set up in Mumbai by 1865, employing over 6,500 workers. A gradual increase led to a total of 136 mills being set up by 1900. The textile industry was offered added
219:
of 1982, which went on for 18 months at many mills and triggered the end of the struggling industry, with most of the mills being shut down after the strike. By 2007, only 25,000 people worked in the few remaining mills.
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189:
Due to this overcrowding, the distinction between home and street was blurred; Girangaon residents spent more of their time on the street than in the home. There was great participation in communal festivals like
214:
At their peak in 1980, the mills employed 300,000 workers. Indian cinema of the 1980s and 1990s frequently drew themes from the life of the mill workers. However, the mills were permanently closed after the
304:. A festival was organized by an NGO Pukar to celebrate the culture and people of Girangaon in November 2008. Seven mill structures were granted heritage protection status by the Government of Maharashtra.
737:
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Both men and women worked in the mills. They would start working there at a young age (some as young as 16), and worked 12 hours a day (from sunrise to sunset) until the passing of the
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1792:
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702:
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87:, Petits, Wadias, Currimbhoys, Thakerseys, Sassoons, Khataus, Goculdas, Cottons, and Greaves. Most of the mill workers came from areas around Mumbai -
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government incentives in the form of long-term leases (some of 999 years), as mills stimulated the economic growth and employment.
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273:(US$ 240 million). In February 2009, the NTC decided to auction another nine mills, covering an area of 90 acres, for about
1923:
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255:(US$ 50 million) by Matoshree Realtors and Kohinoor Consolidated Transport Network Ltd., companies which were floated by
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90% of the population who worked at the mills lived within a 15-minute walking distance of them. Most of the buildings were
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In 2005, the government-owned
National Textile Corporation auctioned five mills, covering 600 acres, for
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280:(US$ 480 million). The Shrinivas Mills of Lalbaug, covering 16 acres, are being redeveloped into
135:. These areas gradually came to be known collectively as Girangaon (literally "the village of mills").
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India United Mill, Parel – one of the larger mills, and also one of the few to be owned by
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Sydenham
Institute of Management Studies, Research and Entrepreneurship Education(SIMSREE)
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One hundred years, One hundred voices. The
Millworkers of Girangaon: An Oral History
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296:. Such a museum was opened at the United Mills in Lalbaug. A popular play,
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Chhatrapati
Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya (Prince of Wales Museum)
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respectively. Phoenix mills, Parel was converted into a "luxury mall".
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were particularly represented. The mill owners housed their workers in
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Chaloner, William Henry; D. A. Farnie; William Otto
Henderson (1989).
28:
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2061:
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322:, explores the lives of jobless Girangaon mill workers in the 1980s.
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There are conservation efforts underway to preserve the old mills as
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39:(literally "mill village") was a name of an area now part of central
2091:
2081:
2071:
300:, has been written, based on Neera Adarkar and Meena Menon's book,
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709:. ExpressIndia.com. 11 February 2009. Retrieved 11 December 2012.
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2003:
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738:"City's first textile heritage museum to come up at Girangaon"
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Ramniranjan
Anandilal Podar College of Commerce and Economics
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88:
44:
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Scene from a popular 2007 play "Cotton 56 Polyester 84" by
615:. Rediff.com. 18 January 2007. Retrieved 11 December 2012.
373:
765:"In Girangaon, 7 mill structures get heritage protection"
545:
538:
536:
163:, there were an estimated 240,000 workers in Girangaon.
1738:
Jamnalal Bajaj
Institute of Management Studies (JBIMS)
533:
374:
Mehta, Rajshri; Chitrangada
Choudhury (1 March 2005).
1949:
Centre for
Excellence in Basic Sciences (UM-DAE CBS)
838:(Illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press.
147:
Abandoned machinery at
Madhusudan mills, Lower Parel
740:. Indian Express. 14 February 2009. Archived from
232:Phoenix Mills, Parel, which is now a shopping mall
83:These mills were owned by former traders like the
1309:Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport
1262:Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport (BEST)
663:: Phoenix Mills setting up luxury mall in Mumbai"
206:). Several notable actors first found fame here.
155:restricted the working day to 10 hours. When the
2260:
1896:Raja Shivaji Vidyalaya (King George High School)
1803:V. G. Vaze College of Arts, Science and Commerce
1723:Institute of Chemical Technology (formerly UDCT)
613:"The Great Mumbai Textile Strike... 25 Years On"
1728:Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute (VJTI)
690:. 17 October 2005. Retrieved 11 December 2012.
498:(8). Archived from the original on 31 May 2010
248:. The Kohinoor Mills in Dadar were bought for
1924:Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR)
892:
815:The Origins of Industrial Capitalism in India
1748:SP Jain Institute of Management and Research
831:
812:
720:"Lodha to gift Mumbai world's tallest homes"
67:Cotton green mills, c. 1910 in front of the
793:
1999:Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport
899:
885:
817:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
627:"What's love got to do with any of this?"
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604:
587:"Girangaon festival to preserve heritage"
1944:Tata Institute of Social Sciences (TISS)
227:
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684:"Bombay HC sets aside sale of NTC land"
284:– Asia's tallest residential building.
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1846:Dhirubhai Ambani International School
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585:Mhaske, Pandurang (2 November 2008).
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307:
236:In recent years, the mills have been
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2158:Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bombay
1929:Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC)
798:. Mumbai, India: Marg Publications.
625:Sharma, Kalpana (16 February 2006).
138:
835:Imperial power and popular politics
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77:Bombay Spinning and Weaving Company
47:, which at one time had almost 130
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1984:Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation
763:Desai, Shweta (29 February 2008).
700:"Mill land auction: 90 acres more"
14:
2290:
1439:Western railway elevated corridor
906:
860:
832:Chandavarkar, Rajnarayan (1998).
813:Chandavarkar, Rajnarayan (1994).
794:D'Monte, Darryl (December 2006).
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2228:
2227:
1906:J.B. Petit High School for Girls
1856:Dr. Antonio Da Silva High School
1841:Cathedral and John Connon School
1753:Dr. Homi Bhabha State University
1659:National Stock Exchange of India
767:. Indian Express. Archived from
635:. Chennai, India. Archived from
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403:. 1990: Routledge. p. 113.
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2279:History of the textile industry
1449:Mumbai Bus Rapid Transit System
867:The Mumbai mill workers website
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2137:Little Bombay, Jersey City, US
1901:St. Theresa's Boys High School
1454:Mumbai Urban Transport Project
1342:Mumbai Central railway station
1209:National Gallery of Modern Art
872:NDTV news segment on Girangaon
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456:
447:
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1:
2163:History of the Jews in Mumbai
1876:Sacred Heart Boys High School
1866:Lilavatibai Podar High School
1214:The Asiatic Society of Mumbai
342:
332:Redevelopment of Mumbai mills
1891:Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan
1886:Utpal Shanghvi Global School
1743:Alkesh Dinesh Mody Institute
1323:Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus
1134:Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus
486:"A raw deal and desperation"
7:
970:Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti
572:Chadavarkar , (1998) p. 172
563:Chadavarkar , (1998) p. 170
554:Chadavarkar , (1998) p. 180
530:Chadavarkar , (1998) p. 103
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217:Great Bombay Textile Strike
157:Great Bombay Textile Strike
10:
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2173:Anglican Diocese of Bombay
2168:List of churches in Mumbai
2047:Mumbaiya/Bombaiya/Bambaiya
1798:Mulund College of Commerce
1611:Sahar Elevated Access Road
355:Chandavarkar (1994) p. 239
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51:, with the majority being
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1708:University of Mumbai (MU)
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516:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1229:Shri Swaminarayan Mandir
705:12 February 2009 at the
430:: CS1 maint: location (
159:was declared in 1982 by
19:Not to be confused with
2178:Mumbai Orthodox Diocese
1861:Holy Family High School
1808:Sir J. J. School of Art
1713:SNDT Women's University
1636:Western Express Highway
1626:Versova–Bandra Sea Link
1511:Eastern Express Highway
1337:Lokmanya Tilak Terminus
1267:Mumbai Suburban Railway
940:Seven Islands of Bombay
688:The Hindu Business Line
661:The Hindu Business Line
400:Industry and innovation
298:Cotten 54, Polyester 64
238:extensively redeveloped
185:about life in Girangaon
2117:Prostitution in Mumbai
1979:Municipal Commissioner
1915:Institutes for science
1881:Jamnabai Narsee School
1831:Bombay Scottish School
1783:Ramnarain Ruia College
1124:Architecture of Mumbai
233:
186:
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95:built in the areas of
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33:
1989:Greater Mumbai Police
1851:Don Bosco High School
1788:D. G. Ruparel College
1664:Reserve Bank of India
1654:Bombay Stock Exchange
1506:Dadabhai Naoroji Road
1480:Bandra–Worli Sea Link
1328:Dadar railway station
1189:David Sassoon Library
1144:Bombay Stock Exchange
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153:Factories Act of 1847
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16:Area in Mumbai, India
1939:Nehru Science Centre
1826:Balmohan Vidyamandir
1773:St. Xavier's College
1551:Lady Jamshetjee Road
1531:Jeejabai Bhosle Marg
1497:(under construction)
1219:Jehangir Art Gallery
1164:Siddhivinayak Temple
744:on 24 September 2012
542:D'Monte (2006) p. 82
484:(14–27 April 2001).
471:D'Monte (2006) p. 84
453:D'Monte (2006) p. 79
444:D'Monte (2006) p. 78
364:D'Monte (2006) p. 95
2132:Tourist attractions
2112:Kala Ghoda festival
1974:Police Commissioner
1616:Sion Panvel Highway
1239:Usha Kiran Building
1174:Mount Mary's Church
1154:General Post Office
2209:People from Mumbai
1871:R. N. Podar School
1718:IIT Bombay (IIT-B)
1501:Currey Road Bridge
1287:Trans-Harbour Line
771:on 3 December 2008
724:The Times Of India
639:on 13 October 2006
376:"THE MILL MESS-II"
308:In popular culture
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2269:Culture of Mumbai
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2153:Jainism in Mumbai
2014:Bombay High Court
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1934:Nehru Planetarium
1194:Mumba Devi Temple
935:Bombay Presidency
930:Shilahara dynasty
665:. www.blonnet.com
337:History of Mumbai
139:Life in Girangaon
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2187:Other topics
2127:Mumbai Pride
2004:Demographics
1917:and learning
1700:and colleges
1698:Universities
1690:and research
1674:Dalal Street
1621:Vashi Bridge
1571:Marine Drive
1546:Linking Road
1541:Kalwa Bridge
1495:Coastal Road
1292:Western Line
1277:Harbour Line
1272:Central Line
1234:Mahim Church
1224:Gowalia Tank
1169:Regal Cinema
1103:South Mumbai
1063:Malabar Hill
1058:Gilbert Hill
995:2008 attacks
964:
849:. Retrieved
834:
814:
795:
788:Bibliography
773:. Retrieved
769:the original
758:
746:. Retrieved
742:the original
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667:. Retrieved
660:
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637:the original
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512:cite journal
500:. Retrieved
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380:. Retrieved
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315:City of Gold
313:
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288:Conservation
271:20.2 billion
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253:4.21 billion
246:discothèques
235:
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200:Gokulashtami
188:
165:
161:Datta Samant
150:
82:
74:
53:cotton mills
36:
35:
25:
2214:Seal Ashram
2199:Kamathipura
2067:Street food
1591:Pedder Road
1526:Hughes Road
1053:Ulhas River
1048:Mithi River
1033:Thane Creek
2263:Categories
2052:Dabbawalas
1028:Tulsi Lake
1023:Vihar Lake
1018:Powai Lake
960:Worli Fort
955:Old Bombay
343:References
278:40 billion
133:Prabhadevi
2087:Dahi puri
2077:Bhel puri
2062:Mumbaikar
1688:Education
1282:Port Line
1254:Transport
1117:Buildings
1038:Mahim Bay
1010:Geography
1000:Terrorism
965:Girangaon
632:The Hindu
491:Frontline
426:cite book
282:World One
109:Reay Road
37:Girangaon
2233:Category
2146:Religion
2092:Panipuri
2082:Sev puri
2072:Vada pav
2037:Art Deco
1556:LBS Marg
1429:Monorail
1043:Back Bay
925:Timeline
703:Archived
669:14 April
382:14 April
326:See also
192:Moharram
174:season.
71:, Colaba
2245:Commons
2194:Dharavi
2107:Cinemas
2042:Marathi
2029:Culture
2019:Sheriff
1818:Schools
1646:Economy
1606:SV Road
1434:Skywalk
1422:Line 13
1417:Line 12
1412:Line 11
1407:Line 10
1088:Beaches
1083:Climate
917:History
851:9 April
775:9 April
748:9 April
643:9 April
593:9 April
416:9 April
294:museums
204:tamasha
172:monsoon
121:Naigaum
113:Lalbaug
105:Mazgaon
101:Byculla
59:Origins
21:Girgaon
1402:Line 9
1397:Line 8
1392:Line 7
1387:Line 6
1382:Line 5
1377:Line 4
1372:Line 3
1367:Line 2
1362:Line 1
910:topics
908:Mumbai
842:
821:
802:
502:5 July
407:
168:chawls
97:Tardeo
93:chawls
41:Mumbai
1994:Wards
1969:Mayor
1962:Civic
1763:NMIMS
1733:NITIE
1463:Roads
1357:Metro
975:Tanks
589:. DNA
242:malls
129:Worli
125:Sewri
117:Parel
89:Kolis
85:Tatas
45:India
1669:Mint
1601:SCLR
1576:MTHL
1536:JVLR
1330:and
1316:and
853:2009
840:ISBN
819:ISBN
800:ISBN
777:2009
750:2009
671:2009
645:2009
595:2009
518:link
504:2018
432:link
418:2009
405:ISBN
384:2009
259:and
244:and
198:and
131:and
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